| take the monkey and run. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small, new world primate that is used extensively in biomedical and behavioral research. this short-lived primate, with its small body size, ease of handling, and docile temperament, has emerged as a valuable model for aging and neurodegenerative research. a growing body of research has indicated exercise, aerobic exercise especially, imparts beneficial effects to normal aging. understanding the mechanisms underlying these positive effects of exercis ... | 2015 | 25835199 |
| brain/minds: brain-mapping project in japan. | there is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the usa, europe, australia and china. in 2014, japan started a brain-mapping project called brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds). brain/minds aims to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain, and takes advantage of a unique non-human primate animal model, the common marmoset (callithr ... | 2015 | 25823872 |
| current models of the marmoset brain. | since the availability of the common marmoset monkey as a primate model in neuroscience research has recently increased, much effort has been made to develop a reliable guide of the brain structures of this species. in this article, we review the development of the marmoset brain atlas and discuss a newly developed brain model, which was reconstructed from histological sections under volume-rendering technology. this kind of brain model allows virtual sections to be constructed on any axis, with ... | 2015 | 25817023 |
| cognitive bias, hand preference and welfare of common marmosets. | common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have hand preferences for grasping pieces of food and holding them while eating and these are stable throughout adult life. we report here that left-handed marmosets have negative cognitive bias compared to right-handed marmosets. twelve marmosets were trained to expect a food reward from a bowl with a black lid and not from one with a white lid, or vice versa. in probe tests with ambiguous, grey-lidded bowls a left-handed group (n=7) were less likely to rem ... | 2015 | 25813746 |
| developmental expression patterns of chemokines cxcl11, cxcl12 and their receptor cxcr7 in testes of common marmoset and human. | the chemokine receptor cxcr7 interacts with the chemokines cxcl11 and cxcl12. during development, this ligand receptor system (c-x-c) provokes cell-type-specific responses in terms of migration, adhesion or ligand sequestration. it is active in zebrafish and rodents but no data are available for its presence or function in primate testes. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in monkeys to detect cxcl11, cxcl12 and cxcr7. at the protein level, cxcl12 and cxcr7 were local ... | 2015 | 25810367 |
| proteomic analysis of cerebellum in common marmoset exposed to methylmercury. | the cerebellum is known as the major target regions of methylmercury (mehg) toxicity, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood. we studied the effects of mehg exposure in the cerebellum of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using a shotgun proteomic approach with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. a total of 1000 common proteins were identified in all samples, and 102 proteins were significantly differentially expressed in the cerebellum of common marmoset with orally ... | 2015 | 25809596 |
| noninvasive genotyping of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by fingernail pcr. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is a useful model for medical studies. in this study, we report a convenient, reliable, and noninvasive procedure to genotype a living common marmoset by using fingernails. this method was used to successfully genotype dna by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pcr without prior purification, by using the kod fx pcr enzyme kit. additionally, there is no sample contamination from hematopoietic chimera derived from fu ... | 2015 | 25805040 |
| the serotonin 5-ht₁a receptor agonist tandospirone improves executive function in common marmosets. | previous pilot clinical studies have shown that the serotonin 5-ht1a receptor agonist tandospirone has beneficial effect on cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. in the present study, we evaluated the cognitive efficacy of tandospirone, given alone or in combination with the antipsychotic blonanserin, risperidone or haloperidol, on executive function in marmosets using the object retrieval with detour (ord) task. treatment with tandospirone alone at 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the numb ... | 2015 | 25804359 |
| non-viral generation of marmoset monkey ips cells by a six-factor-in-one-vector approach. | groundbreaking studies showed that differentiated somatic cells of mouse and human origin could be reverted to a stable pluripotent state by the ectopic expression of only four proteins. the resulting pluripotent cells, called induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells, could be an alternative to embryonic stem cells, which are under continuous ethical debate. hence, ips cell-derived functional cells such as neurons may become the key for an effective treatment of currently incurable degenerative dise ... | 2015 | 25785453 |
| an experimental model for exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization using the common marmoset. | this study aimed to establish an experimental exudative age-related macular degeneration (amd) model in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), which is a small new world monkey. choroidal neovascularization (cnv) was induced by laser irradiation on the left eye of each animal under anesthesia. eight laser spots were applied around the macular area using the image-guided laser system (532 nm) attached with micron iii at 650 mw-2,000 mw power. laser pulse duration and spot size were fixed at 10 ... | 2015 | 25760220 |
| analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets. | marmosets are diurnal new world monkeys that show sex-linked cone photopigment polymorphism, whereby all males and some females are dichromats ("red-green colorblind"), but most females show trichromatic color vision. here we asked whether trichromats express chromatic-specific circuitry in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn). the volume of parvocellular (p), magnocellular (m), and koniocellular (k) layers was calculated in nissl-stained sections from the lgn of adult marmosets (callithrix jacc ... | 2015 | 25753496 |
| isolation and identification of cultivable bifidobacterium spp. from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets (callithrix jacchus l.). | ninety-two bifidobacterial strains were obtained from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets, three known species bifidobacterium aesculapii, bifidobacterium callithricos and bifidobacterium reuteri and 4 novel putative bifidobacterial species were retrieved. the occurrence of bifidobacteria in non-human primate babies is described for the first time. | 2015 | 25746741 |
| purification and partial characterization of α1-proteinase inhibitor in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-pi) concentration has been to diagnose enteric protein loss in dogs and cats. chronic lymphocytic enteritis is commonly seen in the marmoset (callithrix jaccus) and is characterized by hypoalbuminemia. as a prelude to immunoassay development for detecting enteric protein loss, marmoset serum α1-pi was purified using immunoaffinity chromatography and ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography. partial characterization was performed by reducing gel electrophoresis ... | 2015 | 25745866 |
