| the influence of infective dose on the virulence of a generalist pathogen in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and zebra fish (danio rerio). | pathogen density and genetic diversity fluctuate in the outside-host environment during and between epidemics, affecting disease emergence and the severity and probability of infections. although the importance of these factors for pathogen virulence and infection probability has been acknowledged, their interactive effects are not well understood. we studied how an infective dose in an environmentally transmitted opportunistic fish pathogen, flavobacterium columnare, affects its virulence both ... | 2015 | 26421435 |
| the use of phage fcl-2 as an alternative to chemotherapy against columnaris disease in aquaculture. | flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease in fish, causes millions of dollars of losses in the us channel catfish industry alone, not to mention aquaculture industry worldwide. novel methods are needed for the control and treatment of bacterial diseases in aquaculture to replace traditionally used chemotherapies. a potential solution could be the use of phages, i.e., bacterial viruses, host-specific and self-enriching particles that can be can easily distributed via wat ... | 2015 | 26347722 |
| rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) resistance to columnaris disease is heritable and favorably correlated with bacterial cold water disease resistance. | columnaris disease (cd), caused by flavobacterium columnare, is an emerging disease affecting rainbow trout aquaculture. objectives of this study were to 1) estimate heritability of cd resistance in a rainbow trout line (ars-fp-r) previously selected 4 generations for improved bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) resistance; 2) estimate genetic correlations among cd resistance, bcwd resistance, and growth to market bw; and 3) compare cd resistance among the ars-fp-r, ars-fp-s (selected 1 generati ... | 2015 | 26020176 |
| isolation of a novel aquatic birnavirus from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in australia. | in november 2010, a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hatchery in victoria reported increased mortality rates in diploid and triploid female fingerlings. live and moribund fish were submitted for laboratory investigation. all fish showed hyperpigmentation of the cranial half of the body. histological lesions were seen in all areas of skin examined despite the localised nature of the gross lesions. there was irregular hyperplasia and spongiosis, alternating with areas of thinning and architectu ... | 2015 | 25993886 |
| interactions of highly and low virulent flavobacterium columnare isolates with gill tissue in carp and rainbow trout. | the interactions of flavobacterium columnare isolates of different virulence with the gills of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) were investigated. both fish species were exposed to different high (hv) or low virulence (lv) isolates and sacrificed at seven predetermined times post-challenge. histopathological and ultrastructural examination of carp and rainbow trout inoculated with the hv-isolate disclosed bacterial invasion and concomitant destruction of ... | 2015 | 25889257 |
| gill infection model for columnaris disease in common carp and rainbow trout. | challenge models generating gill lesions typical for columnaris disease were developed for the fry of both common carp cyprinus carpio and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss by means of an immersion challenge and flavobacterium columnare field isolates were characterized regarding virulence. carp inoculated with highly virulent isolates revealed diffuse, whitish discoloration of the gills affecting all arches, while in trout mostly unilateral focal lesions, which were restricted to the first two ... | 2015 | 25488182 |
| reproducible challenge model to investigate the virulence of flavobacterium columnare genomovars in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | flavobacterium columnare is a gram-negative bacterium that causes columnaris disease and has significant economic impacts on aquaculture production worldwide. molecular analyses have demonstrated that there is genetic diversity among f. columnare isolates. a review of the published literature that used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16s rrna gene revealed that all isolates typed from salmonids were genomovar i. our objective was to develop a laboratory challenge model f ... | 2012 | 23135138 |
| different phenotypes of mature biofilm in flavobacterium psychrophilum share a potential for virulence that differs from planktonic state. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease and the rainbow trout fry syndrome in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. however, there have been few studies into the capacity of f. psychrophilum to form biofilms and how these cellular accretions differ from planktonic cells or how they affect potential virulence. we evaluated the biofilm formation by three chilean isolates of f. psychrophilum (lm-02-fp, lm-06-fp, and lm-13-fp) and two non-chilean strains (jip02 ... | 2017 | 28361040 |
| genetic and serological diversity of flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from salmonids in united kingdom. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is one of the most important bacterial pathogens affecting cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and is increasingly causing problems in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) hatcheries. little is known about the heterogeneity of f. psychrophilum isolates on uk salmonid farms. a total of 315 f. psychrophilum isolates, 293 of which were collected from 27 sites within the uk, were characterised using four genotyping methods and a serotyping scheme. a high strain dive ... | 2017 | 28284613 |
| dataset of proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) measured using a novel gexp multiplex, rt-pcr assay. | a gexp multiplex, rt-pcr assay was developed and optimized that simultaneously measures expression of a suite of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), concentrating on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 ligand/receptor systems and acute phase response genes. the dataset includes expression values for drpt, il11a, il1b1, il1b2, il1b3, il1r-like-1(e3-5), il1r-like-1(e9-11), il1r1-like-a, il1r1-like-b, il1r2, saa, tnfa1, tnfa2, tnfa3, tnfrsf1a, tnfrsf1a-like-a, tnfrsf1a ... | 2017 | 28239633 |
| in vivo adherence of flavobacterium psychrophilum to mucosal external surfaces of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. | the adherence of flavobacterium psychrophilum to surfaces of epithelial tissues has been inconclusively suggested as a mechanism, which enables the bacterium to invade the host. hence, the present study aimed to examine the adherence of the cells of two colony phenotypes, smooth and rough, of f. psychrophilum to mucosal tissues of rainbow trout fry and to test the skin mucus as a nutrient for the growth of f. psychrophilum. fish were immersed in water containing 10(6 ) cfu( ) ml(-1) f. psychroph ... | 2017 | 28188658 |
| proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression kinetics following challenge with flavobacterium psychrophilum in resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | flavobacterium psychrophilum (fp) is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) which causes appreciable economic losses in rainbow trout aquaculture. we previously reported development of a genetic line, designated ars-fp-r that exhibits higher survival relative to a susceptible line, designated ars-fp-s, following either laboratory or natural on-farm challenge. the objectives of this study were to determine the temporal kinetics of gene expression between experimentally-challen ... | 2016 | 27693200 |
