| the penicillium chrysogenum extracellular proteome. conversion from a food-rotting strain to a versatile cell factory for white biotechnology. | the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is well-known by its ability to synthesize β-lactam antibiotics as well as other secondary metabolites. like other filamentous fungi, this microorganism is an excellent host for secretion of extracellular proteins because of the high capacity of its protein secretion machinery. in this work, we have characterized the extracellular proteome reference map of p. chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. this method allowed t ... | 2010 | 20823121 |
| a novel homologous dominant selection marker for genetic transformation of penicillium chrysogenum: overexpression of squalene epoxidase-encoding erga. | genetic engineering requires genetic selection markers. for generation of biosafe strains in industrial applications, homologous dominant selection markers allowing "self-cloning" are best suited but scarce. here we describe a novel homologous dominant genetic selection system for the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum based on overexpression of the p. chrysogenum squalene epoxidase-encoding erga gene, which confers resistance against terbinafine. terbinafine (trb) is a potent antifungal ... | 2010 | 20851153 |
| nonlinear biosynthetic gene cluster dose effect on penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum. | industrial penicillin production levels by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum increased dramatically by classical strain improvement. high-yielding strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster that encodes three key enzymes of the β-lactam biosynthetic pathway. we have analyzed the gene cluster dose effect on penicillin production using the high-yielding p. chrysogenum strain ds17690 that was cured from its native clusters. the amount of penicillin v pr ... | 2010 | 20851974 |
| resorcinol degradation by a penicillium chrysogenum strain under osmotic stress: mono and binary substrate matrices with phenol. | a phenol-degrading penicillium chrysogenum strain previously isolated from a salt mine was able to grow at 1,000 mg l(-1) of resorcinol on solid medium. the aerobic degradation of resorcinol by p. chrysogenum clona2 was studied in batch cultures in minimal mineral medium with 58.5 g l(-1) of sodium chloride using resorcinol as the sole carbon source. the fungal strain showed the ability to degrade up to 250 mg l(-1) of resorcinol. resorcinol and phenol efficiency degradation by p. chrysogenum cl ... | 2011 | 20859653 |
| further evidence from the effect of fungi on breaking opuntia seed dormancy. | recently, we found that fungi are involved in breaking seed dormancy of opuntia streptacantha, and that the effect of fungi on seeds is species-specific. however, the effect of fungi on seed germination from other opuntia spp has not been evaluated. thus, we evaluated the effect of four fungal species (penicillium chrysogenum, phoma sp., trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma koningii) on the germination of opuntia leucotricha, an abundant species in the chihuahuan desert, mexico. we found that seed ... | 2010 | 20861689 |
| characterization of phenolic content, in vitro biological activity, and pesticide loads of extracts from white grape skins from organic and conventional cultivars. | grape skin extracts of riesling vitis vinifera l. grapes from conventionally or organically managed cultivars were compared on the basis of their phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties and pesticide loads. promising results on their biological properties suggest that those extracts would be valuable as food preservatives. the antioxidant capacity of conventional extracts was significantly higher, according to the higher content in catechin, epicatechin ... | 2010 | 20870004 |
| comparison of the secondary metabolites in penicillium chrysogenum between pilot and industrial penicillin g fermentations. | the disparity of secondary metabolites in penicillium chrysogenum between two scales of penicillin g fermentation (50 l as pilot process and 150,000 l as industrial one) was investigated by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandemed with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. in industrial process, the pools of intracellular l-α-aminoadipyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (lld-acv) and isopenicillin n (ipn) were remarkably less than that in the pilot one, which indicated that the p ... | 2010 | 20941491 |
| microbiological aspects of penicillin; production of penicillin in submerged cultures of penicillium notatum. | | 1946 | 20985567 |
| induction of gigas forms of penicillium notatum by treatment with camphor vapour. | | 1946 | 20987690 |
| production of conidia in submerged cultures of penicillium notatum. | | 1946 | 20992384 |
| the effect of environmental conditions on penicillin fermentations with penicillium chrysogenum x-1612. | | 1946 | 20994877 |
| a comparison of penicillin-producing strains of penicillium notatum-chrysogenum. | | 1946 | 20994878 |
| studies in penicillin production by penicillium notatum, in surface culture; a preliminary study of the metabolism of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. | | 1946 | 20994922 |
| effect of phenylacetic acid derivatives on the types of penicillin produced by penicillum chrysogenum q176. | | 1946 | 20995009 |
| the fragmentation of the mycelium of penicillium notatum and penicillium chrysogenum by a high-speed blender and the evaluation of blended seed. | | 1946 | 20998731 |
| ergosterol from the mycelium of penicillium notatum (submerged culture). | | 1946 | 21002755 |
| microbiological aspects of penicillin; conidiospore formation in submerged cultures of penicillium notatum. | | 1945 | 21005574 |
| variation in penicillium notatum induced by the bombardment of spores with neutrons. | | 1946 | 21014230 |
| penicillin; the laboratory scale production of penicillin in submerged cultures by penicillium notatum westling (nrrl 832). | | 1946 | 21014235 |
| production of penicillin by germinating conidia of penicillium notatum. | | 1946 | 21064773 |
| induced production of halogenated diphenyl ethers from the marine-derived fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | manipulation of the fermentation of the marine-derived fungus penicillium chrysogenum by addition of cabr(2) resulted in induced production of bromodiphenyl ether analogs. two new free-radical-scavenging polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 1 and 2, and three known diphenyl ethers, 3,3'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethyldiphenyl ether (3), and an inseparable mixture of violacerol-i (4) and violacerol-ii (5) were isolated. the structures of the two new polybromodiphenyl ethers 1 and 2 were assigned by combined s ... | 2010 | 21072776 |
