| molecular detection of coxiella burnetii and neospora caninum in equine aborted foetuses and neonates. | abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death are major causes of equine mortality and cause severe economic loss to the equine industry. the present study was based on a complete necropsy protocol associated with classical microbiological examinations and molecular biology on 407 cases of abortion, stillbirths and neonate death. based on this retrospective survey, "less common" abortive infectious agents were characterised by molecular tools in nine independent cases of abortion or neonate mortality. ... | 2011 | 22130310 |
| use of ovotransferrin as an antimicrobial in turkeys naturally infected with chlamydia psittaci, avian metapneumovirus and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. | respiratory pathogens are difficult to control in large-scale turkey production. this report describes a clinical trial of antimicrobial ovotf aerosol on a large belgian turkey farm. ovotf was administered to reduce chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) infections and to study the impact of this action on the occurrence of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (o. rhinotracheale) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) infections. two subsequent broods were included; (i) a control brood receiving no ovotf and (ii ... | 2011 | 21885218 |
| new challenges for vaccination to prevent chlamydial abortion in sheep. | ovine enzootic abortion (oea) is caused by the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium chlamydia abortus. oea remains a common cause of infectious abortion in many sheep-rearing countries despite the existence of commercially available vaccines that protect against the disease. there are a number of confounding factors that influence the uptake and use of these vaccines, which includes an inability to discriminate between infected and vaccinated animals (diva) using conventional serologic ... | 2011 | 22209689 |
| immune response to chlamydophila abortus pomp91b protein in the context of different pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamp); role of antigen in the orientation of immune response. | in a previous study, we used bacterial flagellin to deliver antigens such as p27 of mycobacterium tuberculosis to a host immune system and obtained a potent th1 response compared to those obtained with freund's adjuvant and dna immunization. in the current study, using a pomp91b antigen of chlamydophila abortus, a human and animal pathogen, as a model, we found that this antigen is unable to promote th1 response. however, this antigen, unlike others, was able to induce a good th2 response and il ... | 2009 | 22069532 |
| Intracellular bacteria and adverse pregnancy outcomes. | This review considers the role of intracellular bacteria in adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage, stillbirths, and preterm labour. The cause of miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm labour often remains unexplained. Intracellular bacteria that grow either poorly or not at all on media used routinely to detect human pathogens could be the aetiological agents of these obstetric conditions. For example, Listeria monocytogenes and Coxiella burnetti are intracellular bacteria that have a pre ... | 2011 | 21884294 |
| a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the differential identification of three zooanthroponotic chlamydial strains in porcine swab samples. | porcine chlamydial infection is an enzootic infectious disease caused by multiple members of the family chlamydiaceae (e.g. chlamydophila abortus, chlamydia suis, and chlamydophila pneumoniae). rapid and accurate differentiation of these pathogens is critical in the control and prevention of disease. the aim of the current study was to develop a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (nmpcr) assay to simultaneously detect the 3 chlamydial pathogens in clinical samples. in the first round of ... | 2011 | 21908308 |
| [influence of commune alpine pasturing on the seroconversion of chlamydia abortus in the region of vorarlberg]. | in total, 796 serum samples of sheep on commune alpine pastures in the region of vorarlberg were investigated by a commercial elisa kit for antibodies against chlamydia abortus, the agent of ovine enzootic abortion. the aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence within this region and to compare these results with the seroprevalence in the neighboring canton graubünden as well as to obtain data on the seroconversion after alpine pasturing. therefore, 421 samples were collected before a ... | 2012 | 22222898 |
| ifn-γ expression in placenta is associated to resistance to chlamydia abortus after intragastric infection. | intragastric infection mimics the natural route of infection of chlamydia abortus (etiological agent of ovine enzootic abortion). in the mouse model, intragastric experimental infection induces very mild signs of infection followed by late term abortions, as it is shown by the natural ovine host. in order to evaluate the immune mechanisms associated to the dissemination of the pathogen from the gastrointestinal tract, we have administered an intragastric dose of c. abortus to pregnant mice. syst ... | 2012 | 23287018 |
| exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens among soay sheep (ovis aries) of the st kilda archipelago. | we assessed evidence of exposure to viruses and bacteria in an unmanaged and long-isolated population of soay sheep (ovis aries) inhabiting hirta, in the st kilda archipelago, 65 km west of benbecula in the outer hebrides of scotland. the sheep harbour many metazoan and protozoan parasites but their exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens is unknown. we tested for herpes viral dna in leucocytes and found that 21 of 42 tested sheep were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2). we also tested ... | 2016 | 26829883 |
| serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders. | in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas. | 2015 | 26609692 |
| isolation of chlamydia abortus from a laboratory worker diagnosed with atypical pneumonia. | identifying the aetiological agent of atypical pneumonia in human can sometimes be a tedious process, especially in cases where mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella species and chlamydia pneumoniae are ruled out. in such cases, a correct anamnesis of the patient is basic to clarify which pathogens might have produced the infection. for this reason, health professionals including veterinarians and laboratory personnel working with zoonotic pathogens should keep their doctors informed. | 2015 | 27446530 |
| serosurveillance of infectious agents in equines of the central valley of costa rica. | blood samples from 181 equines from the central valley of costa rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. the presence of antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), west nile virus (wnv), influenza a virus (iav), equine viral arteritis virus (evav), babesia caballi, theileria equi, neospora ca ... | 2014 | 26623349 |
| toll like receptor 9 (tlr9) polymorphism g520r in sheep is associated with seropositivity for small ruminant lentivirus. | infectious diseases of sheep are of major economic importance causing direct and indirect losses. among the major sheep infectious agents are small ruminant lentivirus, chlamydophila abortus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections, mainly due to their worldwide distribution and economic impact that they cause. based on the differential susceptibility to infectious diseases between and within breeds and on the recent findings regarding the putative involvement of tlr9 in diseas ... | 2013 | 23691111 |