| genetic diversity of flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from three oncorhynchus spp. in the united states, as revealed by multilocus sequence typing. | the use of a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) technique has identified the intraspecific genetic diversity of u.s. flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of salmonids worldwide. prior to this analysis, little u.s. f. psychrophilum genetic information was known; this is of importance when considering targeted control strategies, including vaccine development. herein, mlst was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 96 f. psychrophilum isolates recovered from rainbow trout (onco ... | 2016 | 27016570 |
| case report: strawberry disease in farmed chilean rainbow trout. | strawberry disease is a chronic, nonlethal skin condition that affects rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in the united states and several european countries, where it is also known as red-mark syndrome. we provide the first identification and characterization of three strawberry disease outbreaks occurring at two aquaculture farms in southern chile. clinically affected fish weighing an average of 400 g presented multiple bright-red, usually raised, skin lesions on the flank, ventral surface, and ... | 2016 | 26913369 |
| flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in salmonid broodstock and hatchery-propagated stocks of the great lakes basin. | bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd), caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum, threatens wild and propagated salmonids worldwide and leads to substantial economic losses. in addition to being horizontally transmitted, f. psychrophilum can be passed from infected parents to their progeny, furthering the negative impacts of this pathogen. in michigan, both feral and captive salmonid broodstocks are the gamete sources used in fishery propagation efforts. a 5-year study was initiated to follow the prev ... | 2015 | 26636411 |
| potential mechanisms of attenuation for rifampicin-passaged strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease in salmonids. earlier research showed that a rifampicin-passaged strain of f. psychrophilum (csf 259-93b.17) caused no disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) while inducing a protective immune response against challenge with the virulent csf 259-93 strain. we hypothesized that rifampicin passage leads to an accumulation of genomic mutations that, by chance, reduce virulence. to assess the pattern ... | 2015 | 26377311 |
| comparison of quantitative pcr and elisa for detection and quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum in salmonid broodstock. | a quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay was developed for flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease. the assay was targeted to fp1493 as it encodes a putative outer membrane protein (fp1493) that is reactive to the monoclonal antibody (mab fl43) used in a standardized f. psychrophilum capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the qpcr was specific to f. psychrophilum and was able to detect between 8 and 809000 copies of fp1493. to determine if antigen leve ... | 2015 | 26203885 |
| effect of hydrogen peroxide and/or flavobacterium psychrophilum on the gills of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the immune response and morphological changes in the gills of rainbow trout fry after immersion in hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), flavobacterium psychrophilum or combined exposure were examined. the gills were sampled 4, 48, 125 and 192 h after exposure, and the regulation of expression of the following genes was investigated using qpcr: igt, igm, cd8, cd4, mhc i, mhc ii, il-4/13a, tcr-β, il-10, il-1β, il-17, saa and foxp3. bacteria were not observed in haematoxylin-and-eosin-stained gill tissue, but ... | 2015 | 25830180 |
| systemic and mucosal immune response of rainbow trout to immunization with an attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccine strain by different routes. | teleosts possess three immunoglobulin (ig) heavy chain isotypes viz., igm, igt and igd and all three isotypes are reported in rainbow trout. the expression of these ig isotypes in response to different immunization routes was investigated and results provide a better understanding of the role these igs in different tissues. rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with an attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum strain, 259-93-b.17 grown under iron limiting conditions, by intraperitonea ... | 2015 | 25687393 |
| use of penicillin and streptomycin to reduce spread of bacterial coldwater disease i: antibiotics in sperm extenders. | bacterial coldwater disease caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum has led to the loss of significant numbers of hatchery-reared salmonids. the bacteria can be spread from parent to progeny within contaminated sperm and ovarian fluid. methods for disinfecting ovarian fluid and unfertilized eggs are available, but methods for disinfecting sperm have not been described. in this study we determined whether sperm extenders containing a mixture of penicillin and streptomycin can be used to eliminate ... | 2015 | 25581335 |
| use of penicillin and streptomycin to reduce spread of bacterial coldwater disease ii: efficacy of using antibiotics in diluents and during water hardening. | bacterial coldwater disease, caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum, has lead to the loss of significant numbers of hatchery-reared salmonids. the bacteria can be spread from parent to progeny within contaminated sperm and ovarian fluid and can enter the egg during fertilization. the addition of antibiotics to diluents and water-hardening solutions could prevent the spread of the disease. in separate trials, a mixture of 0.197 mg/ml penicillin plus 0.313 mg/ml streptomycin was added to both a 0. ... | 2015 | 25581260 |
| association mapping of disease resistance traits in rainbow trout using restriction site associated dna sequencing. | recent advances in genotyping-by-sequencing have enabled genome-wide association studies in nonmodel species including those in aquaculture programs. as with other aquaculture species, rainbow trout and steelhead (oncorhynchus mykiss) are susceptible to disease and outbreaks can lead to significant losses. fish culturists have therefore been pursuing strategies to prevent losses to common pathogens such as flavobacterium psychrophilum (the etiological agent for bacterial cold water disease [cwd] ... | 2014 | 25354781 |
| florfenicol residues in rainbow trout after oral dosing in recirculating and flow-through culture systems. | aquaflor is a feed premix for fish containing the broad spectrum antibacterial agent florfenicol (ffc) incorporated at a ratio of 50% (w/w). to enhance the effectiveness of ffc for salmonids infected with certain isolates of flavobacterium psychrophilum causing cold water disease, the ffc dose must be increased from the standard 10 mg·kg⁻¹ body weight (bw)·d⁻¹ for 10 consecutive days. a residue depletion study was conducted to determine whether ffc residues remaining in the fillet tissue after t ... | 2014 | 25321636 |
| biochemical reference intervals and pathophysiological changes in flavobacterium psychrophilum-resistant and -susceptible rainbow trout lines. | host genetic resistance against disease-causing pathogens can be enhanced through family-based selective breeding. at present, there is an incomplete understanding of how artificial selection of fish alters host physiology and response following pathogen exposure. we previously reported the generation of selectively-bred rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss lines with either increased resistance (ars-fp-r) or susceptibility (ars-fp-s) to bacterial cold water disease (bcwd). this study (1) determine ... | 2014 | 25320036 |
| microencapsulation of a putative probiotic enterobacter species, c6-6, to protect rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), against bacterial coldwater disease. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd), which has a major impact on salmonid aquaculture globally. an enterobacter species, c6-6, isolated from the gut of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), has been identified as a potential probiotic species providing protection against bcwd. this study examined the effects of alginate microencapsulation on the protective efficacy of c6-6 against bcwd in vivo when administered to rainbow trout fry or ... | 2016 | 25272249 |
