| spinal cannabinoids are anti-allodynic in rats with persistent inflammation. | cannabinoid receptor (cb1) agonists strongly inhibit behavioral responses to acute noxious stimuli, but their effects on behavioral responses in persistent pain states are less clear. here, we examined the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of a cb1 agonist, win55,212-2, on mechanical allodynia (decreased withdrawal threshold) produced by injections of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) in the plantar surface of the rat hindpaw. we measured mechanical thresholds with calibrated von frey ... | 1999 | 10467924 |
| mechanisms of binding of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive and alphaebeta7-positive lymphocytes to oral and skin keratinocytes. | intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) utilize the integrin alphaebeta7 on their surface to bind to e-cadherin on epithelial cells in the gut and breast. in oral mucosa and skin iel express alphaebeta7 and the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (cla) but the mechanisms of adhesion of these subsets to keratinocytes are unknown. levels of alphaebeta7 and cla were up-regulated on peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) by transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) and interleukin-12 (il-12), respectivel ... | 1999 | 10469228 |
| sulfasalazine prevents t-helper 1 immune response by suppressing interleukin-12 production in macrophages. | interleukin-12 (il-12) plays a pivotal role in the development of t-helper 1 (th1) immune response, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders. in this study we investigated the effects of sulfasalazine, a drug for treating inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, on the production of il-12 from mouse macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (lps). sulfasalazine potently inhibited the production of il-12 in a dose-dependent manner, in ... | 1999 | 10469239 |
| antimyeloperoxidase-associated lung disease. an experimental model. | the lung is a common target in systemic vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca). in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of antibodies directed against myeloperoxidase (mpo) induces pulmonary (vasculitic) lesions when neutrophils release lysosomal enzymes. brown norway (bn) rats were immunized with human mpo in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) or with cfa alone. two weeks after immunization, rats had developed antibodies to human and rat ... | 1999 | 10471629 |
| vaccination against leishmania major in a cba mouse model of infection: role of adjuvants and mechanism of protection. | gp63 is a major surface protein of leishmania promastigotes. its protective efficacy has been tested in several experimental models using different mouse strains, gp63 forms, adjuvants and routes of immunization, giving rise to conflicting results. this investigation was designed to determine whether these discrepancies could be ascribed to differing experimental procedures, and to compare gp63-induced protection with that achieved using live promastigotes. preliminary experiments demonstrated t ... | 1999 | 10476055 |
| studies in b7-deficient mice reveal a critical role for b7 costimulation in both induction and effector phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | the importance of b7 costimulation in regulating t cell expansion and peripheral tolerance suggests that it may also play a significant regulatory role in the development of autoimmune disease. it is unclear whether b7 costimulation is involved only in the expansion of autoreactive t cells in the periphery, or if it is also required for effector activation of autoreactive t cells in the target organ for mediating tissue injury and propagating autoimmune disease. in this study, the role of b7-cd2 ... | 1999 | 10477557 |
| oral administration of lipopolysaccharide exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. | we investigated whether oral administration of lps exacerbated collagen-induced arthritis (cia) in mice, which was an experimental model of autoimmune disease. cia was induced by s.c. injection of type ii collagen emulsified with cfa into the base of the tail (day 0) followed by a booster injection on day 21. to examine the ability of lps to exacerbate cia, varying doses of lps were orally administered on day 50. the results showed that administration of lps was followed by reactivation of cia i ... | 1999 | 10477613 |
| enhanced autoimmune arthritis in ifn-gamma receptor-deficient mice is conditioned by mycobacteria in freund's adjuvant and by increased expansion of mac-1+ myeloid cells. | induction of experimental autoimmune diseases often relies on immunization with the organ-specific autoantigens in cfa, which contains heat-killed mycobacteria. in several of these models, including collagen-induced arthritis, endogenous ifn-gamma acts as a disease-limiting factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. here we show that in collagen-induced arthritis the protective effect of ifn-gamma depends on the presence of mycobacteria in the adjuvant. omission of mycobacteria inverts the role ... | 1999 | 10477624 |
| cs5 pilus biosynthesis genes from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o115:h40. | we have sequenced the entire region of dna required for the biosynthesis of cs5 pili from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o115:h40 downstream of the major subunit gene, designated csfa (for coli surface factor five a). five more open reading frames (orfs) (csfb, csfc, csfe, csff, and csfd) which are transcribed in the same direction as the major subunit and are flanked by a number of insertion sequence regions have been identified. t7 polymerase-mediated overexpression of the cloned csf orfs co ... | 1999 | 10482530 |
| medullary dorsal horn neuronal activity in rats with persistent temporomandibular joint and perioral inflammation. | studies at spinal levels indicate that peripheral tissue or nerve injury induces a state of hyperexcitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons that participates in the development of persistent pain and hyperalgesia. it has not been demonstrated that persistent injury in the orofacial region leads to a similar state of central hyperexcitability in the trigeminal system. the purpose of the present study was to conduct a parametric analysis of the response properties of nociceptive and nonnociceptive ... | 1999 | 10482744 |
| endogenous presentation of self myelin epitopes by cns-resident apcs in theiler's virus-infected mice. | the mechanisms underlying the initiation of virus-induced autoimmune disease are not well understood. theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (tmev-idd), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, is initiated by tmev-specific cd4(+) t cells targeting virally infected central nervous system-resident (cns-resident) antigen-presenting cells (apcs), leading to chronic activation of myelin epitope-specific cd4(+) t cells via epitope spreading. here we show that f4/80(+), i-a ... | 1999 | 10487774 |
| growth changes in internal and craniofacial flexion measurements. | growth changes in both internal and craniofacial flexion angles are presented for pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and modern humans. the internal flexion angle (ifa) was measured from lateral radiographs, and the craniofacial flexion angle (cfa) was calculated from coordinate data. stage of dental development is used as a baseline for examination of growth changes and nonparametric correlations between flexion angles and dental development stage are tested for significance. in gorilla, the ifa ... | 1999 | 10490467 |