| common marmosets show social plasticity and group-level similarity in personality. | the social environment influences animal personality on evolutionary and immediate time scales. however, studies of animal personality rarely assess the effects of the social environment, particularly in species that live in stable groups with individualized relationships. we assessed personality experimentally in 17 individuals of the common marmoset, living in four groups. we found their personality to be considerably modified by the social environment. marmosets exhibited relatively high plas ... | 2015 | 25743581 |
| activation and deactivation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by cytochrome p450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the potential proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) induces parkinson-like syndromes in common marmosets, other primates, and humans. mptp is metabolically activated to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (mpdp(+) and mpp(+), respectively) by desaturation reactions. mptp is deactivated to 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (ptp) by n-demethylation and is also deactivated to mptp n-oxide. the roles of cytochrome p450 (p450) enz ... | 2015 | 25735838 |
| development of a modified artificial insemination technique combining penile vibration stimulation and the swim-up method in the common marmoset. | the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is used as a new world monkey species in biomedical studies because of its small body size and good reproduction in captivity. a modified artificial insemination technique was developed in this species to encourage breeding of lines carrying interesting genes and traits. fresh semen was collected by penile vibratory stimulation. medium containing highly motile sperm was inseminated into the uterus using a catheter. seven females were inseminated using fre ... | 2015 | 25732321 |
| hyperhexosemia-induced retinal vascular pathology in a novel primate model of diabetic retinopathy. | the paucity of animal models exhibiting full pathology of diabetic retinopathy (dr) has impeded understanding of the pathogenesis of dr and the development of therapeutic interventions. here, we investigated whether hyperhexosemic marmosets (callithrix jacchus) develop characteristic retinal vascular lesions including macular edema (me), a leading cause of vision loss in dr. marmosets maintained on 30% galactose (gal)-rich diet for 2 years were monitored for retinal vascular permeability, develo ... | 2015 | 25732190 |
| critical estradiol dose optimization for oocyte in vitro maturation in the common marmoset. | the aim of the present study was to critically evaluate the effect of different concentrations of estradiol (e2) during ivm of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) oocytes from antral follicles. the doses tested were 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/ml e2 (referred to as 0 e2, 0.1 e2, 1 e2, and 10 e2 groups). after a preincubation, the concentration of e2 in ivm drops under oil was approximately 20% of the amount added (0.02; 0.2 and 1.9 μg/ml, respectively) because of absorption into the oil. oocyte progres ... | 2015 | 25720580 |
| the marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. the marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth s ... | 2015 | 25683292 |
| prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset. | genetically modified mice have contributed much to studies in the life sciences. in some research fields, however, mouse models are insufficient for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of pathology or as disease models. often, genetically modified non-human primate (nhp) models are desired, as they are more similar to human physiology, morphology, and anatomy. recent progress in studies of the reproductive biology in nhps has enabled the introduction of exogenous genes into nhp genomes or the alt ... | 2015 | 25683291 |
| [morphological and functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the common marmoset]. | retinal ganglion cells are projecting neurons that send visual information from the retina to the brain. they generate different patterns of action potentials in response to different kinds of visual information. in the retinas of mammals such as mice or rabbits, there are functionally and morphologically diverse retinal ganglion cells. however, in the primate retina, midget and parasol cells are believed to be dominant, and show less diversity. in this study, we performed organotypic culture of ... | 2015 | 25681364 |
| development of a novel postnatal neurobehavioral scale for evaluation of common marmoset monkeys. | common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) monkeys when compared to rhesus macaques (macaca mullatta) present several advantages for disease modeling, especially transgenic initiatives, as they commonly give birth to twins, which increases sample size, have accelerated development and a shorter life span that facilitates the analysis of the onset of age-related diseases. yet, no tools are currently available to assess marmoset neurodevelopment during the initial first month of life. here we report the ... | 2015 | 25676438 |
| high emotional reactivity toward an experimenter affects participation, but not performance, in cognitive tests with common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | when testing primates with cognitive tasks, it is usually not considered that subjects differ markedly in terms of emotional reactivity toward the experimenter, which potentially affects a subject's cognitive performance. we addressed this issue in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a monkey species in which males tend to show stronger emotional reactivity in testing situations, whereas females have been reported to outperform males in cognitive tasks. in a two-phase experiment, we first qua ... | 2015 | 25636914 |
| gene expression ontogeny of spermatogenesis in the marmoset uncovers primate characteristics during testicular development. | mammalian spermatogenesis has been investigated extensively in rodents and a strictly controlled developmental process has been defined at cellular and molecular levels. in comparison, primate spermatogenesis has been far less well characterized. however, important differences between primate and rodent spermatogenesis are emerging so it is not always accurate to extrapolate findings in rodents to primate systems. here, we performed an extensive immunofluorescence study of spermatogenesis in neo ... | 2015 | 25624265 |
| functional mapping of face-selective regions in the extrastriate visual cortex of the marmoset. | the cerebral cortex of humans and macaques has specialized regions for processing faces and other visual stimulus categories. it is unknown whether a similar functional organization exists in new world monkeys, such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a species of growing interest as a primate model in neuroscience. to address this question, we measured selective neural responses in the brain of four awake marmosets trained to fix their gaze upon images of faces, bodies, objects, and co ... | 2015 | 25609630 |
| the spinal cord of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the marmoset spinal cord possesses all the characteristic features of a typical mammalian spinal cord, but with some interesting variation in the levels of origin of the limb nerves. in our study nissl and chat sections of the each segment of the spinal cord in two marmosets (ma5 and ma8), we found that the spinal cord can be functionally and anatomically divided into six regions: the prebrachial region (c1 to c3); the brachial region (c4 to c8) - segments supplying the upper limb; the post-brac ... | 2015 | 25575643 |
