| [the trivalent polymer-subunit influenza vaccine grippol studied in a controlled epidemiological trial (1)]. | | 1996 | 9036650 |
| effect of influenza immunization on immunologic and virologic characteristics of pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | we evaluated the responses of hiv-infected children to a single dose of split-virus influenza vaccine and the relationship to viral load and other characteristics. | 1997 | 9041601 |
| influenza surveillance--united states, 1992-93 and 1993-94. | cdc conducts active surveillance annually from october through may on the emergence and spread of influenza virus variants and the impact of influenza-related morbidity and mortality. influenza activity is also monitored throughout the year by passive surveillance. | 1997 | 9043091 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1995 - 30 september 1996. | | 1997 | 9046864 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | influenza activity in the united states increased from mid-november through december 1996, peaked during december 22, 1996-january 4, 1997, and began to decline during january 5-18. laboratory-confirmed influenza type a and/or type b has been reported in all states this season. this report summarizes influenza surveillance data from september 29, 1996, through january 18, 1997. | 1997 | 9048843 |
| influenza update: influenza b virus now predominates in england and wales. | | 1997 | 9057339 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 1997-1998 season. | | 1997 | 9057482 |
| characterization of a second protein (cm2) encoded by rna segment 6 of influenza c virus. | the biochemical properties of a second protein (cm2) encoded by rna segment 6 of influenza c virus were investigated. three forms of cm2 with different electrophoretic mobilities (cm2(0), cm2a, and cm2b) were detected in infected cells by immunoprecipitation with antiserum to the glutathione s-transferase (gst)-cm2 fusion protein. treatment of infected cells with tunicamycin and digestion of immunoprecipitated proteins with endoglycosidase h or peptide-n-glycosidase f suggested that a mannose-ri ... | 1997 | 9060633 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | | 1997 | 9062315 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | influenza activity in the united states has continued to decline since mid-january 1997. the predominant viruses have been influenza type a (h3n2), although the proportion of influenza b isolates has increased since the week ending january 18. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states from september 29, 1996, through the week ending february 15, 1997. | 1997 | 9072677 |
| 1995-1996 influenza season: canadian laboratory diagnoses and strain characterization. | | 1996 | 9086630 |
| selection of influenza strains for 1997 vaccine. | | 1997 | 9087454 |
| evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for subtyping of currently circulating human type a influenza viruses. | the hemagglutinin subtype specificities of six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to influenza type a viruses were evaluated in a rapid culture assay by immunoperoxidase staining. confluent monolayers of mdck cells in multiwell plates were inoculated with (i) 23 reference viruses, (ii) 200 isolates collected during the influenza season 1995 to 1996, and (iii) 28 clinical specimens previously found to be influenza virus positive. after overnight incubation, the cells were fixed and stained with mabs iv ... | 1997 | 9114406 |
| do vpu and vpr of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and nb of influenza b virus have ion channel activities in the viral life cycles? | | 1997 | 9123850 |
| guanidinobenzoic acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase. | the active site of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) is formed by 11 universally conserved residues. a guanidino group incorporated into two unrelated na inhibitors was previously reported to occupy different negatively charged sites in the na active site, a new inhibitor containing two guanidino groups was synthesized in order to utilize both sites in an attempt to acquire a combined increase in affinity. the x-ray crystal structures of the complexes show that the expected increase in affinity ... | 1997 | 9126840 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1996-97 season, and composition of the 1997-98 influenza vaccine. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its international network of collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1996-97 influenza season and describes the composition of the 1997-98 influenza vaccine. | 1997 | 9132586 |
| response to influenza virus vaccination in vertical hiv infection. | to assess the antibody response to influenza vaccine of children vertically infected with hiv. | 1997 | 9135261 |
| typing and subtyping clinical isolates of influenza virus using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | influenza virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and the identification of the type or subtype of a clinical isolate has important clinical and epidemiological implications. | 1996 | 9137863 |
| national influenza surveillance 1996. | in 1996 data from laboratories, general practitioners and a national employer were combined to detect trends in influenza activity in australia. an epidemic of influenza a (h3n2) was recorded. little influenza b activity was noted throughout the winter months, however the number of laboratory reports of influenza b rose in the last quarter of the year. influenza activity was reflected in the consultation rates recorder by sentinel general practitioner reporting schemes. of particular note was th ... | 1997 | 9140101 |
