| comparative analysis of glycosylated and nonglycosylated filarial homologues of the 20-kilodalton retinol binding protein from onchocerca volvulus (ov20). | ov20 is a structurally novel 20-kda retinol binding protein secreted by onchocerca volvulus. immunological and biological investigation of this protein has been hampered by the inability to maintain o. volvulus in a laboratory setting. in an effort to find a system more amenable to laboratory investigation, we have cloned, sequenced, and expressed cdna encoding homologues of ov20 from two closely related filarial species, brugia malayi (bm20) and acanthocheilonema viteae (av20). sequence compari ... | 1999 | 10569745 |
| [genetic control of vectorial competence in aedes mosquitoes]. | the transmission of pathogens by arthropods is dependent on the relationships that exist between the pathogen, the invertebrate host (the vector) and the vertebrate host, each of which is influenced by environmental variations. particular attention is given to the knowledge of intrinsic factors and the mechanisms controlling the ability of vectors to transmit pathogens (viruses or parasites). polymorphism in the expression of susceptibility to oral infection has been shown to occur among geograp ... | 1999 | 10572663 |
| efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of wuchereria bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of trial results. | ivermectin is a promising drug for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. a meta-analysis of trials investigating the effects of a single treatment suggested a dose-dependent effect on the production of microfilariae (mf) by adult wuchereria bancrofti parasites. a mathematical model that describes the parasite dynamics in the human host and the impact of ivermectin treatment is presented and its outputs compared with these trials. the calculated trend in mf density after treatment appears to be ... | 1999 | 10581617 |
| extralymphatic disease due to bancroftian filariasis. | infection with wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, or b. timori not only affects the structure and function of lymphatic vessels but is also associated with extralymphatic pathology and disease. because it is now possible to detect living adult worms by ultrasonography, much emphasis is placed on lymphatic pathology. however, the finding of renal damage in asymptomatic microfilaremic carriers has led to increased recognition of the importance of extralymphatic clinical manifestation in bancroft ... | 1999 | 10585626 |
| perturbations in eosinophil homeostasis following treatment of lymphatic filariasis. | treatment of patients with patent wuchereria bancrofti infection results in an acute clinical reaction and peripheral eosinophilia. to investigate the dynamics of the eosinophil response, changes in eosinophil activation and degranulation and plasma levels of eosinophil-active chemokines and cytokines were studied in 15 microfilaremic individuals in south india by sequential blood sampling before and after administration of 300 mg of diethylcarbamazine (dec). clinical symptoms occurred within 24 ... | 2000 | 10603373 |
| epidemiology and immunopathology of bancroftian filariasis. | human lymphatic filariasis affects 120 million people worldwide. although the disease is considered to be potentially erradicable by the world health organization, comprehensive studies on epidemiological aspects as well as mechanisms of pathology development are still premature. the following review summarizes currently available data on these topics and ends by discussing the latest control strategies. | 1999 | 10617933 |
| assessment of immunochromatographic test for rapid lymphatic filariasis diagnosis. | two rapid immunodiagnostic tests (ict filariasis test), developed for the quick diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection, have been validated in laboratory and field situation. the aim of this study was to assess the performance and usefulness of this antigen capture assay as a diagnostic method in three foci of lymphatic filariasis, located in the south pacific (society archipelago, french polynesia), with different levels of endemicity. a sample of 1,595 patients was tested with this assay ... | 1999 | 10633507 |
| development of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus that survived the exposure of sub-lethal dose of bacillus sphaericus as larvae. | development of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus emerged from the larvae that survived the exposure of sub-lethal dose of bacillus sphaericus was examined in the laboratory. third instar larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus were treated with b. sphaericus at a sub-lethal dose of 11.35 microg/250 ml. the female mosquitoes that emerged from the survived larvae were fed on microfilaraemic human blood and parasite development was monitored in the fed mosquitoes. both treated and untreated mos ... | 2000 | 10643907 |
| human antibody responses to wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae. | human igg antibody responses to wuchereria bancrofti third stage infective larvae (l3) surface and somatic antigens were studied by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) and immunoblot with endemic egyptian sera (n = 115) with the aim of identifying targets of protective immunity. human sera variably recognized 14 major bands in l3 by immunoblot. the statistical significance of group differences in antibody prevalence was assessed by the chi-squared test. children and young adults (aged 10-20 years) ... | 2000 | 10652121 |
| bancroftian filariasis in the varanasi region of north india: an epidemiological study. | the age- and sex-specific distributions of human infections with wuchereria bancrofti were investigated at two sites in the varanasi region of north india: one a rural, agricultural area (chiraigaon) and the other an urban-slum area (sunderpur). a random clinical and parasitological survey revealed that the prevalence of microfilaraemia and elephantiasis in the urban area (14% and 7.3%, respectively) were both higher than in the rural area (9% and 3.1%, respectively). in both areas, prevalence o ... | 1999 | 10656039 |
| molecular and immunodiagnosis of human filarial nematode infections. | the filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and onchocerca volvulus represent major public health problems in the tropics. effective diagnosis of infection with these parasites is required both for administration of drugs to infected individuals and for monitoring of control programs. however parasitological diagnosis is associated with a number of problems including frequently inadequate sensitivity, long pre-patency of infection and inconvenience for patients. for these reasons ... | 1998 | 10660932 |
