| [expression of sars spike gene in shizomycete pombe]. | the viral spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus, and it could be useful in the research of clinical diagnosis, sars vaccine and the structure biology.according to the analysis of the main antigen of the sars spike protein, 5 fragments of the whole spike gene were cloned, and ligated to the vector pnmt1. through electroporation transformantion to tcp1, the recombinant s. pombe strains capable of expressing the 5 fragments were constructed. sds-page or western blot analysis ... | 2005 | 16176106 |
| rhabdomyolysis associated with acute renal failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) occurred in taiwan in 2003. sars complicated with rhabdomyolysis has rarely been reported. this study reported three cases of rhabdomyolysis developing during the clinical course of sars. thirty probable sars patients were admitted to the isolation wards at linkou chang gung memorial hospital between 4 april and 4 june 2003. thirty patients, including four men and 26 women aged from 12 to 87 years (mean age 40). eleven (36.7%) patients had ... | 2005 | 16178983 |
| post-sars sickness syndrome manifestations and endocrinopathy: how, why, and so what? | | 2005 | 16181227 |
| experience of using convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers in a taiwan hospital. | to describe the immunological responses and clinical outcome of coronavirus (sars) infected healthcare workers (hcw) who had been administered with convalescent plasma as a treatment. | 2005 | 16183666 |
| influence of fcgammariia and mbl polymorphisms on severe acute respiratory syndrome. | polymorphisms of human fc gamma-receptor iia (fcgammariia) and mannose-binding lectin (mbl) genes have been associated with susceptibility to or severity of some infectious diseases. in order to investigate whether these genetic factors might influence susceptibility to infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) as well as the course and severity of the infection, we evaluated polymorphisms of fcgammariia and mbl genes in dna samples from a group of ap ... | 2005 | 16185324 |
| adp-ribose-1"-monophosphatase: a conserved coronavirus enzyme that is dispensable for viral replication in tissue culture. | replication of the approximately 30-kb plus-strand rna genome of coronaviruses and synthesis of an extensive set of subgenome-length rnas are mediated by the replicase-transcriptase, a membrane-bound protein complex containing several cellular proteins and up to 16 viral nonstructural proteins (nsps) with multiple enzymatic activities, including protease, polymerase, helicase, methyltransferase, and rnase activities. to get further insight into the replicase gene-encoded functions, we characteri ... | 2005 | 16188975 |
| structural genomics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the protein nsp7. | here, we report the three-dimensional structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) nsp7, a component of the sars-cov replicase polyprotein. the coronavirus replicase carries out regulatory tasks involved in the maintenance, transcription, and replication of the coronavirus genome. nsp7 was found to assume a compact architecture in solution, which is comprised primarily of helical secondary structures. three helices (alpha2 to alpha4) form a flat up-down-up antiparallel a ... | 2005 | 16188992 |
| use of dual taqman probes to increase the sensitivity of 1-step quantitative reverse transcription-pcr: application to the detection of sars coronavirus. | | 2005 | 16189379 |
| sars vaccine: progress and challenge. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in 2002 as a severe and highly contagious infectious disease that rapidly spread to a number of different countries. the collaborative efforts of the global scientific community have provided, within a short period of time, substantial insights into the molecular biology and immunology of sars-cov. although the outbreak has been contained, there is continuous concern that the virus may resurface into the human population through seasonal changes, ... | 2005 | 16191415 |
| obstacles and advances in sars vaccine development. | the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. researchers around the world pooled their scientific resources and shared early data in an unprecedented manner in light of the impending public health crisis. there are still large gaps in knowledge about the pathogenesis of this virus. while significant advances have been made i ... | 2006 | 16191455 |
| influence of intron and exon splicing enhancers on mammalian cell expression of a truncated spike protein of sars-cov and its implication for subunit vaccine development. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is important for vaccine development. a truncated s protein of the tw1 strain, str2 (88 kda), carrying three s fragments (s74-253, s294-739, and s1129-1255) was investigated to study the influences of intron and exon splicing enhancers to improve str2 protein expression in mammalian cells. our results showed that str2 protein expression with the use of an 138 base-pair intron addition increased by 1.9-, 2.5-, and 4 ... | 2006 | 16194584 |
| bats are natural reservoirs of sars-like coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in 2002 to 2003 in southern china. the origin of its etiological agent, the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), remains elusive. here we report that species of bats are a natural host of coronaviruses closely related to those responsible for the sars outbreak. these viruses, termed sars-like coronaviruses (sl-covs), display greater genetic variation than sars-cov isolated from humans or from civets. the human and civet isolates of sars-cov nestle phyloge ... | 2005 | 16195424 |
| virology. researchers tie deadly sars virus to bats. | | 2005 | 16195440 |
| [molecular cloning and expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and its clinical application]. | to clone and express nucleocapsid (n) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus, and to evaluate its antigenicity and application value in the development of serological diagnostic test for sars. | 2005 | 16201478 |
| crossing the species barrier. | | 2005 | 16205703 |