| monoclonal antibodies raised against guillain-barré syndrome-associated campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides react with neuronal gangliosides and paralyze muscle-nerve preparations. | guillain-barré syndrome and its variant, miller-fisher syndrome, are acute, postinfectious, autoimmune neuropathies that frequently follow campylobacter jejuni enteritis. the pathogenesis is believed to involve molecular mimicry between sialylated epitopes on c. jejuni lpss and neural gangliosides. more than 90% of miller-fisher syndrome cases have serum anti-gq1b and anti-gt1a ganglioside antibodies that may also react with other disialylated gangliosides including gd3 and gd1b. structural stud ... | 1999 | 10491405 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the afa-7 and afa-8 gene clusters encoding afimbrial adhesins in escherichia coli strains associated with diarrhea or septicemia in calves. | the afa gene clusters, which encode proteins involved in adhesion to epithelial cells, from escherichia coli strains associated with urinary and intestinal infections in humans have been characterized. pathogenic isolates of bovine and porcine origin that possess afa-related sequences have recently been described. we report in this work the cloning and characterization of the afa-7 and afa-8 gene clusters from bovine isolates. hybridization and sequencing experiments revealed that despite simila ... | 1999 | 10496877 |
| immune responses induced by gene gun or intramuscular injection of dna vaccines that express immunogenic regions of the serine repeat antigen from plasmodium falciparum. | the liver- and blood-stage-expressed serine repeat antigen (sera) of plasmodium falciparum is a candidate protein for a human malaria vaccine. we compared the immune responses induced in mice immunized with sera-expressing plasmid dna vaccines delivered by intramuscular (i.m.) injection or delivered intradermally by gene gun immunization. mice were immunized with a pcdna3 plasmid encoding the entire 47-kda domain of sera (amino acids 17 to 382) or the n-terminal domain (amino acids 17 to 110) of ... | 1999 | 10496891 |
| proteophosphoglycan, a major secreted product of intracellular leishmania mexicana amastigotes, is a poor b-cell antigen and does not elicit a specific conventional cd4+ t-cell response. | secreted and surface-exposed antigens of intracellular pathogens are thought to provide target structures for detection by the host immune system. the major secreted product of intracellular leishmania mexicana amastigotes, a proteophosphoglycan (appg), is known to contribute to the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole and is able to activate complement. appg belongs to a novel class of serine- and threonine-rich leishmania proteins that are extensively modified by phosphodiester-linked ... | 1999 | 10496920 |
| effects of humic substances and phenolic compounds on the in vitro toxicity of aluminium. | the effects of natural chelators [humic acids (ha), caffeic acid (cfa), p-coumaric acid (pca), protocatechuic acid (pa), vanillic acid (va), salicylic acid (sa), and 4-hydroxyacetophenone (hy)] and effects of well-known chelators [edta and citric acid (ca)] on the in vitro toxicity of aluminium (al) were investigated with the l-929 murine, vero simian, and mrc-5 human cell lines. moderate in vitro cytotoxic effects were induced by al on the three cell lines (ic(50) values ranking from 5.6 to 7.6 ... | 1999 | 10499988 |
| systemic expression of rat soluble retinal antigen induces resistance to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. | to assess the role of sequestration in the maintenance of the immune privilege of the retina, retrovirally mediated gene transfer was used to express a defined, specific retinal autoantigen, rat soluble retinal ag (s-ag), in a systemic, nonsequestered manner. in this study we report the stable, long term transduction of rat retinal s-ag into pbmc. tolerance to s-ag was assayed by challenging the s-ag chimeric animals with s-ag peptides in cfa and monitoring the time course and severity of experi ... | 1999 | 10510365 |
| curcumin inhibits th1 cytokine profile in cd4+ t cells by suppressing interleukin-12 production in macrophages. | 1 interleukin-12 (il-12) plays a central role in the immune system by driving the immune response towards t helper 1 (th1) type responses which are characterized by high ifn-gamma and low il-4 production. in this study we investigated the effects of curcumin, a natural product of plants obtained from curcuma longa (turmeric), on il-12 production by mouse splenic macrophages and the subsequent ability of these cells to regulate cytokine production by cd4+ t cells. 2 pretreatment with curcumin sig ... | 1999 | 10510448 |
| immune responses in nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned rats exposed to chronic isolation stress. | the present study was designed to establish the influence of chronic social isolation stress on humoral and cellular immunity in nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm)-lesioned rats. therefore, ten days after bilateral electrolytic lesions of nbm, adult male wistar rats were immunized with bovine serum albumin in complete freund's adjuvant (bsa-cfa) and placed individually or in groups of five rats during 21 days. on days 10 and 21 after immunization, the arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin ... | 2000 | 10512554 |
| evidence for neurogenic transmission inducing degenerative cartilage damage distant from local inflammation. | to investigate involvement of the nervous system in ipsilateral and contralateral joint inflammation. | 1999 | 10513812 |
| opening the iron box: transcriptional metalloregulation by the fur protein. | | 1999 | 10515908 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced hematopoietic inhibition is independent of productive infection of progenitor cells in vivo. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals exhibit a variety of hematopoietic dysfunctions. the scid-hu mouse (severe combined immunodeficient mouse transplanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissues) can be used to model the loss of human hematopoietic precursor cell function following hiv infection and has a distinct advantage in that data can be obtained in the absence of confounding factors often seen in infected humans. in this study, we establish that hiv type 1 (hiv-1) be ... | 1999 | 10516015 |
| changes in somatic action potential shape in guinea-pig nociceptive primary afferent neurones during inflammation in vivo. | we have examined whether there are changes during inflammation in the membrane properties of nociceptive primary afferent neurones in the guinea-pig that might contribute to hyperalgesia. inflammation was induced by intradermal injections of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) in the left leg. intracellular voltage recordings were made from the somata of ipsilateral l6 and s1 dorsal root ganglion neurones in anaesthetised untreated guinea-pigs at 2 or 4 days after cfa treatment. 2. units were class ... | 1999 | 10523423 |
| genotypic and phenotypic characterization of "streptococcus milleri" group isolates from a veterans administration hospital population. | because identification of the species within the "streptococcus milleri" group is difficult for the clinical laboratory as the species share overlapping phenotypic characteristics, we wished to confirm biochemical identification with identification by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. ninety-four clinical isolates previously identified as the "streptococcus milleri" group were reclassified as s. anginosus, s. constellatus, or s. intermedius with the api 20 strep system (biomerieux vikek, hazelton ... | 1999 | 10523574 |
| in vivo-activated cd4 t cells upregulate cxc chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. | migration of antigen-activated cd4 t cells to b cell areas of lymphoid tissues is important for mounting t cell-dependent antibody responses. here we show that cxc chemokine receptor (cxcr)5, the receptor for b lymphocyte chemoattractant (blc), is upregulated on antigen-specific cd4 t cells in vivo when animals are immunized under conditions that promote t cell migration to follicles. in situ hybridization of secondary follicles for blc showed high expression in mantle zones and low expression i ... | 1999 | 10523610 |