| development of rapid assessment procedures for the delimitation of lymphatic filariasis-endemic areas. | lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti is a major public health problem in 73 tropical and subtropical countries including india. delimitation of endemic areas is essential to plan control operations. the current method of night blood survey (nbs) for delimitation is cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive. therefore, there is a need to develop assessment procedures which can rapidly delimit endemic areas. for this purpose we evaluated three procedures: direct interviewing of key i ... | 2000 | 10672207 |
| acute attacks in the extremities of persons living in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis: differentiation of two syndromes. | the natural history of lymphatic disease in human filariasis remains unclear, but recurrent episodes of acute lymphangitis are believed to constitute a major risk factor for the development of chronic lymphoedema and elephantiasis. prospective analysis of 600 patients referred to the filariasis clinic of the centro de pesquisas aggeu magalhães/fiocruz in recife, brazil, indicated that 2 distinct acute syndromes accompanied by lymphangitis occur in residents of this filariasis-endemic area. one s ... | 1999 | 10674092 |
| efficacy of albendazole and its combinations with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine (dec) in the treatment of trichuris trichiura infections in sri lanka. | the efficacy of the drugs currently available for treatment of infection with trichuris trichiura is low compared with that of the drugs used against roundworm and hookworm. single-dose combinations of albendazole with ivermectin or of albendazole with diethylcarbamazine (dec) have recently been seen to produce raid and sustained reductions in wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. this observation prompted the present study, on the efficacy of these combinations against trichuriasis. the drug re ... | 1999 | 10690245 |
| [filariasis in haiti: a century of history]. | wuchereria bancrofti and mansonella ozzardi are both endemic in haiti. over the last hundred years, these human parasites have been by turn investigated and disregarded. between 1894 and 1914, haitian physicians encouraged by dr. léon audain studied the clinical and biological impact of w. bancrofti in the numerous infested patients in port-au-prince. during the american occupation (1915-1934), the presence of m. ozzardi was recognized by a rockefeller mission and a first investigation of filari ... | 1999 | 10690476 |
| [apropos of the presumed place of transmission in haiti for a child with conjunctival bancroftosis]. | | 1999 | 10690477 |
| ict filariasis test: a new screening test for bancroftian filariasis. | bancroftian filariasis can be detected by using the ict filariasis test kit which is composed of specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to wuchereria bancrofti antigen. chromatographic reaction with serum or plasma shows a result within 5 minutes. when compared with 454 thick blood films (standard smear method) within the same study, the ict filariasis test had sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 96.37%, efficiency = 96.70%, predictive value positive (pvp) = 70.70%, predictive value negativ ... | 1999 | 10695788 |
| [the persistence of wuchereria bancrofti in ouvea island (new caledonia)]. | | 1999 | 10701218 |
| molecular characterisation of the actin gene of the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti. | wuchereria bancrofti is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis in humans. although it is responsible for this immensely morbid and debilitating disease, very little is known of the basic molecular biology of this parasite, and there is a vast lack of knowledge on its gene organisation. in this study, the actin gene of w. bancrofti has been characterised by sequencing a clone isolated from a genomic dna library of this parasite. the 5' flanking region had a potential tata box and a putative mrna ... | 2000 | 10704593 |
| acute adenolymphangitis due to bancroftian filariasis in rufiji district, south east tanzania. | a longitudinal prospective surveillance for acute adenolymphagitis (adl) was carried out in three villages in rufiji district. a sample population of 3000 individuals aged 10 years and above was monitored fortnightly for a period of 12 months. the annual incidence of adl was found to be 33 per 1000 population and was significantly higher in males than females (52.7/1000 and 18.7/1000 respectively). adl episodes were more frequent in the age group of 40 years and above. individuals with chronic m ... | 2000 | 10708003 |
| the wuchereria bancrofti orthologue of brugia malayi sxp1 and the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. | the gene encoding the wuchereria bancrofti orthologue of the brugia malayi-derived diagnostic antigen sxp1 was identified from a w. bancrofti l3 cdna library and characterized. the wb-sxp-1 cdna encoded a basic protein with a calculated molecular mass of 20.8 kda. wb-sxp-1 was 85% identical to the sxp1 protein described from b. malayi (bm-sxp-1). the wb-sxp-1 sequence also showed significant identity with proteins described from b. pahangi, onchocerca volvulus, acanthochilonema vitea, ascaris su ... | 2000 | 10717303 |
| a study on the provocative day test effect of ivermectin and albendazole on nocturnal periodic wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. | we conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, in the ahanta west district of ghana, on the provocative day test effect of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination on nocturnal periodic wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. sixty-three individuals with high night-time microfilaria (mf) intensities were identified in 1997 or 1998 and randomized into 4 groups. blood samples for mf were then collected from the same individuals in the daytime (between 09:00 and 15:00) im ... | 1999 | 10717746 |
