| antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida). | mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ... | 2006 | 19127719 |
| isolation and characterisation of polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) degrading fungi from a historically contaminated soil. | abstract: | 2009 | 19138404 |
| aspergillus fumigatus germ tube growth and not conidia ingestion induces expression of inflammatory mediator genes in the human lung epithelial cell line a549. | inhalation of conidia is the main cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) and the respiratory epithelium is the first line of defence. to explore the triggering factor for the inflammatory response to aspergillus fumigatus, the species mainly responsible for ipa, this study analysed the differential expression of three inflammatory genes in a549 cells after challenge with live and killed conidia. the influence of steroids, one of the main risk factors for developing ipa, was also investi ... | 2009 | 19141733 |
| contribution of peroxisomes to penicillin biosynthesis in aspergillus nidulans. | peroxisomal localization of the third enzyme of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway of aspergillus nidulans, acyl-coenzyme a:ipn acyltransferase (iat), is mediated by its atypical peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (pts1). however, mislocalization of iat by deletion of either its pts1 or of genes encoding proteins involved in peroxisome formation or transport does not completely abolish penicillin biosynthesis. this is in contrast to the effects of iat mislocalization in penicillium chrysogenum. | 2009 | 19151327 |
| matching the proteome to the genome: the microbody of penicillin-producing penicillium chrysogenum cells. | in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, microbodies are essential for penicillin biosynthesis. to better understand the role of these organelles in antibiotics production, we determined the matrix enzyme contents of p. chrysogenum microbodies. using a novel in silico approach, we first obtained a catalogue of 200 p. chrysogenum proteins with putative microbody targeting signals (ptss). this included two orthologs of proteins involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis, which we demonstrate ... | 2009 | 19156454 |
| synthesis of sulfated glucosaminides for profiling substrate specificities of sulfatases and fungal beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases. | systematic sulfation: sulfated glycoconjugates are degraded either by desulfation followed by glycoside cleavage, or by glycoside cleavage followed by desulfation. to study these processes, here we report the synthesis of four regioisomerically sulfated p-nitrophenyl glucosaminides from the common precursor p-nitrophenyl n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide. these substrates allowed the rapid analysis of the substrate preferences of a set of four sulfatases and 24 hexosaminidases.sulfated carbohydrates ... | 2009 | 19156788 |
| the vacuolar serine protease, a cross-reactive allergen from cladosporium herbarum. | subtilisin-like serine proteases make up one of the most important allergen-families regarding the number of individual allergens. previously, fungal subtilisin-like serine proteases have been identified from aspergillus-, penicillium-, and trichophyton-species having a prevalence of ige-reactivity between 33% and 80%. since ige-cross-reactivity is a common phenomenon within fungal species we wanted to know whether this protein also represents an allergen in cladosporium herbarum. hence, a scree ... | 2009 | 19162325 |
| disruption of the nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase affects the morphology of two industrial strains of penicillium chrysogenum. | new morphological aspects of penicillium chrysogenum were found during physiological characterisation of two nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase mutant strains. a morphological characterisation of the previously constructed strains, together with the two beta-lactam producing industrial recipient strains, was conducted. the reference strains showed a compact structure with highly branched hyphal elements whereas the morphology of the deltagdha strains consisting of long elongated hyphal elem ... | 2009 | 19167440 |
| exploring and dissecting genome-wide gene expression responses of penicillium chrysogenum to phenylacetic acid consumption and penicilling production. | since the discovery of the antibacterial activity of penicillin by fleming 80 years ago, improvements of penicillin titer were essentially achieved by classical strain improvement through mutagenesis and screening. the recent sequencing of penicillium chrysogenum strain wisconsin1255-54 and the availability of genomics tools such as dna-microarray offer new perspective. | 2009 | 19203396 |
| fungistatic activity of heat-treated flaxseed determined by response surface methodology. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the fungistatic activity of flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium and a fresh noodle system. the radial growth of penicilliumn chrysogenum, aspergillus flavus, and a penicillium sp. isolated from moldy noodles, as well as the mold count of fresh noodle enriched with heat treated flaxseed, were used to assess antifungal activity. a central composite design in the response surface methodology ... | 2008 | 19241553 |
| an efficient method for 15n-labeling of chitin in fungi. | to permit facile (15)n solid-state nmr (ssnmr) analysis of the degree of acetylation (da) of chitinous materials in fungi a method for the introduction of a (15)n isotopic label has been developed. using penicillium chrysogenum as a model system, a series of (15)n-based media were surveyed for their abilities to support mycelial growth, and a rich medium supplemented with ((15)nh(4))(2)so(4) supported good growth. uptake of label into chitin extracted from mycelia grown in the rich ((15)nh(4))(2 ... | 2009 | 19249848 |
| simultaneous quantification of free nucleotides in complex biological samples using ion pair reversed phase liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. | a new sensitive and accurate analytical method has been developed for quantification of intracellular nucleotides in complex biological samples from cultured cells of different microorganisms such as saccharomyces cerevisiae, escherichia coli, and penicillium chrysogenum. this method is based on ion pair reversed phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionization isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (ip-lc-esi-id-ms/ms. a good separation and low detection limits were observed for these com ... | 2009 | 19250917 |