| membrane curvature during peroxisome fission requires pex11. | pex11 is a key player in peroxisome proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms of its function are still unknown. here, we show that pex11 contains a conserved sequence at the n-terminus that can adopt the structure of an amphipathic helix. using penicillium chrysogenum pex11, we show that this amphipathic helix, termed pex11-amph, associates with liposomes in vitro. this interaction is especially evident when negatively charged liposomes are used with a phospholipid content resembling that of ... | 2010 | 21113128 |
| screening and productivity of penicillin antibiotic from penicillium sp. | this paper highlights the antagonism effect of penicillium isolates, which were screened against the test organisms such as staphylococcus aureus, e. coli and penicillium sp. penicillium notatum and penicillium chrysogenum isolates were used for penicillin biosynthesis. the antibacterial activities of fermented crude penicillin extract were assayed by disc diffusion method. maximum antibacterial activity was observed in gram positive organisms (staphylococcus aureus) when compared with gram nega ... | 2009 | 21117415 |
| influence of growth regulators and elicitors on cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment productions in cell cultures of carthamus tinctorius l. | the present study examined the effects of plant growth hormones, incubation period, biotic (trametes versicolor, mucor sp., penicillium notatum, rhizopus stolonifer, and fusarium oxysporum) and abiotic (nacl, mgso(4), feso(4), znso(4), and fecl(3)) elicitors on cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment (red and yellow) productions in carthamus tinctorius cell cultures. the cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment contents improved significantly on murashige and skoog (ms) liquid medium containing ... | 2010 | 21120469 |
| are fungi important for breaking seed dormancy in desert species? experimental evidence in opuntia streptacantha (cactaceae). | seeds of opuntia spp. have physiological dormancy; they need a period of after-ripening to break dormancy, and the embryos have low growth potential. we evaluated the combined effects of seed age and presence of fungi on the testa on germination of opuntia streptacantha, an abundant species in the chihuahuan desert (mexico), assuming that older seeds have broken seed dormancy and fungi can reduce mechanical resistance to germination. in a preliminary experiment, we found no germination of 9-year ... | 2011 | 21143736 |
| heterotrimeric gα protein pga1 from penicillium chrysogenum triggers germination in response to carbon sources and affects negatively resistance to different stress conditions. | heterotrimeric gα protein pga1 of penicillium chrysogenum controls vegetative growth, conidiation and secondary metabolite production. in this work we studied the role of pga1 in spore germination and resistance to different stress conditions. strains g203r-t (expressing the dominant inactivating pga1(g203r) allele) and δpga1 (deleted pga1) showed a delayed and asynchronic germination pattern, and a decrease in the percentage of germination, which occurred in only 70-80% of the total conidia. in ... | 2010 | 21146624 |
| among developmental regulators, stua but not brla is essential for penicillin v production in penicillium chrysogenum. | in filamentous fungi, secondary metabolism is often linked with developmental processes such as conidiation. in this study we analyzed the link between secondary metabolism and conidiation in the main industrial producer of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin, the ascomycete penicillium chrysogenum. therefore, we generated mutants defective in two central regulators of conidiation, the transcription factors brla and stua. inactivation of either brla or stua blocked conidiation and altered hyphal ... | 2010 | 21148688 |
| autophagy deficiency promotes beta-lactam production in penicillium chrysogenum. | we have investigated the significance of autophagy in the production of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin (pen) by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. in this fungus pen production is compartmentalized in the cytosol and in peroxisomes. we demonstrate that under pen-producing conditions significant amounts of cytosolic and peroxisomal proteins are degraded via autophagy. morphological analysis, based on electron and fluorescence microscopy, revealed that this phenomenon might contri ... | 2010 | 21169429 |
| the coming of age of antibiotics: discovery and therapeutic value. | origins of antibiotic drug discovery are frequently traced to 1929 when alexander fleming recognized the antibacterial activity of a substance secreted by penicillium notatum on a contaminated culture plate. however, the subsequent development of penicillin as a therapeutic agent was not realized until the early 1940s, after a consortium of academic and pharmaceutical scientists from england and the united states developed sufficiently advanced fermentation technology to produce high-purity peni ... | 2010 | 21175674 |
| antibiotic substances-contribution of the microbiologist. | | 2010 | 21175679 |
| identification of a gh62 α-l-arabinofuranosidase specific for arabinoxylan produced by penicillium chrysogenum. | an arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (axs5) was purified from the culture filtrate of penicillium chrysogenum 31b. a cdna encoding axs5 (axs5) was isolated by in vitro cloning using the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the native enzyme as a starting point. the deduced amino acid sequence of the axs5 gene has high similarities with those of arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases of aspergillus niger, aspergillus tubingensis, and aspergillus sojae. module sequence analysis revealed that a "glyco ... | 2010 | 21181156 |
| rhizosphere dynamics during phytoremediation of olive mill wastewater. | the potential of phytoremediation as a treatment option for olive mill wastewater (omw) was tested on five perennial tree species. cupressus sempervirens and quercus ilex proved tolerant to six-month omw treatment followed by six-month water irrigation, whereas salix sp. and laurus nobilis and, later, pinus mugo suffered from phytotoxic effects. test plants were compared to controls after treatment and irrigation, by monitoring biochemical and microbiological variations in the rhizosphere soil. ... | 2010 | 21256739 |