| bancroftian filariasis in a paediatric population: an ultrasonographic study. | little is known about lymphatic filariasis or the anatomical location of adult wuchereria bancrofti in children. seventy-eight children from greater recife, 23 microfilaria-positive and 55 microfilaria-negative in approximately 60 microl blood, underwent ultrasound examinations of the major superficial lymphatic vessels of the limbs, scrotal area (boys), and breast area (girls). the characteristic movements of adult worms, known as the filaria dance sign (fds), were detected in 11 (14.1%) childr ... | 1999 | 10717753 |
| variation in microfilariae and infective stages of two types of wuchereria bancrofti from the thai-myanmar border. | comparative morphometric and morphological studies of microfilariae and infective stages were undertaken in nocturnally periodic and subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti. for microfilariae, the body dimensions of nocturnally periodic (np) were significantly smaller than nocturnally subperiodic (nsp), i.e., body length 268.03+/-14.75 microm (np), 307.61+/-11.52 microm (nsp); cephalic space length 4.21+/-0.62 microm (np), 5.32+/-0.79 microm (nsp); head to nerve ring 49.39+/-5.43 microm (np), 57.40+/-4 ... | 1999 | 10722326 |
| differential diagnosis of human lymphatic filariasis using pcr-rflp. | filariasis is still a public health problem in tropical countries. the most common causative agents of human filariasis are wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. traditional methods used to detect filarial parasites in human, animal and vector populations are tedious, time consuming, and confer little guarantee of sensitivity and species specificity. we have developed a rapid and specific method to detect filarial parasite dnas in blood and mosquito samples using the polymerase chain reaction ... | 2000 | 10722791 |
| apparent failure of ultrasonography to detect adult worms of brugia malayi. | adult worms of wuchereria bancrofti, or rather their characteristic movements (the 'filarial dance'), can now be detected in the scrotal lymphatics of microfilaraemic males, using ultrasonography. this ability has been used to delineate the lymphatic pathology of bancroftian filariasis, guide the surgical removal of the adult worms and, most importantly, assess the macrofilaricidal effects of antifilarial drugs. in the present study, the first report of the use of ultrasonography in brugian fila ... | 2000 | 10723526 |
| recovery of a species of brugia, probably b. ceylonensis, from the conjunctiva of a patient in sri lanka. | a species of brugia, probably b. ceylonensis, was recovered from the conjunctiva of a patient in sri lanka for the first time. this infection represents only the second record of brugia in the human conjunctiva, and is clearly zoonotic, acquired from a dog. brugia ceylonensis has a distinct head bulb like that of wuchereria bancrofti and b. malayi. however, the parasite recovered was not w. bancrofti, as specific ifat and dna probes gave negative results, and b. malayi is believed to have been e ... | 2000 | 10723527 |
| a 43-kda circulating filarial antigen fraction of wuchereria bancrofti in immunoprophylaxis against brugia malayi in jirds. | a 43 kilodaltan (kda) antigen fraction (cfa2-6) isolated from microfilaraemic plasma of bancroftian filarial patients showed selective reactivity with sera samples collected from endemic normals. antibodies raised against this antigen showed a strong reactivity with the surface of brugia malayi infective larvae as well as microfilariae. similar antigenic determinants were detected in the parasite extracts, but not in the excretory-secretory products. further analysis was done on the immunoprophy ... | 2000 | 10725691 |
| diagnosis of microfilariae in testicular fine needle aspiration biopsy. | | 2000 | 10740624 |
| mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in africa. | lymphatic filariasis remains a major public health problem in africa and is 1 of the world health organization's 6 diseases targeted for global eradication. however, no detailed maps of the geographical distribution of this disease exist, making it difficult to target control activities and quantify the population at risk. we hypothesized that the distribution lymphatic filariasis is governed by climate. the climate at sites in africa where surveys for lymphatic filariasis had taken place was ch ... | 2000 | 10748895 |
| field trial of the ict filariasis for diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infections in an endemic population of thailand. | the ict filariasis, a rapid card test format, which is based on qualitative detection by monoclonal antibody of the circulating antigen of wuchereria bancrofti adult worm, is a new diagnostic test of choice for determining the infections under field conditions. by using clinical and recall techniques and microscopy (thick smear and capillary tube technique) as reference, we assessed the efficiency of the ict card test in sera from 225 subjects living in w. bancrofti-endemic villages of tak provi ... | 1999 | 10774670 |
| a simple and rapid non-radioactive oligonucleotide based hybridization assay for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti. | five biotin labeled oligonucleotides was designed based on a previously cloned and characterized repetitive dna sequence specific for wuchereria bancrofti. the oligonucleotide mix (containing five probes) when used in a hybridization assay, detected as little as 100 pg of purified w. bancrofti, microfilarial dna, a single infective stage larva and a single microfilaria in 50 microl blood sample. a simple protocol was followed for the hybridization assay. blood samples lysed with sterile distille ... | 1999 | 10774708 |
| wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes: a target for control? | | 2000 | 10782070 |
| estimation of different degrees of provocation by dec (diethyl carbamazine citrate) medication in bancroftian filariasis in vellore, tamilnadu. | dec in general has the power to bringout the filarial worms into the peripheral blood when administered. the provocative effect was observed in 86.8% of the mf positive cases. optimum provocative effect was noticed in the age group above 12 years and there was no influence on sex. the maximum effect of provocation was seen at 60 min after the administration 2 mg/kg body weight dec. the mf rate was high in the blood collected after the administration of dec during day time, than that during night ... | 1999 | 10783748 |