| chlamydiaceae genomics reveals interspecies admixture and the recent evolution of chlamydia abortus infecting lower mammalian species and humans. | chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a diversity of severe infections among humans and livestock on a global scale. identification of new species since 1989 and emergence of zoonotic infections, including abortion in women, underscore the need for genome sequencing of multiple strains of each species to advance our knowledge of evolutionary dynamics across chlamydiaceae. here, we genome sequenced isolates from avian, lower mammalian and human hosts. based on core gene phy ... | 2015 | 26507799 |
| pathogens of zoonotic and biological importance in roe deer (capreolus capreolus): seroprevalence in an agro-system population in france. | antibody prevalence for several infectious and parasitic diseases in a population of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) inhabiting a mixed agricultural landscape (south of france) has been analyzed. serological analyses with elisa in 245 animals captured from 2008 to 2012 has been performed. we found a high prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (46.4%), chlamydophila abortus (17.27%) and coxiella burnetii (11.26%) compared to other studies in europe. seroprevalence varied strongly among years for t. gondi ... | 2014 | 24576494 |
| serosurvey on schmallenberg virus and selected ovine reproductive pathogens in culled ewes from southern spain. | after the first case of schmallenberg virus (sbv) was reported in southern spain (march 2012), a retrospective serological study was carried out in extensive sheep flocks from nearby areas to assess the history of exposure to sbv and other selected ovine reproductive pathogens (chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetii, border disease virus 'bdv', toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum). secondly, the presence of antibodies was investigated in meat juice samples against selected pathogens to vali ... | 2014 | 24219149 |
| abortion in cattle due to infection with staphylococcus lugdunensis. | an aborted fetus of 7 months gestation, the associated placenta, and a single blood sample from the dam were submitted for diagnostic investigation to the diagnostic laboratory of the lombardy and emilia-romagna experimental zooprophylactic institute in parma, italy. the serum was negative for neospora caninum, coxiella burnetii, chlamydophila abortus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), brucella abortus, and brucella melitensis. fetal tissues and placental cotyledo ... | 2014 | 25292193 |
| herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in commercial dairy and beef cattle in eastern, northern and northeastern china. | although the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle have been reported in some areas in china, most of them were conducted with small number of cattle samples and very limited districts and neglected the assessment of herd management factors associated with herd-level prevalence of these pathogen infections. thus, from september 2013 to december 2014, a large-scale seroprevalence study was conducted to determin ... | 2015 | 26231838 |
| vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. | development and implementation of health management plans is the cornerstone of profitable farms; prevention of microbial diseases by means of vaccination is an integral part of such a plan. in every production type and management system in small ruminants, microbial diseases have a major significance, hence their proper control must be based in good health management practices, including use of effective and safe vaccines. development of various types of vaccines is evolving very quickly in rec ... | 2015 | 26220514 |
| vaccination programs for reproductive disorders of small ruminants. | vaccines are available for the control of contagious epididymitis and abortion in small ruminants, although many of them have significant limitations either in efficacy or safety to both the animals vaccinated and to the people handling the vaccine or animals. shelf-life of vaccines should be extended and improved, so that the vaccine remains effective with longer term storage and ideally without refrigeration, so that use in under-developed rural areas is not restricted (e.g., brucella melitens ... | 2012 | 22364910 |
| dissemination and genetic diversity of chlamydial agents in polish wildfowl: isolation and molecular characterisation of avian chlamydia abortus strains. | wild birds are considered as a reservoir for avian chlamydiosis posing a potential infectious threat to domestic poultry and humans. analysis of 894 cloacal or fecal swabs from free-living birds in poland revealed an overall chlamydiaceae prevalence of 14.8% (n = 132) with the highest prevalence noted in anatidae (19.7%) and corvidae (13.4%). further testing conducted with species-specific real-time pcr showed that 65 samples (49.2%) were positive for c. psittaci whereas only one was positive fo ... | 2017 | 28350846 |
| in silico functional elucidation of uncharacterized proteins of chlamydia abortus strain llg. | this study reports structural modeling, molecular dynamics profiling of hypothetical proteins in chlamydia abortus genome database. | 2017 | 28344832 |
| chlamydial infections in wildlife-conservation threats and/or reservoirs of 'spill-over' infections? | members of the order chlamydiales are biphasic intracellular pathogens known to cause disease in both humans and animals. as we learn more about the genetic diversity of this group of pathogens, evidence is growing that these bacteria infect a broader range of animal hosts than previously thought. over 400 host species are now documented globally with the majority of these being wild animals. given the impact of chlamydial infections on humans and domesticated animals, the identification of memb ... | 2016 | 27939160 |
| effects of a chronic stress treatment on vaccinal response in lambs. | farming systems can expose animals to chronic mild stress which is known to induce negative affective state. affective state in animals, as in humans, can be assessed through behavioral cues. this study aimed to describe the effect of a chronic mild stress, known to induce a negative affective state, on sheep health through their response to vaccination. the study used 15 lambs subjected to a model of chronic mild stress for 15 weeks and 15 lambs reared under conventional farming as a control gr ... | 2016 | 27819223 |
| chlamydia related bacteria (chlamydiales) in early pregnancy: community-based cohort study. | serological case-control studies suggest that certain chlamydia-related bacteria (chlamydiales) which cause cows to abort may do the same in humans. chlamydiales include waddlia chondrophila, chlamydia abortus and chlamydia trachomatis. data on prevalence of chlamydiales in pregnancy are sparse. using stored urine samples from a carefully characterised cohort of 847 newly pregnant women recruited from 37 general practices in london, uk, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and types of chlamyd ... | 2017 | 27773758 |