| an outbreak of influenza b among workers on an oil rig. | an outbreak of influenza b occurred in december 1996 on an oil rig in darwin harbour. the outbreak affected 56% of the workers on the rig. an outbreak in december is outside the usual australian influenza season of june to september, but is consistent with other tropical regions, where outbreaks can occur throughout the year. influenza vaccination could prevent similar outbreaks in confined workplaces. | 1997 | 9140102 |
| cytokines and impaired cd8+ ctl activity among elderly persons and the enhancing effect of il-12. | we have previously demonstrated that about 70% of elderly persons exhibit deficient cytotoxic t lymphocyte (cd8+ ctl) responses against influenza viruses when compared to young persons. since ifn-gamma, a th1 cytokine and il-4, a th2 cytokine, stimulate and inhibit cd8+ ctl responses respectively, their role(s) in the age-related ctl deficiency was investigated. lymphocytes from young adults (34 +/- 5 years old) and elderly subjects (71 +/- 1 years old) were stimulated in vitro with influenza a/ ... | 1997 | 9147358 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | these recommendations update information concerning the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1997-98 influenza season (superseding mmwr 1996;45[no. rr-5]:1-24). the principal changes include information about a) the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1997-98, b) the vaccination of pregnant and breastfeeding women, and c) side effects and adverse reactions. | 1997 | 9148134 |
| [the prevention of influenza among the troops]. | peculiarities of modern influenza and other acute respiratory diseases in the units make medical service to execute epidemiologic supervision of these infections, especially in relation of newly formed collectives and troop contingency during there moving to other regions of the country. the medical service should apply agents of specific prophylaxis of influenza in groups of increased risk during threat of occurrence of an epidemic of influenza. it is necessary to contain a sufficient reserve o ... | 1997 | 9148573 |
| [the prophylactic efficacy of the trivalent polymer-subunit influenza vaccine grippol (3)]. | | 1997 | 9148581 |
| ribavirin therapy in bone marrow transplant recipients with viral respiratory tract infections. | treatment with ribavirin was instituted in 12 allogeneic and one autologous bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients with proven respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza b virus or parainfluenza virus infections. rsv was diagnosed in six cases, influenza b virus in four and parainfluenza virus in three patients. ribavirin was given orally or intravenously (15-20 mg/kg/day in three divided doses) and in nine cases with the addition of ribavirin inhalations (6 g/day). three patients required ve ... | 1997 | 9156264 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1996-97 season, and composition of the 1997-98 influenza vaccine. | | 1997 | 9169882 |
| [interaction of influenza virus matrix protein m1 with histones]. | | 1997 | 9173233 |
| protective responses in mice to vaccination with multiply administered cold-adapted influenza vaccine reassortants and wild-type viruses. | protective responses to influenza vaccine reassortants derived from the cold-adapted (ca) donor strains a/leningrad/134/17/57 and b/ussr/60/69 and wild-type epidemic viruses were studied in two strains of mice. preliminary experiments revealed that, when mixtures of three viruses were inoculated intranasally to mice with 50 microliters containing 10(6) eid50 per 200 microliters (10(5.4) eid50 per mouse), interference between strains did not occur. however, interference with the growth of the inf ... | 1997 | 9178466 |
| specification of receptor-binding phenotypes of influenza virus isolates from different hosts using synthetic sialylglycopolymers: non-egg-adapted human h1 and h3 influenza a and influenza b viruses share a common high binding affinity for 6'-sialyl(n-acetyllactosamine). | synthetic sialylglycoconjugates bearing 3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose, or 6'-sialyl(n-acetyllactosamine) moieties attached to the polyacrylic acid carrier (p-3-sl, p-6-sl, and p-6-sln, respectively) were prepared and tested for their ability to bind to influenza virus isolates from different hosts in a competitive solid phase assay. the virus panel included egg-grown avian and porcine strains, as well as human viruses isolated and propagated solely in mammalian (mdck) cells and their egg-ad ... | 1997 | 9191848 |
| myocarditis with influenza b infection. | | 1997 | 9194118 |
| influenza and influenza-like illness in general practice: drawing lessons for surveillance from a pilot study in paris, france. | there are two types of inflenza surveillance techniques: qualitative laboratory-based surveillance and quantitative medical practice-based surveillance. the former is of great importance in isolating new strains of the virus, which helps in the decision-making process concerning the composition of the vaccine, and the latter provides estimates of morbidity, mortality or economic impact as a result of infection from the influenza virus. rapid methods such as immunoflourescence (if) or immunocaptu ... | 1997 | 9196963 |
| a broad cytotoxic t lymphocyte response to influenza type b virus presented by multiple hla molecules. | the hla restriction and epitope specificity of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) involved in recovery from influenza type b infection have not been extensively characterized. here lymphocytes obtained from a healthy individual contained virus-specific ctl restricted by class i hla molecules, hla-a1, a2, b7 and b8, and the class ii hla molecules, hla-dr1 and dr3. four conserved viral epitopes were predicted from allele-specific motifs for peptides interacting with hla-b8 and hla-dr1. bulk ctl recogni ... | 1997 | 9199964 |