| evaluation of the igg4 in egyptian bancroftian filariasis. | the igg4 response against antigen extracts from wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and dirofilaria immitis adult worms was determined by elisa in 65 egyptian adult male patients suffering from different clinical manifestations of w. bancrofti infection. they were divided into microfilaremic (n-35) and amicrofilaremic (n = 30) and these divisions were subdivided into early asymptomatic, hydrocele and late chronic elephantiasis subgroups. the igg4 responses were significantly higher in early asymp ... | 2000 | 10786019 |
| coexistence of carcinoma of the breast with microfilariasis. | | 2000 | 10787151 |
| surgical filariasis: immunoscreening for filarial igg antibodies using wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial excretory-secretory antigen. | a clinical study and immunoscreening was conducted on 363 suspected filarial patients attending the surgery out patient division of the mgims, sevegram. the disease was significantly higher in males (86%) than in females (14%). majority (52.9%) of the cases were in the age group of 11-30 years. the distribution of cases into three different grades of infection showed, 52.6%, 33.3% and 14.1% of the cases having acute (grade i), sub-acute (grade ii) and chronic (grade iii) stages of infection resp ... | 1999 | 10810584 |
| prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in a foot-hill tea garden of upper assam. | | 1999 | 10810604 |
| nodular breast filariasis: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. | bancroftian filariasis is a tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes that most often causes lymphadenitis. this article reports on a breast nodule due to wuchereria bancrofti in a woman living in new caledonia. the diagnosis was done by fine needle aspiration, which showed several microfilariae and avoided surgical treatment. | 1996 | 10846575 |
| wsp gene sequences from the wolbachia of filarial nematodes. | wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria are widespread in arthropods and are also present in filarial nematodes. almost all filarial species so far examined have been found to harbor these endosymbionts. the sequences of only three genes have been published for nematode wolbachia (i.e., the genes coding for the proteins ftsz and catalase and for 16s rrna). here we present the sequences of the genes coding for the wolbachia surface protein (wsp) from the endosymbionts of eight species of filaria. comple ... | 2000 | 10856373 |
| effectiveness of annual ivermectin treatment for wuchereria bancrofti infection. | using estimates for the anthelmintic efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis patients, anton plaisier, wilma stolk, gerrit van oortmarssen and dik habbema here present and discuss model predictions of the impact of a five-year programme of annual community treatment on the intensity of infection. they show that the effectiveness of such programmes in terms of reductions in the microfilarial density depends critically on the treatment coverage and the patt ... | 2000 | 10858649 |
| [rational for morbidity management in bancroftian filariasis endemic areas]. | selection of the most appropriate therapy for the patient with bancroftian filariasis requires a knowledge of the diverse clinical characteristics of filarial disease and their pathogenesis. as a result of new diagnostic tests and clinical advances, our understanding of bancroftian filariasis has changed rapidly, as have our ideas about treatment. in the past, it was believed that elephantiasis was caused by an immunologic reaction of the host to the filarial parasite. from this perspective, ele ... | 2000 | 10881137 |
| rapid assessment of the prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis in sierra leone. | | 2000 | 10884875 |
| evaluation of the ict whole blood antigen card test to detect infection due to nocturnally periodic wuchereria bancrofti in south india. | the commercially available ict card test for bancroftian filariasis was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity in detecting microfilaria carriers among 189 individuals each in filariasis-endemic and nonendemic areas in south india, and compared to both conventional night blood finger prick thick blood smear examination and venous blood membrane filtration. though the specificity of the test was 100% in comparison to both, the sensitivity was 98.5% against the finger prick thick blood smea ... | 2000 | 10886800 |
| [lymphatic filariasis: a potentially eradicable disease] | the recent demonstration that single-dose ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, or a combination of these drugs can profoundly suppress wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi microfilaremia for periods of six months to two years has led to renewed hope that transmission can be interrupted and lymphatic filariasis eradicated. based in part on the availability of these new chemotherapeutic tools, the international task force for disease eradication recently identified lymphatic filariasis as one of the ... | 1997 | 10886894 |
| role of streptococcal infection in the acute pathology of lymphatic filariasis. | growing evidence suggest that secondary bacterial, mainly streptococcal, infections contribute significantly to recurrent episodes of acute adenolymphangitis (adl) of filarial origin. we examined the role of group a streptococci in the progression of lymphedema in polynesian patients with filariasis-related adl (22 cases) or chronic pathology (10 cases), or with erysipela (10 patients) and, as controls, in 20 healthy adults. antistreptolysin o (aslo) and anti-streptodornase b (asdb) titers were ... | 2000 | 10887654 |
| lymphatic filariasis in the caribbean region: the opportunity for its elimination and certification. | in order to support the case for a certification of elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) in some caribbean countries, we compared the prevalence of circulating wuchereria bancrofti antigen in communities in guyana, suriname, and trinidad. for the study, we assayed school children in six communities in guyana, five communities in suriname, and three communities in trinidad for the prevalence of circulating w. bancrofti antigen, using a new immunochromatographic test for lf. we also assayed ad ... | 2000 | 10893972 |
| an improved knott's concentration test for the detection of microfilariae. | | 2000 | 10897361 |