| protective t cell-independent antiviral antibody responses are dependent on complement. | complement is part of the innate immune system and one of the first lines of host defense against infections. its importance was evaluated in this study in virus infections in mice deficient either in soluble complement factors (c3(-/-), c4(-/-)) or in the complement signaling complex (complement receptor [cr]2(-/-), cd19(-/-)). the induction of the initial t cell-independent neutralizing immunoglobulin (ig)m antibody response to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), poliomyelitis virus, and recombi ... | 1999 | 10523614 |
| overproduction of th2-specific chemokines in nc/nga mice exhibiting atopic dermatitis-like lesions. | we have examined the expression of chemokines and their receptors in the atopic dermatitis-like (ad-like) lesions of nc/nga mice. such lesions develop when the mice are kept in conventional conditions, but not when they are kept isolated from specific pathogens. the thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine tarc is unexpectedly highly expressed in the basal epidermis of 14-week-old mice with lesions, whereas it is not expressed in the skin without lesions. production of tarc by keratinocytes wa ... | 1999 | 10525048 |
| effect of multiple antigenic exposures in the gut on oral tolerance and induction of antibacterial systemic immunity. | we have analyzed oral tolerance of microbial antigens in an experimental model in which mice are treated orally with a single small dose of soluble antigen and challenged systemically with the antigen in complete freund's adjuvant. we found that, while oral administration of sonicated extracts of either leishmania major, leishmania donovani, or staphylococcus aureus was tolerogenic, as was administration of the nominal antigen ovalbumin or conalbumin, oral administration of escherichia coli or s ... | 1999 | 10531248 |
| characterization and manipulation of t cell immunity to skin grafts expressing a transgenic minor antigen. | minor histocompatibility antigens play a significant role in allograft rejection when donor and recipient are matched at mhc loci. an improved understanding of t cell immunity directed toward a model minor antigen may provide new approaches for preventing graft rejection. | 1999 | 10532546 |
| intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia are highly capillarized. | bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) and usual interstitial pneumonia (uip; ie, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis of mural type, cfa) are clinically and histologically distinguishable interstitial lung diseases. both contain intraluminal lesions of newly formed fibromyxoid connective tissue. in boop, the fibromyxoid lesions are susceptible to complete reversal, but in uip they are supposed to participate in the remodeling of the interstitium. our hypothesis was that capillarizatio ... | 1999 | 10534166 |
| neuropathic pain from an experimental neuritis of the rat sciatic nerve. | painful peripheral neuropathies involve both axonal damage and an inflammation of the nerve. the role of the latter by itself was investigated by producing an experimental neuritis in the rat. the sciatic nerves were exposed at mid-thigh level and wrapped loosely in hemostatic oxidized cellulose (oxycel) that on one side was saturated with an inflammatory stimulus, carrageenan (carra) or complete freund's adjuvant (cfa), and on the other side saturated with saline. in other rats, a myositis was ... | 1999 | 10534588 |
| a conserved residue in the tip proteins of cs1 and cfa/i pili of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that is essential for adherence. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli associated with human diarrheal disease utilize any of a limited group of serologically distinguishable pili for attachment to intestinal cells. these include cs1 and cfa/i pili. we show here that chemical modification of arginyl residues in cs1 pili abolishes cs1-mediated agglutination of bovine erythrocytes, which serves as a model system for attachment. alanine substitution of the single arginyl residue in cooa, the major pilin, had no effect on the assembly o ... | 1999 | 10536007 |
| the neuroprotective agent sr 57746a abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and impairs associated blood-brain barrier disruption: implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is a t cell autoimmune disorder that is a widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis (ms) and, as in ms, clinical signs of eae are associated with blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption. sr 57746a, a nonpeptide drug without classical immunosuppressive properties, efficiently protected the bbb and impaired intrathecal igg synthesis (two conventional markers of ms exacerbation) and consequently suppressed eae clinical signs. this compound inhibite ... | 1999 | 10536012 |
| masseteric inflammation-induced fos protein expression in the trigeminal interpolaris/caudalis transition zone: contribution of somatosensory-vagal-adrenal integration. | the effects of vagotomy and adrenalectomy on the expression of fos protein in brainstem neurons following the inflammation of masseter muscle were examined in order to differentiate the fos activation related to nociceptive processing in contrast to that due to somatoautonomic processing. the inflammation was induced by a unilateral injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) into the masseter muscle under methohexital anesthesia after a small skin-cut (s-cut). after the cfa injection, fos pos ... | 1999 | 10536195 |
| effects of four herbal extracts on adjuvant-induced inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. | to evaluate the effects of four herbal medicine extracts on a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. design/interventions: inflammation was induced by injecting complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) into one hindpaw of each rat. four herbs that are routinely prescribed in traditional chinese medicine for treatment of pain were used: duhuo (radix angelicae pubescentis), bai jiang cao (patriniae herba cum radice), yan hu suo (rhizoma corydalis) and sanqui (panax notoginseng). the crude water extracts ... | 1999 | 10537242 |
| the preventive effects of incomplete freund's adjuvant and other vehicles on the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in lewis rats. | the present study showed a novel finding that the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis (aa) in lewis rats was completely prevented by incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) injected 21 or 28 days before complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) challenge. hexadecane also completely prevented aa and squalane, methyl oleate and pristane moderately prevented aa, though pristane by itself induced mild arthritis in two out of five rats. concanavalin a-stimulated lymph node cells (lncs) isolated from aa rats ... | 1999 | 10540226 |
| the cubital tunnel: anatomic, histologic, and biomechanical study. | the anatomy of the cubital tunnel was examined in 19 human cadaveric elbows. pressure measurements within the cubital tunnel were recorded at the medial epicondyle level and 3 cm distal to the epicondyle in various positions of elbow flexion. histologic examination of the ulnar nerve was carried out at different levels. a common flexor aponeurosis (cfa) was consistently present in all specimens between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis. pressure measurements were gr ... | 1999 | 10543601 |
| cd1-reactive natural killer t cells are required for development of systemic tolerance through an immune-privileged site. | systemic tolerance can be elicited by introducing antigen into an immune-privileged site, such as the eye, or directly into the blood. both routes of immunization result in a selective deficiency of systemic delayed type hypersensitivity. although the experimental animal model of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (acaid) occurs in most mouse strains, acaid cannot be induced in several mutant mouse strains that are coincidentally deficient in natural killer t (nkt) cells. therefore, th ... | 1999 | 10544194 |