| use of evolutionary operation (evop) factorial design technique to develop a bioprocess using grease waste as a substrate for lipase production. | the aim of the present work was to develop a bioprocess using evop-factorial design technique employing grease waste as a substrate for the production of lipase. a newly isolated fungal strain of penicillium chrysogenum was explored for the fermentation process. solid-state fermentation (ssf) was carried out using grease waste and czapek-dox medium, supplemented with wheat bran. the yield of lipase was 38 u/ml when ssf was carried out at 32 °c for 8 days and grease:wheat bran:czapek-dox media in ... | 2011 | 21292479 |
| the paf gene product modulates asexual development in penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum secretes a low molecular weight, cationic and cysteine-rich protein (paf). it has growth inhibitory activity against the model organism aspergillus nidulans and numerous zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi but shows only minimal conditional antifungal activity against the producing organism itself. in this study we provide evidence for an additional function of paf which is distinct from the antifungal activity against putative ecologically concurrent microorganisms. our data ... | 2011 | 21298690 |
| curcumin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial study. | curcumin is a highly potent, nontoxic, bioactive agent found in turmeric and has been known for centuries as a household remedy to many ailments. the only disadvantage that it suffers is of low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. the aim of the present study was to develop a method for the preparation of nanoparticles of curcumin with a view to improve its aqueous-phase solubility and examine the effect on its antimicrobial properties. nanoparticles of curcumin (nanocurcumin) were prepa ... | 2011 | 21322563 |
| aminoacyl-coenzyme a synthesis catalyzed by a coa ligase from penicillium chrysogenum. | coenzyme a ligases play an important role in metabolism by catalyzing the activation of carboxylic acids. in this study we describe the synthesis of aminoacyl-coenzyme as (coas) catalyzed by a coa ligase from penicillium chrysogenum. the enzyme accepted medium-chain length fatty acids as the best substrates, but the proteinogenic amino acids l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, as well as the non-proteinogenic amino acids d-phenylalanine, d-tyrosine and (r)- and (s)-ß-phenylalanine were also accepted ... | 2011 | 21334330 |
| secondary metabolites from a marine-derived endophytic fungus penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s. | penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s, an endophytic fungus isolated from an unidentified marine red algal species of the genus laurencia, displayed inhibitory activity against the growth of pathogen alternaria brassicae in dual culture test. chemical investigation of this fungal strain resulted in the isolation of four new (1-3 and 5) and one known (4) secondary metabolites. their structures were identified as two polyketide derivatives penicitides a and b (1 and 2), two glycerol derivatives 2-(2,4-d ... | 2010 | 21339945 |
| the mycobiota of three dry-cured meat products from slovenia. | the surface mycobiota of three types of slovenian dry-cured meat products were isolated from a total of 75 items of product that were sampled periodically during the drying/ripening stage of processing. the predominant filamentous fungal genus isolated was penicillium. eurotium spp., aspergillus versicolor and cladosporium spp. were isolated from only two of the products. eight penicillium species were identified. penicillium nordicum was recovered frequently. penicillium nalgiovense was recover ... | 2010 | 21356440 |
| chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of feronia elephantum (rutaceae) from north west karnataka. | the essential oil of the leaves of feronia elephantum corr. was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. the main constituents were beta-pinene (28.4%), z-anethole (22.1%), methyl chavicol (12.0%) and e-anethole (8.1%), among thirty-three identified compounds, which represented 92.6% of the total oil. the antimicrobial activity was tested against five gram-positive and eight gram-negative bacteria, and four fungi. the oil was active against micrococcus luteus (gra ... | 2011 | 21366066 |
| cerebrosides and 2-pyridone alkaloids from the halotolerant fungus penicillium chrysogenum grown in a hypersaline medium. | five new cerebrosides, chrysogesides a-e (1-5), and two new 2-pyridone alkaloids, chrysogedones a and b (6 and 7), were isolated from the fermentation broth of penicillium chrysogenum pxp-55, a halotolerant fungus grown in a hypersaline medium. among them, chrysogesides b-d (2-4) are the first cerebrosides that contain an unsaturated c(19)-fatty acid. their structures were identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods, including cd spectroscopy as well as the modified mosher's method. compoun ... | 2011 | 21381678 |
| asymmetric chemoenzymatic synthesis of miconazole and econazole enantiomers. the importance of chirality in their biological evaluation. | a simple and novel chemoenzymatic route has been applied for the first time in the synthesis of miconazole and econazole single enantiomers. lipases and oxidoreductases have been tested in stereoselective processes; the best results were attained with oxidoreductases for the introduction of chirality in an adequate intermediate. the behaviors of a series of ketones and racemic alcohols in bioreductions and acetylation procedures, respectively, have been investigated; the best results were found ... | 2011 | 21384803 |
| biosynthesis of active pharmaceuticals: β-lactam biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. | β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins) are of major clinical importance and contribute to over 40% of the total antibiotic market. these compounds are produced as secondary metabolites by certain actinomycetes and filamentous fungi (e.g. penicillium, aspergillus and acremonium species). the industrial producer of penicillin is the fungus penicillium chrysogenum. the enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway are well characterized and most of them are encoded by genes that a ... | 2010 | 21415891 |
| hypersaline waters - a potential source of foodborne toxigenic aspergilli and penicillia. | previous studies of hypersaline environments have revealed the dominant presence of melanized yeast-like fungi and related cladosporium spp. in this study, we focused on the genera aspergillus and penicillium and their teleomorphic forms. from oligotrophic and eutrophic hypersaline waters around the world, 60 different species were identified, according to their morphological characteristics and extrolite profiles. for the confirmation of five new species, additionally, sequence analysis of the ... | 2011 | 21477006 |