| complete genome sequence of flavobacterium psychrophilum strain csf259-93, used to select rainbow trout for increased genetic resistance against bacterial cold water disease. | the genome sequence of flavobacterium psychrophilum strain csf259-93, isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), consists of a single circular genome of 2,900,735 bp and 2,701 predicted open reading frames (orfs). strain csf259-93 has been used to select a line of rainbow trout with increased genetic resistance against bacterial cold water disease. | 2014 | 25237017 |
| histopathologic changes in disease-resistant-line and disease-susceptible-line juvenile rainbow trout experimentally infected with flavobacterium psychrophilum. | abstract a challenge to selectively breeding fish populations for improved disease resistance in aquaculture is an incomplete understanding of how artificial selection affects innate immunity at the host-pathogen level. the objective of this study was to determine whether rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss bred for differential susceptibility to bacterial cold-water disease exhibited altered tissue damage and cellular inflammatory response following experimental challenge with flavobacterium psyc ... | 2014 | 25229490 |
| comparison of the susceptibility of four rainbow trout strains to cold-water disease. | abstract susceptibility to cold-water disease was compared among four strains of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss: arlee strain from ennis national fish hatchery, montana (al-en), the arlee strain from jocko river hatchery, montana (al-jr), a cold-water disease-resistant strain (wv), and the harrison-hofer strain (hh). bacterial challenges were either by bath or intraperitoneal injection (50 μl of 0.65 optical density). each strain was exposed at 75 d after hatch to either the csf 259-93 (idaho ... | 2014 | 25229487 |
| purified deoxynivalenol or feed restriction reduces mortality in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with experimental bacterial coldwater disease but biologically relevant concentrations of deoxynivalenol do not impair the growth of flavobacterium psychrophilum. | diets containing deoxynivalenol (don) were fed to rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) for 4 weeks followed by experimental infection (intraperitoneal) with flavobacterium psychrophilum (4.1 × 10(6) colony-forming units [cfu] ml(-1) ). mortality of rainbow trout fed either 6.4 mg kg(-1) don or trout pair-fed the control diet was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in comparison with trout fed the control diet to apparent satiation (<0.1 mg kg(-1) don). in a second experiment, trout were fed ... | 2015 | 25160820 |
| investigation of the link between broodstock infection, vertical transmission, and prevalence of flavobacterium psychrophilum in eggs and progeny of rainbow trout and coho salmon. | the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd), flavobacterium psychrophilum, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. outbreaks of bcwd can result in significant losses in salmonid aquaculture. reduction of outbreaks in fry may be possible through implementation of a management strategy in which progeny of heavily infected broodstock are culled from the general population. diagnostic assays to quantify f. psychrophilum concentrations in tissue samples and confirm presen ... | 2014 | 24895859 |
| evaluation of the immune response in rainbow trout fry, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), after waterborne exposure to flavobacterium psychrophilum and/or hydrogen peroxide. | the immune response in rainbow trout fry against flavobacterium psychrophilum was elucidated using an immersion-based challenge with or without prior exposure to hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). samples were taken from the head kidney 4, 48, 125 and 192 h after immersion, and the regulation of several genes was examined. bacterial load was assessed based on the presence of 16s rrna and correlated with gene expression, and the levels of specific antibodies in the blood were measured 50 days post-infecti ... | 2015 | 24547972 |
| acute mortality, bacterial load, and pathology of select lines of adult rainbow trout challenged with weissella sp. nc36. | a challenge for improving disease resistance in fish through genetics is to understand specificity of resistance and whether selection for one pathogen alters the response to unrelated pathogenic microorganisms. adult rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss that had been bred for differential susceptibility to flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) and designated ars-fp-r (resistant), ars-fp-s (susceptible), and ars-fp-c (control line), as well as a po ... | 2013 | 24341763 |
| detection of qtl in rainbow trout affecting survival when challenged with flavobacterium psychrophilum. | bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) causes significant economic loss in salmonid aquaculture. we previously detected genetic variation in survival following challenge with flavobacterium psychrophilum (fp), the causative agent of bcwd in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a family-based selection program to improve resistance was initiated in 2005 at the usda national center for cool and cold water aquaculture. select crosses were made in 2007 and 2009 to evaluate family-based disease survival ... | 2014 | 24241385 |
| molecular epidemiology of flavobacterium psychrophilum from swiss fish farms. | bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum are 2 of the major diseases causing high fish mortality in salmonid fish farms. the molecular epidemiology of f. psychrophilum is still largely unknown. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) has been previously used for this pathogen and underscored a correlation between clonal complexes and host fish species. here we used mlst to study the relationships among 112 f. psychrophilum isolate ... | 2013 | 23999704 |
| enhanced efficacy of an attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum strain cultured under iron-limited conditions. | an attenuated strain of flavobacterium psychrophilum (csf259-93b.17) has shown potential as a vaccine for prevention of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd) in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). because bcwd outbreaks can result in high mortality in other salmonid species, specifically coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum), the live-attenuated strain was tested as a vaccine in this species. additionally, we hypothesized that culture of the vaccine strain under iron-limited conditi ... | 2013 | 23989039 |
| toxicity of copper sulfate to flavobacterium psychrophilum and rainbow trout eggs. | tests were conducted to determine the concentrations of copper sulfate needed to kill flavobacterium psychrophilum, the cause of bacterial coldwater disease, either in vitro or on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs. for the in vitro test, a plastic strip dipped in a solution of f. psychrophilum was exposed for 15 min to copper sulfate solutions of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, or 100 mg/l. bacteria were "too numerous to count" at concentrations ≤10 mg/l cuso4; significant reductions in preval ... | 2013 | 23697629 |
| intramuscular challenge of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with two norwegian field strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum. | in recent years there has been an increasing occurrence of flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in farmed salmonids in norway. the current study describes two field isolates of f. psychrophilum collected from farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings and post smolts in norway. virulence of the two isolates was tested in vivo by intramuscular (im) and/or intraperitoneal (ip) challenge of disease free, un-vaccinated rainbow trout. the isolates were concluded to be highly virulent c ... | 2013 | 23664916 |