| human g protein-coupled receptor gpr-9-6/cc chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing t lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis. | teck (thymus-expressed chemokine), a recently described cc chemokine expressed in thymus and small intestine, was found to mediate chemotaxis of human g protein-coupled receptor gpr-9-6/l1.2 transfectants. this activity was blocked by anti-gpr-9-6 monoclonal antibody (mab) 3c3. gpr-9-6 is expressed on a subset of memory alpha4beta7(high) intestinal trafficking cd4 and cd8 lymphocytes. in addition, all intestinal lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express gpr-9-6. in contrast, gpr-9-6 ... | 1999 | 10544196 |
| defining a novel 75-kda phosphoprotein associated with ss-a/ro and identification of distinct human autoantibodies. | mothers of children with neonatal lupus erythematosus (nle) and heart block, as well as patients with sjögren's syndrome (ss) and systemic lupus erythematosus, have serum autoantibodies that recognize ss-a/ro autoantigens including the 60-kda ribonucleoprotein. by yeast 2-hybrid screening, we identified a novel 75-kda protein (pp75) that interacts with the carboxyl 70% of 60-kda ss-a/ro. the specificity of interaction was confirmed using mammalian 2-hybrid and chemical crosslinking studies. immu ... | 1999 | 10545525 |
| oral administration of an immunodominant t-cell epitope downregulates th1/th2 cytokines and prevents experimental myasthenia gravis. | the mucosal administration of the native antigen or peptide fragments corresponding to immunodominant regions is effective in preventing or treating several t cell-dependent models of autoimmune disease. no data are yet available on oral tolerance with immunodominant t-cell peptides in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (eamg), an animal model of b cell-dependent disease. we report that oral administration of the t-cell epitope alpha146-162 of the torpedo californica acetylcholine recepto ... | 1999 | 10545527 |
| comparison of adjuvants with leishmania antigens in a guinea pig model to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. | guinea pigs have been a traditional model for studies of delayed-type hypersensitivity. they are the natural host of leishmania enriettii and have been experimentally infected with other species of leishmania. they have been used as a skin-test model to screen potential antigens for use in diagnostic tests for leishmania. use of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa), along with whole promastigote leishmania antigen, was necessary to sensitize guinea pigs to invoke a sufficient cell-mediated immune re ... | 1999 | 10551453 |
| the gene encoding the prepilin peptidase involved in biosynthesis of pilus colonization factor antigen iii (cfa/iii) of human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | the assembly of pilus colonization factor antigen iii (cfa/iii) of human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli requires the processing of cfa/iii major pilin (cofa) by a peptidase, likely another type iv pilus formation system. western blot analysis of cofa reveals that cofa is produced initially as a 26.5-kda preform pilin (prepilin) and then processed to 20.5-kda mature pilin by a prepilin peptidase. this processing is essential for exportation of the cofa from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. in th ... | 1999 | 10553678 |
| lack of prophylactic efficacy of an enteric-coated bovine hyperimmune milk product against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli challenge administered during a standard meal. | orally administered bovine immunoglobulins with specific activity against colonization factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) could provide passive protection against etec challenge in volunteers. twenty healthy adult volunteers ingested either a placebo or a partially enteric-coated preparation of bovine immunoglobulins with activity against the colonization factor antigens cfa/i, cs3, and cs6 and then were challenged with etec strain e24377a (cs1+, cs3+) administered with a standar ... | 1999 | 10558970 |
| a proinflammatory role for il-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. | il-18 is a novel cytokine with pleiotropic activities critical to the development of t-helper 1 (th1) responses. we detected il-18 mrna and protein within rheumatoid arthritis (ra) synovial tissues in significantly higher levels than in osteoarthritis controls. similarly, il-18 receptor expression was detected on synovial lymphocytes and macrophages. together with il-12 or il-15, il-18 induced significant ifn-gamma production by synovial tissues in vitro. il-18 independently promoted gm-csf and ... | 1999 | 10562301 |
| identification and molecular characterization of nkp30, a novel triggering receptor involved in natural cytotoxicity mediated by human natural killer cells. | two major receptors involved in human natural cytotoxicity, nkp46 and nkp44, have recently been identified. however, experimental evidence suggested the existence of additional such receptor(s). in this study, by the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mabs), we identified nkp30, a novel 30-kd triggering receptor selectively expressed by all resting and activated human natural killer (nk) cells. although mab-mediated cross-linking of nkp30 induces strong nk cell activation, mab-mediated masking ... | 1999 | 10562324 |
| in vitro effects of coal fly ashes: hydroxyl radical generation, iron release, and dna damage and toxicity in rat lung epithelial cells. | oxygen radical generation due to surface radicals, inflammation, and iron release has been suggested as the mechanism of adverse effects of quartz, such as emphysema, fibrosis, and carcinogenic effects. therefore, we measured iron release, acellular generation of hydroxyl radicals, and oxidative dna damage and cytotoxicity in rat lung epithelial (rle) cells by different coal fly ashes (cfa) that contain both quartz and iron. seven samples of cfa with different particle size and quartz content (u ... | 1999 | 10562700 |
| intestinal immune responses in patients infected with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and in vaccinees. | immune responses against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) were examined in bangladeshi adults with naturally acquired disease and compared to responses in age-matched bangladeshi volunteers who had been orally immunized with a vaccine consisting of inactivated etec bacteria expressing different colonization factor antigens (cfs) and the b subunit of cholera toxin. b-cell responses in duodenal biopsy samples, feces, intestinal washings, and blood were determined. because most of the patien ... | 1999 | 10569732 |
| role of endogenous interleukin-18 in resolving wild-type and attenuated salmonella typhimurium infections. | the stimulation of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) has been shown to be essential in resolving infections by intracellular pathogens. as such, several different cytokines including, interleukin-12 (il-12) and il-18, can induce ifn-gamma. to resolve salmonella infections, the stimulation of il-12 and ifn-gamma are important for mediating its clearance. in this present study, the relevance of il-18 in protection against oral challenge with salmonella typhimurium was investigated to determine the role ... | 1999 | 10569733 |
| expression of recombinant enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization factor antigen i by salmonella typhimurium elicits a biphasic t helper cell response. | protective immunity to enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is antibody (ab) dependent; however, oral immunization with purified etec fimbriae fails to elicit protective immunity as a consequence of antigenic alteration by the gastrointestinal (gi) tract. unless unaltered etec fimbriae can reach the inductive lymphoid tissues of the gi tract, immunity to etec cannot be induced. to produce immunity, live vectors, such as salmonella typhimurium, can effectively target passenger antigens to the ... | 1999 | 10569734 |