| coxiella burnetii detected in three species of endangered north african gazelles that recently aborted. | coxiella (c.) burnetii is the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease known a q fever. this agent can infect multiple hosts although its pathogenic potential in wild ruminants has been poorly studied. the polymerase chain reaction and the serological test detected the presence of c. burnetii in a population of north african gazelles (n = 355), comprising dorcas gazelle (gazella dorcas neglecta), dama gazelle (nanger dama mhorr) and cuvier's gazelle (gazella cuvieri) which, some of them, they r ... | 2017 | 27771116 |
| natural products for the treatment of chlamydiaceae infections. | due to the global prevalence of chlamydiae, exploring studies of diverse antichlamydial compounds is important in the development of effective treatment strategies and global infectious disease management. chlamydiaceae is the most widely known bacterial family of the chlamydiae order. among the species in the family chlamydiaceae, chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae cause common human diseases, while chlamydia abortus, chlamydia psittaci, and chlamydia suis represent zoonotic threats ... | 2016 | 27754466 |
| analysis of polymorphic membrane protein expression in cultured cells identifies pmpa and pmph of chlamydia psittaci as candidate factors in pathogenesis and immunity to infection. | the polymorphic membrane protein (pmp) paralogous families of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia abortus are putative targets for chlamydia vaccine development. to determine whether this is also the case for pmp family members of c. psittaci, we analyzed transcription levels, protein production and localization of several pmps of c. psittaci. pmp expression profiles were characterized using quantitative real-time pcr (rt-qpcr), immunofluorescence (if) and immuno-electron m ... | 2016 | 27631978 |
| effect of preventive chlamydia abortus vaccination in offspring development in sheep challenged experimentally. | ovine enzootic abortion, caused by chlamydia abortus, leads to important economic losses worldwide. in addition to reproductive failures, infection may impact lamb growth during the first weeks after birth, yet this effect has not been well characterized. vaccination can help to control the disease but variable efficacy values have been described, possibly related with factors associated with the host, the vaccine, the parameter used for efficacy determination, and the challenge conditions. in t ... | 2016 | 27610362 |
| can chlamydia abortus be transmitted by embryo transfer in goats? | the objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether chlamydia abortus would adhere to or penetrate the intact zona pellucida (zp-intact) of early in vivo-derived caprine embryos, after in vitro infection; and (ii) the efficacy of the international embryo transfer society (iets) washing protocol for bovine embryos. fifty-two zp-intact embryos (8-16 cells), obtained from 14 donors were used in this experiment. the embryos were randomly divided into 12 batches. nine batches (zp-intact) of fi ... | 2016 | 27341774 |
| analysis of humoral immune responses to surface and virulence-associated chlamydia abortus proteins in ovine and human abortions by use of a newly developed line immunoassay. | the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia abortus is the causative agent of enzootic abortion of ewes and poses a significant zoonotic risk for pregnant women. using proteomic analysis and gene expression library screening in a previous project, we identified potential virulence factors and candidates for serodiagnosis, of which nine were scrutinized here with a strip immunoassay. we have shown that aborting sheep exhibited a strong antibody response to surface (momp, mip, pmp13g) and virul ... | 2016 | 27194684 |
| lipopolysaccharide (lps) disrupts particle transport, cilia function and sperm motility in an ex vivo oviduct model. | the oviduct functions in the transportation of gametes to the site of fertilization (the ampulla) and is the site of early embryonic development. alterations of this early developmental environment, such as the presence of sexually transmitted pathogens, may affect oviduct function leading to reduced fertilization rates and contribute to compromised embryonic development. in this study, sperm interactions, particle transport speed (pts) and cilia beat frequency (cbf) in the ampulla following exp ... | 2016 | 27079521 |
| mapk activation is essential for waddlia chondrophila induced cxcl8 expression in human epithelial cells. | waddlia chondrophila (w. chondrophila) is an emerging agent of respiratory and reproductive disease in humans and cattle. the organism is a member of the order chlamydiales, and shares many similarities at the genome level and in growth studies with other well-characterised zoonotic chlamydial agents, such as chlamydia abortus (c. abortus). the current study investigated the growth characteristics and innate immune responses of human and ruminant epithelial cells in response to infection with w. ... | 2016 | 27002636 |
| chlamydia pecorum: fetal and placental lesions in sporadic caprine abortion. | chlamydial abortion in small ruminants is usually associated with chlamydia abortus infection. although chlamydia pecorum has been detected in aborted ruminants and epidemiological data suggests that c. pecorum is abortigenic in these species, published descriptions of lesions in fetuses are lacking. this work describes fetoplacental lesions in a caprine abortion with c. pecorum infection, and further supports the abortigenic role of c. pecorum in ruminants. a 16-month-old boer goat aborted twin ... | 2016 | 26965241 |
| detection of antibodies against chlamydophila abortus in costa rican sheep flocks. | a total of 359 sheep samples from 15 flocks were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against chlamydophila abortus using a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). antibodies were detected in 19 (5.29%) sheep from 12 (80%) flocks. seropositive animals were found in all analyzed regions (central, chorotega, atlantic huetar, north huetar and central pacific) determining prevalence between 0.28% and 4.4%, and intra-flock positivity between 3.7% and 25.0%. the survey revealed two ri ... | 2015 | 26623377 |
| seroprevalence and molecular characterization of chlamydia abortus in frozen fetal and placental tissues of aborting ewes in northeastern algeria. | enzootic abortion of ewes is one of the most serious health problems in sheep flocks worldwide. it has a significant economic impact because abortion, decrease in milk production and weak lambs. besides, the bacteria is zoonotic. a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with chlamydia abortus infection in 552 ewes in constantine using a c. abortus-specific indirect elisa kit. chlamydial dna was investigated in ten ovine fetuses and eight p ... | 2016 | 26526957 |
| late production of cxcl8 in ruminant oro-nasal turbinate cells in response to chlamydia abortus infection. | chlamydia abortus is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is an important cause of ovine abortion worldwide. there are reports of abortions in cattle, but these are very rare compared to the reported incidence in sheep. the bacterium is transmitted oro-nasally and can establish a sub-clinical infection until pregnancy, when it can invade the placenta and induce an inflammatory cascade leading to placentitis and abortion. early host-pathogen interactions could explain differential pathogenesi ... | 2015 | 26342452 |