| persevering through a difficult time during the sars outbreak in toronto. | the purpose of this study was to describe the experience of persevering through a difficult time for patients, family members of patients, nurses, and allied health professionals during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. van kaam's phenomenological research method, with the human becoming theory as the theoretical perspective, was used to gather and analyse data from 63 participants who agreed to describe a situation that illuminated their experience of persevering through a difficu ... | 2005 | 16210748 |
| managing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) intellectual property rights: the possible role of patent pooling. | patent applications that incorporate the genomic sequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, have been filed by a number of organizations. this is likely to result in a fragmentation of intellectual property (ip) rights which in turn may adversely affect the development of products, such as vaccines, to combat sars. placing these patent rights into a patent pool to be licensed on a non-exclusive basis may circumvent these difficulties and set a key precedent for the use ... | 2005 | 16211163 |
| enhanced expression and purification of membrane proteins by sumo fusion in escherichia coli. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) membrane protein and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (flap) are among a large number of membrane proteins that are poorly expressed when traditional expression systems and methods are employed. therefore to efficiently express difficult membrane proteins, molecular biologists will have to develop novel or innovative expression systems. to this end, we have expressed the sars-cov m and flap proteins in escherichia coli by utilizing a nove ... | 2005 | 16211506 |
| prediction of functional class of the sars coronavirus proteins by a statistical learning method. | the complete genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) reveals the existence of putative proteins unique to sars-cov. identification of their function facilitates a mechanistic understanding of sars infection and drug development for its treatment. the sequence of the majority of these putative proteins has no significant similarity to those of known proteins, which complicates the task of using sequence analysis tools to probe their function. support vector machines (sv ... | 2005 | 16212442 |
| immunological responses against sars-coronavirus infection in humans. | since the outbreak of a sars epidemic last year, significant advances have been made on our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between the sars coronavirus (cov) and the immune system. strong humoral responses have been found in most patients following sars-cov infection, with high titers of neutralizing abs present in their convalescent sera. the nucleocapsid (n) and spike (s) proteins of sars-cov appear to be the dominant antigens recognized by serum abs. cd4+ t cell responses agai ... | 2004 | 16212898 |
| in vivo functional characterization of the sars-coronavirus 3a protein in drosophila. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) 3a locus encodes a 274 a.a. novel protein, and its expression has been confirmed in sars patients. to study functional roles of 3a, we established a transgenic fly model for the sars-cov 3a gene. misexpression of 3a in drosophila caused a dominant rough eye phenotype. using a specific monoclonal antibody, we demonstrated that the 3a protein displayed a punctate cytoplasmic localization in drosophila as in sars-cov-infected cells. we pr ... | 2005 | 16212942 |
| the dimer interface of the sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein adapts a porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus-like structure. | we have employed nmr to investigate the structure of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein dimer. we found that the secondary structure of the dimerization domain consists of five alpha helices and a beta-hairpin. the dimer interface consists of a continuous four-stranded beta-sheet superposed by two long alpha helices, reminiscent of that found in the nucleocapsid protein of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. extensive hydrogen bond formation between the two hairpins and hydro ... | 2005 | 16214138 |
| a double-inactivated whole virus candidate sars coronavirus vaccine stimulates neutralising and protective antibody responses. | a double-inactivated, candidate whole virus vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was developed and manufactured at large scale using fermenter cultures of serum protein free vero cells. a two step inactivation procedure involving sequential formaldehyde and u.v. inactivation was utilised in order to ensure an extremely high safety margin with respect to residual infectivity. the immunogenicity of this double-inactivated vaccine was characterised in ... | 2006 | 16214268 |
| mutational analysis of the sars virus nsp15 endoribonuclease: identification of residues affecting hexamer formation. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus virus non-structural protein 15 is a mn2+-dependent endoribonuclease with specificity for cleavage at uridylate residues. to better understand structural and functional characteristics of nsp15, 22 mutant versions of nsp15 were produced in escherichia coli as his-tagged proteins and purified by metal-affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. nineteen of the mutants were soluble and were analyzed for enzymatic activity. six mutants, includi ... | 2005 | 16216269 |
| screening of electrophilic compounds yields an aziridinyl peptide as new active-site directed sars-cov main protease inhibitor. | the coronavirus main protease, m(pro), is considered a major target for drugs suitable to combat coronavirus infections including the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). in this study, comprehensive hplc- and fret-substrate-based screenings of various electrophilic compounds were performed to identify potential m(pro) inhibitors. the data revealed that the coronaviral main protease is inhibited by aziridine- and oxirane-2-carboxylates. among the trans-configured aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate ... | 2005 | 16216498 |
| lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars): implications for infection control. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), the first global epidemic in the 21st century, affected over 8500 people in approximately 30 countries . with a crude mortality of 9%, its cause was quickly identified as a novel coronavirus that jumped species from animals to man. the sars coronavirus epidemic, which began in the fall of 2002, was related to the exotic food industry in southern china, initially involving disproportionate numbers of animal handlers, chefs, and caterers. subsequently, per ... | 2005 | 16216641 |
| sars immunity and vaccination. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious and fatal infectious disease caused by sars coronavirus (sars-cov), a novel human coronavirus. sars-cov infection stimulates cytokines (e.g., il-10, ifn-gamma, il-1, etc.) expression dramatically, and t lymphocytes and their subsets cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells are decreased after onset of the disease. sars-specific igg antibody is generated in the second week and persists for a long time, whereas igm is expressed transiently. the spike protein ... | 2004 | 16219167 |
| crystal structures of the main peptidase from the sars coronavirus inhibited by a substrate-like aza-peptide epoxide. | the main peptidase (m(pro)) from the coronavirus (cov) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is one of the most attractive molecular targets for the development of anti-sars agents. we report the irreversible inhibition of sars-cov m(pro) by an aza-peptide epoxide (ape; k(inact)/k(i) = 1900(+/-400) m(-1) s(-1)). the crystal structures of the m(pro):ape complex in the space groups c2 and p2(1)2(1)2(1) revealed the formation of a covalent bond between the catalytic cys145 s(gamma) atom ... | 2005 | 16219322 |
| dynamically modeling sars and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present, and future. | the emergence and rapid global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus in 2002-2003 prompted efforts by modelers to characterize sars epidemiology and inform control policies. we overview and discuss models for emerging infectious diseases (eids), provide a critical survey of sars modeling literature, and discuss promising future directions for research. we reconcile discrepancies between published estimates of the basic reproductive number r0 for sars (a crucial epide ... | 2005 | 16222170 |
| [expression of sars-cov in various types of cells in lung tissues]. | to investigate the cell types infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in lung tissues and explore the mechanism of lung injury in sars. | 2005 | 16224511 |
| [preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against sars-cov putative protein x4]. | to obtain monoclonal antibodies against putative protein x4 of sars-cov for further study of the structure and function of protein x4. | 2005 | 16224518 |
| cross-reaction of sars-cov antigen with autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases. | to investigate the significance of the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) antibody, detected by elisa and indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifa) for the sars-cov vero e6 cell lysates, in non-sars subjects, 114 serum samples from healthy controls and 104 serum specimens from autoimmune disease patients were collected. the results of elisa showed that among 114 sera from healthy controls, 4 (3.5%) were positive of sars-cov-igg antibody and 114 (100%) were all negative of sars-cov-igm antibod ... | 2004 | 16225774 |
| binding interaction of sars coronavirus 3cl(pro) protease with vacuolar-h+ atpase g1 subunit. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is an important issue for treatment and prevention of sars. recently, sars-cov 3cl(pro) protease has been implied to be possible relevance to sars-cov pathogenesis. in this study, we intended to identify potential 3cl(pro)-interacting cellular protein(s) using the phage-displayed human lung cdna library. the vacuolar-h+ atpase (v-atpase) g1 subunit that contained a 3cl(pro) cleavage site-like motif was identified as a 3 ... | 2005 | 16226257 |
| the nsp2 replicase proteins of murine hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication. | the positive-stranded rna genome of the coronaviruses is translated from orf1 to yield polyproteins that are proteolytically processed into intermediate and mature nonstructural proteins (nsps). murine hepatitis virus (mhv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) polyproteins incorporate 16 protein domains (nsps), with nsp1 and nsp2 being the most variable among the coronaviruses and having no experimentally confirmed or predicted functions in replication. to determine if ns ... | 2005 | 16227261 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus fails to activate cytokine-mediated innate immune responses in cultured human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | activation of host innate immune responses was studied in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scv)-infected human a549 lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (dcs). in all cell types, scv-specific subgenomic mrnas were seen, whereas no expression of scv proteins was found. no induction of cytokine genes (alpha interferon [ifn-alpha], ifn-beta, interleukin-28a/b [il-28a/b], il-29, tumor necrosis factor alpha, ccl5, or cxcl10) or ifn-alpha/beta-induced mxa gene was seen ... | 2005 | 16227300 |
| insights into sars-cov transcription and replication from the structure of the nsp7-nsp8 hexadecamer. | coronavirus replication and transcription machinery involves multiple virus-encoded nonstructural proteins (nsp). we report the crystal structure of the hexadecameric nsp7-nsp8 supercomplex from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus at 2.4-angstroms resolution. nsp8 has a novel 'golf-club' fold with two conformations. the supercomplex is a unique hollow, cylinder-like structure assembled from eight copies of nsp8 and held tightly together by eight copies of nsp7. with an internal dia ... | 2005 | 16228002 |
| modular organization of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | the sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein is a major antigen in severe acute respiratory syndrome. it binds to the viral rna genome and forms the ribonucleoprotein core. the sars-cov n protein has also been suggested to be involved in other important functions in the viral life cycle. here we show that the n protein consists of two non-interacting structural domains, the n-terminal rna-binding domain (rbd) (residues 45-181) and the c-terminal dimerization domain (residues 248-365) (dd), surrounded b ... | 2006 | 16228284 |