| group b streptococcal surface proteins as targets for protective antibodies: identification of two novel proteins in strains of serotype v. | strains of group b streptococcus (gbs) express surface proteins that confer protective immunity. in particular, most strains of the four classical capsular serotypes (ia, ib, ii, and iii) express either of the rib and alpha proteins, two members of the same protein family. here, we report a study of surface proteins expressed by strains of serotype v, which has recently emerged as an important serotype among gbs strains causing serious disease. two novel gbs proteins were identified, purified, a ... | 1999 | 10569749 |
| transcription regulation of the colicin k cka gene reveals induction of colicin synthesis by differential responses to environmental signals. | colicin-producing strains occur frequently in natural populations of escherichia coli, and colicinogenicity seems to provide a competitive advantage in the natural habitat. a cka-lacz fusion was used to study the regulation of expression of the colicin k structural gene. expression is growth phase dependent, with high activity in the late stationary phase. nutrient depletion induces the expression of cka due to an increase in ppgpp. temperature is a strong signal for cka expression, since only b ... | 1999 | 10572143 |
| nociceptin and the orl-1 ligand [phe1psi (ch2-nh)gly2]nociceptin(1-13)nh2 exert anti-opioid effects in the freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model of chronic pain. | 1 stimulation of the opioid receptor-like1 (orl-1) receptor by nociceptin (nc) produces hyperalgesia and reverses the antinociceptive effects induced by opioids. most studies concerning the central effects of nc were conducted using acute pain models. the role nc may play in chronic inflammation remains unelucidated. 2 the present study was undertaken to assess the action of nc in the freund's adjuvant-induced monoarthritic rat model. the effects of drugs known to act as analgesics in this model ... | 1999 | 10578139 |
| systemic mycobacterial infection inhibits antigen-specific immunoglobulin e production, bronchial mucus production and eosinophilic inflammation induced by allergen. | as the burden of infectious diseases becomes reduced in many countries, a remarkable increase in the incidence of allergies has occurred. the basis for the rise in atopic disorders as a correlate of the decline in infectious diseases has not been defined. in the present study, we tested experimentally whether prior systemic infection with mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guérin (bcg) had any effect on ovalbumin (ova) al(oh)3 (alum)-induced immunoglobulin e (ige) production, airway mucus pro ... | 1999 | 10583590 |
| influence of growth phases and desiccation on the degrees of unsaturation of fatty acids and the survival rates of rhizobia | the influence of growth phase on the evolution of cellular fatty acids (cfa) and survival of sinorhizobium and bradyrhizobium during desiccation and storage at different levels of relative humidity (r. h.) was studied. lactobacillic, cis vaccenic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids of s. meliloti rcr 2011, b. elkanii usda 120 and b. japonicum 3.2, whatever the growth phase. an exchange of cis vaccenic with lactobacillic acid was observed during the course of growth. the degree of unsat ... | 1999 | 10583690 |
| nitric oxide plays a critical role in the recovery of lewis rats from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the maintenance of resistance to reinduction. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is a t cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the cns and an animal model for the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. in the lewis rat, myelin basic protein (mbp)-cfa-induced eae is an acute monophasic disease from which animals recover fully, do not relapse, and develop a robust long-term resistance to further active reinduction of disease. in this paper, we report that rats recovering from mbp-cfa-induced eae have significantly increase ... | 1999 | 10586085 |
| resistance of young gelatinase b-deficient mice to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and necrotizing tail lesions. | regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and their inhibitors (timps) plays a role in various physiological processes. to determine in vivo how unbalanced expression of these factors can promote or affect the course of pathologies, we knocked out the mouse gelatinase b gene by replacing the catalytic and zinc-binding domains with an antisense-oriented neomycin resistance gene. adult gelatinase b-deficient mice and wild-type controls could be induced to develop experimental autoim ... | 1999 | 10587514 |
| induction of antibodies in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope: neutralization of nonpathogenic and pathogenic primary isolate simian/human immunodeficiency virus strains. | we have compared the abilities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope v3 peptides and recombinant gp120 to induce antibodies that neutralize simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (shivs). shiv-89.6 is a nonpathogenic shiv that expresses the envelope protein of primary hiv-1 isolate 89.6. shiv-89.6p, clone kb9, is a pathogenic shiv variant derived from shiv-89.6. infection of rhesus monkeys with these shivs rarely induces anti-v3 region antibodies. to determine the availability o ... | 2000 | 10590113 |
| in vitro immune function after vaccination with an inactivated, gp120-depleted hiv-1 antigen with immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides. | we examined the effect of a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cpg immunostimulatory sequences (iss) as an adjuvant for an hiv-1 immunogen (inactivated, gp120-depleted hiv-1 virus particles). the addition of the iss to hiv-1 in incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) was the optimal combination for the production of hiv-1-specific immune responses as measured by ifn-gamma (p=0.002) and igg antibody production. furthermore, the group that was immunized with hiv/ifa/iss, as well as ... | 2000 | 10590329 |
| dual role for noradrenergic innervation of lymphoid tissue and arthritic joints in adjuvant-induced arthritis. | the role of noradrenergic innervation in the disease outcome of adjuvant-induced arthritis (aa) has been examined following (1) systemic administration of guanethidine and (2) local application of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda) into the lymph nodes that drain the hind limbs (dln). sympathetic denervation by these different neurotoxins produced directionally opposite effects on disease outcome. these conflicting findings could be explained from differential denervation of sympathetic nerves in key ta ... | 1999 | 10600219 |
| il-12 receptor regulation in il-12-deficient balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. | immunization with protein antigen in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) induces th1 cells in balb/c and c57bl/6 (b6) mice. pretreatment with the same protein in soluble form induces th2 cells in balb/c but not in b6 mice and inhibits th1 cell development in both. we have previously shown that inhibition of th1 in balb/c mice correlates with the down-regulation of transcripts encoding the il-12 receptor beta2 (il-12rbeta2) chain, which is required for il-12 signaling and th1 cell development. we no ... | 2000 | 10602024 |
| analysis of immune responses against t- and b-cell epitopes from plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 in rodent malaria models and malaria-exposed human subjects in india. | liver-stage antigen 1 (lsa-1) is a potential vaccine candidate against preerythrocytic stages of malaria. we report here the immunogenicity of linear synthetic constructs delineated as t(h)-cell determinants from the nonrepeat regions of plasmodium falciparum lsa-1 in murine models and human subjects from areas where malaria is endemic in rajasthan state, india. seven peptide constructs (ls1.1 to ls1.7) corresponding to predicted t-cell sites from both the n- and c-terminal regions and peptide l ... | 2000 | 10603380 |