| chick embryo brain cultures enriched for neurons or astroglial cells support the replication of influenza a, b, and c viruses. | | 1997 | 9201507 |
| adjuvant activity of the heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli for oral administration of inactivated influenza virus vaccine. | alternative strategies for vaccination against influenza that elicit both systemic antibody and mucosal iga responses are needed to improve the efficacy in protection against infection. this study demonstrated that oral delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine with the heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli elicited the spectrum of humoral and cell-mediated responses in balb/c mice critical for the protection and recovery from influenza virus infection. coadministrat ... | 1997 | 9203656 |
| multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for surveillance of influenza a and b viruses in england and wales in 1995 and 1996. | multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for detection, typing, and subtyping of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza type a (h3n2 and h1n1) and type b viruses was developed and applied prospectively to virological surveillance of influenza in england in the 1995-1996 winter season. during this season both influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 viruses were circulating, although at different times. six hundred nineteen combined nose and throat swabs taken by general practitioners in sent ... | 1997 | 9230385 |
| epidemiology of influenza virus infections in children with acute respiratory infections in zambia. | a viral aetiological and epidemiological study of acute respiratory infections (ari) in children was carried out in lusaka, zambia between june 1993 and september 1995. a total of 3,760 throat swab specimens were collected for virus isolation from children under 5 years of age who had ari and were attending three health centres in lusaka. between june and november 1993, 52 cases of the influenza a/h3n2 viruses were isolated. between may and july 1994, 34 influenza b cases were isolated. in 1995, ... | 1997 | 9230973 |
| [an immunogenicity and reactogenicity study of a purified, inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine for parenteral administration prepared for the 1996-1997 season]. | | 1997 | 9235136 |
| influenza immunization. | | 1997 | 9236056 |
| myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure complicating influenza in a young adult. | | 1997 | 9236812 |
| selection of influenza a and b viruses for resistance to 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en in cell culture. | the reassortant influenza viruses, a/nws-g70c with n9 neuraminidase (na) and b/hk/8/73 (hg) with b/lee/40 na, were selected for resistance to 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en (4-gudana) by passaging the virus in stepwise increases in the concentration of 4-gudana. in the na of resistant viruses, the absolutely conserved glu 119, which lies in a pocket beneath the active site of the enzyme and interacts with the guanidinium moiety of 4-gudana, was changed to gly. the mutant na was >200-fold more resistant t ... | 1997 | 9240698 |
| [the anti-influenza immunity of workers subjected to exposure to chemical substances]. | the status of anti-influenza immunity in workers contacting with chemical substances having sensitizing properties was studied. workers immunized with trivalent anti-influenza vaccine were found to have no expected increase in antibody titers. these findings were indicative of inadequate response and the impairment of nonspecific protection in the immunized workers. such alterations of immune response make it necessary to carry out immunization with the control of immunological characteristics a ... | 1997 | 9245143 |
| sequestration of coenzyme a by the industrial surfactant, toximul mp8. a possible role in the inhibition of fatty-acid beta-oxidation in a surfactant/influenza b virus mouse model for acute hepatic encephalopathy. | we have investigated the mechanistic basis of our recent observation that exposing young mice to an industrial surfactant potentiates the inhibition of fatty-acid beta-oxidation that occurs with subsequent virus infection (murphy et al., biochim. biophys. acta 1315, 208-216, 1996). in our mouse model for acute hepatic encephalopathy (ahe), neonatal mice were painted on their abdomens from birth to postnatal day 12 with nontoxic amounts of the industrial surfactant, toximul mp8 (tox), and then in ... | 1997 | 9247094 |
| [prophylactic effect of black tea extract as gargle against influenza]. | we examined whether gargling with black tea prevents influenza infection. tests were carried out during a five month period (october 1992 to march 1993). the control group that followed their normal daily routine, whereas the test group that gargled with 0.5 w/v% black tea extract twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.). influenza viruses were isolated from influenza patients and an antigen analysis was carried out. as a result, two strains of influenza a viruses (h3n2) and ten strains of b virus wer ... | 1997 | 9248263 |
| [rapid detection of influenza virus a (ah1, ah3) and b by nested-polymerase chain reaction]. | we applied the nested-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus infection. we used three primer sets for detection of influenza virus a (ah1, ah3) and b. the primer sets for each type (ah1, ah3, b) was able to detect specifically each type of influenza. we measured the sensitivity for detection of vaccine strains. the pcr method was able to detect 0.9 pfu/assey of ah1 type, 1.0 pfu/assey of ah3 type and 1.8 pfu/assey of b type. out of 46 isolation negative but a ... | 1997 | 9248268 |