| [detection of sars-coronavirus in both human and animals by rt-pcr]. | to find the most suitable rt-pcr detection method for sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) detection in both human and animals, and to study the source of sars virus by investigating the condition of virus carried by wild, domestic animals and animals sold in market. | 2005 | 16229261 |
| [detection of sars-coronavirus in both human and animals by rt-pcr]. | to find the most suitable rt-pcr detection method for sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) detection in both human and animals, and to study the source of sars virus by investigating the condition of virus carried by wild, domestic animals and animals sold in market. | 2005 | 16229261 |
| [modified molecular beacon-based dual real-time pcr for detection of sars virus and its application]. | to develop the modified molecular beacon-based dual fluorescent pcr assays for detection of sars virus. the assay was applied to the early clinic diagnosis & animal tracking. | 2005 | 16229262 |
| a simple and rapid approach for screening of sars-coronavirus genotypes: an evaluation study. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was a newly emerged infectious disease which caused a global epidemic in 2002-2003. sequence analysis of sars-coronavirus isolates revealed that specific genotypes predominated at different periods of the epidemic. this information can be used as a footprint for tracing the epidemiology of infections and monitor viral evolution. however, direct sequencing analysis of a large number of clinical samples is cumbersome and time consuming. we present here ... | 2005 | 16229749 |
| molecular epidemiology of sars-associated coronavirus, beijing. | single nucleotide variations (snvs) at 5 loci (17564, 21721, 22222, 23823, and 27827) were used to define the molecular epidemiologic characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) from beijing patients. five fragments targeted at the snv loci were amplified directly from clinical samples by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), before sequencing the amplified products. analyses of 45 sequences obtained from 29 patients showed tha ... | 2005 | 16229772 |
| [apropos of the nosocomial transmission of southeast asian severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)]. | | 2004 | 16235604 |
| what internet services would patients like from hospitals during an epidemic? lessons from the sars outbreak in toronto. | international health organizations and officials are bracing for a pandemic. although the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak in toronto did not reach such a level, it created a unique opportunity to identify the optimal use of the internet to promote communication with the public and to preserve health services during an epidemic. | 2005 | 16236698 |
| orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus has been known to damage multiple organs; however, little is known about its impact on the reproductive system. in the present study, we analyzed the pathological changes of testes from six patients who died of sars. results suggested that sars caused orchitis. all sars testes displayed widespread germ cell destruction, few or no spermatozoon in the seminiferous tubule, thickened basement membrane, and leukocyte infiltration. the numbers of cd ... | 2006 | 16237152 |
| scalable transcriptional analysis routine--multiplexed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction platform for gene expression analysis and molecular diagnostics. | we report the development of a new technology for simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple targets in a single sample. scalable transcriptional analysis routine (star) represents a novel integration of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis that allows detection of dozens of gene transcripts in a multiplexed format using amplicon size as an identifier for each target. star demonstrated similar or better sensitivity and precision compared to two commo ... | 2005 | 16237214 |
| genomic classification using an information-based similarity index: application to the sars coronavirus. | measures of genetic distance based on alignment methods are confined to studying sequences that are conserved and identifiable in all organisms under study. a number of alignment-free techniques based on either statistical linguistics or information theory have been developed to overcome the limitations of alignment methods. we present a novel alignment-free approach to measuring the similarity among genetic sequences that incorporates elements from both word rank order-frequency statistics and ... | 2005 | 16241900 |
| ph-dependent conformational flexibility of the sars-cov main proteinase (m(pro)) dimer: molecular dynamics simulations and multiple x-ray structure analyses. | the sars coronavirus main proteinase (m(pro)) is a key enzyme in the processing of the viral polyproteins and thus an attractive target for the discovery of drugs directed against sars. the enzyme has been shown by x-ray crystallography to undergo significant ph-dependent conformational changes. here, we assess the conformational flexibility of the m(pro) by analysis of multiple crystal structures (including two new crystal forms) and by molecular dynamics (md) calculations. the md simulations t ... | 2005 | 16242152 |
| synthesis and activity of an octapeptide inhibitor designed for sars coronavirus main proteinase. | the outbreak of sars, a life-threatening disease, has spread over many countries around the world. so far there is no effective drug for the treatment of sars. stimulated by the binding mechanism of sars-cov mpro with the octapeptide avlqsgfr reported recently as well as the "chou's distorted key" theory, we synthesized the octapeptide avlqsgfr for conducting various biochemical experiments to investigate the antiviral potential of the octapeptide against sars coronavirus (bj-01). the results de ... | 2006 | 16242214 |
| cathepsin enzyme provides clue to sars infection. | | 2005 | 16243257 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in neonates and children. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) runs a more benign course in children during the acute phase. infants born to mothers with the disease did not acquire the infection through vertical transmission. the treatment strategy for children with sars has not been standardised and is based on adult experience. thus far, no deaths have been reported in the paediatric age group. exercise impairment and residual radiological abnormalities were present six months after diagnosis. it is important to a ... | 2005 | 16244207 |