| bovine and human insulin activate cd8+-autoreactive ctl expressing both type 1 and type 2 cytokines in c57bl/6 mice. | cd8+ t cells down-regulate a variety of immune responses. for example, porcine and human insulin do not stimulate abs in c57bl/6 mice because cd8+ t cells inhibit cd4+ helper t cells. by contrast, bovine insulin induces ab in c57bl/6 mice, and removal of cd8+ t cells does not alter this response. this raises the question of whether porcine, but not bovine, insulin activates cd8+ t cells or whether both insulins activate cd8+ t cells but cd4+ helper t cells are differentially inhibited by them. i ... | 2000 | 10604997 |
| suppression of ongoing experimental myasthenia by oral treatment with an acetylcholine receptor recombinant fragment. | myasthenia gravis (mg) is an autoimmune disorder in which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr) is the major autoantigen. in an attempt to develop an antigen-specific therapy for mg, we administered a nonmyasthenogenic recombinant fragment of achr orally to rats. this fragment, corresponding to the extracellular domain of the human achr alpha-subunit (halpha1-205), protected rats from subsequently induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (eamg) and suppressed ongoing eamg when tre ... | 1999 | 10606626 |
| anterior uveitis in murine relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (ms). | to investigate whether anterior uveitis (au), which often accompanies central nervous system (cns) and systemic inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis (ms), also develops in a murine relapsing model of ms, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) closely resembling relapsing-remitting ms, induced by immunization with myelin basic protein (mbp) in mice. | 2000 | 10611718 |
| prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in bangladesh. | the prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors (cfs) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) was prospectively studied with fresh samples (n = 4,662) obtained from a 2% routine surveillance of diarrheal stool samples over 2 years, from september 1996 to august 1998. stool samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay techniques and with specific monoclonal antibodies for the toxins and cfs. the prevalence of etec was 14% (n = 662), with over 70% of the strains isolated from childre ... | 2000 | 10618058 |
| genetic rearrangements of the regions adjacent to genes encoding heat-labile enterotoxins (eltab) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strains. | one of the most common bacterially mediated diarrheal infections is caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains. etec-derived plasmids are responsible for the distribution of the genes encoding the main toxins, namely, the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. the origins and transfer modes (intra- or interplasmid) of the toxin-encoding genes have not been characterized in detail. in this study, we investigated the dna regions located near the heat-labile enterotoxin-encoding g ... | 2000 | 10618247 |
| in vivo evidence for the contribution of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (hla)-dq molecules to the development of diabetes. | although dqa1*0301/dqb1*0302 is the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (hla) class ii gene most commonly associated with human type 1 diabetes, direct in vivo experimental evidence for its diabetogenic role is lacking. therefore, we generated c57bl/6 transgenic mice that bear this molecule and do not express mouse major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii molecules (dq8(+)/mii(-)). they did not develop insulitis or spontaneous diabetes. however, when dq8(+)/mii(-) mice were bred wi ... | 2000 | 10620608 |
| differential roles of interleukin 15 mrna isoforms generated by alternative splicing in immune responses in vivo. | at least two types of interleukin (il)-15 mrna isoforms are generated by alternative splicing at the 5' upstream of exon 5 in mice. to elucidate the potential roles of il-15 isoforms in immune responses in vivo, we constructed two groups of transgenic mice using originally described il-15 cdna with a normal exon 5 (normal il-15 transgenic [tg] mice) and il-15 cdna with an alternative exon 5 (alternative il-15 tg mice) under the control of an mhc class i promoter. normal il-15 tg mice constitutio ... | 2000 | 10620614 |
| antiviral b cell memory in the absence of mature follicular dendritic cell networks and classical germinal centers in tnfr1-/- mice. | tnfr1-/- mice have been shown to lack networks of mature follicular dendritic cells (fdcs) and they do not form germinal centers. with nonreplicating ags, igg titers were inefficiently induced and not maintained. in this study, the neutralizing ab response and the establishment of b cell memory in tnfr1-/- mice after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) were analyzed histologically and functionally. immunization with vsv-derived protein ags without adjuvant induced only igm but no igg ... | 2000 | 10623822 |
| impairment of antigen-presenting cell function in mice lacking expression of ox40 ligand. | ox40 expressed on activated t cells is known to be an important costimulatory molecule on t cell activation in vitro. however, the in vivo functional significance of the interaction between ox40 and its ligand, ox40l, is still unclear. to investigate the role of ox40l during in vivo immune responses, we generated ox40l-deficient mice and a blocking anti-ox40l monoclonal antibody, mgp34. ox40l expression was demonstrated on splenic b cells after cd40 and anti-immunoglobulin (ig)m stimulation, whi ... | 2000 | 10637280 |
| anti-il-9 vaccination prevents worm expulsion and blood eosinophilia in trichuris muris-infected mice. | production of neutralizing anti-il-9 antibodies was induced in mice by immunization with mouse il-9 coupled to ovalbumin. in the six mouse strains tested, a strong and long-lasting anti-il-9 response developed with seric inhibitory titers of 10(-3) to 10(-5), as measured in an in vitro il-9-dependent cell proliferation assay. in vivo, this immunization completely abrogated the increase in mast-cell protease-1 levels as well as the eosinophilia observed in mice after implantation of an il-9-secre ... | 2000 | 10639154 |
| immunization with the candida albicans membrane fraction and in combination with fluconazole protects against systemic fungal infections. | we studied the immunogenicity of a membrane fraction prepared from candida albicans cells called c. albicans membrane antigen (cma). the present study revealed that cma immunization has antifungal activity in mouse models of systemic fungal infection. immunization of mice by subcutaneous injections of cma with incomplete freund adjuvant induced resistance to infections caused not only by c. albicans but also by aspergillus fumigatus. the level of resistance to candidiasis was as high as that ind ... | 2000 | 10639344 |
| acquired, but not innate, immune responses to streptococcus pneumoniae are compromised by neutralization of cd40l. | streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant pathogen of young children and the elderly. systemic infection by pneumococci is a complex process involving several bacterial and host factors. we have investigated the role of cd40l in host defense against pneumococcal infection. treatment of mice with mr-1 antibody (anti-cd154/cd40l) markedly reduced antibody responses to the pneumococcal protein pspa, elicited by immunization of purified protein or whole bacteria. in mice immunized with whole bacteri ... | 2000 | 10639411 |