| a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in ghana. | the efficacy and safety of single-dose ivermectin (150-200 micrograms/kg) and albendazole (400 mg) treatment administered separately or in combination for wuchereria bancrofti infections were assessed in 1996-98 in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial in ghana: 1425 individuals from 4 lymphatic filariasis-endemic villages, 340 of whom were microfilaria (mf)-positive before treatment, were randomized into 4 groups to receive albendazole alone, ivermectin alone, combination of ... | 2000 | 10897370 |
| lymphatic filariasis in the philippines. | lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi is endemic throughout most of the southern half of the philippine archipelago. economic and manpower shortages prior to 1996 made it difficult to acquire new prevalence data and vector control data concurrently from all provinces. nevertheless, analysis of cumulative prevalence data on filariasis indicates the persistence of filariasis in each of the three major island groups - luzon, visayas and mindanao - including 45 out of ... | 2000 | 10900480 |
| a 60 year old woman with axillary mass. diagnosis: axillary lymphadenitis: filarial. | | 2000 | 10908384 |
| temporal variations in biting density and rhythm of culex quinquefasciatus in tea agro-ecosystem of assam, india. | temporal changes in the biting density and host-seeking periodicity of culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis, were studied for two years in the tea agro-ecosystem of assam, india. average biting density of the vector varied from 0.8/hour in december to 13.3/hour in march. minimum temperature was found to have a limiting effect on the biting density of the vector mosquitos. multiple regression analysis showed that the rainfall and minimum temperature were significant factor ... | 1999 | 10928380 |
| the impact of lymphatic filariasis on labour inputs in southern india: results of a multi-site study. | a multi-site study was undertaken, in the rural areas of three districts in tamil nadu state, in southern india, to examine the impact of acute and chronic forms of lymphatic filariasis, caused by infection with wuchereria bancrofti, on labour inputs. more than half of the acute episodes of adenolymphangitis (adl) observed in the study communities caused total disability. the mean (s.d.) time that each adl case was able to allocate to economic activity each day during these acute episodes was mu ... | 2000 | 10945045 |
| comparative epidemiological studies on lymphatic filariasis, between tribal and non-tribal populations of bankura district, west bengal, india. | there is little information on the epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis, caused by infection with wuchereria bancrofti, in west bengal. that which is known mostly relates to calcutta and its suburbs, and there have been few studies on the disease among the tribal populations of the state. the present study was designed to compare the epidemiology of filariasis in tribal and non-tribal populations living in bankura district. blood samples were collected at night from 2076 tribal and 4985 non-trib ... | 2000 | 10945046 |
| the microfilarial periodicity of wuchereria bancrofti in north-eastern brazil. | the periodicity of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mff) in peripheral blood was analysed in 42 microfilaraemics living in maceió, in alagoas state, north-eastern brazil. nine blood samples were collected from each subject, over a 24-h period, and two quantitative (60-microliter) thick smears were prepared from each sample. although all the subjects had detectable microfilaraemias from 23.00 hours to 06.00 hours, no mff could be detected in most (71.4%) of the smears prepared from samples col ... | 2000 | 10945047 |
| the impact of environmental and entomological factors on intervillage filarial focality in the nile delta. | in the nile delta of egypt, levels of w. bancrofti infection in humans vary among nearby villages. ecological and entomological factors that might explain variability between adjacent villages, el qolzom (qol) and kafr shorafa (ksh) with respective 10.8% and 2.1% microfilaria (mf) prevalence were examined. the epidemiological study covered 127 and 79 houses scattered in qol and ksh, respectively, and described 25 items relating to housing characters, socio-economic state and human activities. it ... | 2000 | 10946509 |
| a polymerase chain reaction based method for the detection of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | culex quinquefasciatus say is the major vector of the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) which causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. a repetitive dna sequence from the genome of c. quinquefasciatus has been cloned and completely sequenced. the 693 bp cloned fragment had an a+t content of 72%. dot matrix analysis of the fragment did not reveal any direct or inverted repeats within it. southern blot analysis using a variety of restriction enzymes appeared to indicate that the cloned ... | 2000 | 10948365 |
| the impact of housing structures on filarial infection. | a study was undertaken to correlate the impact of housing and patterns of house construction on the vector density and transmission of filaria among the inhabitants of these houses. three different types of houses in ecologically similar hamlets of hariharpur village in varanasi were selected for determining the density of culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of wuchereria bancrofti and its infectivity. the maximum per man hour density of the vector was recorded during march (31.66, 40.33 and 41.3 ... | 2000 | 10957707 |
| a pregnant breast lump. | | 2000 | 10972373 |
| intraocular filariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti. | | 2000 | 10975010 |
| the transmission dynamics of bancroftian filariasis: the distribution of the infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae and its effect on parasite escape from the vector. | the anatomical distribution of the infective larvae (l3) of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae, and its influence on l3 escape, was evaluated by exposing the vectors to human individuals infected with w. bancrofti. after the extrinsic incubation period of w. bancrofti, a random sample of the infected mosquitoes was dissected to determine the distribution of infective larvae in the body of the mosquitoes and the proportion of mosquitoes that were infected. the re ... | 2000 | 10975016 |