| the olfactory bulb and the number of its glomeruli in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the olfactory system has been well studied in mammals such as mice and rats. however, few studies have focused on characterizing this system in diurnal primates that rely on their sense of smell to a lesser extent due to their ecological environment. in the present study, we determined the histological organization of the olfactory bulb in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). we then constructed 3-dimensional models of the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, and estimated the number of glomeru ... | 2015 | 25573718 |
| positron emission tomography imaging of the social brain of common marmosets. | positron emission tomography (pet) is a molecular imaging modality that can visualize functional neurochemical processes throughout the brain in the living condition, and is useful in bridging the gap between experimental animals and humans. we applied pet to common marmosets to study the brain mechanisms underlying social behaviors. common marmosets are known for their high level of sociality within a cooperative breeding system, which is rare among non-human primates, and they could represent ... | 2015 | 25573717 |
| mini-atlas of the marmoset brain. | a mini-atlas of the brain is designed to help students and young researchers who are not familiar with neuroanatomy. in the mini-atlas, a limited number of important nuclei and fiber tracts are shown on a small number of brain sections from posterior end to the anterior end of the brain. the first mini-atlas was introduced for the rat brain (watson et al., 2010). here we present a mini-atlas of the common marmoset (callithrix jaccus), which is one of representative experimental primates for mode ... | 2015 | 25573716 |
| non-invasive blood pressure measurement: values, problems and applicability in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus, c. j.) is an established primate model in biomedical research and for human-related diseases. monitoring of cardiovascular parameters including blood pressure (bp) is important for the health surveillance of these experimental animals and the quantification of diseases or pharmaceutical substances influencing bp. measurement guidelines for c. j. do not exist yet; therefore, the present study was carried out to establish a practicable protocol based on rec ... | 2015 | 25552521 |
| high fat diet decreases beneficial effects of estrogen on serotonin-related gene expression in marmosets. | the administration of estradiol-17β (e) to animal models after loss of ovarian steroid production has many beneficial effects on neural functions, particularly in the serotonin system in nonhuman primates (nhps). e also has anorexic effects, although the mechanism of action is not well defined. in the us, obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and blame is partially directed at the western style diet, which is high in fat and sugar. this study examined the interaction of e and diet in surgica ... | 2015 | 25542371 |
| metabolome-wide association study of phenylalanine in plasma of common marmosets. | little systematic knowledge exists concerning the impacts of cumulative lifelong exposure, termed the exposome, on requirements for nutrients. phenylalanine (phe) is an essential dietary amino acid with an aromatic ring structure similar to endogenous metabolites, dietary compounds and environmental agents. excess plasma phe in genetic disease or nutritional deficiency of phe has adverse health consequences. in principle, structurally similar chemicals interfering with phe utilization could alte ... | 2015 | 25526869 |
| angular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | despite the importance that concepts of arboreal stability have in theories of primate locomotor evolution, we currently lack measures of balance performance during primate locomotion. we provide the first quantitative data on locomotor stability in an arboreal primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), predicting that primates should maximize arboreal stability by minimizing side-to-side angular momentum about the support (i.e., lsup ). if net lsup becomes excessive, the animal will be ... | 2015 | 25523444 |
| the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline enhances the anti-parkinsonian activity of low doses of dopamine agonists in mptp-treated common marmosets. | the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline, enhances anti-parkinsonian activity in patients with advanced parkinson׳s disease (pd) already treated with combinations of l-dopa and dopamine agonist drugs but who are still exhibiting prolonged 'off' periods. in contrast, the effects of istradefylline on motor function when administered in combination with low dose dopamine agonist therapy in early pd are unknown. we now investigate whether istradefylline administered with a threshold dos ... | 2015 | 25499739 |
| the cortical motor system of the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). | precise descriptions of the anatomical pathways that link different areas of the cerebral cortex are essential to the understanding of the sensorimotor and association processes that underlie human actions, and their impairment in pathological situations. many years of research in macaque monkeys have critically shaped how we currently think about cortical motor function in humans. however, it is important to obtain additional understanding about the homologies between cortical areas in human an ... | 2015 | 25498953 |
| internal capsule stroke in the common marmoset. | white matter (wm) impairment and motor deficit after stroke are directly related. however, wm injury mechanisms and their relation to motor disturbances are still poorly understood. in humans, the anterior choroidal artery (acha) irrigates the internal capsule (ic), and stroke to this region can induce isolated motor impairment. the goal of this study was to analyze whether acha occlusion can injure the ic in the marmoset monkey. the vascular distribution of the marmoset brain was examined by co ... | 2015 | 25453768 |
| comparative analysis of developmentally regulated expressions of gadd45a, gadd45b, and gadd45g in the mouse and marmoset cerebral cortex. | the cerebral cortex is an indispensable region that is involved in higher cognitive function in the mammalian brain, and is particularly evolved in the primate brain. it has been demonstrated that cortical areas are formed by both innate and activity-dependent mechanisms. however, it remains unknown what molecular changes induce cortical expansion and complexity during primate evolution. active dna methylation/demethylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that can modify gene expression via ... | 2015 | 25450958 |
| l-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization of motor activity in the mptp-treated common marmoset as a parkinson's disease model. | l-dopa is the gold standard for treatment of parkinson's disease (pd). however, the drug produces some serious side effects, including dyskinesia, which is characterized by repetitive involuntary movements-including chorea. in the present preclinical study using a nonhuman primate model, dyskinesia caused by repeated l-dopa administration was investigated in the context of behavioral sensitization by objectively quantifying motor activity in the common marmoset of pd model (the parkinsonian marm ... | 2014 | 25449794 |