| mold spore penetration through wall service outlets: a pilot study. | a pilot study was conducted to estimate fungal spore penetration for wall service outlets subjected to a constant air pressure. during the laboratory experiment, a wall chamber was fabricated, and telephone, electrical, and cable service outlets were installed. penicillium chrysogenum spores were aerosolized into the chamber that was held under pressure. spores that penetrated the outlets were funneled into an impinger for microscopic enumeration. thirty trials were conducted for each of the fiv ... | 2010 | 19266299 |
| construction of an hdfa penicillium chrysogenum strain impaired in non-homologous end-joining and analysis of its potential for functional analysis studies. | the homologous recombination mechanism for dna-repair is not predominant in most filamentous fungi, resulting in extremely low targeting efficiencies for molecular engineering. to increase the gene targeting efficiency, it is becoming common practice to inactivate the non-homologous end-joining (nhej) pathway that causes random integration, by deleting the fungal homologs of the human ku70 and ku80 genes that encode proteins functioning in the nhej pathway. this has been described for several fi ... | 2009 | 19269344 |
| engineering of penicillium chrysogenum for fermentative production of a novel carbamoylated cephem antibiotic precursor. | penicillium chrysogenum was successfully engineered to produce a novel carbamoylated cephalosporin that can be used as a synthon for semi-synthetic cephalosporins. to this end, genes for acremonium chrysogenum expandase/hydroxylase and streptomyces clavuligerus carbamoyltransferase were expressed in a penicilling high-producing strain of p.chrysogenum. growth of the engineered strain in the presence of adipic acid resulted in production of adipoyl-7-amino-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxyl ... | 2009 | 19271269 |
| pennicitrinone d, a new citrinin dimer from the halotolerant fungus penicillium notatum b-52. | | 2009 | 19282879 |
| determination of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) by passive sampling onto charcoal sorbents. | passive sampling combined with gc-ms was applied for the detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) emitted by mould cultures. the fungi species penicillium expansum, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium brevicompactum, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, aspergillus niger, and cladosporium cladosporoides were cultivated on dichloran glycerol agar. the emitted volatiles were collected by charcoal-based passive diffusion monitors during the first four weeks of growth. se ... | 2009 | 19289243 |
| comparison of dry- and wet-based fine bead homogenizations to extract dna from fungal spores. | the present study explored dna extraction kinetics from fungal spores, i.e., aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum and cladosporium sphaerospermum, by fine bead mill homogenization. in particular, the study aimed to investigate basic differences between the dry- and wet-based methods. the results showed higher initial rates of the dna extractions by the dry-based method than by the wet-based method, due to higher collision efficiency among fine beads and fungal spores. based on the experime ... | 2009 | 19332310 |
| biocontrol of meloidogyne incognita on tomato using antagonistic fungi, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure. | biocontrol achieved by a single biocontrol agent is generally inconsistent under field conditions. the aim of the present study was to increase the competitiveness and efficacy of biocontrol agents by using them together with cattle manure. | 2009 | 19431151 |
| functional aspects of the solution structure and dynamics of paf--a highly-stable antifungal protein from penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium antifungal protein (paf) is a promising antimycotic without toxic effects on mammalian cells and therefore may represent a drug candidate against the often lethal aspergillus infections that occur in humans. the pathogenesis of paf on sensitive fungi involves g-protein coupled signalling followed by apoptosis. in the present study, the solution structure of this small, cationic, antifungal protein from penicillium chrysogenum is determined by nmr. we demonstrate that paf belongs to t ... | 2009 | 19459942 |
| molecular characterization of a fungal gene paralogue of the penicillin pende gene of penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum converts isopenicillin n (ipn) into hydrophobic penicillins by means of the peroxisomal ipn acyltransferase (iat), which is encoded by the pende gene. in silico analysis of the p. chrysogenum genome revealed the presence of a gene, pc13g09140, initially described as paralogue of the iat-encoding pende gene. we have termed this gene ial because it encodes a protein with high similarity to iat (ial for iat-like). we have conducted an investigation to characterize the ial ge ... | 2009 | 19470155 |
| indoor fungal contamination of moisture-damaged and allergic patient housing analysed using real-time pcr. | the aim of our study was to compare, using real-time (rt) pcr, quantitative levels of five fungal species in three kinds of dwellings. | 2009 | 19486284 |
| quantitative pcr study on the mode of action of oligosaccharide elicitors on penicillin g production by penicillium chrysogenum. | to investigate the effects of single and multiple additions of the oligosaccharide elicitors, obtained from alginate and locust bean gum, on penicillin g production and the transcript level of penicillin g biosynthetic genes. | 2009 | 19486407 |
| application of raisin extracts as preservatives in liquid bread and bread systems. | interest in natural ingredients with multifunctions in food has led to the investigation of the antimicrobial activity of raisins, a traditional baking ingredient. water and 60% ethanol extracts, and raisin juice concentrate (rjc, a commercial food ingredient) were assessed for their ability to inhibit the growth of ropy-bread-causing bacillus species. the ability of these additives and raisin paste were tested for antifungal activity in liquid bread model system and bread. in the liquid bread m ... | 2009 | 19490336 |