| different progress of mdck cell death after infection by two different influenza virus isolates. | the effect of influenza strains a (h3n2) and b, isolated during the seasons of 1994 and 1995 in the czech republic, on mdck cells was studied. various concentrations of virus and conditions of nutrition were used during the cell culture. the virus replication and consequently fragmentation of genomic dna together with cytotoxicity were investigated in the absence and presence of 10 per cent calf serum. virus replication, regardless of type a or b, caused earlier dna fragmentation in comparison t ... | 1997 | 9253160 |
| simultaneous influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in elderly individuals. | the study was performed to evaluate the effects of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines administered alone or in combination. 124 elderly subjects living in community were vaccinated either with influenza split vaccine or with pneumococcal 23-valent or with both vaccines at the same time in different sites. sera were tested for hemoagglutination inhibiting antibodies for influenza and for antibodies against 23-valent vaccine for streptococcus pneumoniae. no side effects were observed in the vacci ... | 1997 | 9258527 |
| antigenic analysis of influenza viruses isolated in thailand between 1991 and 1994. | we studied the epidemiology of influenza viruses in thailand by isolating them and comparing their antigenic features with those of japanese isolates. between 1991 and 1994, 32 strains were isolated from 186 throat swab specimens. twenty-one of the 32 isolates were of type a, subtype h3n2, and 11 strains were type b. it was suggested that the isolates of type a, subtype h3n2, drifted antigenically from a/beijing/352/89-like to a/kitakyusyu/159/93-like variants used as reference strains for compa ... | 1997 | 9258939 |
| antibody efficacy as a keen index to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness. | the efficacy of the influenza vaccine is often understimated, due to the dilution of the outcome by noninfluenzal illnesses. we thus explored the methodology to evaluate the effect of the inactivated influenza vaccine under the following strict conditions: an assessment of the effectiveness on clinical illness among healthy adults in a small-scale mixed epidemic during the 1991-1992 season. the vaccine antigens included were a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/beijing/352/89 (h3n2), and b/bangkok/163/90. ... | 1997 | 9261942 |
| prevalence of respiratory viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in sputum samples from unselected adult patients. | sputum samples from adult patients are routinely used for bacteriological tests, but not for the diagnosis of viral/mycoplasmal infections. we examined 511 sputum samples submitted for bacterial tests from patients at the royal adelaide hospital. each specimen was tested directly (and after six days of cell culture amplification) for antigens to influenza a and b, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and mycoplasma pneumoniae. respiratory viruses or m. pneumoni ... | 1997 | 9271022 |
| co-existence of hepatitis a and adult reye's syndrome. | reye's syndrome is most frequently seen in children but has also been described in adults. this syndrome is usually associated with ingestion of 5-aminosalicylates (asa) or infection with influenza a, influenza b, or varicella virus. a case of reye's syndrome in a 47 year old, previously healthy woman precipitated by ingestion of asa and acute hepatitis a virus infection is described. reye's syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of her clinical course, and the presence of hepatic microvesicular st ... | 1997 | 9274483 |
| the three subunits of the polymerase and the nucleoprotein of influenza b virus are the minimum set of viral proteins required for expression of a model rna template. | the genes encoding the nucleoprotein, pb1, pb2, and pa proteins of the influenza virus strain b/panamá/45/90 have been cloned under control of the t7 rna polymerase promoter of plasmid pgem-3. transfection of the recombinant plasmids obtained into mammalian cells, which had been infected with a vaccinia virus encoding the t7 rna polymerase, resulted in expression of the expected influenza b virus polypeptides. moreover, it is shown that coexpression of the four recombinant core proteins in cos-1 ... | 1997 | 9281500 |
| rescue of a viral gene from vero cells latently infected with influenza virus b/lee/40. | by growing vero cells infected with 5 pfu/cell of influenza virus b/lee/40, a latently infected culture was readily established (l/v cells). the cells continued to multiply stably, excreting a small amount of virus in the beginning, which sharply declined according to cell division to undetectable level by day 9. however, nucleotide sequences for all the 8 genes of b/lee/40 as well as their mrnas were amplified from l/v cells on day 50 or later by rt-pcr. moreover, from the 95-day-old l/v cells, ... | 1997 | 9299625 |
| efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. gg167 influenza study group. | the sialic acid analogue zanamivir (gg167) is a selective inhibitor of influenza a and b virus neuraminidases. these viral enzymes are essential for the release of virus from infected cells, and they may also reduce the inactivation of virus by respiratory secretions. when administered experimentally directly to the respiratory tract, zanamivir has potent antiviral effects. we assessed the therapeutic activity of zanamivir in adults with acute influenza. | 1997 | 9302301 |
| a new antiviral agent for influenza--is there a clinical niche? | | 1997 | 9302309 |