| improving the molecular diagnosis of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia abortus infection with a species-specific duplex real-time pcr. | chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia abortus are closely related intracellular bacteria exhibiting different tissue tropism that may cause severe but distinct infection in humans. c. psittaci causes psittacosis, a respiratory zoonotic infection transmitted by birds. c. abortus is an abortigenic agent in small ruminants, which can also colonize the human placenta and lead to foetal death and miscarriage. infections caused by c. psittaci and c. abortus are underestimated mainly due to diagnosis diffic ... | 2015 | 26297212 |
| intratracheal infection as an efficient route for testing vaccines against chlamydia abortus in sheep. | pregnant ewes have been widely used to test vaccines against chlamydia abortus. however, this model entails many disadvantages such as high economic costs and long periods of pregnancy. the murine model is very useful for specific studies but cannot replace the natural host for the later stages of vaccine evaluation. therefore, a non-pregnant model of the natural host might be useful for a vaccine trial to select the best vaccine candidates prior to use of the pregnant model. with this aim, two ... | 2015 | 26095034 |
| identification and characterization of chlamydia abortus isolates from yaks in qinghai, china. | recently, the yak population has exhibited reproductive disorders, which are considered to be associated with chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) in qinghai, china. in this study, a total of 9 aborted fetuses (each from a different herd) and 126 vaginal swab samples from the 9 herds were collected and analyzed. c. abortus dna was detected from all of the 9 aborted fetuses and 30 of the 126 vaginal swab samples (23.81%) from yak cows in the selected herds. four c. abortus strains were isolated from em ... | 2015 | 26060818 |
| emerging cases of chlamydial abortion in sheep and goats in croatia and bosnia and herzegovina. | in a recent lambing season (2012/2013), the seroprevalence of ovine chlamydiosis was monitored in small ruminant abortion cases in croatia. blood samples of 93 sheep and 69 goats were examined. in addition, 50 sheep and 61 goat samples were tested using molecular methods. furthermore, 14 sheep blood samples, one goat blood sample and one sheep placenta sample from bosnia and herzegovina (bih) were also tested as a part of inter-laboratory cooperation. overall high seroprevalence was detected in ... | 2015 | 26054222 |
| diversification and distribution of ruminant chlamydia abortus clones assessed by mlst and mlva. | chlamydia abortus, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the most common infectious cause of abortion in small ruminants worldwide and has zoonotic potential. we applied multilocus sequence typing (mlst) together with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) to genotype 94 ruminant c. abortus strains, field isolates and samples collected from 1950 to 2011 in diverse geographic locations, with the aim of delineating c. abortus lineages and clones. mlst revealed the previousl ... | 2015 | 26001070 |
| ethylene glycol poisoning in sheep. | oxalate toxicity in sheep as a consequence of exposure to ethylene glycol. chlamydophila abortus infection in a dairy cow. neosporosis diagnosed in a newborn lamb with deformities. yersiniosis affecting a 1000-strong goat herd. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome causing blue ears in 14-week-old pigs. avian tuberculosis diagnosed in an adult mandarin duck. these are among matters discussed in the animal and plant health agency's (apha's) disease surveillance report for january and febr ... | 2015 | 25977491 |
| chlamydia abortus in cows oviducts, occasional event or causal connection? | fifty-seven genital tracts of regularly slaughtered culled piedmontese cows, aged 7.4 ± 4.3 years (mean ± sd), range: 2.6-15.6 years, were grossly and microscopically examined. dna extracted from oviducts was subjected to pcr to evaluate the presence of chlamydia spp. the 15 pcr-positive oviducts were subjected to sanger sequencing and showed the presence of chamydia abortus, with an identity range between 99 and 100%. nine of the pcr-positive samples belonged to the 24 animals with a normal mac ... | 2015 | 25704292 |
| comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy of two formulations of a recombinant chlamydia abortus subunit candidate vaccine in a mouse model. | chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) is the causative agent of ovine enzootic abortion (oea) and poses a zoonotic risk to pregnant women. current live attenuated 1b vaccines are efficacious but cause disease in vaccinated animals and inactivated vaccines are only marginally protective. we tested the ability of a new c. abortus subunit vaccine candidate based on the conserved and immunogenic polymorphic membrane protein d (pmp18d) formulated in cpg1826+fl (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; flt3l) or v ... | 2015 | 25698486 |
| identification of the 1b vaccine strain of chlamydia abortus in aborted placentas during the investigation of toxaemic and systemic disease in sheep. | one hundred and forty cheviot and 100 suffolk cross mule primiparous 1-2-year-old ewes, from a flock of about 700 ewes, were vaccinated with an attenuated live 1b strain chlamydia abortus vaccine about 4 weeks before ram introduction (september 2011). between 08 march and 01 april 2012, 50 2-year-old ewes aborted and 29 of these died, despite antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatment and supportive care. | 2015 | 25695509 |
| host-pathogen interactions in specific pathogen-free chickens following aerogenous infection with chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia abortus. | although chlamydia (c.) psittaci infections are recognized as an important factor causing economic losses and impairing animal welfare in poultry production, the specific mechanisms leading to severe clinical outcomes are poorly understood. in the present study, we comparatively investigated pathology and host immune response, as well as systemic dissemination and expression of essential chlamydial genes in the course of experimental aerogeneous infection with c. psittaci and the closely related ... | 2015 | 25638671 |
| emendation of the family chlamydiaceae: proposal of a single genus, chlamydia, to include all currently recognized species. | the family chlamydiaceae (order chlamydiales, phylum chlamydiae) comprises important, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans and animals. subdivision of the family into the two genera chlamydia and chlamydophila has been discussed controversially during the past decade. here, we have revisited the current classification in the light of recent genomic data and in the context of the unique biological properties of these microorganisms. we conclude that neither generally used 16s rrna ... | 2015 | 25618261 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of chlamydia abortus infection in free-ranging white yaks in china. | chlamydia is gram-negative obligate bacteria which causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. to date, there are a few reports about the seroprevalence of chlamydia and the risk factors associated with chlamydia infection in yaks in the world. in this study, 974 blood samples were collected from white yaks (bos grunniens) in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county, gansu province, northwest china from june 2013 to april 2014. | 2015 | 25601354 |