| penicisteroids a and b, antifungal and cytotoxic polyoxygenated steroids from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s. | two new polyoxygenated steroids, namely, penicisteroids a and b (1 and 2), were obtained from the culture extract of penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s, an endophytic fungus isolated from an unidentified marine red algal species of the genus laurencia. in addition, seven known steroids (3-9) were also isolated and identified. the structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the absolute configuration for compound 1 was determined by application of ... | 2011 | 21489788 |
| azaphilones and p-terphenyls from the mangrove endophytic fungus penicillium chermesinum (zh4-e2) isolated from the south china sea. | eight secondary metabolites, including three new azaphilones (chermesinones a-c, 1-3), three new p-terphenyls (6'-o-desmethylterphenyllin, 4; 3-hydroxy-6'-o-desmethylterphenyllin, 5; 3''-deoxy-6'-o-desmethylcandidusin b, 7), and two known p-terphenyls (6, 8), were isolated from the culture of the mangrove endophytic fungus penicillium chermesinum (zh4-e2). their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis. the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by x-ray crystallography. terphen ... | 2011 | 21510637 |
| penicillium chrysogenum var. halophenolicum, a new halotolerant strain with potential in the remediation of aromatic compounds in high salt environments. | a halotolerant phenylacetate-degrading fungus penicillium clona2, previously isolated from a salt mine at algarve (portugal), was identified as a variant of p. chrysogenum using the its-5,8s rdna and the d1/d2 domain of 28s rdna sequences. the metabolic features and genetic characteristics suggest that this strain belongs to a subgroup of p. chrysogenum, named var. halophenolicum. the presence of the penicillin biosynthetic cluster was proven by southern hybridizations using probes internal to t ... | 2011 | 21524896 |
| application of fluorescent indicators to analyse intracellular calcium and morphology in filamentous fungi. | a novel staining and quantification method to investigate changes in intracellular calcium levels [ca(2+)](i) and morphology in filamentous fungus is presented. using a simple protocol, two fluorescent dyes, fluo-4-am and cell trace calcein red-orange-am were loaded into the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. the present study investigates the applicability of using ca(2+)-sensitive dye to quantify and image [ca(2+)](i) in p. chrysogenum cultures chosen for its potential as an experimen ... | 2011 | 21530914 |
| associations between fungal species and water damaged building materials. | fungal growth in damp or water damaged buildings worldwide is an increasing problem, which has adverse effects on both the occupants and the buildings. air sampling alone in moldy buildings does not reveal the full diversity of fungal species growing on building materials. one aim of this study was to estimate the qualitative and quantitative diversity of fungi growing on damp or water damaged building materials. another was to determine if associations exist between the most commonly found fung ... | 2011 | 21531835 |
| [70 years with penicillin in clinical use]. | | 2011 | 21539120 |
| high-resolution structure of exo-arabinanase from penicillium chrysogenum. | arabinanase abnx from penicillium chrysogenum 31b, which belongs to the gh93 family, releases arabinobiose from the nonreducing terminus of α-1,5-l-arabinan, which is distributed in the primary cell walls of higher plants. crystal structures of abnx and of its complex with arabinobiose were determined at the high resolutions of 1.14 å to an r(work) of 10.7% (r(free) = 12.8%) and 1.04 å to an r(work) of 10.4% (r(free) = 12.5%). abnx has a six-bladed β-propeller fold with a typical ring-closure mo ... | 2011 | 21543843 |
| proteolytic activity of lactic acid bacteria strains and fungal biota for potential use as starter cultures in dry-cured ham. | during the processing of dry-cured meat products, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins undergo proteolysis, which has a marked effect on product flavor. microbial proteolytic activity is due to the action of mostly lactic acid bacteria (lab) and to a lesser extent micrococci. the proteolytic capacity of molds in various meat products is of interest to meat processors in the mediterranean area. eleven lab and mold strains from different commercial origins were tested for proteolytic activity ag ... | 2011 | 21549056 |
| functional characterization of the oxaloacetase encoding gene and elimination of oxalate formation in the β-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum is widely used as an industrial antibiotic producer, in particular in the synthesis of ß-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. in industrial processes, oxalic acid formation leads to reduced product yields. moreover, precipitation of calcium oxalate complicates product recovery. we observed oxalate production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of p. chrysogenum grown with or without addition of adipic acid, side-chain of the cephalosporin precursor ... | 2011 | 21549851 |
| determination of some significant batch culture conditions affecting acetyl-xylan esterase production by penicillium notatum nrrl-1249. | abstract: background: acetyl-xylan esterase (axe, ec 3.1.1.72) hydrolyses acetate group from the linear chain of xylopyranose residues bound by beta-1,4-linkage. the enzyme finds commercial applications in bio-bleaching of wood pulp, treating animal feed to increase digestibility, processing food to increase clarification and converting lignocellulosics to feedstock and fuel. in the present study, we report on the production of an extracellular axe from penicillium notatum nrrl-1249 by solid sta ... | 2011 | 21575210 |
| natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack. | petals of red, yellow and white roses (rosa damascene mill.) of the family rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of gram-positive bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus and staphylococcus aureus), five species of gram-negative bacteria (enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (penici ... | 2011 | 21614712 |
| antimicrobial activity of protease inhibitor from leaves of coccinia grandis (l.) voigt. | antimicrobial activity of protease inhibitor isolated from coccinia grandis (l.) voigt. has been reported. a 14.3 kda protease inhibitor (pi) was isolated and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation (20-85% saturation), sephadex g-75, deae sepharose column and trypsin-sepharose affinity chromatography from the leaves of c. grandis. the purity was checked by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. pi exhibited marked growth inhibitory effects on colon cell lines in ... | 2011 | 21615062 |