| cybernetic modeling based on pathway analysis for penicillium chrysogenum fed-batch fermentation. | a macrokinetic model employing cybernetic methodology is proposed to describe mycelium growth and penicillin production. based on the primordial and complete metabolic network of penicillium chrysogenum found in the literature, the modeling procedure is guided by metabolic flux analysis and cybernetic modeling framework. the abstracted cybernetic model describes the transients of the consumption rates of the substrates, the assimilation rates of intermediates, the biomass growth rate, as well as ... | 2010 | 19543751 |
| isolation of lysozyme and an antifungal peptide from sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) plasma. | the sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) belongs to the most primitive class of fish and has only innate immunity. the innate immune factors, lysozyme and an antifungal peptide, were isolated from sea lamprey plasma. sea lamprey plasma (40.1mg protein/ml) was assayed for lysozyme activity by gel diffusion assay. using hen egg white lysozyme standards, plasma concentration of lamprey lysozyme was 5microg lysozyme/mg total protein. the presence of lysozyme in such high concentration in lamprey plasma ... | 2009 | 19552965 |
| using human sera to identify a 52-kda exoantigen of penicillium chrysogenum and implications of polyphasic taxonomy of anamorphic ascomycetes in the study of antigenic proteins. | we are interested in isolating and identifying antigenic fungal proteins from species that grow on damp building materials. the indoor clade of penicillium chrysogenum, the so-called fleming clade, is the most common species of penicillium on moldy building materials. we have identified a 52-kda marker protein for the indoor clade of p. chrysogenum not present in a taxonomically diverse selection of fungi. it is found in high concentrations in protein extracted from the fungus grown on paper-fac ... | 2009 | 19590977 |
| deletion and overexpression of the aspergillus nidulans gata factor areb reveals unexpected pleiotropy. | the aspergillus nidulans transcription factor area is a key regulator of nitrogen metabolic gene expression. area contains a c-terminal gata zinc finger dna-binding domain and activates expression of genes necessary for nitrogen acquisition. previous studies identified areb as a potential negative regulator of nitrogen catabolism showing similarity with penicillium chrysogenum nreb and neurospora crassa asd4. the areb gene encodes multiple products containing an n-terminal gata zinc finger and a ... | 2009 | 19628561 |
| characterization of a 52 kda exoantigen of penicillium chrysogenum and monoclonal antibodies suitable for its detection. | the indoor clade of penicillium chrysogenum, the so-called fleming clade, is the most common species of penicillium on moldy building materials. in a previous study, we identified a 52 kda human antigen characteristic of the indoor clade of p. chrysogenum not present in a taxonomically diverse selection of fungi. further investigations revealed that it is a modestly glycosylated mature protein with a pi 5.3. the protein is apparently identical to a glucoamylase previously reported from an alumin ... | 2010 | 19653120 |
| heterologous production of non-ribosomal peptide lld-acv in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | non-ribosomal peptides (nrps) are a diverse family of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activities. we started to develop an eukaryotic microbial platform based on the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae for heterologous production of nrps using delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) as a model nrp. the penicillium chrysogenum gene pcbab encoding acv synthetase was expressed in s. cerevisiae from a high-copy plasmid together with phosphopantetheinyl transferase (p ... | 2009 | 19686863 |
| comparison of skin prick tests with specific serum immunoglobulin e in the diagnosis of fungal sensitization in patients with severe asthma. | it has been shown that patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) and patients with severe asthma with fungal sensitization (safs) can benefit from antifungal therapy. it is not known whether allergy skin prick tests (spt) or specific ige tests are more sensitive in the identification of patients who are sensitized to fungi and who are therefore candidates for antifungal therapy. | 2009 | 19689458 |
| homologous recombination in the antibiotic producer penicillium chrysogenum: strain deltapcku70 shows up-regulation of genes from the hog pathway. | in penicillium chrysogenum, the industrial producer of the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin, generating gene replacements for functional analyses is very inefficient. here, we constructed a recipient strain that allows efficient disruption of any target gene via homologous recombination. following isolation of the pcku70 (syn. hdfa) gene encoding a conserved eukaryotic dna-binding protein involved in non-homologous end joining (nhej), a pcku70 knockout strain was constructed using a novel nours ... | 2010 | 19690852 |
| transcriptional upregulation of four genes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway by homocitrate accumulation in penicillium chrysogenum: homocitrate as a sensor of lysine-pathway distress. | the lysine biosynthetic pathway has to supply large amounts of alpha-aminoadipic acid for penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. in this study, we have characterized the p. chrysogenum l2 mutant, a lysine auxotroph that shows highly increased expression of several lysine biosynthesis genes (lys1, lys2, lys3, lys7). the l2 mutant was found to be deficient in homoaconitase activity since it was complemented by the aspergillus nidulans lysf gene. we have cloned a gene (named lys3) that ... | 2009 | 19696106 |
| chapter 5: zones of inhibition? the transfer of information relating to penicillin in europe during world war ii. | alexander fleming published his first description of penicillin in 1929, but the journal articles that were to propel penicillin from its relative obscurity were those of howard florey and his co-workers at oxford university. these were published in the lancet in the early years of world war ii and although wartime conditions restricted the flow of information on penicillin throughout europe, they never succeeded in shutting it off altogether. in germany an information-gathering initiative was e ... | 2009 | 19729093 |