| effect of hydrogen peroxide on immersion challenge of rainbow trout fry with flavobacterium psychrophilum. | an experimental model for immersion challenge of rainbow trout fry (oncorhynchus mykiss) with flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease was established in the present study. although injection-based infection models are reliable and produce high levels of mortality attempts to establish a reproducible immersion model have been less successful. various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂) were evaluated before being used ... | 2013 | 23646130 |
| structure of flavobacterium psychrophilum populations infecting farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss . | flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss suffering from bacterial cold-water disease (bcwd) can dissociate into 2 morphological colony types, rough (r) and smooth (s). however, the presence of the 2 morphotypes in disease outbreaks has not yet been investigated thoroughly. we examined the occurrence of r and s morphotypes in rainbow trout from bcwd outbreaks and in unfertilized eggs from a hatchery. the isolated colony types were characterized by pulsed field ... | 2013 | 23548361 |
| efficacy of a divalent and a multivalent water-in-oil formulated vaccine against a highly virulent strain of flavobacterium psychrophilum after intramuscular challenge of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | flavobacterium psychrophilum is a well-known pathogen causing significant problems in aquaculture worldwide. in recent years an increasing number of disease outbreaks caused by f. psychrophilum has been reported on juvenile and post smolts of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in norway. the current study was performed to assess the efficacy of two autogenous water-in-oil formulated vaccines containing whole cell antigens of f. psychrophilum to induce protective immunity against challenge. the ... | 2013 | 23352330 |
| control of flavobacterium psychrophilum: tests of erythromycin, streptomycin, osmotic and thermal shocks, and rapid ph change. | flavobacterium psychrophilum, the etiological agent that causes bacterial coldwater disease, has been implicated in significant reductions in the numbers of salmonids reared at fish hatcheries. in this study, we performed a series of in vitro experiments to test the effectiveness of rapid temperature, ph, and osmotic pressure changes in killing three strains of the bacterium. we also evaluated the effectiveness of antibiotics (erythromycin, streptomycin, and a penicillin-streptomycin mixture) ag ... | 2013 | 23241009 |
| a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification and quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum and application to disease resistance studies in selectively bred rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | rapid detection and quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) in rainbow trout, are crucial to disease surveillance and encompass an essential component of bcwd research. real-time, or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays that have previously targeted the 16s rrna gene of f. psychrophilum are complicated by polymorphisms and off-target amplification. insignia primer and probe development software were used to identi ... | 2013 | 23227879 |
| in vitro opsonin-independent interactions between cells of smooth and rough phenotypes of flavobacterium psychrophilum and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages. | the cytotoxic activity of smooth and rough phenotypic cells of the fish pathogenic gram-negative bacterium flavobacterium psychrophilum to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages was investigated in vitro. the cytotoxicity to macrophages was significantly higher for rough cells compared with the smooth cells. the cytotoxic activity increased for both cell types with increasing temperature and the cells retained their cytotoxic nature after metabolical inactivation by heat, su ... | 2012 | 23010225 |
| isolation of bacterial probiotic candidates from the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and screening for inhibitory activity against flavobacterium psychrophilum. | in this study, 318 bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal (gi) tracts of 29 rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). these bacteria were screened in vitro for their ability to inhibit growth of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of coldwater disease. bacteria observed to inhibit f. psychrophilum growth were further screened against rainbow trout bile, as an indicator of their ability to survive in the gi tract. this screening resulted in narrowing the pool ... | 2012 | 22913277 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome. in this study, we compared a wild-type strain (csf 259-93) with a rifampicin-resistant strain and virulence-attenuated strain of f. psychrophilum (csf 259-93b.17). the attenuated strain harboured a mutation in the rpob gene consistent with resistance to rifampicin. two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2d-page) and mass spectrometry demonstrated an altered proteome wi ... | 2012 | 22607560 |
| pseudomonas m162 confers protection against rainbow trout fry syndrome by stimulating immunity. | to evaluate the antagonistic effect of pseudomonas m162 against flavobacterium psychrophilum. | 2012 | 22548608 |
| modulation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal immune gene expression following bacterial challenge. | the mucosal immune systems of fishes are still poorly understood, and defined models for studying natural host-pathogen interactions are lacking. the objective of this study was to evaluate different challenge models and pathogens to examine the magnitude of change in intestinal immune gene expression. rainbow trout were exposed by immersion to yersinia ruckeri or by intraperitoneal injection with flavobacterium psychrophilum. at 3, 9, or 10 days post-challenge, pathogen load was quantified by p ... | 2012 | 22341800 |
| fish viruses make dsrna in fish cells: characterization of dsrna production in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cells infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, chum salmon reovirus and frog virus 3. | | 2016 | 26775727 |
| use of cell lines and primary cultures to explore the capacity of rainbow trout to be a host for frog virus 3 (fv3). | the capacity of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, to be a host for frog virus 3 (fv3) was evaluated at the cellular level. cell cultures from this species were tested for their ability to express fv3 major capsid protein (mcp) gene, to develop cytopathic effect (cpe), and to produce fv3. after fv3 addition, mcp transcripts were detected in six of six cell lines and in primary macrophage cultures. cpe developed in all cell culture systems, except primary lymphocytes. for the macrophage cell lin ... | 2015 | 25948044 |
| evaluation of the antifungal activity of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils on saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. | the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and assess the capability of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils in treating saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow (oncorhynchus mykiss) trout eggs. a total of 150 infected eggs were collected and plated on glucose-pepton agar at 24°c for 2 weeks. the antifungal assay of essential oils against s. parasitica was determined by a macrodilution broth technique. the eggs were treated with essential oils ... | 2012 | 22690761 |
| modes of transmission of glugea plecoglossi (microspora) via the skin and digestive tract in an experimental infection model using rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | glugea plecoglossi (microspora) is a significant cause of economic loss in cultured ayu, plecoglossus altivelis, in japan, due to the unsightly appearance of infected fish harbouring xenomas in the body cavity. modes of transmission of g. plecoglossi via the skin and digestive tract were studied in an experimental infection model using rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. combined with uvitex 2b and in situ hybridization (ish) assays, the early development of g. plecoglossi was successfully trace ... | 2004 | 15291785 |