| cloning and characterization of a novel coa-ligase gene from penicillium chrysogenum. | a novel phenylacetic acid (paa)-induced coa-ligase-encoding gene, designated as phlc, has been cloned from penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum. the open reading frame of phlc cdna was 1671 bp and encoded a 556 amino acid residues protein with the consensus amp binding site and a peroxisomal targeting signal 1 on its c terminus. the deduced amino acid sequence showed 37% and 38% identity with characterized p. chrysogenum phl and phlb protein, respectively. functional recombinant p ... | 2011 | 21625874 |
| the significance of peroxisomes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. | peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles characterized by a protein-rich matrix surrounded by a single membrane. in filamentous fungi, peroxisomes are crucial for the primary metabolism of several unusual carbon sources used for growth (e.g. fatty acids), but increasing evidence is presented that emphasize the crucial role of these organelles in the formation of a variety of secondary metabolites. in filamentous fungi, peroxisomes also play a role in development and differentiation whereas speciali ... | 2011 | 21660569 |
| impact of the penicillium chrysogenum genome on industrial production of metabolites. | the genome sequence of penicillium chrysogenum has initiated a range of fundamental studies, deciphering the genetic secrets of the industrial penicillin producer. more than 60 years of classical strain improvement has resulted in major but delicate rebalancing of the intracellular metabolism leading to the impressive penicillin titres of the current production strains. several leads for further improvement are being followed up, including the use of p. chrysogenum as a cell factory for other pr ... | 2011 | 21805169 |
| the small molecular mass antifungal protein of penicillium chrysogenum - a mechanism of action oriented review. | the ß-lactam producing filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum secretes a 6.25 kda small molecular mass antifungal protein, paf, which has a highly stable, compact 3d structure and is effective against a wide spectrum of plant and zoo pathogenic fungi. its precise physiological functions and mode of action need to be elucidated before considering possible biomedical, agricultural or food technological applications. according to some more recent experimental data, paf plays an important role i ... | 2011 | 21780144 |
| scale-down of the penicillin production in penicillium chrysogenum. | in large-scale production reactors the combination of high broth viscosity and large broth volume leads to insufficient liquid phase mixing, resulting in gradients in, for example, the concentrations of substrate and oxygen. this often leads to differences in productivity of the full scale process, compared to lab scale. in this scale-down study of penicillin production, the influence of substrate gradients on the process performance and cell physiology was investigated by imposing an intermitte ... | 2011 | 21751388 |
| biochemical characterization and gene expression of two endo-arabinanases from penicillium chrysogenum 31b. | we previously described five arabinanolytic enzymes secreted by penicillium chrysogenum 31b into the culture medium. here, we describe a sixth such enzyme, termed abns1. analysis of the reaction products of debranched arabinan revealed that abns1 cleaved the substrate in an endo manner. the optimum temperature of abns1 was 60°c, which was much higher than that of a cold-adapted endo-arabinanase (abnc) produced by this strain. the abns1 cdna gene encoding abns1 was isolated by in vitro cloning. t ... | 2011 | 21748379 |
| characterization of an autoinducer of penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. | filamentous fungi produce an impressive variety of secondary metabolites; many of them have important biological activities. the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites is frequently induced by plant-derived external elicitors and appears to also be regulated by internal inducers, which may work in a way similar to that of bacterial autoinducers. the biosynthesis of penicillin in penicillium chrysogenum is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms of control of gene expression ... | 2011 | 21724894 |
| pcchibi, encoding a class v chitinase, is affected by pcvela and pclaea and responsible for cell wall integrity in penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillin production in penicillium chrysogenum is controlled by pcvela and pclaea, two components of the regulatory velvet-like complex. comparative microarray analysis with mutants lacking pcvela or pclaea revealed a set of 62 common genes affected by the loss of both components. a down-regulated gene in both knockout strains is pcchibi, potentially encoding a class v chitinase. under nutrient depleted conditions, transcript levels of pcchibi are strongly up-regulated, and the gene product co ... | 2011 | 21816879 |
| molecular organization of the mating-type loci in the homothallic ascomycete eupenicillium crustaceum. | eupenicillium species are the teleomorphic (sexual) forms of anamorphic (asexual) members of the genus penicillium, which contains many species of industrial importance. here we describe the first molecular analysis of the mating-type (mat) locus from a homothallic (self-fertile) eupenicillium species, e. crustaceum. this ascomycete is a sexual relative of the penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum, which while long considered asexual, was recently shown to possess the required genetic mach ... | 2011 | 21724167 |
| phylogenetic identification of fungi isolated from the marine sponge tethya aurantium and identification of their secondary metabolites. | fungi associated with the marine sponge tethya aurantium were isolated and identified by morphological criteria and phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (its) regions. they were evaluated with regard to their secondary metabolite profiles. among the 81 isolates which were characterized, members of 21 genera were identified. some genera like acremonium, aspergillus, fusarium, penicillium, phoma, and trichoderma are quite common, but we also isolated strains belonging to gene ... | 2011 | 21731550 |
| the pattern of sensitisation to inhalant allergens in omani patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. | identification of relevant allergens that are prevalent in each environment which may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications in allergic diseases. this study aimed to identify the pattern of sensitisation to inhalant allergens in omani patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. | 2008 | 21748078 |