| zoo-fish analysis of dog chromosome 5: identification of conserved synteny with human and cat chromosomes. | conserved segments of synteny between the human genome and chromosome 5 (cfa 5) of the domestic dog (canis familiaris) have been identified by reciprocal chromosome painting analysis. a cfa 5 paint probe was applied to human metaphase spreads, revealing distinct hybridisation sites on human (hsa) chromosomes 1, 11, 16, and 17. paint probes for these human chromosomes were then hybridised to dog metaphase spreads, identifying the regions of cfa 5 with which homology is shared with the correspondi ... | 1999 | 10640803 |
| fas-mediated apoptosis in clinical remissions of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | plp139-51-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (r-eae) displays a relapsing-remitting paralytic course in female sjl mice. we investigated the role of apoptosis/activation-induced cell death (aicd) in the spontaneous recovery from acute disease. clinical eae was significantly enhanced in fas (cd95/apo-1)-deficient sjl lpr/lpr mice, which displayed significantly increased mean peak clinical scores, reduced remission rates, and increased mortality when compared with their sjl +/lpr li ... | 2000 | 10642601 |
| adjuvant effects of cholera toxin b subunit on immune response to recombinant thyrotropin receptor in mice. | we had previously shown that balb/c mice immunized with the extracellular domain of human thyrotropin receptor (etshr) developed moderate hyperthyroxinemia. the antibody responses in these mice were predominantly of the igg1 subclass. since cholera toxin b subunit (ct-b) has direct effects on the thyroid, and is known to activate b lymphocytes and cause enhanced igg1 production, we tested the ability of ct-b to modulate the antibody response to etshr. ct-b is unique in that it not only elicits a ... | 2000 | 10648115 |
| the analgesic effects of supraspinal mu and delta opioid receptor agonists are potentiated during persistent inflammation. | this study examined the antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects of opioid receptor agonists microinjected in the rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) of rats 4 hr, 4 d, and 2 weeks after the induction of an inflammatory injury by injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) in one hindpaw. nociceptive sensitivity of the ipsilateral, inflamed and the contralateral, uninflamed hindpaws was determined by the radiant-heat paw withdrawal test. the antihyperalgesic potency of the mu opioid recepto ... | 2000 | 10648729 |
| cellular but not humoral immune responses generated by vaccination with dendritic cells protect mice against leukaemia. | dendritic cells (dc) are extremely efficient at generating both prophylactic and therapeutic anti-tumour immunity. we aimed to analyse the respective roles of humoral and cellular immune responses generated in mice vaccinated with bone marrow (bm)-derived dc in terms of in vivo anti-leukaemia effect. we used the murine l1210 b lymphocytic leukaemia genetically modified to express on the cell surface of human cd4 (hcd4) (l1210/hcd4) as a model tumour-associated antigen (taa). dc cultures were loa ... | 2000 | 10651935 |
| targeted expression of baculovirus p35 caspase inhibitor in oligodendrocytes protects mice against autoimmune-mediated demyelination. | the mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte (olg) loss and the precise roles played by olg death in human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (ms), and in the rodent model of ms, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), remain to be elucidated. to clarify the involvement of olg death in eae, we have generated transgenic mice that express the baculovirus anti-apoptotic protein p35 in olgs through the cre-loxp system. olgs from cre/p35 transgenic mice were resistant to tumor ne ... | 2000 | 10654933 |
| application of 16s rrna gene sequencing to identify bordetella hinzii as the causative agent of fatal septicemia. | we report on the first case of fatal septicemia caused by bordetella hinzii. the causative organism exhibited a biochemical profile identical to that of bordetella avium with three commercial identification systems (api 20e, api 20 ne, and vitek gni+ card). however, its cellular fatty acid profile was not typical for either b. avium or previously reported strains of b. hinzii. presumptive identification of the patient's isolate was accomplished by traditional biochemical testing, and definitive ... | 2000 | 10655386 |
| a role for salmonella fimbriae in intraperitoneal infections. | enteric bacteria possess multiple fimbriae, many of which play critical roles in attachment to epithelial cell surfaces. sef14 fimbriae are only found in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) and closely related serovars, suggesting that sef14 fimbriae may affect serovar-specific virulence traits. despite evidence that sef14 fimbriae are expressed by s. enteritidis in vivo, previous studies showed that sef14 fimbriae do not mediate adhesion to the intestinal epithelium. theref ... | 2000 | 10655518 |
| suppression of neuropeptides' mrna expression by herbal medicines in a rat model of peripheral inflammation. | the traditional chinese medicines have been used clinically for a long time in some asian countries, however, very few studies have been done to demonstrate the working mechanisms of these medicines using recently developed biochemical methodologies. in this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of huang-lian-jie-du-tang (hljdt), a combination of herbs used in traditional chinese medicine, on paw edema, thermal hyperalgesia and the mrna increase of neuropeptides in spinal dorsal horn a ... | 2000 | 10658920 |
| nk3 receptor blockade prevents hyperalgesia and the associated spinal cord substance p release in monoarthritic rats. | previous studies in vitro have shown that nk3 receptors exist on primary afferent terminals in rat spinal cord and mediate potentiation of the depolarisation-evoked substance p (sp) release. in the present study we have investigated the role of the nk3 receptor-mediated sp release system in a model of inflammatory pain. monoarthritis was induced in rats by unilateral injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa); withdrawal latencies to a thermal stimulus were subsequently measured at various ti ... | 2000 | 10665827 |
| characterization of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strains in patients with travelers' diarrhea acquired in guadalajara, mexico, 1992-1997. | the relationship between enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) and travelers' diarrhea was examined in a high-risk area in 1992-1997. toxin patterns, colonization-factor antigens (cfas), and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility were determined. in total, 928 us students with diarrhea acquired in guadalajara, mexico, were screened for enteric pathogens. diagnosis of etec infection was done with oligonucleotide probes. etec was isolated in 19.9% of the travelers with diarrhea. cfas were identif ... | 2000 | 10669376 |
| expression of stress-response protein 60 in iritis associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | to study the expression of stress-response proteins in the inflamed iris of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). | 1999 | 10672873 |
| norwalk-like virus and bacterial pathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis onboard a us navy ship. | acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in u.s. military personnel during deployment. this study investigated the microbial causes of diarrhea in u.s. troops on exercises in southeast asia aboard the u.s.s. germantown from march through may 1996. a total of 49 (7%) patients with diarrhea reported to sick call during a 3-month deployment involving 721 personnel. diarrheal samples from 49 patients were subjected to bacterial and parasitologic examination, but sufficient ... | 1999 | 10674668 |