| comparative analyses within gyrodactylus (platyhelminthes: monogenea) mitochondrial genomes and conserved polymerase chain reaction primers for gyrodactylid mitochondrial dna. | in this study, we describe the complete mitochondrial genomes of gyrodactylus brachymystacis and gyrodactylus parvae infecting rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the invasive topmouth gudgeon (pseudorasbora parva), respectively. the two circular genomes have a common genome organization found in other gyrodactylus species. comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes from six gyrodactylus species were carried out to determine base composition, codon usage, transfer rna and ribosomal rna ge ... | 2017 | 27502106 |
| reconstructing mitochondrial genomes directly from genomic next-generation sequencing reads--a baiting and iterative mapping approach. | we present an in silico approach for the reconstruction of complete mitochondrial genomes of non-model organisms directly from next-generation sequencing (ngs) data-mitochondrial baiting and iterative mapping (mitobim). the method is straightforward even if only (i) distantly related mitochondrial genomes or (ii) mitochondrial barcode sequences are available as starting-reference sequences or seeds, respectively. we demonstrate the efficiency of the approach in case studies using real ngs data s ... | 2013 | 23661685 |
| occurrence and morphogenetic characteristics of gyrodactylus (monogenea: gyrodactylidae) from a rainbow trout farm (lake ladoga, russia). | gyrodactylus parasite infected juveniles on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) from a fish farm in lake ladoga were investigated. the observed cases of infection in fish featured a high prevalence, when almost all of the fish were infected. however, if an outbreak of the monogenean infection is observed in spring, the intensity of the infection may be low, and when the infection occurs in the ice-covered period (late autumn - winter), the number of parasites on the fins of a singl ... | 2016 | 26751886 |
| infections with gyrodactylus spp. (monogenea) in romanian fish farms: gyrodactylus salaris malmberg, 1957 extends its range. | the salmon parasite gyrodactylus salaris malmberg, 1957 has caused high mortalities in many atlantic salmon, salmo salar, populations, mainly in norway. the parasite is also present in several countries across mainland europe, principally on rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, where infections do not seem to result in mortalities. there are still european countries where there are potential salmonid hosts for g. salaris but where the occurrence of g. salaris is unknown, mainly due to lack of inv ... | 2016 | 27515781 |
| gyrodactylus salmonis infection impairs the olfactory system of rainbow trout. | monogenean worms are ectoparasites that are known to be infectious to a wide variety of fish. few species of monogenean parasites have been reported in the olfactory chamber of fish in current peer-reviewed literature. however, the impacts of these parasites on the olfactory system are not well understood. in this study, the effects of gyrodactylus salmonis on the olfactory system structure and performance were investigated in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the olfactory performance of the ... | 2017 | 28105714 |
| spatial distribution of gyrodactylus salmonis (monogenea) on the body of captive fingerling oncorhynchus mykiss, including attachment within the olfactory chamber. | gyrodactylus salmonis is a common ectoparasite on the fins and body of north american salmonids in fresh water. in this study, the spatial distribution of g. salmonis on 60 captive hatchery-reared rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss , is reported. the highest parasite densities occurred on 5 × 5-mm(2) sections of the dorsal fin followed by the trunk, other fins, and the olfactory chamber, with the lowest densities on the head. the finding of infections within the olfactory chamber of 93% of the f ... | 2016 | 26786588 |
| epidermal response of rainbow trout to ichthyobodo necator: immunohistochemical and gene expression studies indicate a th1-/th2-like switch. | infections with the parasitic flagellate ichthyobodo necator (henneguy, 1883) cause severe skin and gill disease in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) juveniles. the epidermal disturbances including hyperplasia and mucous cell exhaustion caused by parasitization are known, but no details on specific cellular and humoral reactions have been presented. by applying gene expression methods and immunohistochemical techniques, further details of immune processes in the affected skin can ... | 2014 | 23952070 |
| analytical validation of a reverse transcriptase droplet digital pcr (rt-ddpcr) for quantitative detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an important pathogen of salmonid fishes. a validated universal reverse transcriptase quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) assay that can quantify levels of ihnv in fish tissues has been previously reported. in the present study, we adapted the published set of ihnv primers and probe for use in a reverse-transcriptase droplet digital pcr (rt-ddpcr) assay for quantification of the virus in fish tissue samples. the rt-ddpcr and rt-qpcr assays detected 13 phy ... | 2017 | 28347708 |
| comparison of selected nonlethal samples from adult steelhead for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using cell culture. | nonlethal sampling techniques have previously been evaluated for detection of a variety of viral salmonid pathogens. however, many of these studies have used molecular assays in lieu of widely accepted cell culture techniques to evaluate the sampled tissues. samples were collected from female steelhead oncorhynchus mykiss broodstock using three potential nonlethal sampling methods (mucus/skin scrape, pectoral fin clip, and gill tissue biopsy) and evaluated for the presence of infectious hematopo ... | 2017 | 28324676 |
| preliminary study of an oral vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using improved yeast surface display technology. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a common pathogen that causes severe disease in the salmonid aquaculture industry. because oral vaccines induce more efficient mucosal immunity than parenteral immunization, an oral vaccine was developed with an improved yeast cell surface display technology to induce an immune response to ihnv. the oral yeast vaccine, designated eby100/pyd1-bi-g, was delivered orally to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) on days 1 and 32, and the nonspecific an ... | 2017 | 28285182 |
| dna vaccination partially protects muskellunge against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv-ivb). | a dna vaccine containing the glycoprotein (g) gene of the north american viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genotype ivb was developed to evaluate the immune response of fish following vaccination and evaluate its efficacy in protecting a susceptible species, the muskellunge esox masquinongy, against vhsv-ivb challenge. seven weeks (539 degree-days) following vaccination with 10 μg of either pvhsivb-g or a control plasmid, muskellunge were challenged by immersion with 10(5) plaque-forming ... | 2017 | 28225652 |
| replication and shedding kinetics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in juvenile rainbow trout. | viral replication and shedding are key components of transmission and fitness, the kinetics of which are heavily dependent on virus, host, and environmental factors. to date, no studies have quantified the shedding kinetics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), or how they are associated with replication, making it difficult to ascertain the transmission dynamics of this pathogen of high agricultural and conservation importance. here, the repli ... | 2017 | 27771253 |
| detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from the leeches hemiclepsis marginata and hirudo medicinalis. | leeches have been reported to harbor several important fish pathogens, including spring viremia of carp virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), and also may contain blood protozoa. in the present study, leeches were collected from water bodies located in kurdistan province, iran. the specimens were tested for ihnv, vhsv, and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) using the pcr method. the results showed that two different species ... | 2016 | 27687675 |
| epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv): a review. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv, rhabdoviridae), is the causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn), a disease notifiable to the world organisation for animal health, and various countries and trading areas (including the european union). ihnv is an economically important pathogen causing clinical disease and mortalities in a wide variety of salmonid species, including the main salmonid species produced in aquaculture, atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout ... | 2016 | 27287024 |
| an attenuated virus vaccine appears safe to the central nervous system of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after intranasal delivery. | nasal vaccines are very effective but the olfactory organ provides direct access of antigens to the brain. infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is known to cause high mortalities in salmonids. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of a live attenuated ihnv nasal (i.n) vaccine in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). in the olfactory organ, the vaccine was detected 1 and 4 days after primary i.n vaccination but not in the intramuscular (i.m) or control groups. in the brain, ... | 2016 | 26772477 |
| first evidence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in the netherlands. | in spring 2008, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was detected for the first time in the netherlands. the virus was isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), from a put-and-take fishery with angling ponds. ihnv is the causative agent of a serious fish disease, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn). from 2008 to 2011, we diagnosed eight ihnv infections in rainbow trout originating from six put-and-take fisheries (symptomatic and asymptomatic fish), and four ihnv i ... | 2016 | 26763082 |
| characterization of infectious dose and lethal dose of two strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | the ability to infect a host is a key trait of a virus, and differences in infectivity could put one virus at an evolutionary advantage over another. in this study we have quantified the infectivity of two strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) that are known to differ in fitness and virulence. by exposing juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hosts to a wide range of virus doses, we were able to calculate the infectious dose in terms of id50 values for the two genotype ... | 2016 | 26752429 |
| phylogenetic relationships of iranian infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) based on the glycoprotein gene. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a member of family rhabdoviridae and genus novirhabdoviridae, causes a highly lethal disease of salmon and trout. in iran ihnv was first detected in 2001 on farms rearing rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). to evaluate the genetic relationships of ihnv from northern and western iran, the sequences of a 651-nt region of the glycoprotein gene were determined for two iranian isolates. these sequences were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatednes ... | 2016 | 26602428 |
| genetic variation underlying resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in a steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) population. | understanding the mechanisms of host resistance to pathogens will allow insights into the response of wild populations to the emergence of new pathogens. infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is endemic to the pacific northwest and infectious to pacific salmon and trout (oncorhynchus spp.). emergence of the m genogroup of ihnv in steelhead trout o. mykiss in the coastal streams of washington state, between 2007 and 2011, was geographically heterogeneous. differences in host resistance d ... | 2015 | 26575157 |
| an oral dna vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) encapsulated in alginate microspheres induces dose-dependent immune responses and significant protection in rainbow trout (oncorrhynchus mykiss). | administered by intramuscular injection, a dna vaccine (pirf1a-g) containing the promoter regions upstream of the rainbow trout interferon regulatory factor 1a gene (irf1a) driven the expression of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) glycoprotein (g) elicited protective immune responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). however, less laborious and cost-effective routes of dna vaccine delivery are required to vaccinate large numbers of susceptible farmed fish. in this study, ... | 2015 | 26054788 |
| evaluation of dual nasal delivery of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and enteric red mouth vaccines in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | farmed fish are susceptible to different infectious disease agents including viruses and bacteria. thus, multivalent vaccines or vaccination programs against two or more pathogens are valuable tools in aquaculture. recently, nasal vaccines have been shown to be very effective in rainbow trout. the current study investigates, for the first time, the use of the nasal route in dual vaccination trials against two important aquatic diseases, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihn) and enteric r ... | 2015 | 25562788 |
| susceptibility of koi and yellow perch to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus by experimental exposure. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a novirhabdoviral pathogen that originated in western north america among anadromous pacific salmonids. severe disease epidemics in the late 1970s resulting from ihnv's invasion into farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in north america, asia, and europe emphasized ihnv's ability to adapt to new hosts under varying rearing conditions. yellow perch perca flavescens and koi carp cyprinus carpio (hereafter, "koi") are aquaculture-reared fish tha ... | 2014 | 24895860 |
| universal reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an acute pathogen of salmonid fishes in north america, europe and asia and is reportable to the world organization for animal health (oie). phylogenetic analysis has identified 5 major virus genogroups of ihnv worldwide, designated u, m, l, e and j; multiple subtypes also exist within those genogroups. here, we report the development and validation of a universal ihnv reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr (rt-rpcr) assay targeting the ihnv nucleoca ... | 2013 | 24113244 |
| the role of virulence in in vivo superinfection fitness of the vertebrate rna virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | we have developed a novel in vivo superinfection fitness assay to examine superinfection dynamics and the role of virulence in superinfection fitness. this assay involves controlled, sequential infections of a natural vertebrate host, oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), with variants of a coevolved viral pathogen, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). intervals between infections ranged from 12 h to 7 days, and both frequency of superinfection and viral replication levels were examine ... | 2013 | 23678165 |