| preparation of fungal conidia impacts their susceptibility to inactivation by ethanol vapours. | a common protocol employed for the preparation of conidia employs flooding a fungal colony grown on semi-solid media under optimum conditions with an aqueous solution. in contrast, conidia produced in a natural environment are usually not hydrated when disseminated in air and can be produced under water stress. in order to simulate the latter conditions, cultures were grown at different water activities and conidia were dry-harvested on the lid by turning the dishes upside-down then gently tappi ... | 2009 | 19762103 |
| structure of the two-domain hexameric aps kinase from thiobacillus denitrificans: structural basis for the absence of atp sulfurylase activity. | the tbd_0210 gene of the chemolithotrophic bacterium thiobacillus denitrificans is annotated to encode a 60.5 kda bifunctional enzyme with atp sulfurylase and aps kinase activity. this putative bifunctional enzyme was cloned, expressed and structurally characterized. the 2.95 a resolution x-ray crystal structure reported here revealed a hexameric assembly with d(3) symmetry. each subunit contains a large n-terminal sulfurylase-like domain and a c-terminal aps kinase domain reminiscent of the two ... | 2009 | 19770499 |
| effect of a heterotrimeric g protein alpha subunit on conidia germination, stress response, and roquefortine c production in penicillium roqueforti. | heterotrimeric g protein signaling regulates many processes in fungi, such as development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. for example, the galpha subunit pga1 from penicillium chrysogenum regulates conidiation and secondary metabolite production in this fungus. the dominant activating allele, pga1g42r, encoding a constitutively active pga1 galpha subunit, was introduced in penicillium roqueforti by transformation, resulting in a phenotype characterized by low sporulation a ... | 2009 | 19784932 |
| evidence for dicer-dependent rna interference in the industrial penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum. | rna interference (rnai) is a sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing system that downregulates target gene expression. here, we provide several lines of evidence for rna silencing in the industrial beta-lactam antibiotic producer penicillium chrysogenum using the dsred reporter gene under the control of the constitutive trpc promoter or the inducible xylp promoter. the functional rnai system was verified by detection of sirnas that hybridized exclusively with gene-specific (32)p-la ... | 2009 | 19797363 |
| jem spotlight: fungi, mycotoxins and microbial volatile organic compounds in mouldy interiors from water-damaged buildings. | concerns have been raised about exposure to mycotoxin producing fungi and the microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) they produce in indoor environments. therefore, the presence of fungi and mycotoxins was investigated in 99 samples (air, dust, wallpaper, mycelium or silicone) collected in the mouldy interiors of seven water-damaged buildings. in addition, volatile organic compounds (vocs) were sampled. the mycotoxins were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/m ... | 2009 | 19809708 |
| the penicillium chrysogenum acla gene encodes a broad-substrate-specificity acyl-coenzyme a ligase involved in activation of adipic acid, a side-chain precursor for cephem antibiotics. | activation of the cephalosporin side-chain precursor to the corresponding coa-thioester is an essential step for its incorporation into the beta-lactam backbone. to identify an acyl-coa ligase involved in activation of adipate, we searched in the genome database of penicillium chrysogenum for putative structural genes encoding acyl-coa ligases. chemostat-based transcriptome analysis was used to identify the one presenting the highest expression level when cells were grown in the presence of adip ... | 2010 | 19833221 |
| indoor mold concentration in eastern france. | our prospective case-control study of 118 dwellings in eastern france examined fungal contamination in unhealthy dwellings (n = 32) (homes with visible mold contamination and adverse health outcomes reported by the occupants), dwellings occupied by allergic patients (with medical diagnostic and positive prick-tests for molds) (n = 27) and matched control dwellings (n = 59). unhealthy dwellings present higher airborne concentrations of aspergillus, penicillium, and cladosporium than control dwell ... | 2009 | 19840143 |
| molds, mycotoxins, and sick building syndrome. | the following is a review of some of the work we have done since 2004 regarding the importance of molds and their mycotoxins in the phenomenon of sick building syndrome (sbs). in these studies we showed that the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins (mtm) of stachybotrys chartarum (sc) are easily dissociated from the surface of the organism as it grows and could therefore be consequently spread in buildings as the fungus experiences additional water events. we then showed that sc and penicillium ... | 2009 | 19854820 |
| fungal spores: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting. | fungal spores are ubiquitous in the environment. however, exposure levels in workplaces where mouldy materials are handled are much higher than in common indoor and outdoor environments. spores of all tested species induced inflammation in experimental studies. the response to mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic species was much stronger. in animal studies, nonallergic responses dominated after a single dose. allergic responses also occurred, especially to mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic speci ... | 2009 | 19863384 |
| aspects on evolution of fungal beta-lactam biosynthesis gene clusters and recruitment of trans-acting factors. | penicillins and cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics. the formation of hydrophobic penicillins has been reported in fungi only, notably penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus (emericella) nidulans, whereas the hydrophilic cephalosporins are produced by both fungi, e.g., acremonium chrysogenum (cephalosporin c), and bacteria. the producing bacteria include gram-negatives and gram-positives, e.g., streptomyces clavuligerus (cephamycin c) and lysobacter lactamgenus (cephabacins), respectivel ... | 2009 | 19863978 |