| detection and genotyping of chlamydia species responsible for reproductive disorders in algerian small ruminants. | chlamydiosis in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease mainly related to chlamydia abortus. this bacterium is responsible for abortions and reproductive disorders in sheep and goats. stillbirth and infertility, leading to important economic losses, are also associated with this pathology. in algeria, abortion cases are frequently reported by veterinarians but, except for brucellosis which is a notifiable disease in this country, abortive diseases are in general poorly studied. in order to detect ... | 2015 | 25503075 |
| identification of chlamydiae and mycoplasma species in ruminants with ocular infections. | infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) is a highly contagious ocular inflammatory condition, which is often reported in domestic small and large ruminants. multiple infectious aetiologies are reported to be involved, but information about the role of certain fastidious bacterial pathogens such as chlamydiae and mycoplasmas is limited in india. hence, this study was performed to determine the role of these pathogens and their identification by molecular approach. a total of 53 samples from 31 ovin ... | 2015 | 25421836 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of chlamydia abortus infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwest china. | chlamydia abortus, an important pathogen in a variety of animals, is associated with abortion in sheep. in the present study, 1732 blood samples, collected from tibetan sheep between june 2013 and april 2014, were examined by the indirect hemagglutination (iha) test, aiming to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors of c. abortus infection in tibetan sheep. 323 of 1732 (18.65%) samples were seropositive for c. abortus antibodies at the cut-off of 1:16. a multivariate logistic regression ana ... | 2014 | 25401129 |
| molecular identification of chlamydial cause of abortion in small ruminants in jordan. | chlamydophila abortus (ch. abortus) is the etiological agent of ovine enzootic abortion (oea) and one of the most common infectious agents of abortion in small ruminants worldwide. rflp-pcr analysis of the outer membrane protein gene (omp2 gene) was used for diagnosis and characterization of chlamydial causes of abortion in small ruminants in jordan. sixty-six placental tissues and 15 vaginal swabs were collected from aborted ewes and does to identify cause of abortion in jordan. thirty-eight pl ... | 2014 | 25109376 |
| waddlia chondrophila infects and multiplies in ovine trophoblast cells stimulating an inflammatory immune response. | waddlia chondrophila (w. chondrophila) is an emerging abortifacient organism which has been identified in the placentae of humans and cattle. the organism is a member of the order chlamydiales, and shares many similarities at the genome level and in growth studies with other well-characterised zoonotic chlamydial abortifacients, such as chlamydia abortus (c. abortus). this study investigates the growth of the organism and its effects upon pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a ruminant placen ... | 2014 | 25010668 |
| prevalence and molecular identification of chlamydia abortus in commercial dairy goat farms in a hot region in mexico. | the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and presence of chlamydia abortus in saanen breed female goats from commercial dairy goat farms under intensive production in the municipality of guanajuato, mexico. sera were collected to determine the prevalence of anti-c. abortus igg antibodies using recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (relisa) and cell culture. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to prove the presence of the pathogen in swab samples collected from the v ... | 2014 | 24715208 |
| epidemiology of reproductive pathogens in semi-intensive lamb-producing flocks in north-west spain: a comparative serological study. | the aim of this study was to better understand the epidemiology of five major reproductive pathogens in semi-intensive lamb-producing flocks in north-west spain. two thousand four hundred serum samples were collected from 44 flocks, and several factors were studied to assess their influence on seropositivity. farms that tested seropositive for more than one pathogen were common (84.1%), but seroprevalence was high only for toxoplasma gondii (38.1%), and low for the other four pathogens, namely, ... | 2014 | 24685472 |
| electron tomography and cryo-sem characterization reveals novel ultrastructural features of host-parasite interaction during chlamydia abortus infection. | chlamydia (c.) abortus is a widely spread pathogen among ruminants that can be transmitted to women during pregnancy leading to severe systemic infection with consecutive abortion. as a member of the chlamydiaceae, c. abortus shares the characteristic feature of an obligate intracellular biphasic developmental cycle with two morphological forms including elementary bodies (ebs) and reticulate bodies (rbs). in contrast to other chlamydial species, c. abortus ultrastructure has not been investigat ... | 2014 | 24522393 |
| serological and nested pcr survey to determine the occurrence of chlamydia infections in the polish cattle population. | chlamydia spp. is an obligate intracellular agent that causes chlamydiosis in animals and humans. the aim of the presented study was to investigate the prevalence of chlamydia infection in the polish cattle population, both asymptomatic and having reproductive disorders. the study was performed on 4,475 serum samples collected from 16 polish provinces at the turn of 2009-2011. the samples (3,419 from asymptomatic cattle and 1,056 from cattle with reproductive disorders) were tested by complement ... | 2013 | 24364434 |
| first isolation and characterization of chlamydophila abortus from abortion tissues of sheep in sardinia, italy. | chlamydophila abortus (c. abortus) is the responsible agent for chlamydial abortion [commonly known as enzootic abortion of ewes (eae)] and, as such, it causes major financial losses to the sheep industry worldwide. isolation of the pathogen is considered the 'gold standard' and most sensitive method of detection for diagnosing chlamydial infection. so far, there has been no isolation of c. abortus from ovines in sardinia, italy. this letter describes the results of a study conducted on a total ... | 2013 | 24362772 |
| seroprevalence of chlamydophila abortus infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in qinghai, china. | chlamydophila abortus is an important amphixenosis which in a wide range of animals, associated with reproductive disorders in yaks. in order to assess the prevalence of this infection in yaks in qinghai, china, a cross-sectional study was carried out, and a total of 674 serum samples were collected from june to october 2012 in six counties, and antibodies to c. abortus were examined by indirect hemagglutination (iha) test. the overall seroprevalence of c. abortus in yaks was 17.66 % (119/674), ... | 2014 | 24343703 |