| isolation and characterization of neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein (nfap). | a novel 6.6kda antifungal peptide (nfap) from the culture supernatant of the mold, neosartorya fischeri (anamorf: aspergillus fischerianus), and its encoding gene were isolated in this study. nfap is a small, basic and cysteine-rich protein consisting of 57 amino acid residues. it shows 37.9-50% homology to similar proteins described in literature from aspergillus clavatus, aspergillus giganteus, aspergillus niger, and penicillium chrysogenum. the in silico presumed tertiary structure of nfap, e ... | 2011 | 21741420 |
| diversity and pharmaceutical screening of fungi from benthic mats of antarctic lakes. | during the micromat project, the fungal diversity of microbial mats growing in the benthic environment of antarctic lakes was accessed for the discovery of novel antibiotics and anticancers. in all, 160 filamentous fungi belonging to fifteen different genera and 171 yeasts were isolated from 11 lakes, classified and cultivated in different media and at different temperatures. filamentous fungi were then screened to discover novel antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds. a total of 1422 extracts we ... | 2009 | 21798171 |
| induction of mucin and muc5ac expression by the protease activity of aspergillus fumigatus in airway epithelial cells. | allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, characterized by excessive mucus secretion, airflow limitation, bronchiectasis, and peripheral blood eosinophilia, is predominantly caused by a fungal pathogen, aspergillus fumigatus. using dna microarray analysis of nci-h292 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, stimulated with fungal extracts from a. fumigatus, alternaria alternata, or penicillium notatum, we identified a mucin-related muc5ac as one of the genes, the expression of which was selective ... | 2011 | 21685325 |
| homology modeling of the structure of acyl coa:isopenicillin n-acyltransferase (iat) from penicillium chrysogenum. iat interaction studies with isopenicillin-n, combining molecular dynamics simulations and docking. | in the last step of penicillin biosynthesis, acyl-coa:isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat) (e.c. 2.3.1.164) catalyzes the conversion of isopenicillin n (ipn) to penicillin g. iat substitutes the +¦-aminoadipic acid side chain of ipn by a phenylacetic acid phenolate group (from phenylacetyl-coa). having a three-dimensional (3d) structure of iat helps to determine the steps involved in side chain exchange by identifying the atomic details of substrate recognition. we predicted the iat 3-d structu ... | 2011 | 21695507 |
| an intein with genetically selectable markers provides a new approach to internally label proteins with gfp. | inteins are proteins that catalyze their own removal from within larger precursor proteins. in the process they splice the flanking protein sequences, termed the n-and c-terminal exteins. large inteins frequently have a homing endonuclease that is involved in maintaining the intein in the host. splicing and nuclease activity are independent and distinct domains in the folded structure. we show here that other biochemical activities can be incorporated into an intein in place of the endonuclease ... | 2011 | 21708017 |
| ganoderma lucidum: a source for novel bioactive lectin. | ganoderma lucidum is known for its high medicinal value, clinically used in treatment for various diseases. we have selected this mushroom for isolation of novel bioactive lectin. the isolation procedure comprised of ion-exchange chromatography on deae- cellulose and affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel. purified lectin was monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kda, determined by sds-page, gel filtration, maldi-tof. it showed hemagglutinating activity against both human and animal erythroc ... | 2011 | 21728991 |
| sample preparation and 2-de procedure for protein expression profiling of black microcolonial fungi. | the ecology and stress adaptation of black rock inhabiting fungi in hot and cold extreme environments are not yet well understood. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) is a promising tool to study the protein expression profiling and the metabolic status of microorganisms under stress conditions. the sample preparation has been shown to be the bottleneck for high resolution protein separation in 2-de. for this purpose conditions must be optimized to obtain reliable and reproducible results ... | 2011 | 21944209 |
| high-level expression of the penicillium notatum glucose oxidase gene in pichia pastoris using codon optimization. | the glucose oxidase (god) gene from penicillium notatum was expressed in pichia pastoris. the 1,815 bp gene, god-w, encodes 604 amino acids. recombinant god-w had optimal activity at 35-40°c and ph 6.2 and was stable, from ph 3 to 7 maintaining >75% maximum activity after incubation at 50°c for 1 h. god-w worked as well as commercial gods to improve bread making. to achieve high-level expression of recombinant god in p. pastoris, 272 nucleotides involving 228 residues were mutated, consistent wi ... | 2011 | 22052258 |
| A new antifungal briarane diterpenoid from the gorgonian Junceella juncea Pallas. | A new 8-hydroxy briarane diterpenoid (compound 1) with antifungal activity was isolated along with known compounds (2-5) from the gorgonian coral Junceellajuncea. On the basis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, MS), the structure of the compound 1 was established as (1S,2S,8S,9S,10S,11R,12R,14S,17R)-11,20-epoxy-14-(3-methylbutanoyl)-2,9,12-triacetoxy-8-hydroxybriar-5(16)-en-18,7-olide. Compound 1 exhibited significant activity against fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Penicillium ... | 2011 | 22071302 |
| Photodynamic inactivation of Penicillium chrysogenum conidia by cationic porphyrins. | This work reports the photophysical and biological evaluation of five cationic porphyrins as photosensitizers (PS) for the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Penicillium chrysogenum conidia. Two different cationic porphyrin groups were synthesized from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin. The photostability and singlet oxygen generation studies showed that these molecules are photostable and efficient singlet oxygen generators. PDI experime ... | 2011 | 21858350 |
| adaptive evolution of drug targets in producer and non-producer organisms. | mpa (mycophenolic acid) is an immunosuppressive drug produced by several fungi in penicillium subgenus penicillium. this toxic metabolite is an inhibitor of impdh (imp dehydrogenase). the mpa-biosynthetic cluster of penicillium brevicompactum contains a gene encoding a b-type impdh, impdh-b, which confers mpa resistance. surprisingly, all members of the subgenus penicillium contain genes encoding impdhs of both the a and b types, regardless of their ability to produce mpa. duplication of the imp ... | 2012 | 21916847 |