| comparative studies on respiration : xi. the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the respiration of penicillium chrysogenum. | 1. variations in ph value between 4 and 8 produce practically no effect on the normal rate of respiration (the rate at neutrality is called normal). 2. increasing the ph value to 8.80 causes respiration to fall to 60 per cent of the normal, after which it remains stationary for the duration of the experiment. 3. decreasing the ph value to 2.65 causes a gradual rise and a gradual return to normal; at ph 1.10 to 1.95 the preliminary rise amounts to 20 per cent and is followed by a fall to below th ... | 1920 | 19871835 |
| comparative studies on respiration : xii. a comparison of the production of carbon dioxide by penicillium and by a solution of dextrose and hydrogen peroxide. | a neutral solution of dextrose and hydrogen peroxide acts like penicillium chrysogenum in producing an increased amount of co(2) upon the addition of acid, but not upon the addition of alkali. | 1920 | 19871845 |
| the antifungal protein paf interferes with pkc/mpk and camp/pka signalling of aspergillus nidulans. | the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in aspergillus nidulans. we report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. paf activates the camp/protein kinase a (pka) signalling cascade. a pkaa deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards paf. this was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: paf aggravated the effect of the activator 8-br-camp and partially relieved the repressive activ ... | 2010 | 19889092 |
| poly(ethylene glycol) (peg-400) as an alternative reaction solvent for the synthesis of some new 1-(4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl)-3-aryl-5-(2-butyl-4-chloro-1h-imidazol-5yl)-2-pyrazolines and their in vitro antimicrobial evaluation. | several 1-(4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl)-3-aryl-5-(2-butyl-4-chloro-1h-imidazol-5yl)-2-pyrazoline derivatives were prepared by the base catalyzed treatment of appropriate chalcones with 4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2-hydrazino-thiazole in poly (ethylene glycol) (peg-400) as an alternative reaction solvent. all the synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activities against escherichia coli (mtcc 2939), salmonella typhi (mtcc 98), staphylococcus aureus (mtcc 96), bacillus subtilis (mtc ... | 2010 | 19896247 |
| characterization of the novel antifungal protein pgafp and the encoding gene of penicillium chrysogenum. | the strain rp42c from penicillium chrysogenum produces a small protein pgafp that inhibits the growth of some toxigenic molds. the molecular mass of the protein determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) was 6 494da. pgafp showed a cationic character with an estimated pi value of 9.22. upon chemical and enzymatic treatments of pgafp, no evidence for n- or o-glycosylations was obtained. five partial sequences of pgafp were obtained by edman degradation and by esi-ms/ms after ... | 2010 | 19914321 |
| calculation errors of time-varying flux control coefficients obtained from elasticity coefficients by means of summation and connectivity theorems in metabolic control analysis. | this paper investigates the accuracy of a matrix method proposed by other researchers to calculate time-varying flux control coefficients (dynamic fccs) from elasticity coefficients by means of summation and connectivity theorems in the framework of metabolic control analysis. a mathematical model for the fed-batch penicillin v fermentation process is used as a case example for discussion. calculated results reveal that this method produces significant calculation errors because the theorems are ... | 2010 | 19932125 |
| potential for preventing spread of fungi in air-conditioning systems constructed using copper instead of aluminium. | as copper has been previously suggested as an antimicrobial surface, we tested the effectiveness of copper as an antifungal surface which could be used in air-conditioning systems as an alternative to aluminium. | 2010 | 19943884 |
| allyl isothiocyanate as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical. | allyl isothiocyanate (aitc), which occurs in many common cruciferous vegetables, is widely and often frequently consumed by humans. besides antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it showed anticancer activity in both cultured cancer cells and animal models, although the underlining mechanisms remain largely undefined. bioavailability of aitc is extremely high, as nearly 90% of orally administered aitc is absorbed. aitc absorbed in vivo is metabolized mainly through the merc ... | 2010 | 19960458 |
| an engineered yeast efficiently secreting penicillin. | this study aimed at developing an alternative host for the production of penicillin (pen). as yet, the industrial production of this beta-lactam antibiotic is confined to the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. as such, the yeast hansenula polymorpha, a recognized producer of pharmaceuticals, represents an attractive alternative. introduction of the p. chrysogenum gene encoding the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (acvs) ... | 2009 | 20016817 |
| proteolytic activity of beef luncheon fungi as affected by incorporation of some food preservatives. | screening of thirty-one fungal isolates (representing 16 genera, 28 species and 3 varieties) collected from beef luncheon meat for their abilities to produce protease enzyme revealed that eleven isolates (35.48%) exhibited high protease production. however, fifteen isolates (48.39%) had moderate ability and 5 isolates (16.13%) were low producers. aspergillus flavus, gibberella fujikuroi and penicillium chrysogenum were the most active producers of protease. the incorporation of five chemical sub ... | 2009 | 20038493 |
| use of the weibull model to describe inactivation of dry-harvested conidia of different penicillium species by ethanol vapours. | this study aimed at modelling the effect of ethanol vapours, in the range 0.7-7.5 kpa, on the inactivation of dry-harvested conidia of penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium digitatum and penicillium italicum. | 2010 | 20070448 |