| histopathological characterization of renal tubular and interstitial changes in 5/6 nephrectomized marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). | common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have become a useful animal model, particularly for development of biopharmaceuticals. while various renal failure models have been established in rodents, there is currently no acceptable model in marmosets. we analyzed the damaged renal tubules and tubulointerstitial changes (inflammation and fibrosis) of 5/6 nephrectomized (nx) common marmosets by histopathological/immunohistochemical methods, and compared these findings to those in 5/6 nx sd rats. in nx ... | 2015 | 25446802 |
| on-going elucidation of mechanisms of primate specific synaptic spine development using the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | recently, pathophysiology of human psychiatry originates from abnormal numbers of synapses/spines. there are generally two-types of development of spines from birth depending on species. one is, after birth, synaptogenesis occurs, and there is a clear peak of spines, and then rapidly pruning occurring, which are called "overshoot-type" of development of synapses/spines. primates including human belong to this type. in other type including rodents, even after a peak, general number of spines does ... | 2015 | 25433092 |
| behavioral adjustments by a small neotropical primate (callithrix jacchus) in a semiarid caatinga environment. | we provide the first information on the behavior of a small primate (callithrix jacchus) inhabiting a semiarid caatinga environment in northeastern brazil. we observed behavioral variations in response to temperature fluctuation throughout the day. due to the high temperatures, low precipitation, and resource scarcity in the caatinga, as well as the lack of physiological adaptations (e.g., a highly concentrated urine and a carotid rete to cool down the brain) of these primates, we expected that ... | 2014 | 25431785 |
| dense understory and absence of capuchin monkeys (sapajus xanthosternos) predict higher density of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in the brazilian northeast. | understanding the effects of habitat structure and other environmental variables on the density of a species can help define its habitat preferences and key ecological determinants of population parameters. the present study evaluated the effects of fragment size, the presence of a key predator/competitor, the yellow-breasted capuchin (sapajus xanthosternos), primary productivity, the abundance of bromeliads, and habitat structure on the population density of the common marmoset (callithrix jacc ... | 2015 | 25407393 |
| micromelic dysplasia-like syndrome in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | over several years, 0% to 5% of adolescent animals in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) showed severely bended arms and legs over several years. the animals showed no pain, discomfort, or altered behavior but were unable to stretch their distal limbs to their full extent. to characterize the lesion morphologically, the bones of 4 affected marmosets were compared macroscopically and radiographically with those of 6 unaffected animals. the deformities were characterized by ... | 2014 | 25402180 |
| congenital malformation of the vaginal orifice, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the following is a report on a congenital vaginal malformation, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). this anomaly was observed for the first time in an adult female in our research colony. there was no uterine and vaginal aplasia or atresia in her grossly normal genital tract. the plasma progesterone concentration suggested that the ovarian cycle had ceased. however, this may not be related to a functional anomaly, but rather to suppressed ovulation resulting from sub ... | 2015 | 25391536 |
| five-sixth nephrectomy in female common marmosets(callithrix jacchus) as a chronic renal failure model: -a longitudinal course of serum biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes-. | to assess the relevance and availability of subtotal nephrectomized common marmoset monkeys as a chronic renal failure (crf) model, we observed for 26 weeks the pathophysiological condition of female marmosets subjected to five-sixth surgical nephrectomy (5/6nx) by a two-step surgical method. the 5/6nx marmosets showed a significant increase in serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and cystatin-c immediately after 5/6nx surgery. these renal disorder parameters subsequently tended to decrease ... | 2014 | 25378803 |
| both parents respond equally to infant cues in the cooperatively breeding common marmoset, callithrix jacchus. | although there has been great interest in the evolutionary approach to cooperative breeding species, few studies actually directly compare fathers and mothers on their motivation to parent offspring. we tested the responsiveness of common marmoset mothers and fathers to vocal and olfactory cues from their own and other infants using a two-chamber test apparatus designed to evaluate responses in the absence of competition from other caregivers within the family. we tested parentally experienced m ... | 2014 | 25342858 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of white-tufted-ear marmoset, callithrix jacchus (primates: callitrichinae). | the white-tufted-ear marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that inhabits the coastal rainforests of eastern brazil. in the present work, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of white-tufted-ear marmoset for the first time. the total length of this mitogenome is 16,499 bp long, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, and 1 non-coding region (d-loop region). the gene organization and arrangement is identical to typical verteb ... | 2016 | 25329280 |
| nasal morphometry in marmosets: loss and redistribution of olfactory surface area. | the two major groups of primates differ in internal nasal anatomy. strepsirrhines (e.g., lemurs) have more numerous turbinals and recesses compared with haplorhines (e.g., monkeys). since detailed quantitative comparisons of nasal surface area (sa) have not been made, we measured mucosa in serially sectioned monkeys (callithrix jacchus, cebuella pygmaea). data were compared with previously published findings on the mouse lemur, microcebus murinus. the nasal airways were digitally reconstructed u ... | 2014 | 25312367 |
| susceptible period of socio-emotional development affected by constant exposure to daylight. | as a diurnal experimental primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has recently contributed to numerous kinds of studies of neurobiological psychiatry as an essential pre-clinical model. the marmoset matures sexually within one or two years after birth. thus, we can observe how the primate learns and develops psycho-cognitive functions through experiences in experimental environment for a much shorter period compared to that of humans. longer daylight exposure may affect psychological d ... | 2015 | 25305341 |
| reporting social behaviours of mixed-species troops formed by callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata (primate, callitrichidae). | in new world primates, mixed-species troops have been reported. here, we analysed the performance of affiliative and agonistic behaviours of callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata living in mixed groups. for this purpose, we recorded the interaction of the individuals from two groups located in bauru city, in the state of são paulo (brazil). our data show that in both groups, affiliative behaviours appeared more frequently than agonistic ones. we concluded that there is cohesion inside th ... | 2014 | 25296209 |