| [study of incorporation of highly-cleaved h7 hemagglutinin, expressed by a recombinant vector in virions of superinfecting influenza viruses]. | cv-1 cells were preinfected with h7-sv40 recombinant vector and superinfected with influenza viruses a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1), a/duck/czechoslovakia/56 (h4n6), or b/hongkong/73. a fraction of the yields of influenza a viruses was infectious without trypsin treatment due to the incorporation of cleaved h7 hemagglutinin into virions. the specificity of the effect was confirmed by neutralization of the infectivity with anti-h7 serum. at a low multiplicity of infection the incorporation of h7 hemagglutin ... | 1997 | 9304295 |
| [the immunoprophylaxis of influenza among elderly persons]. | during three seasons at the period of 1992-1996 immunization of elderly persons, living in homes for old people, against influenza with inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) was carried out. altogether 856 persons were immunized intranasally, 581 persons constituting the control group. for comparison, 4,825 healthy young adults aged 18-24 years were immunized under similar conditions. the study revealed that the intranasal immunization of elderly persons with iiv, made in two administrations, was ... | 1997 | 9304332 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, march-august 1997. | during the october 1996-march 1997 influenza epidemic season, influenza activity was moderate to severe in the northern hemisphere. in europe, japan, and north america, influenza a(h3n2) viruses predominated, but influenza b viruses were more commonly isolated by the end of the season. in contrast, in some countries in the world health organization (who) region of asia (e.g., china, iran, and israel), influenza b viruses were isolated more frequently than influenza a(h3n2) viruses. influenza a(h ... | 1997 | 9310214 |
| evolution of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza b virus was driven by both positive and negative selection pressures. | nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of twelve influenza b strains and their deduced amino acid sequences were extracted from the genbank and compared to those of early isolates. separate analyses of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions for the ha1 and ha2 regions individually indicate that the percentage of nonsynonymous substitutions in the ha1 ranges from 44.4-56.0% but in the ha2 from 0.0-6.5%. the results suggest that positive selection as well as negative selection pla ... | 1997 | 9311562 |
| [viruses precipitating asthmatic crises]. | study made with 45 patients in the allergy service of the instituto nacional de pediatría, with the purpose of analyzing the virus participation in the precipitation of asthmatic crisis in children who lived in the southeast of mexico city. the subjects were included in the study if they presented signs of atopy or infection of the superior air channels. pollen allergics, rhinosinusitis, smokers relatives and patients who own pets were excluded. in this population group, the participation of the ... | 1993 | 9312342 |
| the incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. | acute respiratory tract infections (rti) are known to worsen asthma particularly in children. there are few studies in adults assessing the incidence of rti in patients hospitalized with acute asthma. | 1997 | 9315789 |
| a practical approach to genetic screening for influenza virus variants. | this report describes a quick genetic approach to the screening of influenza virus variants. multiplex reverse transcription (mrt) and multiplex pcr (mpcr) were used to amplify and differentiate the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of different types and subtypes of influenza viruses. heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) was then used to differentiate strains within the same type and subtype. three primers complementary to the consensus 3' termini of viral genomic rna segments of human influenza virus type ... | 1997 | 9316919 |
| expression of influenza b virus hemagglutinin containing multibasic residue cleavage sites. | the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza b virus contains a single arginine residue at its cleavage site and the ha0 precursor is not cleaved to the ha1 and ha2 subunits by tissue culture cell-associated proteases. to investigate if an ha protein could be obtained that could be cleaved by an endogenous cellular protease, the cdna for ha of influenza b/md/59 virus was subjected to site-specific mutagenesis. three ha mutant proteins were constructed, through substitution or insertion of arginin ... | 1997 | 9325231 |
| painful small-fibre multifocal mononeuropathy and local myositis following influenza b infection. | a 47-year-old man experienced multifocal mononeuropathy and putative ganglionopathy associated with influenza b infection, characterized by aching and dysesthesia in the right arm and left leg with normal deep sense. he displayed muscle atrophy in the affected limbs, which might have resulted from local myositis or a disorder similar to neuralgic amyotrophy. sural nerve biopsy revealed a severe loss of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated fibres, consistent with a small fibre neuropathy, without e ... | 1997 | 9335019 |
| the cm2 protein of influenza c virus is an oligomeric integral membrane glycoprotein structurally analogous to influenza a virus m2 and influenza b virus nb proteins. | we have undertaken a characterization of the cm2 protein of influenza c virus. the cm2 coding region of rna segment 6 (nucleotides 731-1147) was cloned from two strains of influenza c virus and expressed using the vaccinia virus-bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase (vac-t7) system. an antiserum raised to a c-terminal peptide in the cm2 open reading frame recognized the cm2 protein in influenza c virus-infected cells and after vac-t7 expression of the cm2 open reading frame. cm2 is posttranslationally ... | 1997 | 9356355 |