| [phylogenetic analysis and detection of selective pressure on the cvnh domains]. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n) is a novel protein with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. its homologs constitute a protein family known as cvnh (cyanovirin-n homology), which possess the evolutionarily conserved anti-hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) domain. in this study, more details about the patchy organism distribution of cvnh domain were explored by reconstructing gene trees. duplicated cvnh sequences were also identified in a wide range of species including aspergillus niger, neosartorya fischeri ... | 2010 | 20085891 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase homologs of coccidioides posadasii. | two full-length cdnas were isolated from coccidioides posadasii that encode two deduced proteins (cphex1 and cphex2) with homology to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family of beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases. cphex1 consists of 595 amino acids, has a predicted molecular mass of 68 kda and shares the highest identity with the n-acetylhexosaminidase (naga) of aspergillus nidulans, while cphex2 consists of 603 amino acids, has a predicted molecular mass of 68.5 kda and shares the highest identity with nag1 ... | 2010 | 20109094 |
| [effects of pa-pex 11 gene on penicillin production in penicillium aurantiogriseum]. | to study the effect of pa-pex 11 gene on penicillin production in pencillium aurantiogriseum. | 2009 | 20112676 |
| dynamic gene expression regulation model for growth and penicillin production in penicillium chrysogenum. | as is often the case for microbial product formation, the penicillin production rate of penicillium chrysogenum has been observed to be a function of the growth rate of the organism. the relation between the biomass specific rate of penicillin formation (q(p)) and growth rate (mu) has been measured under steady state conditions in carbon limited chemostats resulting in a steady state q(p)(mu) relation. direct application of such a relation to predict the rate of product formation during dynamic ... | 2010 | 20148401 |
| proteome analysis of the penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum: characterization of protein changes during the industrial strain improvement. | proteomics is a powerful tool to understand the molecular mechanisms causing the production of high penicillin titers by industrial strains of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum as the result of strain improvement programs. penicillin biosynthesis is an excellent model system for many other bioactive microbial metabolites. the recent publication of the p. chrysogenum genome has established the basis to understand the molecular processes underlying penicillin overproduction. we report ... | 2010 | 20154335 |
| deep sequencing analysis of viruses infecting grapevines: virome of a vineyard. | double stranded rna, isolated from 44 pooled randomly selected vines from a diseased south african vineyard, has been used in a deep sequencing analysis to build a census of the viral population. the dsrna was sequenced in an unbiased manner using the sequencing-by-synthesis technology offered by the illumina genome analyzer ii and yielded 837 megabases of metagenomic sequence data. four known viral pathogens were identified. it was found that grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (glrav-3) is t ... | 2010 | 20172578 |
| [analysis of oxygen transfer in bioreactors for fungus broths. 2. suspensions of p. chrysogenum mycelial associations]. | unlike the p. shermanii and s. cerevisiae cultures, the study on the distribution of oxygen transfer in stirred bioreactor for p. chrysogenum pellets broths indicated that this process is controlled mainly by the deposition tendency of the biomass. similar to the previously studied systems, the analysis of k(1)a distribution indicated its heterogeneity on the bioreactor height, the oxygen transfer rate increasing from position 1 to 4. contrary to the bacterial and yeasts cultures, the intensific ... | 2009 | 20191858 |
| structures of an isopenicillin n converting ntn-hydrolase reveal different catalytic roles for the active site residues of precursor and mature enzyme. | penicillium chrysogenum acyl coenzyme a:isopenicillin n acyltransferase (at) performs the last step in the biosynthesis of hydrophobic penicillins, exchanging the hydrophilic side chain of a precursor for various hydrophobic side chains. like other n-terminal nucleophile hydrolases at is produced as an inactive precursor that matures upon posttranslational cleavage. the structure of a cys103ala precursor mutant shows that maturation is autoproteolytic, initiated by cys103 cleaving its preceding ... | 2010 | 20223213 |
| synthesis of 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1h-pyrazol-5-amine derivatives as antimicrobial agents. | a series of novel substituted 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1h-pyrazol-5-amine benzamides 9(a-h) were synthesized to determine their antibacterial and antifungal activities as well as possible structure-activity relationships (sars) to improve therapeutic efficacy. the pyrazol-5-amine benzamides were screened for their antibacterial activity against standard strains of gram-positive (streptococcus pyogenes ncim 2608, staphylococcus aureus atcc 29737, bacillus subtilis ncim 2010) and gram-neg ... | 2010 | 20235748 |
| antidotal properties of crude penicillium notatum filtrate. | | 1947 | 20250426 |
| colchicine ineffective in inducing polyploidy in penicillium notatum. | | 1946 | 20278684 |
| the relation of natural variation in penicillium notatum to the yield of penicillin in surface culture. | | 1947 | 20284969 |
| the production of exocellular pectic enzymes by penicillium chrysogenum; on the formation and adaptive nature of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase. | | 1947 | 20296065 |
| the oxidation of carbohydrates by a surface strain of penicillium notatum. | | 1947 | 20296066 |
| effect of the source of nitrogen in the medium on the formation of penicillin by surface cultures of penicillium notatum. | | 1947 | 20340310 |
| the oxidation of carbohydrates by a surface strain of penicillium notatum. | | 1947 | 20344622 |
| cloning, characterization, and engineering of fungal l-arabinitol dehydrogenases. | l-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (lad) catalyzes the conversion of l-arabinitol to l-xylulose with concomitant nad(+) reduction in fungal l-arabinose catabolism. it is an important enzyme in the development of recombinant organisms that convert l: -arabinose to fuels and chemicals. here, we report the cloning, characterization, and engineering of four fungal lads from penicillium chrysogenum, pichia guilliermondii, aspergillus niger, and trichoderma longibrachiatum, respectively. the lad from p. gui ... | 2010 | 20414651 |