| complementary and dynamic type ii cadherin expression associated with development of the primate visual system. | the middle temporal visual area (mt, also known as v5) is a visual association area that is particularly evolved in the primate brain. the mt receives input from the primary visual area (v1), constitutes part of the dorsal visual pathway, and plays an essential role in processing motion. connections between the mt and v1 in the primate brain are formed after birth, and are related to the maturation of visual system. however, it remains to be determined what molecular mechanisms control the forma ... | 2014 | 25283545 |
| brain-mapping projects using the common marmoset. | globally, there is an increasing interest in brain-mapping projects, including the brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies (brain) initiative project in the usa, the human brain project (hbp) in europe, and the brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds) project in japan. these projects aim to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain. brain/minds is focused on stru ... | 2015 | 25264372 |
| analysis of bipolar and amacrine populations in marmoset retina. | about 15 parallel ganglion cell pathways transmit visual signals to the brain, but the interneuron (bipolar and amacrine) populations providing input to ganglion cells remain poorly understood in primate retina. we carried out a quantitative analysis of the inner nuclear layer in the retina of the marmoset (callithrix jacchus). vertical vibratome sections along the horizontal meridian were processed with immunohistochemical markers. image stacks were taken with a confocal microscope, and densiti ... | 2015 | 25262625 |
| encapsulating non-human primate multipotent stromal cells in alginate via high voltage for cell-based therapies and cryopreservation. | alginate cell-based therapy requires further development focused on clinical application. to assess engraftment, risk of mutations and therapeutic benefit studies should be performed in an appropriate non-human primate model, such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). in this work we encapsulated amnion derived multipotent stromal cells (mscs) from callithrix jacchus in defined size alginate beads using a high voltage technique. our results indicate that i) alginate-cell mixing procedure ... | 2014 | 25259731 |
| convergent evolution of vocal cooperation without convergent evolution of brain size. | one pragmatic underlying successful vocal communication is the ability to take turns. taking turns - a form of cooperation - facilitates the transmission of signals by reducing the amount of their overlap. this allows vocalizations to be better heard. until recently, non-human primates were not thought of as particularly cooperative, especially in the vocal domain. we recently demonstrated that common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate species, take turns when they exchang ... | 2014 | 25247613 |
| three-dimensional motion analysis of arm-reaching movements in healthy and hemispinalized common marmosets. | spinal cord injury (sci) is a devastating neurological injury. at present, pharmacological, regenerative, and rehabilitative approaches are widely studied as therapeutic interventions for motor recovery after sci. preclinical research has been performed on model animals with experimental sci, and those studies often evaluate hand and arm motor function using various indices, such as the success rate of the single pellet reaching test and the grip force. however, compensatory movement strategies, ... | 2014 | 25245335 |
| de novo assembly of the common marmoset transcriptome from nextgen mrna sequences. | nonhuman primates are important for both biomedical studies and understanding human evolution. although research in these areas has mostly focused on old world primates, such as the rhesus macaque, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new world primate, offers important advantages in comparison to other primates, such as an accelerated lifespan. to conduct next generation expression studies or to study primate evolution, a high quality annotation of the marmoset genome is required. the av ... | 2014 | 25243066 |
| primordial germ cell development in the marmoset monkey as revealed by pluripotency factor expression: suggestion of a novel model of embryonic germ cell translocation. | primordial germ cells (pgcs) are the embryonic progenitors of sperm and egg cells. mammalian pgcs are thought to actively migrate from the yolk sac endoderm over long distances across the embryo to reach the somatic genital ridges. the general principles of mammalian pgc development were discovered in mice. in contrast, little is known about pgc development in primates due to extremely limited access to primate embryos. here, we analyzed 12 well preserved marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) emb ... | 2015 | 25237007 |
| long-term fidelity of foraging techniques in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the formation of behavioral traditions has been considered as one of the main building blocks of culture. numerous studies on social learning in different animal species provide evidence for their capability of successful transmission of information. however, questions concerning the memory and maintenance of this information have received comparably little attention. after the innovation and initial spread of a novel behavior, the behavior should stabilize and be maintained over time. otherwise ... | 2015 | 25231356 |
| exchanging grooming, but not tolerance and aggression in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | in this study, we investigated the reciprocal exchanges of grooming, tolerance and reduced aggression in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a cooperatively breeding primate whose groups are typically characterized by uniformly high genetic relatedness and high interdependency between group members. both partner control and partner choice processes played a role in the reciprocal exchanges of grooming. in contrast, we did not find any evidence of reciprocity between grooming and tolerance ove ... | 2015 | 25230834 |
| experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in the common marmoset, a small-bodied neotropical primate, is a well-known and validated animal model for multiple sclerosis (ms). this model can be used for exploratory research, i.e., investigating the pathogenic mechanisms involved in ms, and applied research, testing the efficacy of new potential drugs.in this chapter, we will describe a method to induce eae in the marmoset. in addition, we will explain the most common immunological techniques ... | 2016 | 25208751 |
| vocalizations associated with anxiety and fear in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | vocalizations of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) were examined under experimental situations related to fear or anxiety. when marmosets were isolated in an unfamiliar environment, they frequently vocalized "tsik-egg" calls, which were the combination calls of 'tsik' followed by several 'egg'. tsik-egg calls were also observed after treatment with the anxiogenic drug fg-7142 (20mg/kg, sc). in contrast, when marmosets were exposed to predatory stimuli as fear-evoking situations, they frequent ... | 2014 | 25193318 |