| epifil: the development of an age-structured model for describing the transmission dynamics and control of lymphatic filariasis. | mathematical models of transmission dynamics of infectious diseases provide a useful tool for investigating the impact of community based control measures. previously, we used a dynamic (constant force-of-infection) model for lymphatic filariasis to describe observed patterns of infection and disease in endemic communities. in this paper, we expand the model to examine the effects of control options against filariasis by incorporating the impact of age structure of the human community and by add ... | 2000 | 10982078 |
| field evaluation of a rapid-format kit for the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in egypt. | the amrad-ict filariasis test (ict-fil) is a new, rapid-format card test for the detection of bancroftian antigenaemia in human blood. we evaluated the performance of the test under field conditions in egypt by comparing 1813 endemic and 102 nonendemic participants. endemic participants were tested for microfilaraemia (thick smear and membrane filtration) and serum antigenaemia (elisa). the infection rates detected were 2.8% by thick smear, 3.5% by membrane filtration, 8.8% by elisa and 9.0% by ... | 1999 | 10983526 |
| lymphatic filariasis--lest we forget. | | 2000 | 11026897 |
| application of a polymerase chain reaction-elisa to detect wuchereria bancrofti in pools of wild-caught anopheles punctulatus in a filariasis control area in papua new guinea. | chemotherapy-based eradication programs are aimed at stopping transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by its obligatory mosquito vector. this study compares one year post-treatment w. bancrofti infection rates of anopheles punctulatus, the main vector of lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea, using traditional dissection techniques and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based elisa of a parasite-specific ssp i repeat. a total of 633 mosquitoes in 35 batches were dissected. six batches contained w ... | 2000 | 11037778 |
| transmission of the nocturnal periodic strain of wuchereria bancrofti by culex quinquefasciatus: establishing the potential for urban filariasis in thailand. | control programmes have reduced the prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in thailand to low levels. recently, there has been an influx of more than one million myanmar immigrants into urban centres of thailand. the prevalence of patent wuchereria bancrofti infection in these immigrants (2-5%) has prompted concern in the public health community that the potential now exists for a re-emergence of bancroftian filariasis in thailand. it is possible that an urban cycle of transmission could become es ... | 2000 | 11057979 |
| insecticides and mosquito-borne disease. | | 2000 | 11069167 |
| [bancroftian filariasis in madagascar: persistent endemicity]. | a major study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in 9 health districts located mainly on the east and north coast of madagascar between 1995 and 1997. the study population included 2524 people 10 years or older. on the east and north coast, the incidence of microfilarial carriers varied depending on location from 7 p. 100 to 47 p. 100 in men and 3 p. 100 to 33 p. 100 in women. the highest incidences, i.e., around 33 p. 100 in both sexes, were observed in the sout ... | 2000 | 11100439 |
| pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. | the pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis has been a matter of debate for many decades. here, gerusa dreyer and colleagues propose a dynamic model of bancroftian filariasis, integrating clinical, parasitological, surgical, therapeutic, ultrasonographic and histopathological data. this model has profound implications for filariasis control programs and the management of the individual patient. | 2000 | 11121854 |
| protective immunity in human bancroftian filariasis: inverse relationship between antibodies to microfilarial sheath and circulating filarial antigens. | the existence and the nature of protective immunity in human filariasis continues to be a subject of intense debate. while there is no broad consensus on functional immunity against larval and adult stage parasites, anti-microfilarial immunity has been demonstrated to be mediated by antibodies to the microfilarial sheath. in the present study, circulating filarial antigens (cfa), a marker of active filarial infection in human bancroftian filariasis, was found to be inversely associated with anti ... | 2000 | 11123755 |
| tolerability and efficacy of single-dose diethyl carbamazine (dec) or ivermectin in the clearance of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in pondicherry, south india. | in a double blind design the tolerability and efficacy of single-dose dec (6 mg/kg/body weight) or ivermectin (400 microg/kg/body weight) was studied in 30 asymptomatic w. bancrofti parasite carriers each. although both drugs were tolerated well, the adverse reaction score (dec 0.5; ivermectin 1.5) and overall incidence (dec 65.0%; ivermectin 93.3%) were significantly higher in the ivermectin group. major adverse reactions were fever, headache and myalgia, all of which peaked on the second day p ... | 2000 | 11123825 |
| re: s.p. pani et al. evaluation of the ict whole blood antigen card test to detect infection due to nocturnally periodic wucheria bancrofti in south india. tropical medicine and international health 5, 359-363. | | 2000 | 11123833 |
| genital manifestations and reproductive health in female residents of a wuchereria bancrofti-endemic area in tanzania. | to assess the significance of lymphatic filariasis for the development of chronic genital manifestations and for reproductive health in women, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2 villages in north-eastern tanzania including interview and gynaecological examination of adult women, focusing primarily on reproductive history and genital health. in a population of 2165 residents, prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia was 28%, and geometric mean intensity of microfilariae (mf) was ... | 2000 | 11127246 |
| single-dose treatment of wuchereria bancrofti infections with ivermectin and albendazole alone or in combination: evaluation of the potential for control at 12 months after treatment. | the effect of single-dose ivermectin (150-200 micrograms/kg) and albendazole (400 mg) treatment alone and in combination on wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia, antigenaemia and clinical manifestations was compared 12 months after treatment in a double-blind placebo-controlled field trial carried out in ghana in 1996-98, to evaluate the potential of these treatments for control. both ivermectin and combination treatments resulted in pronounced reductions in microfilaraemia among individuals who ... | 2000 | 11127253 |