| antimicrobial activity of submerged cultures of chilean basidiomycetes. | this study is part of a screening program aimed at searching for bioactive metabolites from chilean basidiomycetes. submerged cultivation of fungal mycelia in liquid media was evaluated for antimicrobial activity. a total of 148 strains were obtained in vitro. the extracts produced from submerged cultures were evaluated against bacteria and fungi. in the primary antimicrobial assay, approximately 60% of the extracts presented positive biological activity. the highest frequencies of active strain ... | 2010 | 20425689 |
| the t=1 capsid protein of penicillium chrysogenum virus is formed by a repeated helix-rich core indicative of gene duplication. | penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv), a member of the chrysoviridae family, is a double-stranded rna (dsrna) fungal virus with a multipartite genome, with each rna molecule encapsidated in a separate particle. chrysoviruses lack an extracellular route and are transmitted during sporogenesis and cell fusion. the pcv capsid, based on a t=1 lattice containing 60 subunits of the 982-amino-acid capsid protein, remains structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, participates in genome metaboli ... | 2010 | 20463071 |
| application of the saccharomyces cerevisiae flp/frt recombination system in filamentous fungi for marker recycling and construction of knockout strains devoid of heterologous genes. | to overcome the limited availability of antibiotic resistance markers in filamentous fungi, we adapted the flp/frt recombination system from the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae for marker recycling. we tested this system in the penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum using different experimental approaches. in a two-step application, we first integrated ectopically a nourseothricin resistance cassette flanked by the frt sequences in direct repeat orientation (frt-nat1 cassette) into a p. chry ... | 2010 | 20472720 |
| core promoters of the penicillin biosynthesis genes and quantitative rt-pcr analysis of these genes in high and low production strain of penicillium chrysogenum. | the transcription start points of the penicillin biosynthesis genes from penicillium chrysogenum were mapped using the primer extension method. for each of the three genes consensus sequences of the core promoter elements were identified, supporting the notion that the basal transcription of these genes is mediated separately. interestingly, transcription start of the pcbc gene is located within the potential inr element with no tata box-like sequence being found at expected position. this is in ... | 2010 | 20490754 |
| intracellular metabolite determination in the presence of extracellular abundance: application to the penicillin biosynthesis pathway in penicillium chrysogenum. | important steps in metabolic pathways are formed by the transport of substrates and products over the cell membrane. the study of in vivo transport kinetics requires accurate quantification of intra- and extracellular levels of the transported compounds. especially in case of extracellular abundance, the proper determination of intracellular metabolite levels poses challenges. efficient removal of extracellular substrates and products is therefore important not to overestimate the intracellular ... | 2010 | 20506508 |
| [fungal allergy among art conservators: prevalence, risk factors and clinical symptoms]. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypersensitivity to fungi among art conservators and museum workers. | 2010 | 20509551 |
| [another "suspect": homeopathic agent associated with acute interstitial nephritis]. | a 70-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with fatigue, pallor and shortness of breath on mild exertion. in her past medical history only borderline hypertension and allergy to penicillin were to note. | 2010 | 20533155 |
| bioethanol production from ball milled bagasse using an on-site produced fungal enzyme cocktail and xylose-fermenting pichia stipitis. | sugarcane bagasse is one of the most promising agricultural by-products for conversion to biofuels. here, ethanol fermentation from bagasse has been achieved using an integrated process combining mechanical pretreatment by ball milling, with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. ball milling for 2 h was sufficient for nearly complete cellulose structural transformation to an accessible amorphous form. the pretreated cellulosic residues were hydrolyzed by a crude enzyme preparation from penicill ... | 2010 | 20541110 |
| two components of a velvet-like complex control hyphal morphogenesis, conidiophore development, and penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum is the industrial producer of the antibiotic penicillin, whose biosynthetic regulation is barely understood. here, we provide a functional analysis of two major homologues of the velvet complex in p. chrysogenum, which we have named p. chrysogenum vela (pcvela) and pclaea. data from array analysis using a deltapcvela deletion strain indicate a significant role of pcvela on the expression of biosynthesis and developmental genes, including pclaea. northern hybridization and ... | 2010 | 20543063 |
| pen ch 13 major fungal allergen decreases cd44 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. | pen ch 13 is an alkaline serine protease major allergen from penicilliumchrysogenum. cd44 adhesion molecules play important roles in resolving lung inflammation and repairing epithelial damages during bronchial asthma. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pen ch 13 on cd44 of human bronchial epithelial cells. | 2010 | 20559002 |
| applicability of penicillium chrysogenum rheological correlations to broths of other fungal strains. | existing correlations of power law consistency index with penicillium chrysogenum biomass concentration and morphology were revised using a microscope magnification of 50 times to characterize the latter, rather than the 80 times used previously. this allowed tests of the correlations on broths of aspergillus oryzae and aspergillus niger, which have such large mycelial sizes that a lower magnification is required for accurate morphological analysis. the new correlations were successful at predic ... | 2010 | 20574833 |