| Motifs in the C-terminal region of the Penicillium chrysogenum ACV synthetase are essential for valine epimerization and processivity of tripeptide formation. | The first step in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway is the non-ribosomal condensation of l-a-aminoadipic acid, l-cysteine and l-valine into the tripeptide d-(l-a-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV). This reaction is catalysed by the multienzyme ACV synthetase (ACVS), which is encoded in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum by the pcbAB gene. This enzyme contains at least ten catalytic domains. The precise role of the C-terminal domain of this multidomain NRPS still remains obscur ... | 2011 | 21889568 |
| Role of an autochthonous starter culture and the protease EPg222 on the sensory and safety properties of a traditional Iberian dry-fermented sausage "salchichón". | The effect of the addition of an autochthonous starter culture and the protease EPg222 on the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of dry-fermented sausage ''salchichon" was investigated. Sausages were prepared with purified EPg222 and Pediococcus acidilactici MS200 and Staphylococcus vitulus RS34 as starter culture (P200S34), separately and together, ripened for 90 days, and compared with a control batch. Dry-fermented sausages ripened with EPg222 and starter culture showed higher amoun ... | 2011 | 21925025 |
| Degeneration of penicillin production in ethanol-limited chemostat cultivations of Penicillium chrysogenum: A systems biology approach. | In microbial production of non-catabolic products such as antibiotics a loss of production capacity upon long-term cultivation (for example chemostat), a phenomenon called strain degeneration, is often observed. In this study a systems biology approach, monitoring changes from gene to produced flux, was used to study degeneration of penicillin production in a high producing Penicillium chrysogenum strain during prolonged ethanol-limited chemostat cultivations. | 2011 | 21854586 |
| Over-expression of pcvA involved in vesicle-vacuolar fusion affects the conidiation and penicillin production in Penicillium chrysogenum. | Rab GTPase is required for vesicle-vacuolar fusion during the vacuolar biogenesis in fungi. Rab GTPase-encoding gene, pcvA, was cloned from Penicillium chrysogenum: it contained five introns and its predicted protein contained the conserved Rab GTPase domain involved in GTP-binding and hydrolysis. Over-expression of pcvA significantly stimulated the vesicle-vacuolar fusion but repressed the conidiation and decreased conidial tolerance against thermal stress. Penicillin production was decreased i ... | 2011 | 22109934 |
| The antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities of Zizyphus jujube. | Plants are very useful, self-generating machines, producing a variety of useful bioactive products. Keeping in view this idea, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Zizyphus jujuba were screened for antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities. Low activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract (12%), n-hexane (9%), chloroform (20%) and ethyl acetate (14%) fraction against Penicillium notatum. Low activity was shown by the n-hexane fraction against Aspergill ... | 2011 | 21959810 |
| properties of the bubble protein, a defensin and an abundant component of a fungal exudate. | colonies of the ascomycete fungus penicillium brevicompactum dierckx produce bright yellow-green fluorescent exudate bubbles on its surface when grown on standard plant cell culture medium. according to sds-page analysis, the exudate is enriched in one protein, named bubble protein (bp). detailed characteristics of bp are described, and also its corresponding genomic promoter and terminator sequences that flank sequences encoding signal peptide and a precursor sequence upstream of that of the ma ... | 2011 | 21906643 |
| proteolytic activity of penicillium chrysogenum and debaryomyces hansenii during controlled ripening of pork loins. | the role of micro-organisms on the ripening process of dry-cured ham, particularly with respect to proteolysis, is not clear. this is partially due to the lack of an adequate system to study changes on a sterile control meat product for long ripening times. using a meat system based on sterile pork loins ripened under aseptic conditions for 106 days, the contribution to the proteolysis of two micro-organisms isolated from dry-cured ham has been established. changes were studied by sds-page of sa ... | 2002 | 22061201 |
| [moulds isolated from the upper sections of the respiratory and alimentary tracts of healthy veterinary medicine students]. | the mycological studies in healthy veterinary medicine students have been prompted by the fact that only a few publications are available to date on the occurrence of moulds in people identifying themselves as generally healthy and having direct contact with ill or dead animals. | 2011 | 21870416 |
| biosynthetic concepts for the production of β-lactam antibiotics in penicillium chrysogenum. | industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is based on successive classical strain improvement cycles. this review summarizes our current knowledge on the results of this classical strain improvement process, and discusses avenues to improve β-lactam biosynthesis and to exploit p. chrysogenum as an industrial host for the production of other antibiotics and peptide products. genomic and transcriptional analysis of strain lineages has led to th ... | 2011 | 22057844 |
| stimulating effect of sorbitol and xylitol on germination and growth of some xerophilic fungi. | sorbitol and xylitol are polyols often used in foods as naturally occurring sugar substitutes. they provide sweet taste and reduced calories in products of intermediate moisture. this type of food is susceptible to spoilage by xerophilic molds which affect shelf life of foods and produce significant losses. the aim of the present work was to study the effect of glycerol, sorbitol and xylitol on the germination and growth of four xerophilic fungi at different temperatures and water activity level ... | 2011 | 21925029 |
| [effect of water substrate activity and relative air humidity on penicillium chrysogenum thom, aspergillus repens (corda) sacc., trichoderma viride pers., isolated from dwelling premises]. | | 2011 | 21861374 |
| resolving phenylalanine metabolism sheds light on natural synthesis of penicillin g in penicillium chrysogenum. | industrial production of penicillin g by penicillium chrysogenum requires supplementation of the growth medium with the side-chain precursor phenylacetate. growth of p.chrysogenum with phenylalanine as sole nitrogen source resulted in extracellular production of phenylacetate and penicillin g. to analyse this 'natural' pathway for penicillin g production, chemostat cultures were switch to (13)c(9)-phenylalanine as nitrogen source. quantification and modelling of the dynamics of labelled metaboli ... | 2011 | 22158714 |