| viral surveillance of cultured rainbow trout in the eastern black sea, turkey. | to study the presence and spread of viral fish pathogens in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in the eastern black sea region of turkey, 172 pooled samples (seven fish per pool) of rainbow trout fry from 28 hatcheries were examined from december 2006 to july 2007. forty-three pools (seven broodfish per pool) of seminal and ovarian fluids from 182 female and 119 male brood rainbow trout were also sampled during spawning. moreover, reproductive fluids (22 pools) of wild trout (salmo trutta labrax, ... | 2013 | 23289953 |
| mapping rainbow trout immune genes involved in inflammation reveals conserved blocks of immune genes in teleosts. | we report the genetic map location of 14 genes involved in the inflammatory response to salmonid bacterial and viral pathogens, which brings the total number of immune genes mapped in rainbow trout (rt, oncorhynchus mykiss) to 61. these genes were mapped as candidate genes that may be involved in resistance to bacterial kidney disease, as well as candidates for known qtl for resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and ceratomyxa shasta. these q ... | 2013 | 23013476 |
| outbreak of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in farmed rainbow trout in china. | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is a member of the aquabirnavirus genus, which caused mass mortality (nearly 100%) in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in aquaculture farms in 2016, china. major clinical signs included decreased appetite, mucous-like stools, and darkened pigmentation. pathological changes in moribund fish were observed, such as marked vacuolar degeneration of the pancreatic cells with pyknotic nucleus and decreased zymogen granules, severe hemorrhage in the ... | 2017 | 28232067 |
| complete genomic sequence of an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in china. | infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) is a significant disease of farmed salmonids resulting in direct economic losses due to high mortality in china. however, no gene sequence of any chinese infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) isolates was available. in the study, moribund rainbow trout fry samples were collected during an outbreak of ipn in yunnan province of southwest china in 2013. an ipnv was isolated and tentatively named chrtm213. we determined the full genome sequence of the ipnv ... | 2017 | 27858313 |
| recombinant scfv antibodies against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated by flow cytometry. | infectious pancreatic necrosis is a significant disease of farmed salmonids in china. in this study, a single chain variable fragment (scfv) antibody library derived from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and viral protein vp2 of a chinese infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) isolate chrtm213 were co-expressed by a bacterial display technology. the library was subjected to three rounds of screening by flow cytometry (fcm) to select ipnv specific antibodies. six antibody clones with diff ... | 2016 | 27678027 |
| distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) based on surveillance programs in freshwater trout farms of mexico. | diagnostic testing was performed between 2000 and 2012 to determine the distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in the main states of the mexican republic with freshwater rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) farms. this virus was positively identified from rainbow trout farms in seven of the eight states assessed. due to nonnormal data distribution, a logistic regression model was applied for statistical analysis, the results of which indicated that virus prevalence wa ... | 2016 | 26918368 |
| immune responses to oral pcdna-vp2 vaccine in relation to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus carrier state in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the vp2 gene of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, encoded in an expression plasmid and encapsulated in alginate microspheres, was used for oral dna vaccination of fish to better understand the carrier state and the action of the vaccine. the efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by measuring the prevention of virus persistence in the vaccinated fish that survived after waterborne virus challenge. a real-time rt-qpcr analysis revealed lower levels of ipnv-vp4 transcripts in rainbow trout surv ... | 2015 | 25892368 |
| induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by ipnv in persistent infection. | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is the agent of a well-characterized acute disease that produces a systemic infection and high mortality in farmed fish species but also persistent infection in surviving fish after outbreaks. because viral persistence of susceptible mammal hosts appears to be associated with the modulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, in this study we examined the expression levels of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in kidney and spleen of trout, ... | 2014 | 25193394 |
| food pellets as an effective delivery method for a dna vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum). | a dna vaccine based on the vp2 gene of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was incorporated into feed to evaluate the effectiveness of this oral delivery method in rainbow trout. lyophilized alginate-plasmid complexes were added to feed dissolved in water and the mixture was then lyophilized again. we compared rainbow trout that were fed for 3 consecutive days with vaccine pellets with fish that received the empty plasmid or a commercial pellet. vp2 gene expression could be detected in t ... | 2014 | 24561129 |
| modulation of genes related to the recruitment of immune cells in the digestive tract of trout experimentally infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) or orally vaccinated. | there are still many details of how intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved in teleost. although leukocytes are present all along the digestive tract, most immunological studies have focused on the posterior segments and the importance of each gut segment in terms of immunity has barely been addressed. in the current work, we have studied the regulation of several immune genes along five segments of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) digestive tract, comparing the effects obse ... | 2014 | 24370535 |
| hexamitiasis leads to lower metabolic rates in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) juveniles. | this study assessed the effects of hexamita salmonis (moore) on metabolism of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) and its effect on the host's susceptibility to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) after antiparasitic treatment. rainbow trout naturally infected with h. salmonis were treated with 10 mg metronidazole kg fish(-1) per day, and their physiological recovery was assessed through measuring resting metabolism on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after treatment. in addition ... | 2014 | 24117757 |
| sequence analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from iranian reared rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in 2012. | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that affects many species of fish and shellfish. this virus causes economically significant diseases of farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in iran, which is often associated with the transmission of pathogens from european resources. in this study, moribund rainbow trout fry samples were collected during an outbreak of ipnv in three different fish farms in north and west provinces of ... | 2013 | 24048887 |
| the pyloric caeca area is a major site for igm(+) and igt(+) b cell recruitment in response to oral vaccination in rainbow trout. | although previous studies have characterized some aspects of the immune response of the teleost gut in response to diverse pathogens or stimuli, most studies have focused on the posterior segments exclusively. however, there are still many details of how teleost intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved, including the location of igm(+) and igt(+) b cells along the digestive tract and their role during the course of a local stimulus. thus, in the current work, we have studied the b c ... | 2013 | 23785475 |