| tolerance to diethylcarbamazine-medicated salt in individuals infected with onchocerca volvulus. | the tolerance of onchocerca volvulus-infected individuals to diethylcarbamazine (dec)-medicated salt (0.33% w/w) was assessed in 1996 in tanzania in a double-blind placebo-controlled hospital-based trial involving 4 groups, each of 10 adult males. groups i and ii had o. volvulus microfilariae (mf) only, group iii had both o. volvulus and wuchereria bancrofti mf, and group iv had w. bancrofti mf only. groups i, iii and iv received dec-medicated salt, whereas group ii was a control to group i and ... | 2000 | 11127254 |
| a preliminary analysis of wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial antigens for potential use in diagnosis. | several antigens from the microfilarial stage of wuchereria bancrofti have been identified using immunoblots of microfilarial antigens and screening with immune sera and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) sera. this analysis revealed an array of antigens with apparent molecular weights of 14kda, 35kda, 42kda, 63kda, 88kda, 97kda and 200kda. among these only the 14kda and 42kda antigens were consistently recognized by most of the immune sera. a 132kda antigen was recognized only by tpe sera. a ... | 2000 | 11127321 |
| field evaluation of two diagnostic antigen tests for wuchereria bancrofti infection among indian expatriates in saudi arabia. | two commercially available diagnostic tools (tro-bio elisa and ict card test) were used to detect circulating filarial antigen of wuchereria bancrofti infections among indian expatriate workers in saudi arabia. daytime serum samples collected from 302 individuals (210 men and 92 women) were tested. night blood surveys for microfilaraemia were restricted to those individuals who became positive for the trop-bio assay test. the overall prevalence of filarial antigeaemia was 10.6% (32 individuals). ... | 2000 | 11127350 |
| a study of filarial transmission in a non-endemic area of pathankot (punjab). | a filariasis survey was conducted in july 1998 in pathankot town of punjab covering a population of 28, 041. a total of 2136 blood smears were collected from migratory and local inhabitants. microfilaria (mf) rate and mean mf density was 1.19 and 15.05 respectively. disease rate was nil. all the 20 microfilaria carriers detected were known to hall from filaria endemic areas of different states. mf rate was highest in 20-49 years age-group, whereas mf density was high in younger age group. wucher ... | 2000 | 11129567 |
| bancroftian filariasis: prevalence of antigenaemia and endemic normals in orissa, india. | | 2000 | 11132379 |
| evaluation of pcr-based methods for the diagnosis of infection in bancroftian filariasis. | the value of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection was evaluated in comparison to microscopical examination of night blood smears, nuclepore filtration, serology and ultrasonography. no correlation was found between pcr-based deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) probing and serology. we did not find any evidence of free filarial dna in either blood plasma or chylocoele fluid. we conclude that the 2 pcr-based techniques evaluated are not more sensitive than ... | 2000 | 11132382 |
| detection of filarial larvae in mosquitoes with oligonucleotide probe. | to investigate a new way to detect filarial larvae in mosquitoes and apply it to the surveillance of filariasis. | 1998 | 11155672 |
| a programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in tamil nadu state, india: compliance with annual single-dose dec mass treatment and some related operational aspects. | this paper reports on dec distribution and compliance with treatment in a large-scale annual single-dose mass treatment programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the south indian state of tamil nadu. 76.9% of households (82.5% in rural areas and 58.0% in urban areas) were aware of drug distribution for control of filariasis. dec was given to 70% (= distribution rate) (range 0-92%) of the population and 53.5% (range 12-89%) complied with treatment. the distribution rate was more than 75% in ... | 2000 | 11169272 |
| elimination of bancroftian filariasis (wuchereria bancrofti) in santa catarina state, brazil. | during the 1950s, three foci of wuchereria bancrofti transmission were identified in the state of santa catarina, brazil. in florianópolis, são josé da ponta grossa and barra da laguna community treatment of bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine (dec) was performed using two distinct approaches, without vector control or improvements in sanitation. in two of the three communities only microfilaraemic individuals were treated, while in barra da laguna the entire population received dec t ... | 2000 | 11169273 |
| [bancroftian filariasis in urban areas of alagoas state, northeast brazil: study in the general population]. | in order to assess the present status of lymphatic filariasis in alagoas state, brazil, hemoscopic surveys were carried out in the human population of the three different physiographic regions of the state. blood samples were collected by thick smear technique taken after 10:00 p.m. from a total of 101 cities of the state, 10 were randomly selected, bancroftian filariasis was only found in maceió, the capital of alagoas state. in a cross-sectional survey conducted among the general population of ... | 2000 | 11175584 |
| [parasitologic diagnosis. filariasis]. | | 2000 | 11187230 |
| occurrence of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria in a filarial endemic area of orissa, india. | to determine the frequency of occurrence of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria in filarial endemic area of orissa, where the mf rate and disease rate were observed to be 14.8% and 37.2% respectively, clinical examination, night blood smear examination, morning midstream urine examination were conducted on 697 persons-randomly selected from all age groups in 8 villages of puri tehsil. out of them, 15.6% were found to have asymptomatic haematuria (grade i-14.7%, grade ii-0.6%, grade-iii 0.3%). th ... | 2000 | 11198403 |
| wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes in the pathogenesis of disease and as a target for control. | | 2000 | 11198638 |