| policy conflicts: gene patents and health care in canada. | several recent gene patent controversies have energized and refocused the human gene patent debate in canada. these include the use of the myriad test for breast cancer by the provinces, patenting of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus and a recent supreme court decision rejecting the patenting of 'higher life forms'. these cases place the emerging policy conflicts between the innovation and commercialization agenda of the government and the desire to provide equitable access to health c ... | 2005 | 16244476 |
| direct fmoc/tert-bu solid phase synthesis of octamannosyl polylysine dendrimer-peptide conjugates. | the mannose binding proteins on the surface of the dendritic cells are responsible for capture of pathogens in the early stages of immune response. conjugation to mannose dendrimers is a rarely explored but potentially powerful strategy for enhancing immunogenicity of synthetic peptides relying on direct delivery to dendritic cells. we describe a general protocol for preparation of pure, monodisperse third-generation mannosylated poly-l-lysine dendrimer-peptide conjugates using direct, machine-a ... | 2006 | 16247759 |
| [theoretical prediction of the antigenic epitopes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) proteins and evaluation of their diagnostic value]. | analysis of the sequence of a number of proteins of the virus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) was used to theoretically predict antigenic epitopes. nine sequences, encoding for the predicted epitopes in spike, nucleocapside, and membranous sars cov proteins, were synthesized by polymyrase chain reaction and cloned into the pgex 4-t2 vector. the resultant plasmids were expressed in the e. coil cells and purified by glutathione-sepharose affinity chromatography. | 2005 | 16250594 |
| design and synthesis of peptidomimetic severe acute respiratory syndrome chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors. | design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic severe acute respiratory syndrome chymotrypsin-like protease (sars-3clpro) inhibitors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) are described. these inhibitors exhibited antiviral activity against sars-cov in infected cells in the micromolar range. an x-ray crystal structure of our lead inhibitor (4) bound to sars-3clpro provided important drug-design templates for the design of small-molecule inhibitors. | 2005 | 16250632 |
| a new lead for nonpeptidic active-site-directed inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease discovered by a combination of screening and docking methods. | the coronavirus main protease, m(pro), is considered to be a major target for drugs suitable for combating coronavirus infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). an hplc-based screening of electrophilic compounds that was performed to identify potential m(pro) inhibitors revealed etacrynic acid tert-butylamide (6a) as an effective nonpeptidic inhibitor. docking studies suggested a binding mode in which the phenyl ring acts as a spacer bridging the inhibitor's activated double ... | 2005 | 16250642 |
| neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. | during the worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2002-2003, there were 664 probable sars patients reported in taiwan. sars patients usually present with symptoms related to the respiratory system while neurological manifestations have rarely been described. there were three patients who developed axonopathic polyneuropathy 3-4 weeks after onset of sars; their clinical condition and electrophysiological studies revealed obvious improvement at follow-up. two sars patien ... | 2005 | 16252612 |
| virology. what links bats to emerging infectious diseases? | | 2005 | 16254175 |
| assembly of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus rna packaging signal into virus-like particles is nucleocapsid dependent. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was recently identified as the etiology of sars. the virus particle consists of four structural proteins: spike (s), small envelope (e), membrane (m), and nucleocapsid (n). recognition of a specific sequence, termed the packaging signal (ps), by a virus n protein is often the first step in the assembly of viral rna, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly of sars-cov rna are not clear. in this study, vero e6 cells were co ... | 2005 | 16254320 |
| modulation of the immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome spike glycoprotein by gene-based and inactivated virus immunization. | although the initial isolates of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) are sensitive to neutralization by antibodies through their spike (s) glycoprotein, variants of s have since been identified that are resistant to such inhibition. optimal vaccine strategies would therefore make use of additional determinants of immune recognition, either through cellular or expanded, cross-reactive humoral immunity. here, the cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by differen ... | 2005 | 16254327 |
| real-time nasba detection of sars-associated coronavirus and comparison with real-time reverse transcription-pcr. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) exhibits a high mortality rate and the potential for rapid epidemic spread. additionally, it has a poorly defined clinical presentation, and no known treatment or prevention methods. collectively, these factors underscore the need for early diagnosis. molecular tests have been developed to detect sars coronavirus (sars-cov) rna using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with varying levels of sensitivity. however, rna amplifi ... | 2005 | 16254971 |
| [expression of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and construction of its dna vaccine]. | to express the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) in e. coli and construct its dna vaccine. | 2005 | 16256037 |