| conidiogenones h and i, two new diterpenes of cyclopiane class from a marine-derived endophytic fungus penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s. | two new tetracyclic diterpenes of the rarely reported cyclopiane class, conidiogenones h and i (1 and 2, resp.), along with five related congeners, conidiogenones b - d and f (3-5 and 6, resp.) and conidiogenol (7), were characterized from the culture extracts of penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s, an endophytic fungus derived from an unidentified marine red algal species of the genus laurencia. the structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the ... | 2011 | 21922663 |
| purification of a new fungal mannose-specific lectin from penicillium chrysogenum and its aphicidal properties. | several ascomycetes fungi are commonly used in bio-industries and provide available industrial residues for lectin extraction to be valuable. a lectin from penicillium chrysogenum, named pecl, was purified from a fungal culture using gel-filtration chromatography column. pecl was found to be a mannose-specific lectin by haemagglutination activity towards rabbit erythrocyte cells and was visualised on sds-page gel. purified pecl fraction was delivered via artificial diet to myzus persicae aphid a ... | 2011 | 22036288 |
| role of peroxisomes in the biosynthesis and secretion of β-lactams and other secondary metabolites. | peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles surrounded by a single bilayer membrane, containing a variety of proteins depending on the organism; they mainly perform degradation reactions of toxic metabolites (detoxification), catabolism of linear and branched-chain fatty acids, and removal of h(2)o(2) (formed in some oxidative processes) by catalase. proteins named peroxins are involved in recruiting, transporting, and introducing the peroxisomal matrix proteins into the peroxisomes. the matrix protei ... | 2011 | 22160272 |
| fungal abc transporter deletion and localization analysis. | fungal cells are highly complex as their metabolism is compartmentalized harboring various types of subcellular organelles that are bordered by one or more membranes. knowledge about the intracellular localization of transporter proteins is often required for the understanding of their biological function. among different approaches available, the localization analysis based on the expression of gfp fusions is commonly used as a relatively fast and cost-efficient method that allows visualization ... | 2012 | 22183644 |
| Speciation despite globally overlapping distributions in Penicillium chrysogenum: the population genetics of Alexander Fleming's lucky fungus. | Eighty years ago, Alexander Fleming described the antibiotic effects of a fungus that had contaminated his bacterial culture, kick starting the antimicrobial revolution. The fungus was later ascribed to a putatively globally distributed asexual species, Penicillium chrysogenum. Recently, the species has been shown to be genetically diverse, and possess mating-type genes. Here, phylogenetic and population genetic analyses show that this apparently ubiquitous fungus is actually composed of at leas ... | 2011 | 21951491 |
| evaluation of the microbial flora found in woodwind and brass instruments and their potential to transmit diseases. | previous studies of dental devices (toothbrushes, dentures, and protective athletic mouthguards) have demonstrated microbial contamination of these devices and possible transmission of infectious diseases to the users. since woodwind and brass instruments come into intimate contact with the musician's oral cavity and often are passed from student to student without sanitization, the question arises as to whether these instruments are contaminated and can transmit microbial diseases. the purpose ... | 2011 | 21903519 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial activity of amido linked pyrrolyl and pyrazolyl-oxazoles, thiazoles and imidazoles. | a new class of amido linked bis heterocycles viz., pyrrolyl/pyrazolyl-oxazoles, thiazoles and imidazoles were prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of tosmic and diazomethane to the respective cinnamamide derivatives and screened for antimicrobial activity. the chlorosubstituted imidazolyl cinnamamide (6c) is the most potential antimicrobial agent as it displayed strong antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis and antifungal activity against penicillium chrysogenum. | 2011 | 21906854 |
| a single cluster of coregulated genes encodes the biosynthesis of the mycotoxins roquefortine c and meleagrin in penicillium chrysogenum. | a single gene cluster of penicillium chrysogenum contains genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of the mycotoxins roquefortine c and meleagrin. five of these genes have been silenced by rnai. pc21g15480 (rds) encodes a nonribosomal cyclodipeptide synthetase for the biosynthesis of both roquefortine c and meleagrin. pc21g15430 (rpt) encodes a prenyltransferase also required for the biosynthesis of both mycotoxins. silencing of pc21g15460 or pc21g15470 led to a decrease in roquefortine ... | 2011 | 22118684 |
| Farinamycin, a quinazoline from Streptomyces griseus. | The metabolic potential of a Streptomyces griseus strain was investigated under various cultivation conditions. After fermentation in a flour-based medium, a new quinazoline metabolite, farinamycin (1), could be isolated from the bacterium, which was previously known only for the production of phenoxazinone antibiotics. The structure of 1 illuminates the biosynthetic versatility of S. griseus, which assembles a defined set of building blocks into structurally diverse natural products. | 2011 | 21939253 |
| novel insights in transport mechanisms and kinetics of phenylacetic acid and penicillin-g in penicillium chrysogenum. | although penicillin-g (peng) production by the fungus penicillium chrysogenum is a well-studied process, little is known about the mechanisms of transport of the precursor phenylacetic acid (paa) and the product peng over the cell membrane. to obtain more insight in the nature of these mechanisms, in vivo stimulus response experiments were performed with paa and peng in chemostat cultures of p. chrysogenum at time scales of seconds to minutes. the results indicated that paa is able to enter the ... | 2011 | 22223600 |
| dynamics of fungal colonization in a new medical mycology laboratory. | study of the spatio-temporal fungal colonization in a new medical mycology laboratory. | 2011 | 23177809 |