| hybridization effects and genetic diversity of the common and black-tufted marmoset (callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata) mitochondrial control region. | hybridization is continually documented in primates, but effects of natural and anthropogenic hybridization on biodiversity are still unclear and differentiating between these contexts remains challenging in regards to primate evolution and conservation. here, we examine hybridization effects on the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region of callithrix marmosets, which provide a unique glimpse into interspecific mating under distinct anthropogenic and natural conditions. dna was sampled from 40 ... | 2014 | 25186076 |
| the h3 receptor agonist immepip does not affect l-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements in 6-ohda-lesioned rats. | the treatment of dyskinesia in parkinson׳s disease remains poor but h3 receptor agonists have been suggested as a novel pharmacological approach. we examined the effects of the h3 agonist, immepip, in 6-ohda-lesioned rats exhibiting aims (abnormal involuntary movements), a rat analogue of dyskinesia, in response to l-dopa compared to the known anti-dyskinetic agents amantadine, mk-801 and 8-ohdpat. we then attempted to extend these studies in to dyskinetic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyr ... | 2014 | 25160743 |
| infection with mers-cov causes lethal pneumonia in the common marmoset. | the availability of a robust disease model is essential for the development of countermeasures for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). while a rhesus macaque model of mers-cov has been established, the lack of uniform, severe disease in this model complicates the analysis of countermeasure studies. modeling of the interaction between the mers-cov spike glycoprotein and its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 predicted comparable interaction energies in common marmosets and human ... | 2014 | 25144235 |
| evaluation of ultrasonic vocalizations in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) as a potential indicator of welfare. | the vocal repertoire in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) has been assumed to consist not only of vocalizations audible to humans but also of ultrasonic vocalizations (usvs). the use of usvs to socially indicate distress has not been evaluated in this species, however. the authors analyzed the ultrasonic vocal repertoire of the common marmoset under normal housing conditions, under various experimental manipulations intended to elicit positive or negative emotional responses and during stres ... | 2014 | 25141062 |
| postnatal development of dendritic structure of layer iii pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of marmoset. | in the primate cerebral cortex, dendritic spines rapidly increase in number after birth up to infancy or mid-childhood, and then decrease towards adulthood. abnormalities in these processes accompany several psychiatric disorders. in this study, we examined developmental changes of basal dendrites and spines of layer iii pyramidal cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc) of the common marmoset. the mpfc consists of several areas with distinct features in layer organization, histochemistry, c ... | 2015 | 25064470 |
| testing efficacy of administration of the antiaging drug rapamycin in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset. | this report is the first description of dosing procedures, pharmacokinetics, biochemical action, and general tolerability of the antiaging drug rapamycin in the common marmoset, a small and short-lived monkey. eudragit-encapsulated rapamycin was given orally to trained marmosets in a short-term (3 weeks) and a long-term (14 months) study. circulating trough rapamycin levels (mean = 5.2 ng/ml; 1.93-10.73 ng/ml) achieved at roughly 1.0 mg/kg/day was comparable to those reported in studies of roden ... | 2015 | 25038772 |
| the common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution. | we report the whole-genome sequence of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). the 2.26-gb genome of a female marmoset was assembled using sanger read data (6×) and a whole-genome shotgun strategy. a first analysis has permitted comparison with the genomes of apes and old world monkeys and the identification of specific features that might contribute to the unique biology of this diminutive primate, including genetic changes that may influence body size, frequent twinning and chimerism. we obs ... | 2014 | 25038751 |
| male and female breeding strategies in a cooperative primate. | marmosets are cooperative breeders organized as extended family groups, but breeding is generally restricted to a single pair. breeding competition is fierce in female marmosets; males, on the other hand, show low levels of intragroup aggression. we investigated male and female breeding strategies and the resulting reproductive output in 9 wild groups. reproductive output, tenure of breeding animals, identification of the breeding system, breeding position replacements, migration and infanticide ... | 2014 | 25010563 |
| type ii collagen antibody response is enriched in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid joints and directed to the same major epitopes as in collagen induced arthritis in primates and mice. | antibodies towards type ii collagen (cii) are detected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and in non-human primates and rodents with collagen induced arthritis (cia). we have previously shown that antibodies specific for several cii-epitopes are pathogenic using monoclonal antibodies from arthritic mice, although the role of different anti-cii epitopes has not been investigated in detail in other species. we therefore performed an inter-species comparative study of the autoantibody respo ... | 2014 | 25005029 |
| allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-tumor effect of callithrix jacchus natural killer cells is dependent on nkp30 and b7-h6 interaction. | natural killer (nk) cells mount a fast and efficient immune response against tumor cells and are currently a major focus in the development of anti-cancer cell-based therapies. due to major differences between the murine and human nk cell receptor system, a non-human primate model would be helpful to evaluate the efficiency of nk-cell based therapies prior to clinical applications. in humans, b7-h6 has been shown to facilitate the elimination of lymphoma cells through the interaction with its re ... | 2014 | 25001651 |
| morphological changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging female marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in scn components. some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the scn of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. the effects of senescence on morphological aspects in scn are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. therefore, our aim was to per ... | 2014 | 24987675 |
| spontaneous glomerular mesangial lesions in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus): a benign non-progressive glomerulopathy. | common marmosets are known to develop an igm glomerulopathy, which has been linked with 'wasting marmoset' syndrome. this study investigated renal pathology in a colony of marmosets, with and without weight loss. | 2014 | 24980800 |
| qualitative de novo analysis of full length cdna and quantitative analysis of gene expression for common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) transcriptomes using parallel long-read technology and short-read sequencing. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a non-human primate that could prove useful as human pharmacokinetic and biomedical research models. the cytochromes p450 (p450s) are a superfamily of enzymes that have critical roles in drug metabolism and disposition via monooxygenation of a broad range of xenobiotics; however, information on some marmoset p450s is currently limited. therefore, identification and quantitative analysis of tissue-specific mrna transcripts, including those of p450s and ... | 2014 | 24977701 |