| development of anti-filarial antibodies in a group of expatriate mine-site workers with varying exposure to the disease. | | 2000 | 11198663 |
| evaluation of the whole blood filariasis ict test for short-term monitoring after antifilarial treatment. | the immunochromatographic (ict) filariasis test is a rapid screening tool that will be useful for defining the prevalence and distribution of wuchereria bancrofti as part of the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. to address questions about its usefulness for monitoring control programs, we used the ict filariasis test to assess residual antigen levels following antifilarial treatment. our results demonstrate that antigen levels persist in microfilaria-negative persons for up to th ... | 2000 | 11220767 |
| non-filarial elephantiasis in the mt. elgon area (kapchorwa district) of uganda. | following reports of a high frequency of elephantiasis in kwen county (kapchorwa district) on the slopes of mt. elgon in uganda, a baseline survey for lymphatic filariasis was carried out in three villages in the affected area. individuals aged 1 year and above were examined for chronic manifestations of lymphatic filariasis, and for specific circulating filarial antigens and microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti. elephantiasis was observed in all age groups from 10 years and above. the overall ... | 2001 | 11230827 |
| human bancroftian filariasis: loss of patent microfilaraemia is not associated with production of antibodies to microfilarial sheath. | antisheath antibodies have been incriminated in elimination of circulating microfilariae in human filariasis since a very significant inverse association has been consistently demonstrated between the two parameters. an attempt was made in the present study to seek empirical proof for the above proposal. two cohorts of 43 and 73 microfilariae (mf) carriers were examined after 13 and 10 years, respectively, for mf as well as antisheath antibodies. the first cohort was also examined for the presen ... | 2001 | 11240907 |
| estimated costs of acute adenolymphangitis to patients with chronic manifestations of bancroftian filariasis in india. | in india, lymphatic filariasis persists as a major cause of clinical morbidity and as an impediment to socio-economic development. the direct costs incurred for the treatment of adeno-lymphangitis (adl) episodes and the consequent indirect costs due to loss of income were determined from selected agricultural labour-intensive rural endemic pockets in tamil nadu. information on the occurrence of adl, its frequency and duration were collected using semi-structured questionnaire from randomly selec ... | 1999 | 11243067 |
| a four year follow up study of filaria specific ige response in individuals with hydrocele. | hydrocele is the most common clinical manifestation in males infected with wuchereria bancrofti. ige response to a filarial allergen sd30 was evaluated in hydrocele patients living in a w. bancrofti endemic region of orissa, india. | 2000 | 11247197 |
| effect of aggressive prolonged diethylcarbamazine therapy on circulating antigen levels in bancroftian filariasis. | single dose diethylcarbamazine (dec) as used in control programmes is effectively microfilaricidal for periods of up to a year or more but has incomplete ability to kill wuchereria bancrofti adult parasites. these regimens can be effective in breaking transmission by suppression of circulating microfilariae available to mosquito vectors. whether prolonged or aggressive therapy with dec has a significant effect on adult worms, which may live up to 12 years or more, and is important in the context ... | 2001 | 11251894 |
| [the control of lymphatic filariasis]. | recent advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of lymphatic filariasis have raised hopes for eradication. development of an easy-to-use, rapid-format diagnostic tool has facilitated precise location of infectious zones thus allowing quick intervention. two new drugs, i.e., ivermectin and albendazole, have been shown to be highly effective in the management of microfilariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori thus greatly expanding a therapeutic arsen ... | 2000 | 11258066 |
| a lump in the mouth. | | 2001 | 11265955 |
| detection of wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes by the polymerase chain reaction: a potentially useful tool for large-scale control programmes. | focally endemic bancroftian filariasis is targeted for elimination in the nile delta of egypt. improved methods are needed for identifying endemic villages to be included in the control programme and for monitoring its success. we have evaluated the performance of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay in estimating wuchereria bancrofti infection in pools of culex pipiens (1-25 females) from 2 adjacent villages with high (el qolzom, 10.8%) and low (kafr shorafa, 2.1%) prevalence rates of human ... | 2001 | 11280059 |
| microfilariae in association with neoplastic lesions: report of five cases. | microfilariae and adult filarial worms have occasionally been detected in association with neoplastic lesions in cytological smears. the presence of microfilariae along with neoplasms is generally regarded as a chance association, yet some authors suggest that such parasitic infestations may be a causative factor for tumourigenesis. there are only a few reported cases in cytology literature documenting this association. we report the presence of microfilariae in routine cytology smears from one ... | 2001 | 11284956 |
| the impact of 34 years of massive dec chemotherapy on wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission: the maupiti cohort. | semi-annual mass dec chemotherapy combined with vector control at the beginning of the programme, has been administered on the remote island of maupiti (french polynesia) since 1955 (except two periods in 1960-67 and 1970-74). the results of two surveys in 1985 and 1989, reporting 0% microfilaraemia, led to the hope that the eradication of lymphatic filariasis had been achieved. we combined parasitological criteria (microfilaraemia by membrane filtration), immunological (antigenaemia and serum l ... | 2001 | 11299035 |
| clinical and parasitological aspects of bancroftian filariasis in hale, northeast tanzania. | to document the endemicity characteristic of bancroftian filariasis and to validate the effect of blood sampling time adjustment method on microfilarial intensity in relation to sex and age. | 2000 | 11320769 |