| antibody directed against mannan of the mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope provokes blood-brain barrier breakdown. | previous studies demonstrated that blood-brain barrier (bbb) breakdown observed at the cerebral level during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) arises from the presence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in freund's adjuvant and not only from the encephalitogenic antigens. the main objective of this study was to check if the mannan moiety of lipoarabinomannan present in the mycobacterial cell envelope is responsible for an immune response provoking a bbb breakdown. the results showed that: ... | 2000 | 10674990 |
| phase 2 clinical trial of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi oral live vector vaccine cvd 908-htra in u.s. volunteers. | salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain cvd 908-htra is a live attenuated strain which may be useful as an improved oral typhoid vaccine and as a vector for cloned genes of other pathogens. we conducted a phase 2 trial in which 80 healthy adults received one of two dosage levels of cvd 908-htra in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. there were no differences in the rates of side effects among volunteers who received high-dose vaccine (4.5 x 10(8) cfu), lower-dose vaccine (5 x 1 ... | 2000 | 10678926 |
| vaccine efficacy of recombinant plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 in malaria-naive, -exposed, and/or -rechallenged aotus vociferans monkeys. | protection against a lethal challenge infection of plasmodium falciparum was elicited in malaria-naive aotus vociferans monkeys by vaccination with the c terminus 19-kda protein of the major merozoite surface protein (msp-1(19)) fused to tetanus toxoid universal t-cell epitopes p30 and p2. three of four monkeys were protected against a 10(4)-parasite challenge. four monkeys were challenged with 10(5) parasites; one self-cured the infection, two were protected against high parasitemia (<2%) but w ... | 2000 | 10678955 |
| cpg-dna activates in vivo t cell epitope presenting dendritic cells to trigger protective antiviral cytotoxic t cell responses. | mhc class i-restricted t cell epitopes lack immunogenicity unless aided by ifa or cfa. in an attempt to circumvent the known inflammatory side effects of ifa and cfa, we analyzed the ability of immunostimulatory cpg-dna to act as an adjuvant for mhc class i-restricted peptide epitopes. using the immunodominant cd8 t cell epitopes, siinfekl from ova or kavynfatm (gp33) from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein, we observed that cpg-dna conveyed immunogenicity to these epitopes leading ... | 2000 | 10679072 |
| oral administration of a dual analog of two myasthenogenic t cell epitopes down-regulates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. | myasthenia gravis (mg) and experimental autoimmune mg (eamg) are t cell-regulated, antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. the major autoantigen in mg is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr). two peptides, representing sequences of the human achr alpha-subunit, p195-212 and p259-271, were previously shown to be immunodominant t cell epitopes in mg patients as well as, respectively, in sjl and balb/c mice. a dual analog (termed lys-262-ala-207) composed of the tandemly arranged two single a ... | 2000 | 10681457 |
| interleukin 4-producing cd4 t cells arise from different precursors depending on the conditions of antigen exposure in vivo. | the precursor origin of t helper (th) cell subsets in vivo has been difficult to study and remains poorly investigated. we have previously shown that chronic administration of soluble protein antigen induces selective development of antigen-specific cd4 th2 cells in genetically predisposed mouse strains. to analyze the origin of effector t cells in this model, we designed a competitive polymerase chain reaction-based approach to track public bv-j rearrangement expressed by cd4 t cells specific f ... | 2000 | 10684860 |
| t cell receptor complementarity determining region 3 length analysis reveals the absence of a characteristic public t cell repertoire in neonatal tolerance. the response in the "tolerant" mouse within the residual repertoire is quantitatively similar but qualitatively different. | all adult balb/c mice immunized with hen egg white lysozyme (hel) or its dominant determinant, peptide (p)106-116, mount a t cell response using a "public" vbeta8.2jbeta1.5 t cell clone. neonatal exposure to tolerance-inducing doses of antigen can drastically diminish responsiveness in the draining lymph nodes but not in the spleens of animals challenged as adults with the cognate antigen. to determine the role of t cell deletion or anergy within the mechanisms of observed neonatal "tolerance," ... | 2000 | 10684861 |
| interleukin-8 levels in human lung epithelial cells are increased in response to coal fly ash and vary with the bioavailability of iron, as a function of particle size and source of coal. | particulate air pollution contains iron, and some of the pathological effects after inhalation may be due to radical species produced by iron-catalyzed reactions. we tested the hypothesis that iron present in coal fly ash (cfa) could induce the expression and synthesis of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (il-8). cfa, containing as much as 14% iron, was used as a model combustion source particle. three coal types were used to generate three size fractions enriched in particles [submicron ( ... | 2000 | 10688536 |
| histamine release from mast cells of eae rats by gi protein-dependent and ige-dependent pathways. | we investigated both gi protein-dependent and ige-dependent pathways that control release of histamine by pmcs derived from eae or complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) immunized rats. the number and histamine content of mcs per rat were the same between normal and eae rats. activation of gi pathway by substance p (sp), dsa, 48/80, and mastoparan resulted in a dose-dependent increase in release of histamine by pmcs in normal, eae-, and cfa-immunized rats. in eae and cfa rats, however, the induction w ... | 1999 | 10691296 |
| characterization and role in experimental systemic lupus erythematosus of t-cell lines specific to peptides based on complementarity-determining region-1 and complementarity-determining region-3 of a pathogenic anti-dna monoclonal antibody. | peptides based on the complementarity-determining region 1 (cdr1) and cdr3 of an anti-dna monoclonal antibody (mab) carrying the 16/6 idiotype (id) were shown to induce experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) in susceptible mouse strains. in the present study, t-cell lines specific to the pcdr1 and pcdr3 peptides were established in balb/c and in sjl mice, respectively. the t-cell lines were characterized and analysed for their pathogenicity upon administration to syngeneic mouse strains ... | 2000 | 10692045 |
| sex differences and phases of the estrous cycle alter the response of spinal cord dynorphin neurons to peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. | the neuromodulatory interactions of sex steroids with the opioid system may result in sex differences in pain and analgesia. dynorphin is an endogenous kappa-opioid peptide that is upregulated in an animal model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia and is possibly regulated by circulating levels of sex steroids. the present study compared behavioral responses of male, cycling female, and gonadectomized sprague-dawley rats in a model of persistent pain. cycling female rats were behaviorall ... | 2000 | 10692607 |
| complete freund's adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia: a human perception. | much of our current understanding about chronic pain and the mechanisms of nociception has been derived from animal models (bennett gj. animal models of neuropathic pain. in: gebhart, gf, hammond dl, jensen ts, editors. progress in pain research and management, vol. 2, proceedings of the 7th world congress of pain. seattle, wa: iasp press, 1994. pp. 495-510; dubner r, methods of assessing pain in animals. in: wall pd, melzack r, editors. textbook of pain, vol. 3. edinburgh: churchill livingstone ... | 2000 | 10692633 |