| tissue distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype sp in naturally infected cultured rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum): an immunohistochemical and nested-pcr study. | this study investigates the occurrence and distribution pattern of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) within the pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen of naturally infected cultured rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), using immunohistochemistry (ihc). a nested pcr was also employed to confirm the presence of the virus in the pooled tissues of the specimens. all the examined tissues except spleen were immunohistochemically positive for ipnv, but staining intensity and distribution ... | 2013 | 23293847 |
| trout oral vp2 dna vaccination mimics transcriptional responses occurring after infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). | time-course and organ transcriptional response profiles in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were studied after oral dna-vaccination with the vp2 gene of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) encapsulated in alginates. the profiles were also compared with those obtained after infection with ipnv. a group of immune-related genes (stat1, ifn1, ifng, mx1, mx3, il8, il10, il11, il12b, tnf2, mhc1uda, igm and igt) previously selected from microarray analysis of successful oral vaccination of ... | 2012 | 23041507 |
| oral immunization of rainbow trout to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) induces different immune gene expression profiles in head kidney and pyloric ceca. | induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection by oral vaccination with dna-alginates of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was recently reported. because orally induced immune response transcript gene profiles had not been described yet neither in fish, nor after ipnv vaccination, we studied them in head kidney (an immune response internal organ) and a vaccine entry tissue (pyloric ceca). by using an oligo microarray enriched in immune-rel ... | 2012 | 22521628 |
| use of reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assays with universal probe library (upl) probes for the detection and genotyping of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated in chile. | reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assay with universal probe library (upl) probes has been developed for the detection and genotyping of chilean infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) isolates from infected cell culture. partial nucleotide sequences (1175 bp) of the vp2 coding region from a selection of 7 chilean ipnv isolates showed that they clustered into two main groups strongly correlated with genogroups 1 and 5 proposed by blake et al. (2001) ... | 2012 | 22484616 |
| molecular characterization of a novel orthomyxovirus from rainbow and steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a novel virus, rainbow trout orthomyxovirus (rbtov), was isolated in 1997 and again in 2000 from commercially-reared rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in idaho, usa. the virus grew optimally in the chse-214 cell line at 15°c producing a diffuse cytopathic effect; however, juvenile rainbow trout exposed to cell culture-grown virus showed no mortality or gross pathology. electron microscopy of preparations from infected cell cultures revealed the presence of typical orthomyxovirus particles. the ... | 2017 | 28088362 |
| multiple passage of infectious salmon anaemia virus in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), did not induce increased virus load. | the infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) has not been observed to cause natural disease in farmed rainbow trout, onchorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), but may cause high mortality in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. in this study, isav was passaged 10 times in succession by intraperitoneal injections of serum from previous passage into naïve rainbow trout. the serum viraemia was monitored by real-time qpcr. the rainbow trout in this study became infected but did not develop isa. no clinical si ... | 2012 | 22804963 |
| nisin z production by lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris wa2-67 of aquatic origin as a defense mechanism to protect rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) against lactococcus garvieae. | probiotics represent an alternative to chemotherapy and vaccination to control fish diseases, including lactococcosis caused by lactococcus garvieae. the aims of this study were (i) to determine the in vitro probiotic properties of three bacteriocinogenic lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris of aquatic origin, (ii) to evaluate in vivo the ability of l. cremoris wa2-67 to protect rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) against infection by l. garvieae, and (iii) to demonstrate the role of nisi ... | 2015 | 26307018 |
| inhibition of fish pathogens by the microbiota from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) and rearing environment. | this work reports the isolation and taxonomic identification of the cultivable total microbiota (tm) and lactic acid bacteria (lab) from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) and rearing environment from selected stages of the life-cycle, and the evaluation of the lab antimicrobial activity against the main fish pathogens. tm and lab isolates were randomly selected and identified by 16s rrna and/or superoxide dismutase gene sequencing. although a great diversity in the tm was observed, en ... | 2015 | 25464142 |
| association of a specific major histocompatibility complex class iiβ single nucleotide polymorphism with resistance to lactococcosis in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) loci encode glycoproteins that bind to foreign peptides and initiate immune responses through their interaction with t cells. mhc class ii molecules are heterodimers consisting of α and β chains encoded by extremely variable genes; variation in exon 2 is responsible for the majority of observed polymorphisms, mostly concentrated in the codons specifying the peptide-binding region. lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis, a warm-water ba ... | 2015 | 24397583 |
| pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of erythromycin in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | erythromycin (ery) is a drug active against gram-positive bacteria such as lactococcus garvieae, a pathogen responsible for an important disease that may cause a substantial decrease in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) production, the species of fish most commonly produced in italy. in the literature, studies on the kinetics behaviour of ery in fish are limited. therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ery in rainbow trout after a single oral tre ... | 2013 | 24118016 |
| experimental lactococcus garvieae infection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum 1792: a comparative histopathological and immunohistochemical study. | the aim of this study was to induce lactococcus garvieae infection in young and adult fish through different routes [intraperitoneal (ip) and immersion (im)] and to investigate the pathogenesis and histopathological and immunohistochemical findings comparatively. for this purpose, a total of 180 rainbow trout (90 young, 20 ± 5 g and 90 adult, 80 ± 10 g) obtained from a commercial fish farm were used. the fish were divided into eight groups, four experimental groups (young-adult ip groups and you ... | 2014 | 23957738 |
| molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in iran. | streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute systemic disease that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. the aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) production of iran. | 2010 | 22347573 |