| [the virological, epidemiological and clinical features of influenza a, b and c viruses]. | influenza epidemics that start abruptly and spread rapidly are caused by either influenza a or b virus. although well-defined outbreaks of influenza c have rarely been reported, influenza c virus has been shown to cause a mild upper respiratory illness in children as well as in adults. influenza a virus naturally infects several mammalian species including humans as well as a variety of avian species, whereas influenza b virus infects only humans. influenza c virus primarily infects humans but h ... | 1997 | 9360366 |
| [prevention and control of influenza infection in the elderly in japan--special emphasis on high risk group patients]. | these days, in the japanese society the aged group which involve the high risk group patients has grown rapidly. in japan, at present small epidemics of a hong kong (h3n2) and a soviet (h1n1) influenza have occurred and influenza b has concurrent infection. however asian type a (h2n2) virus disappeared since 1968. if asian strain appeared again, most people of less than thirty years old with high risk group patients would have severe infection. we are afraid of the appearance of the new type a v ... | 1997 | 9360368 |
| [influenza virus genome structure and encoded proteins]. | influenza a and b viruses each contain eight segments of ssrna, and influenza c virus contains seven segments of ssrna, with negative polarity. each rna segment encodes 1 or 2 proteins. the gene assignment for influenza a virus is as follows: rna segment 1 codes for pb2, 2 for pb1, 3 for pa, 4 for ha, 5 for np, 6 for na, 7 for m1 and m2, and 8 for ns1 and ns2. m and ns genes of influenza a virus, na, m, and ns genes of influenza b virus, and m and ns genes of influenza c virus encode two protein ... | 1997 | 9360369 |
| [structure and function of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses]. | the hemagglutinin(ha) of influenza virus is a major glycoprotein and plays a crucial role in the early stage of virus infection: ha is responsible for binding of the virus to cell surface receptors, and it mediates liberation of the viral genome into the cytoplasm through membrane fusion. the essential component of the receptor for influenza viruses has been considered to be the sialic acid. influenza a and b viruses recognize n-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas influenza c virus specifically recog ... | 1997 | 9360372 |
| [antigenic drift of type a and b influenza viruses]. | epidemics of influenza of the past 10 years were reviewed by integrating records from morbidity and mortality weekly reports of the united states and infectious agents surveillance reports in japan, as well as data of antigenic drift of epidemic strains. nucleotide-sequencing analyses of field isolates have shown characteristic amino acid substitutions in their hemagglutinin molecules, and phylogenetic analyses have indicated evolutionary relationships among the viruses. integration of informati ... | 1997 | 9360381 |
| influence of maternal infections with viral agents or toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy on fetal ige production. | the importance of maternal infections with toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus (cmv), parvovirus b19, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and influenza a and b on fetal ige synthesis was studied in 153 pregnant women. no case of specific igm activity or viral dna in cord blood, indicating a congenital infection, was found. from gestational week 15 to delivery, maternal igg-ab seroconversion to parvovirus b19, rsv, influenza a, or influenza b occurred in 47 women. at delivery, serologic signs of pa ... | 1997 | 9360748 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--worldwide, march-august 1997. | | 1997 | 9363956 |
| influenza vaccination. | the availability of influenza vaccines brings relief to high-risk categories. for trained and competent nurses this means carrying out an audit of high-risk people and ordering sufficient doses in the spring and summer, and then administering vaccines to this group in the autumn. | 1997 | 9370658 |
| probable post-influenza cerebellitis. | the nucleoprotein (np) gene of type b influenza virus was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of a patient presenting with ataxia due to cerebellitis. the csf was obtained 7 and 9 weeks after flu syndrome occurred, suggesting persistence of viral genes in the central nervous system (cns). although an unusually high serum hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titer against influenza virus b was noted, hi titers of the csf were not ele ... | 1997 | 9372341 |
| update: influenza activity -- united states, 1997-98 season. | cdc conducts surveillance for influenza viruses and related disease activity in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments. this report summarizes influenza surveillance data in the united states from september 28, 1997, through the week ending november 8, and describes two recent cruise ship outbreaks of influenza. the findings indicate that, during this period, influenza activity in the united states was low an ... | 1997 | 9385880 |
| effects of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamavir on otologic manifestations of experimental human influenza. | middle ear pressure (mep) abnormalities are frequently observed during influenza virus infection and may serve as surrogate markers for the risk of otitis media. mep abnormalities were evaluated in adult volunteers who were inoculated with influenza a/texas/36/91(h1n1) or b/yamagata/88 virus and given the antiviral zanamivir (gg167) intranasally as prophylaxis or early treatment in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. in the influenza a prophylaxis studies, 15% of 61 zanamivir re ... | 1997 | 9395349 |
| inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (sambucus nigra l.) during an outbreak of influenza b panama. | a standardized elderberry extract, sambucol (sam), reduced hemagglutination and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses type a/shangdong 9/93 (h3n2), a/beijing 32/92 (h3n2), a/texas 36/91 (h1n1), a/singapore 6/86 (h1n1), type b/panama 45/90, b/yamagata 16/88, b/ann arbor 1/86, and of animal strains from northern european swine and turkeys, a/sw/ger 2/81, a/tur/ger 3/91, and a/sw/ger 8533/91 in madin-darby canine kidney cells. a placebo-controlled, double blind study was carried out on a ... | 1995 | 9395631 |
| world-wide surveillance of influenza. | influenza epidemics and pandemics resulting in excess mortality are due to various influenza viruses, in which through the accumulation of mutations the structure changes. a world-wide surveillance has been set up for early detection of new influenza virus strains and of epidemics or pandemics resulting thereof. basing on such data the world health organisation (who) issues recommendations to public health authorities on the most efficient means for prevention. | 1997 | 9408972 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1997-98 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance in the united states from september 1 through december 12, 1997, which indicates that influenza activity is at typical levels for this time of year and that influenza a(h3n2) viruses hav ... | 1997 | 9414149 |
| outbreaks of influenza a and b in a highly immunized nursing home population. | large outbreaks of influenza a and b may occur in nursing homes despite high resident vaccination rates, even when the vaccine strain is matched to the circulating strain. this study reports the occurrence of separate influenza a and b outbreaks in a nursing home where more than 85% of residents were vaccinated. | 1997 | 9420587 |
| [monoclonal immunoenzyme test-system for evaluating secretory immunity to influenza a and b viruses]. | enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for measuring the titers of secretory iga in secretion from the upper respiratory airways (sura). russian ingredients are used. the conjugate includes monoclonal antibodies to heavy chains of human secretory iga. the sensitivity and specificity of the kit was tested with sura of normal subjects and patients with influenza. the initial level of specific secretory iga antibodies detected by the kit clearly correlated with defense from natural influenza ... | 1997 | 9424845 |
| the impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. | the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of recent influenza epidemics on mortality in the united states and to develop an index for comparing the severity of individual epidemics. | 1997 | 9431281 |
| [influenza and anti-influenza vaccination]. | | 1997 | 9441338 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1996 to june 1997. | this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza in england and wales during the winter of 1996/97. consultations for 'influenza and influenza-like illness' with sentinel general practitioners in england and wales began to increase towards the end of november and peaked at the start of january. in england, consultations for 'aggregated respiratory disease' (ard) began to increase a little earlier, perhaps as a result of increased respiratory syncytial virus activity ... | 1997 | 9447787 |
| influenza activity in england and wales. | | 1997 | 9447789 |
| [influenza vaccines--routine and recent vaccines]. | current influenza vaccines in use at present are predominantly inactivated virus vaccines. the vaccines currently in use are designated whole-virus vaccines, split virus vaccines or subunit vaccines. in europe, two new types of influenza vaccines have reached the commercial introduction. one is produced in italy and uses the new adjuvant mf59 to enhance the immune response. the other type is produced in switzerland and uses phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) liposomes as surface antigen carriers. | 1997 | 9454473 |
| [influenza surveillance in switzerland]. | the swiss sentinel network (ssn) has monitored influenza activity in switzerland since 1986. between 2600 and 6600 cases of influenza-like-illness (ili) are reported each influenza season by the 150-200 general practitioners, internists and paediatricians who voluntarily participate in the ssn. based on these figures, there are an estimated 100,000 to 230,000 cases of ili in switzerland each year during the main influenza-season (10 week-peak-periods). among patients over 60 years, 13% to 20% de ... | 1997 | 9454475 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1997-98 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance in the united states from september 28, 1997, to january 10, 1998, which indicates that influenza activity, predominantly attributable to influenza a(h3n2) viruses, increased from mid-de ... | 1998 | 9461052 |
| application of subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection and identification of influenza a and b viruses. | we established a rapid method for the identification of influenza a and b virus strains: the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) staining method with two subtype-specific murine monoclonal antibodies, c179 (h1 and h2 specific) and f49 (h3 specific), and an anti-influenza b virus rabbit polyclonal serum. the types and subtypes of 160 strains were examined, and 158 strains were identified to be the same by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test and the pap method. in contrast to the results by the ... | 1998 | 9466738 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1997-98 season. | | 1998 | 9480347 |