| individual differences in gambling proneness among rats and common marmosets: an automated choice task. | interest is rising for animal modeling of pathological gambling. using the operant probabilistic-delivery task (pdt), gambling proneness can be evaluated in laboratory animals. drawing a comparison with rats, this study evaluated the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using a pdt. by nose- or hand-poking, subjects learnt to prefer a large (lll, 5-6 pellets) over a small (ss, 1-2 pellets) reward and, subsequently, the probability of occurrence of large-reward delivery was decreased progressivel ... | 2014 | 24971360 |
| separation of somatic and germ cells is required to establish primate spermatogonial cultures. | can primate spermatogonial cultures be optimized by application of separation steps and well defined culture conditions? | 2014 | 24963164 |
| small rna profiling and characterization of pirna clusters in the adult testes of the common marmoset, a model primate. | small rnas mediate gene silencing by binding argonaute/piwi proteins to regulate target rnas. here, we describe small rna profiling of the adult testes of callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset. the most abundant class of small rnas in the adult testis was pirnas, although 353 novel mirnas but few endo-sirnas were also identified. marwi, a marmoset homolog of mouse miwi and a very abundant piwi in adult testes, associates with pirnas that show characteristics of mouse pachytene pirnas. as in ot ... | 2014 | 24914035 |
| the common marmoset as a model for the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. the more clinically concerning form of the disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (nash), is characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning degeneration. here we describe a naturally occurring syndrome in the common marmoset that recapitulates the pathologic findings associated with nafld/nash in humans. hepatomegaly determined to result from nafld was observed in 33 of 183 ma ... | 2015 | 24913270 |
| memory, transmission and persistence of alternative foraging techniques in wild common marmosets. | experimental studies on traditions in animals have focused almost entirely on the initial transmission phase in captive populations. we conducted an open diffusion field experiment with 13 groups of wild common marmosets, callithrix jacchus. seven groups contained individuals that were already familiar with the task ('push or pull' box) and thus served as potential models for naïve individuals. additionally, in four groups one individual was trained for one of the two possible techniques and in ... | 2014 | 24910466 |
| role of central serotonin in anticipation of rewarding and punishing outcomes: effects of selective amygdala or orbitofrontal 5-ht depletion. | understanding the role of serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht) in aversive processing has been hampered by the contradictory findings, across studies, of increased sensitivity to punishment in terms of subsequent response choice but decreased sensitivity to punishment-induced response suppression following gross depletion of central 5-ht. to address this apparent discrepancy, the present study determined whether both effects could be found in the same animals by performing localized 5-ht dep ... | 2015 | 24879752 |
| global gene expression analysis following spinal cord injury in non-human primates. | spinal cord injury (sci) is a devastating condition with no established treatment. to better understand the pathology and develop a treatment modality for sci, an understanding of the physiological changes following sci at the molecular level is essential. however, studies on sci have primarily used rodent models, and few studies have examined sci in non-human primates. in this study, we analyzed the temporal changes in gene expression patterns following sci in common marmosets (callithrix jacch ... | 2014 | 24873731 |
| developmental origins of pregnancy loss in the adult female common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). | the impact of the intrauterine environment on the developmental programming of adult female reproductive success is still poorly understood and potentially underestimated. litter size variation in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), allows us to model the effects of varying intrauterine environments (e.g. nutrient restriction, exposure to male womb-mates) on the risk of losing fetuses in adulthood. our previous work has characterized the fetuses of triplet pregna ... | 2014 | 24871614 |
| nkg2d functions as an activating receptor on natural killer cells in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the natural killer group 2 membrane d (nkg2d) receptor is an nk-activating receptor that plays an important role in host defense against tumors and viral infections. although the marmoset is an important and reliable animal model, especially for the study of human-specific viral infections, functional characterization of nkg2d on marmoset nk cells has not previously been conducted. in the present study, we investigated a subpopulation of marmoset nk cells that express nkg2d and exhibit cytolytic ... | 2014 | 24860119 |
| the neonatal marmoset monkey ovary is very primitive exhibiting many oogonia. | oogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as oct4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. in human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. as a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. the same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys ... | 2014 | 24840529 |
| long-term data on reproductive output and longevity in captive female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is widely used in biomedical research, with many housed for breeding purposes world-wide. significant variation in reproductive output among females has been found compared to other anthropoid primates. the present study explores this reproductive variation, focusing on potential predictors of dam longevity and litter size, as well as changes over time. back-record analysis was conducted, yielding litter information and reproductive summaries of 360 dams ... | 2014 | 24809989 |
| individual differences in behavioral and cardiovascular reactivity to emotive stimuli and their relationship to cognitive flexibility in a primate model of trait anxiety. | high trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. like the disorders themselves high trait anxiety has marked phenotypic variation at the level of symptomatology and neural circuits, suggesting that there may be different symptoms and distinct neural circuits associated with risk for these disorders. to address these issues, it is essential to develop reliable animal models of trait anxiety in a non-human primate whose brain bears structural and functional similarity ... | 2014 | 24795587 |
| human speech- and reading-related genes display partially overlapping expression patterns in the marmoset brain. | language is a characteristic feature of human communication. several familial language impairments have been identified, and candidate genes for language impairments already isolated. studies comparing expression patterns of these genes in human brain are necessary to further understanding of these genes. however, it is difficult to examine gene expression in human brain. in this study, we used a non-human primate (common marmoset; callithrix jacchus) as a biological model of the human brain to ... | 2014 | 24769279 |