| profiling antibody responses to infections by chlamydia abortus enables identification of potential virulence factors and candidates for serodiagnosis. | enzootic abortion of ewes (eae) due to infection with the obligate intracellular pathogen chlamydia (c.) abortus is an important zoonosis leading to considerable economic loss to agriculture worldwide. the pathogen can be transmitted to humans and may lead to serious infection in pregnant women. knowledge about epidemiology, clinical course and transmission to humans is hampered by the lack of reliable diagnostic tools. immunoreactive proteins, which are expressed in infected animals and humans, ... | 2013 | 24260366 |
| coxiella burnetii shedding by farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | wildlife and notably deer species--due to the increasing relevance of deer farming worldwide--may contribute to the maintenance of coxiella burnetii, the causal agent of q fever. currently, there are no precedents linking exposure to deer species with human q fever cases. however, a human case of q fever was recently diagnosed in a red deer (cervus elaphus) farm, which led us to investigate whether deer could be a source for environmental contamination with c. burnetii and ascertain the implicat ... | 2015 | 24127840 |
| evaluation of an ompa-based phage-mediated dna vaccine against chlamydia abortus in piglets. | chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes abortion in pigs and poses a zoonotic risk in pregnant women. although attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available, they do not provide complete protection in animals underlining the need to develop new vaccines. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that intramuscular immunization with an ompa-based phage-mediated dna chlamydial vaccine candidate will induce significant antigen-specific cellular and humoral ... | 2013 | 23669337 |
| a prospective study of sheep and goat abortion using real-time polymerase chain reaction and cut point estimation shows coxiella burnetii and chlamydophila abortus infection concurrently with other major pathogens. | from 2009 to 2011, 163 sheep and 96 goat abortion submissions were received at the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, ontario, canada, for gross and histologic examination, as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing for chlamydophila abortus and/or coxiella burnetii. additional testing included immunohistochemistry for toxoplasma gondii and chlamydophila spp., routine bacterial culture and selective culture for campylobacter spp., examination of modified acid-fast- ... | 2013 | 23572455 |
| intranasal infection with chlamydia abortus induces dose-dependent latency and abortion in sheep. | latency is a key feature of the animal pathogen chlamydia abortus, where infection remains inapparent in the non-pregnant animal and only becomes evident during a subsequent pregnancy. often the first sign that an animal is infected is abortion occurring late in gestation. despite this, little is understood of the underlying mechanisms that control latency or the recrudescence of infection that occurs during subsequent pregnancy. the aim of this study was to develop an experimental model of late ... | 2013 | 23469113 |
| pcr-based diagnosis, molecular characterization and detection of atypical strains of avian chlamydia psittaci in companion and wild birds. | chlamydiosis is one of the most important infectious diseases of birds. in this study, 253 clinical samples were taken from 27 bird species belonging to seven orders. thirty-two (12.6%) samples were positive for chlamydia psittaci major outer membrane gene (ompa) dna by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). twelve nested pcr-positive specimens were typed by ompa gene-based pcr-restricted fragment length polymorphism, using ctu/ctl primers and alui restriction enzyme. four restriction pattern ... | 2013 | 23391180 |
| processing of chlamydia abortus polymorphic membrane protein 18d during the chlamydial developmental cycle. | chlamydia possess a unique family of autotransporter proteins known as the polymorphic membrane proteins (pmps). while the total number of pmp genes varies between chlamydia species, all encode a single pmpd gene. in both chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis) and c. pneumoniae, the pmpd protein is proteolytically cleaved on the cell surface. the current study was carried out to determine the cleavage patterns of the pmpd protein in the animal pathogen c. abortus (termed pmp18d). | 2012 | 23145118 |
| evidence for chlamydia in wild mammals of the serengeti. | only limited information is available on the presence of chlamydiaceae in wildlife, a deficit that is particularly acute concerning mammalian wildlife in africa. in a retrospective analysis of organ material from an earlier study on wild mammals from the seregenti national park, 521 samples from 54 animals of 14 mammalian species were investigated. the presence of chlamydiaceae was analyzed using molecular methods and immunohistochemistry. chlamydial dna was detected by real-time polymerase chai ... | 2012 | 23060512 |
| abortion in small ruminants in the netherlands between 2006 and 2011. | during five successive lambing seasons between 2006 and 2011, 453 submissions of abortion material, 282 of ovine and 171 of caprine origin, were examined at the animal health service in the netherlands. infectious agents as the most plausible cause of the abortion were found in 48 percent of the ovine submissions and in 34 percent of the caprine submissions. submission of both aborted fetus and placental membranes increased the diagnostic yield of laboratory investigations (17 percent and 21 per ... | 2012 | 22900421 |
| chlamydiaceae family, parachlamydia spp., and waddlia spp. in porcine abortion. | at present, despite extensive laboratory investigations, most cases of porcine abortion remain without an etiological diagnosis. due to a lack of recent data on the abortigenic effect of order chlamydiales, 286 fetuses and their placentae of 113 abortion cases (1-5 fetuses per abortion case) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for family chlamydiaceae and selected chlamydia-like organisms such as parachlamydia acanthamoebae and waddlia chondrophila. in 0.35% of the cases ... | 2012 | 22855373 |
| evaluation of the impact and control of enzootic abortion of ewes. | despite the availability of effective management and treatment strategies, chlamydia abortus remains the single most frequently diagnosed cause of infectious ovine abortion (enzootic abortion of ewes, eae) in the uk and one of the most significant causes of lamb mortality world-wide. in 2007, a survey of uk farmers, veterinarians and other farm animal holders was conducted to gather information on their perceptions of the risk of acquiring infection and the management practices employed to contr ... | 2013 | 22809464 |
| application of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and enzootic abortion of ewes. | toxoplasma gondii and chlamydophila abortus are the 2 most common infectious causes of ovine abortion worldwide. these obligate intracellular pathogens are associated with severe placentitis leading to abortion or stillbirth in pregnant ewes, and resulting in significant economic losses. the objectives of the current study were the development, validation, and application of a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay capable of quantifying the burden of infection by t. gondii and c ... | 2012 | 22807509 |