| immunogenicity of subunit trivalent influenza vaccine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | the aim of this study was to assess humoral response to influenza vaccine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 1998 | 9493808 |
| [immunoenzyme analysis of post-vaccination secretory immunity to influenza a and b viruses using a manufactured monoclonal immunoenzyme test system]. | the formation of postvaccinal secretory immunity to influenza a and b viruses was studied by a new monoclonal enzyme immunoassay test system for measuring specific secretory iga in young people vaccinated with live cold-adapted vaccines (lcav) intranasally and with inactivated commercial centrifuged influenza vaccine (iiv) parenterally, intranasally, and orally. secretory iga most intensively accumulated in subjects intranasally vaccinated with lcav, less so in subjects vaccinated with iiv intra ... | 1997 | 9499241 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial virus a and b and parainfluenzavirus 3 sequences in respiratory tracts of infants by a single pcr with primers targeted to the l-polymerase gene and differential hybridization. | a reverse transcription-pcr and hybridization-enzyme immunoassay (rt-pcr-eia) has been developed to identify the major agents of bronchiolitis in infants: respiratory syncytial viruses a and b (rsva and rsvb) and parainfluenzavirus 3 (piv3). two primer sets (p1-p2 and p1-p3) were selected in a conserved region of the polymerase l gene. in infected cell cultures, this method detected rsva (n = 14), rsvb (n = 13), and piv3 (n = 13), with the exclusion of piv1 (n = 4), piv2 (n = 3), measles virus ( ... | 1998 | 9508315 |
| gs4071 is a slow-binding inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase from both a and b strains. | the kinetics of inhibition of purified influenza neuraminidases from a/tokyo/3/67 and b/memphis/3/89 influenza viruses by (3r,4r,5s)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene- 1-carboxylic acid (gs4071) were investigated. progress curve experiments established that gs4071 is a time dependent inhibitor of both a and b strains of influenza neuraminidase. the apparent association and dissociation rate constants, as well as the overall ki values, were only modestly different for the two n ... | 1998 | 9514938 |
| i got a flu shot, so why did i still get the flu? | | 1998 | 9516374 |
| oral administration of a prodrug of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor gs 4071 protects mice and ferrets against influenza infection. | we have recently described gs 4071, a carbocyclic transition-state analog inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidase, which has potent inhibitory activity comparable to that of 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en (gg167; zanamivir) when tested against influenza a virus replication and neuraminidase activity in vitro. we now report that gs 4071 is active against several strains of influenza a and b viruses in vitro and that oral gs 4104, an ethyl ester prodrug which is converted to gs 4071 in vivo, is acti ... | 1998 | 9517945 |
| mechanisms involved in natural and experimental neuropathogenicity of influenza viruses: evidence and speculation. | | 1998 | 9521002 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 1998-1999 season. | | 1998 | 9523511 |
| dihydropyrancarboxamides related to zanamivir: a new series of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. 1. discovery, synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of 4-guanidino- and 4-amino-4h-pyran-6-carboxamides. | 4-amino- and 4-guanidino-4h-pyran-6-carboxamides 4 and 5 related to zanamivir (gg167) are a new class of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. structure--activity studies reveal that, in general, secondary amides are weak inhibitors of both influenza a and b viral sialidases. however, tertiary amides, which contain one or more small alkyl groups, show much greater inhibitory activity, particularly against the influenza a virus enzyme. the sialidase inhibitory activities of these compounds co ... | 1998 | 9526555 |
| dihydropyrancarboxamides related to zanamivir: a new series of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. 2. crystallographic and molecular modeling study of complexes of 4-amino-4h-pyran-6-carboxamides and sialidase from influenza virus types a and b. | the first paper in this series (see previous article) described structure-activity studies of carboxamide analogues of zanamivir binding to influenza virus sialidase types a and b and showed that inhibitory activity of these compounds was much greater against influenza a enzyme. to understand the large differences in affinities, a number of protein-ligand complexes have been investigated using crystallography and molecular dynamics. the crystallographic studies show that the binding of ligands c ... | 1998 | 9526556 |
| [influenza in the 1996/'97 season; vaccine composition for the 1997/'98 season]. | the first indication of flu activity in the netherlands in the 1996/'97 season was the isolation of an a/h3n2 influenza virus in week 48 of 1996. in subsequent weeks influenza viruses were isolated sporadically. the clinical influenza activity increased from week i of 1997 and reached its peak in week 4 of 1997. simultaneously with the increase of clinical influenza activity, an increasing number of influenza viruses were isolated. the epidemic had a relatively small extent. initially, a/h3n2 in ... | 1997 | 9545718 |