| motor learning in common marmosets: vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation and its sensitivity to inhibitors of purkinje cell long-term depression. | adaptation of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (hvor) provides an experimental model for cerebellum-dependent motor learning. we developed an eye movement measuring system and a paradigm for induction of hvor adaptation for the common marmoset. the hvor gain in dark measured by 10° (peak-to-peak amplitude) and 0.11-0.5hz turntable oscillation was around unity. the gain-up and gain-down hvor adaptation was induced by 1h of sustained out-of-phase and in-phase 10°-0.33hz combined turntable-sc ... | 2014 | 24768746 |
| birth of healthy offspring following icsi in in vitro-matured common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) oocytes. | intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi), an important method used to treat male subfertility, is applied in the transgenic technology of sperm-mediated gene transfer. however, no study has described successful generation of offspring using icsi in the common marmoset, a small non-human primate used as a model for biomedical translational research. in this study, we investigated blastocyst development and the subsequent live offspring stages of marmoset oocytes matured in vitro and fertilized by ... | 2014 | 24751978 |
| antidromic latency of magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular (blue-on) geniculocortical relay cells in marmosets. | we studied the functional connectivity of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) with the primary visual cortex (v1) in anesthetized marmosets (callithrix jacchus). the lgn sends signals to v1 along parallel visual pathways called parvocellular (p), magnocellular (m), and koniocellular (k). to better understand how these pathways provide inputs to v1, we antidromically activated relay cells in the lgn by electrically stimulating v1 and measuring the conduction latencies of p (n = 7), m (n ... | 2014 | 24703370 |
| reprogramming non-human primate somatic cells into functional neuronal cells by defined factors. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate sharing many similarities with humans. recently developed technology for generating transgenic marmosets has opened new avenues for faithful recapitulation of human diseases, which could not be achieved in rodent models. however, the longer lifespan of common marmosets compared with rodents may result in an extended period for in vivo analysis of common marmoset disease models. therefore, establishing rapid and efficient techniques ... | 2014 | 24694048 |
| semen characteristics of captive common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): a comparison of a german with a brazilian colony. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is of interest for reproductive studies because of their high and variable fertility in captivity. however, to understand this variability, much basic information still needs to be gathered. this study is the first to characterize marmoset semen comparing a german and a brazilian colony. | 2014 | 24673563 |
| primate short-wavelength cones share molecular markers with rods. | macaca, callithrix jacchus marmoset monkey, pan troglodytes chimpanzee and human retinas were examined to define if short wavelength (s) cones share molecular markers with l&m cone or rod photoreceptors. s cones showed consistent differences in their immunohistochemical staining and expression levels compared to l&m cones for "rod" arrestin1 (s-antigen), "cone" arrestin4, cone alpha transducin, and calbindin. our data verify a similar pattern of expression in these primate retinas and provide cl ... | 2014 | 24664680 |
| analysis of essential pathways for self-renewal in common marmoset embryonic stem cells. | common marmoset (cm) is widely recognized as a useful non-human primate for disease modeling and preclinical studies. thus, embryonic stem cells (escs) derived from cm have potential as an appropriate cell source to test human regenerative medicine using human escs. cm escs have been established by us and other groups, and can be cultured in vitro. however, the growth factors and downstream pathways for self-renewal of cm escs are largely unknown. in this study, we found that basic fibroblast gr ... | 2014 | 24649403 |
| a modified light-dark box test for the common marmoset. | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has attracted extensive attention for use as a non-human primate model in biomedical research, especially in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. however, behavioral test methods are still limited in the field of marmoset research. the light-dark box is widely used for the evaluation of anxiety in rodents, but little is known about light-dark preference in marmosets. here, we modified the light-dark test to study this behavior. the modified apparatus ... | 2014 | 24638903 |
| identification of a pathway from the retina to koniocellular layer k1 in the lateral geniculate nucleus of marmoset. | three well characterized pathways in primate vision (midget-parvocellular, parasol-magnocellular, bistratified-koniocellular) have been traced from the first synapse in the retina, through the visual thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus, lgn), to the visual cortex. here we identify a pathway from the first synapse in the retina to koniocellular layer k1 in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). particle-mediated gene transfer of an expression plasmid for the postsynaptic density 95-green fluores ... | 2014 | 24623761 |
| oestradiol modulation of cognition in adult female marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) provides many advantages over traditional rodent and macaque species as a model for human ageing and may be very useful for studying the effects of sex steroids on cognitive and brain ageing. we present the first study examining the effects of oestrogens on cognitive function in female marmosets. adult monkeys (3-5 years of age) were trained to a specific learning criterion on a battery of cognitive tasks preoperatively (object discrimination, delayed res ... | 2014 | 24617856 |
| genomic sequence analysis of the mhc class i g/f segment in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world monkey that is used frequently as a model for various human diseases. however, detailed knowledge about the mhc is still lacking. in this study, we sequenced and annotated a total of 854 kb of the common marmoset mhc region that corresponds to the hla-a/g/f segment (caja-g/f) between the caja-g1 and rnf39 genes. the sequenced region contains 19 mhc class i genes, of which 14 are of the mhc-g (caja-g) type, and 5 are of the mhc-f (caja-f) ty ... | 2014 | 24600031 |
| polymeric nanoparticle formulation of octapeptide (np-op): in vitro release and in vivo effect in common marmosets, callithrix jacchus linn. | octapeptide (op)/fsh-receptor binding inhibitor-8 (frbi-8), is a synthetic peptide corresponding to n-terminal sequence of purified fraction of follicle stimulating hormone binding-inhibitor (fshbi), isolated earlier from human ovarian follicular-fluid. in order to avoid the repeated drug-administration, op-loaded, polymeric polylactide (pla) nanoparticle formulation (np-op), was developed using multiple-emulsion technique. this yielded an average particle size of 120 nm with 70% encapsulation-e ... | 2013 | 24579370 |