| expression patterns of five polymorphic membrane proteins during the chlamydia abortus developmental cycle. | it has been suggested that polymorphic membrane proteins (pmps) belonging to the type v autotransporter protein family play an important role in the pathogenesis of chlamydia abortus (c. abortus; formerly chlamydophila abortus) infection. in a previous study we demonstrated the expression of all the pmps at the transcriptional level. the purpose of this study was to measure the number of pmp positive inclusions throughout the c. abortus developmental cycle to investigate heterogeneity in express ... | 2012 | 22776512 |
| multivariate model for the assessment of risk of fetal loss in goat herds. | the observational study was carried out in a population of polish breeding goats in 2007 to determine the prevalence of fetal loss and identify risk factors contributing to its occurrence. the multivariate model allowing to predict the risk of the occurrence of fetal loss in a herd in a study population was developed. data on the occurrence of fetal loss, as well as of 28 hypothesized risk factors were collected from goat owners using standardized questionnaire during face-to-face reviews on far ... | 2012 | 22708360 |
| distinct intensity of host-pathogen interactions in chlamydia psittaci- and chlamydia abortus-infected chicken embryos. | factors and mechanisms determining the differences in virulence and host specificity between the zoonotic agents chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia abortus are still largely unknown. in the present study, two strains were compared for their invasiveness, virulence, and capability of eliciting an immune response in chicken embryos. on breeding day 10, embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 5 × 10(4) inclusion-forming units. as shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time pcr, c. ... | 2012 | 22689815 |
| high-resolution melt pcr analysis for rapid identification of chlamydia abortus live vaccine strain 1b among c. abortus strains and field isolates. | we describe a novel high-resolution melt assay that clearly differentiates chlamydia abortus live vaccine strain 1b from field c. abortus strains and field wild-type isolates based on previously described single nucleotide polymorphisms. this modern genotyping technique is inexpensive, easy to use, and less time-consuming than pcr-rflp. | 2012 | 22652433 |
| prevalence and risk factors associated with chlamydophila abortus infection in dairy herds in jordan. | a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine seroprevalence and to identify risk factors associated with chlamydophila abortus infection in 62 nonvaccinated dairy herds (671 cows) in jordan between january and june 2007. information regarding herd management was recorded through a personal interview with farmers. antibodies against c. abortus were detected using an elisa test kit. chi-square analysis and multivariable logistic regression model were used to identify risk factors associate ... | 2012 | 22528533 |
| investigations concerning the prevalence of coxiella burnetii and chlamydia abortus in sheep in correlation with management systems and abortion rate in lower saxony in 2004. | the intracellular bacteria coxiella (c) burnetii and chlamydia (chl) abortus induce abortion in sheep and also affect humans. while chl. abortus only infrequently infects humans, c burnetii is the aetiological agent of numerous q fever outbreaks during the last decades. there is only limited knowledge about the prevalence of both pathogens in sheep, although sheep are involved in almost all q fever outbreaks in germany. the aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of both pathogens in ... | 2015 | 22515032 |
| chlamydiosis: seroepidemiologic survey in a red deer (cervus elaphus) population in italy. | chlamydiae are obligate, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for important diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. studies have shown that chlamydiae could be present in wild ruminants, but the serodiagnostic method most commonly used did not allow identification of chlamydial species. we determined the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pecorum, chlamydia suis, chlamydia abortus, and chlamydia psittaci in 271 red deer (cervus elaphus) of a central italian populat ... | 2012 | 22493128 |
| abortion associated with chlamydia abortus in extensively reared iberian sows. | reproductive disease was investigated in iberian pigs on an extensive farrow-to-finish farm in the southwest of spain. chlamydia abortus was isolated in cell culture and c. abortus-specific pcr products were detected in placental and fetal tissues. in one batch of 14 sows, the percentage of sera positive for c. abortus specific antibodies increased from 35.7% to 85.7% in the period of 2 weeks following abortion. c. abortus may play a role in abortion in extensively reared iberian sows. | 2012 | 22476020 |
| deer as a potential wildlife reservoir for parachlamydia species. | wildlife populations represent an important reservoir for emerging pathogens and trans-boundary livestock diseases. however, detailed information relating to the occurrence of endemic pathogens such as those of the order chlamydiales in such populations is lacking. during the hunting season of 2008, 863 samples (including blood, conjunctival swabs, internal organs and faeces) were collected in the eastern swiss alps from 99 free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) and 64 free-living roe deer (capre ... | 2012 | 22460045 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of multiple chlamydiaceae species isolated from genital infection of women in egypt. | this study investigated the existence of vaginal chlamydia infection and the prevalence of the disease in symptomatic gynecologically diseased women in egypt. in addition, the antibiotics penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were evaluated for their in vitro antichlamydial activity of the isolated strains. vaginal swabs (n=160) were collected from females gynecologically diseased using cotton swabs. samples were tested for chlamydia by vero cells tissue culture, chicken embryo, gimenez sta ... | 2012 | 22455539 |
| ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedarius): the role of chlamydophila abortus and a trial for medical treatment. | the occurrence of chlamydophila abortus in female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis and a trial for medical treatment were studied. a total of 111 cases were included in two experiments. in experiment 1, sera from 51 affected cases were tested for c. abortus antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in experiment 2, 60 female camels affected with bilateral ovarian hydrobursitis were divided into treated and control groups (n = 30 each). based on the bursal diameter, fema ... | 2012 | 22365697 |
| seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in cattle in ireland. | although few studies have investigated the prevalence of chlamydial infections in cattle, reported prevalence rates vary hugely. in order to assess the prevalence of this infection in cattle in ireland, serum samples (100 herds, 20 samples/herd) collected for statutory screening for brucellosis were examined by soluble chlamydial antigen indirect elisa. the assay detects antibodies to the two most common chlamydiaceae spp. affecting cattle, namely chlamydia abortus and chlamydia pecorum. a total ... | 2012 | 22285586 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to chlamydophila abortus in ovine in the state of alagoas, brazil. | the goal of this study was to perform a seroepidemiological investigation and to identify risk factors associated with infection of chlamydophila abortus of sheep herds in the brazilian state of alagoas. the study was conducted with samples of 274 ewes with ages equal to or higher than 24 months in 25 herds and in 23 towns located in three regions of the state (sertão, agreste and eastern alagoas). anti-c. abortus antibodies were detected using the microcomplement fixation test. the risk factors ... | 2010 | 24031504 |