| molecular diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome: the state of the art. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) first appeared in guangdong province, china, in november 2002. although virus isolation and serology were useful early in the sars outbreak for diagnosing new cases, these tests are not generally useful because virus culture requires a bsl-3 laboratory and seroconversion is often delayed until 2 to 3 weeks after infection. the first qualitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction tests for sars-coronavirus (cov) were sensitive and capable of d ... | 2005 | 16258152 |
| [preventive and therapeutic effects of recombinant ifn-alpha2b nasal spray on sars-cov infection in macaca mulata]. | to study the preventive and therapeutic effects of recombinant ifn-alpha2b for nasal spray on sars-cov infection in macaca mulata (rhesus monkey). | 2005 | 16261198 |
| [a field trial for evaluating the safety of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray]. | to evaluate the safety of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray for the prevention of sars and other upper respiratory viral infections. | 2005 | 16261199 |
| [a field trial of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray to prevent sars and other respiratory viral infections]. | to study the preventive effect of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray against sars and other common respiratory viral infections by serum-epidemiological method. | 2005 | 16261200 |
| [cloning of ace-2 gene encoding the functional receptor for the sars coronavirus and its expression in eukaryotic cells]. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace-2) has been identified as a functional receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), so its gene was cloned and eukaryotic expressed for further insight into mechanisms in sars-cov entry and pathogenesis, as well as development of a safe and reliable neutralization assay for sars-cov. | 2005 | 16261211 |
| [cloning, purification, and antigenic characterization of three recombinant fragments derived from sars-cov s1 domain]. | the present study aimed to clone and express three fragments of genomic rna derived from sars associated coronavirus (sars-cov) s1 domain and to study its immunogenicity. | 2005 | 16261215 |
| cross-reactivity of antibody against sars-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with il-11. | infection of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) induced a strong anti-nucleocapsid (anti-n) antibody response. however, the pathophysiological significance of the anti-n antibodies in sars pathogenesis is largely unknown. to profile the anti-n antibodies, a phage-displayed scfv library was prepared from mice immunized with heat-inactivated sars-cov-infected vero e6 cell lysate. specific anti-n scfvs were isolated by panning against a recombinant nucleocapsid protein and reactivity was confir ... | 2005 | 16263078 |
| structural insights into sars coronavirus proteins. | the sars coronavirus was identified as the pathogen of a global outbreak of sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003. its large rna genome encodes four structural proteins, sixteen non-structural proteins and eight accessory proteins. the availability of structures of sars coronavirus macromolecules has enabled the elucidation of their important functions, such as mediating the fusion of viral and host cellular membranes, and in replication and transcription. in particular, the spike pro ... | 2005 | 16263266 |
| on interferon research. | | 2005 | 16267893 |
| preparation and characterization of sars in-house reference antiserum. | a reference antiserum for sars is in urgent need in the development of sars vaccine and other serological test of sars research. convalescent serum was collected from clinical confirmed patient. elisa, western-blotting and neutralization assay detected specific antibody against sars coronavirus. this antiserum was prepared as in-house reference antiserum, freeze-dried and sealed in ampoules. the potency of this reference antiserum is defined to be 52.7 u after extensive calibration. further, col ... | 2005 | 16269206 |
| establishment of vero e6 cell clones persistently infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | little information is available on persistent infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov). in this study, we established persistent infection of sars-cov in the vero e6 cell line. acute infection of vero e6 with sars-cov produced a lytic infection with characteristic rounding cytopathic effects (cpe) and the production of a large number of infectious particles in the culture fluid within 3 days post-infection. upon subsequent culturing of the remaining adherent cells, ... | 2005 | 16269264 |
| sars proteomics reveals viral secrets. | | 2005 | 16271880 |
| structural basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus adp-ribose-1''-phosphate dephosphorylation by a conserved domain of nsp3. | the crystal structure of a conserved domain of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) has been solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion to 1.4 a resolution. the structure of this "x" domain, seen in many single-stranded rna viruses, reveals a three-layered alpha/beta/alpha core with a macro-h2a-like fold. the putative active site is a solvent-exposed cleft that is conserved in its three structural homologs, yeast ymx7, archeoglobus fu ... | 2005 | 16271890 |
| receptor-binding domain of sars-cov spike protein: soluble expression in e. coli, purification and functional characterization. | spike protein of coronavirus is responsible for virus binding, fusion and entry, and is a major inducer of neutralizing antibodies. this paper was to find a soluble and functional recombinant receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), and to analyze its receptor binding ability. | 2005 | 16273643 |
| seroprevalence of sars coronavirus antibody in household contacts. | between march and july 2003, 671 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) were diagnosed in taiwan with a total of 84 fatalities. after the epidemic, a serological survey was conducted involving the asymptomatic household contacts. household contacts of 13 index patients were enrolled in the study. contact history and clinical symptoms of the household contacts were recorded by standardized questionnaires. blood samples of patients and household contacts were collected at least 28 days ... | 2005 | 16274510 |
| serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229e, oc43, and nl63. | the serological response profile of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) infection was defined by neutralization tests and subclass-specific immunofluorescent (if) tests using serial sera from 20 patients. sars cov total immunoglobulin (ig) (igg, iga, and igm [iggam]) was the first antibody to be detectable. there was no difference in time to seroconversion between the patients who survived (n = 14) and those who died (n = 6). although sars cov igm was still detectable by i ... | 2005 | 16275947 |
| bats may be sars reservoir. | | 2005 | 16278351 |
| neural models for predicting viral vaccine targets. | we applied artificial neural networks (ann) for the prediction of targets of immune responses that are useful for study of vaccine formulations against viral infections. using a novel data representation, we developed a system termed multipred that can predict peptide binding to multiple related human leukocyte antigens (hla). this implementation showed high accuracy in the prediction of the promiscuous peptides that bind to five hla-a2 allelic variants. multipred is useful for the identificatio ... | 2005 | 16278955 |
| ace2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia. | studies of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) demonstrate that the respiratory tract is a major site of sars-coronavirus (cov) infection and disease morbidity. we studied host-pathogen interactions using native lung tissue and a model of well-differentiated cultures of primary human airway epithelia. angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), the receptor for both the sars-cov and the related human respiratory coronavirus nl63, was expressed in human airway epithelia as well as ... | 2005 | 16282461 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus group-specific open reading frames encode nonessential functions for replication in cell cultures and mice. | sars coronavirus (sars-cov) encodes several unique group-specific open reading frames (orfs) relative to other known coronaviruses. to determine the significance of the sars-cov group-specific orfs in virus replication in vitro and in mice, we systematically deleted five of the eight group-specific orfs, orf3a, of3b, orf6, orf7a, and orf7b, and characterized recombinant virus replication and gene expression in vitro. deletion of the group-specific orfs of sars-cov, either alone or in various com ... | 2005 | 16282490 |
| [expression and renaturation of a novel human single-chain fv antibody against sars-cov]. | a novel human scfv h12 against sars-cov has been selected from a sars immune library. in order to produce a large amount of scfv h12, pet28a-h12 expression vector was constructed and scfv h12 was expressed at yield about 30% of total proteins in e. coli . here two different refolding procedures were used to refold scfv h12 from inclusion body: gel filtration chromatography and dilution. the results showed that scfv h12 could be efficiently refolded by both procedures. however, the refolding via ... | 2005 | 16285506 |
| sr-rich motif plays a pivotal role in recombinant sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein multimerization. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) is reported to function in encapsidating the viral genomic rna into helical nucleocapsid, and its self-association is believed to be vital in coating the viral genomic rna. characterization of sars-cov n multimerization may thereby help us better understand the coronavirus assembly. in the current work, using the yeast two-hybrid technique, an unexpected interaction between residues 1-210 and 211-290 (central region) of the sars-cov n p ... | 2005 | 16285739 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | the world was shocked in early 2003 when a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was imminent. the outbreak of this novel disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (the sars-coronavirus), hit hardest in the asian pacific region, though eventually it spread to five continents. the speed of the spread of the sars epidemic was unprecedented due to the highly efficient intercontinental transportation. an international collaborative effort through the world health organization (who) has h ... | 2005 | 16287687 |
| a novel fingerprint map for detecting sars-cov. | spike (s) protein is the most important membrane protein on the surface of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). it associates with cellular receptors to mediate infection of their target cells. inspired by such a mechanism, an in-depth investigation into the genome sequences of s protein of sars-cov and its receptor are conducted thru a mathematical transformation and graphic approach. as an outcome, a novel method for visualizing the characteristic of sars-cov is suggested. ... | 2006 | 16289934 |
| why are hiv-1 fusion inhibitors not effective against sars-cov? biophysical evaluation of molecular interactions. | the envelope spike (s) glycoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov) mediates the entry of the virus into target cells. recent studies point out to a cell entry mechanism of this virus similar to other enveloped viruses, such as hiv-1. as it happens with other viruses peptidic fusion inhibitors, sars-cov s protein hr2-derived peptides are potential therapeutic drugs against the virus. it is believed that hr2 peptides block the six-helix bundle formation, ... | 2006 | 16290276 |
| update on community-acquired pneumonia. new pathogens and new concepts in treatment. | recent years have witnessed the emergence of new pathogens linked to community-acquired pneumonia (cap) along with new antibiotics designed to combat them. in this article, dr mandell presents an expert's view on these developments in the context of treatment guidelines for cap. he also explores monotherapy versus combination therapy, the efficacy of rapid initiation of treatment, and short-course therapy as a hedge against antimicrobial resistance. | 2005 | 16296262 |
| preparation and development of equine hyperimmune globulin f(ab')2 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the resurgence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still a threat because the causative agent remaining in animal reservoirs is not fully understood, and sporadic cases continue to be reported. developing high titers of anti-sars hyperimmune globulin to provide an alternative pathway for emergent future prevention and treatment of sars. | 2005 | 16297347 |