| seroprevalence survey of chlamydophila abortus infection in breeding goats on commercial farms in the otavi veterinary district, northern namibia. | a total of 1 076 sera from breeding goats were randomly collected from 24 different farms and tested with chekit®-elisa (idexx laboratories b.v., 1 119 ne schiphol-rijk, nederland) for antibodies against chlamydophila abortus. the farms were divided into two categories of twelve farms each,based on their previous history of observed abortions over the previous 12 months: those with low (< 5%) levels of abortion and those with high (≥ 5%) levels of abortion. the farmers were also interviewed o ... | 2010 | 23327157 |
| methods for real-time pcr-based diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci, and chlamydia abortus infections in an opened molecular diagnostic platform. | the advances in molecular biology of the last decades have dramatically improved the field of diagnostic bacteriology. in particular, pcr-based technologies have impacted the diagnosis of infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria such as pathogens from the chlamydiacae family. here, we describe a real-time pcr-based method using the taqman technology for the diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci, and chlamydia abortus infection. the method presented here can be applied ... | 2017 | 28600769 |
| pathogenic outcome following experimental infection of sheep with chlamydia abortus variant strains llg and pos. | this study investigated the pathogenesis of two variant strains (llg and pos) of chlamydia abortus, in comparison to a typical wild-type strain (s26/3) which is known to be responsible for late term abortion in small ruminants. challenge with the three strains at mid-gestation resulted in similar pregnancy outcomes, with abortion occurring in approximately 50-60% of ewes with the mean gestational lengths also being similar. however, differences were observed in the severity of placental patholog ... | 2017 | 28494018 |
| european chlamydia abortus livestock isolate genomes reveal unusual stability and limited diversity, reflected in geographical signatures. | chlamydia abortus (formerly chlamydophila abortus) is an economically important livestock pathogen, causing ovine enzootic abortion (oea), and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans affecting pregnancy outcome. large-scale genomic studies on other chlamydial species are giving insights into the biology of these organisms but have not yet been performed on c. abortus. our aim was to investigate a broad collection of european isolates of c. abortus, using next generation sequencing methods, ... | 2017 | 28472926 |
| whole-genome sequence of chlamydia abortus strain gn6 isolated from aborted yak fetus. | the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium chlamydia abortus is one of the causative agents of abortion and fetal loss in sheep, goats, and cattle in many countries. it also affects the reproductivity of yaks (bos grunniens). this study reports the whole-genome sequence of chlamydia abortus strain gn6, which was isolated from aborted yak fetus in qinghai-tibetan plateau, china. | 2017 | 28860251 |
| [detection of chlamydia abortus in bovine reproductive losses in the province of la pampa, argentina]. | reproductive losses linked to an infectious etiology in bovine cattle are a major economic concern worldwide. in argentina, more than 50% of abortion cases have unknown causes. species belonging to chlamydiaceae family are frequent etiologic agents of abortion around the world; however, there is yet no information on their prevalence in argentina. the objective of this work was to identify chlamydia spp., and particularly c. abortus in reproductive losses from bovine cattle in la pampa, argentin ... | 2018 | 29352599 |
| chlamydia abortus pmp18.1 induces il-1β secretion by tlr4 activation through the myd88, nf-κb, and caspase-1 signaling pathways. | the polymorphic membrane protein d (pmp18d) is a 160-kda outer membrane protein that is conserved and plays an important role in chlamydia abortus pathogenesis. we have identified an n-terminal fragment of pmp18d (designated pmp18.1) as a possible subunit vaccine antigen. in this study, we evaluated the vaccine potential of pmp18.1 by investigating its ability to induce innate immune responses in dendritic cells and the signaling pathway(s) involved in rpmp18.1-induced il-1β secretion. we next i ... | 2017 | 29326885 |
| the role of zoonotic chlamydial agents in ruminants abortion. | enzootic abortion of ewes (eae) is caused by infection of sheep and goats by chlamydia abortus bacterium. chlamydial abortion in bovine could occur by chlamydia abortus, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pecorum. c. psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis or ornithosis disease in humans and birds. it also causes acute pneumonia in cattle and sheep. the present study aimed at surveying the role of chlamydial agents in ruminants abortion. | 2017 | 29296274 |
| development of an in vivo model of chlamydia abortus chronic infection in mice overexpressing il-10. | chlamydia abortus, like other members of the family chlamydiaceae, have a unique intracellular developmental cycle that is characterized by its chronic nature. infection of a flock can remain undetected for months, until abortion occurs the following reproductive season but, to date, neither the location nor the mechanisms that maintain this latent phase are fully understood. studies have shown that il-10 produced as a response to certain micro-organisms sustains the intracellular survival of pa ... | 2018 | 29292000 |
| molecular detection of chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetii, and mycoplasma agalactiae in small ruminants' aborted fetuses in southern iran. | abortion in sheep and goats has become increasingly important worldwide because of the significant economic losses and potential zoonotic implication of commonly involved pathogens. therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted in southern iran to detect the chlamydophila abortus and coxiella burnetii, as zoonotic pathogens, and mycoplasma agalactiae, as a neglected abortifacient agent in small ruminants' aborted fetuses, by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). from a total of 300 aborte ... | 2017 | 29260491 |
| neglected zoonotic agents in cattle abortion: tackling the difficult to grow bacteria. | coxiella burnetii, chlamydia abortus and leptospira spp. are difficult to grow bacteria that play a role in bovine abortion, but their diagnosis is hampered by their obligate intracellular lifestyle (c. burnetii, c. abortus) or their lability (leptospira spp.). their importance is based on the contagious spread in food-producing animals, but also as zoonotic agents. in switzerland, first-line routine bacteriological diagnostics in cattle abortions is regulated by national law and includes only b ... | 2017 | 29197401 |