| the 2003 sars outbreak and its impact on infection control practices. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged recently as a new infectious disease that was transmitted efficiently in the healthcare setting and particularly affected healthcare workers (hcws), patients and visitors. the efficiency of transmission within healthcare facilities was recognised following significant hospital outbreaks of sars in canada, china, hong kong, singapore, taiwan and vietnam. the causative agent of sars was identified as a novel coronavirus, the sars coronavirus. this w ... | 2006 | 16297415 |
| anti-sars-cov immunity induced by a novel cpg oligodeoxynucleotide. | to develop cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odns) based therapy for prevention and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), we selected a novel cpg odn (bw001), which displays b-type cpg odn structure feature at the 5' and a-type cpg odn structure feature at the 3', and tested for its anti-sars-cov activity. we found that the supernatants of human pbmcs stimulated by bw001 significantly protected vero cells from sars-cov infection. bw001 could stimulate human pbmcs and pdcs to secret ... | 2006 | 16298165 |
| subcellular localization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is a viral rna-binding protein with multiple functions in terms of virus replication and modulating cell signalling pathways. n protein is composed of three distinct regions containing rna-binding motif(s), and appropriate signals for modulating cell signalling. the subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) n protein was studied. in infected cells, sars-cov n protein localized exclusively to the cytoplasm. in con ... | 2005 | 16298975 |
| antibody responses against sars coronavirus are correlated with disease outcome of infected individuals. | most of the sars-cov-infected patients spontaneously recovered without clinical intervention while a small percentage succumbed to the disease. here, we characterized temporal changes in n protein-specific and s glycoprotein-specific neutralizing antibody (nab) responses in infected patients who have either recovered from or succumbed to sars-cov infection. recovered patients were found to have higher and sustainable levels of both n protein-specific and s glycoprotein-specific nab responses, su ... | 2006 | 16299724 |
| age- and gender-related difference of ace2 expression in rat lung. | epidemiologic data suggested that there was an obvious predominance of young adult patients with a slight female proneness in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) was very recently identified as a functional receptor for sars virus and is therefore a prime target for pathogenesis and pharmacological intervention. rats of both genders at three distinct ages (young-adult, 3 months; middle-aged, 12 months; old, 24 months) were evaluated to determine t ... | 2006 | 16303146 |
| sars coronavirus 7a protein blocks cell cycle progression at g0/g1 phase via the cyclin d3/prb pathway. | the genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) contains four structural genes that are homologous to genes found in other coronaviruses, and also contains six subgroup-specific open reading frames (orfs). expression of one of these subgroup-specific genes, orf7a, resulted in apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. here, we observed that transient expression of orf7a protein fused with myc or gfp tags at its n or c terminus inhibited cell growth and prevented ... | 2006 | 16303160 |
| sars: understanding the virus and development of rational therapy. | in late 2002 a new disease, severe atypical respiratory syndrome (sars), emerged in china. a hitherto unknown animal coronavirus (cov) that had crossed the species barrier through close contact of humans with infected animals was identified as the etiological agent. it rapidly adapted to the new host and not only became readily transmissible between humans but also more pathogenic. air travel spread it rapidly around the world and ultimately the virus infected 8096 people and caused 774 deaths i ... | 2005 | 16305493 |
| the papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has deubiquitinating activity. | replication of the genomic rna of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is mediated by replicase polyproteins that are processed by two viral proteases, papain-like protease (plpro) and 3c-like protease (3clpro). previously, we showed that sars-cov plpro processes the replicase polyprotein at three conserved cleavage sites. here, we report the identification and characterization of a 316-amino-acid catalytic core domain of plpro that can efficiently cleave replicase substrates ... | 2005 | 16306590 |
| the papain-like protease from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a deubiquitinating enzyme. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease (sars-cov plpro) is involved in the processing of the viral polyprotein and, thereby, contributes to the biogenesis of the virus replication complex. structural bioinformatics has revealed a relationship for the sars-cov plpro to herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (hausp), a ubiquitin-specific protease, indicating potential deubiquitinating activity in addition to its function in polyprotein processing (t. sul ... | 2005 | 16306591 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia: role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 as an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, and in vitro models of the lung are needed to elucidate cellular targets and the consequences of viral infection. the sars-cov receptor, human angiotensin 1-converting enzyme 2 (hace2), was detected in ciliated airway epithelial cells of human airway tissues derived from nasal or tracheobronchial regions, suggesting that sars-cov may infect the pro ... | 2005 | 16306622 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia: role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 as an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, and in vitro models of the lung are needed to elucidate cellular targets and the consequences of viral infection. the sars-cov receptor, human angiotensin 1-converting enzyme 2 (hace2), was detected in ciliated airway epithelial cells of human airway tissues derived from nasal or tracheobronchial regions, suggesting that sars-cov may infect the pro ... | 2005 | 16306622 |