| a comparison of the allergic responses induced by penicillium chrysogenum and house dust mite extracts in a mouse model. | a report by the institute of medicine suggested that more research is needed to better understand mold effects on allergic disease, particularly asthma development. we compared the ability of the fungal penicillium chrysogenum (pce) and house dust mite (hdm) extracts to induce allergic responses in balb/c mice. the extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration (ia) at several doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg) four times over a 4-week period. three days after the last ia exposure, ... | 2010 | 20590919 |
| penicillium chrysogenum pex14/17p--a novel component of the peroxisomal membrane that is important for penicillin production. | by genome analysis, we previously identified pex14/17p as a putative novel peroxin of penicillium chrysogenum. here, we show that pex14/17p is a component of the peroxisomal membrane that is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting signal 1 and peroxisomal targeting signal 2 matrix protein import, implying that the protein is indeed a genuine peroxin. additionally, a pex14/17 deletion strain is affected in conidiospore formation. pex14/17p has properties of both pex14p and pex17p, in that t ... | 2010 | 20597979 |
| peroxisomes are required for efficient penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. | in the fungus penicillium chrysogenum, penicillin (pen) production is compartmentalized in the cytosol and in peroxisomes. here we show that intact peroxisomes that contain the two final enzymes of pen biosynthesis, acyl coenzyme a (coa):6-amino penicillanic acid acyltransferase (at) as well as the side-chain precursor activation enzyme phenylacetyl coa ligase (pcl), are crucial for efficient pen synthesis. moreover, increasing pen titers are associated with increasing peroxisome numbers. howeve ... | 2010 | 20601503 |
| the antifungal activity of the penicillium chrysogenum protein paf disrupts calcium homeostasis in neurospora crassa. | the antifungal protein paf from penicillium chrysogenum exhibits growth-inhibitory activity against a broad range of filamentous fungi. evidence from this study suggests that disruption of ca(2+) signaling/homeostasis plays an important role in the mechanistic basis of paf as a growth inhibitor. supplementation of the growth medium with high ca(2+) concentrations counteracted paf toxicity toward paf-sensitive molds. by using a transgenic neurospora crassa strain expressing codon-optimized aequor ... | 2010 | 20622001 |
| rapid detection of aspergillus flavus in rice using biofunctionalized carbon nanotube field effect transistors. | in the present study, we have used carbon nanotube field effect transistors (fet) that have been functionalized with protein g and igg to detect aspergillus flavus in contaminated milled rice. the adsorbed protein g on the carbon nanotubes walls enables the igg anti-aspergillus antibodies to be well oriented and therefore to display full antigen binding capacity for fungal antigens. a solution of tween 20 and gelatine was used as an effective blocking agent to prevent the non-specific binding of ... | 2011 | 20632162 |
| identification and characterisation of human pathogenic filamentous fungi and susceptibility to thymus schimperi essential oil. | summary twenty-eight clinical fungal isolates were characterised by morphological (macro- and micro-features and growth response at 25, 30 and 37 degrees c) and molecular (nuclear rdna-internal transcriber spacer, calmodulin, cytochrome c oxidase 1 and the largest subunit of rna polymerase ii) analyses. the clinical fungal isolates were ascribed to the following taxa: penicillium chrysogenum, verticillium sp., aspergillus tubingensis, aspergillus minutus, beauveria bassiana and microsporum gypse ... | 2010 | 20633233 |
| characterization of the novel antifungal chitosanase pgchp and the encoding gene from penicillium chrysogenum. | the protein pgchp is a new chitosanase produced by penicillium chrysogenum as51d that showed antifungal activity against toxigenic molds. two isoforms were found by sds-page in the purified extract of pgchp. after enzymatic deglycosylation, only the smaller isoform was observed by sds-page. identical amino acid sequences were obtained from the two isoforms. analysis of the molecular mass by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed six major peaks from 30 to 31 kda that are related to d ... | 2010 | 20652693 |
| highly efficient gene targeting in penicillium chrysogenum using the bi-partite approach in deltalig4 or deltaku70 mutants. | inactivating the non-homologous end-joining (nhej) pathway is a well established method to increase gene targeting (gt) efficiencies in filamentous fungi. in this study we have compared the effect of inactivating the nhej genes ku70 or lig4 on gt in the industrial penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum. deletion of both genes resulted in strongly increased gt efficiencies at three different loci but not higher than 70%, implying that other, yet uncharacterized, recombination pathways are st ... | 2010 | 20659576 |
| analysis of the serum levels of fungi-specific immunoglobulin e in patients with allergic diseases. | atopic patients are exceptionally sensitive to airborne allergens. sensitization to fungal allergens may be associated with respiratory allergic disease (rad) and atopic dermatitis (ad). this study investigates the relationship between sensitization to different fungal allergens and the clinical manifestations of atopic disease. | 2011 | 20664277 |
| molecular detection and characterisation of fungal heat shock protein 60. | summary heat shock proteins (hsp) are highly conserved molecules, which are both constitutively expressed and up-regulated in response to various stress conditions. in particular, fungal hsp60 can act as immunodominant antigens and facilitate powerful immunological properties. a possible cellular heat shock response was investigated in eight fungi (aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus terreus, penicillium chrysogenum, cladosporium cladosporioides, scedosporium apiospermum, trichophyton mentagrophy ... | 2010 | 20667000 |
| impact of water activity of diverse media on spore germination of aspergillus and penicillium species. | the effects of water activity (a(w)) of diverse media i/ culture medium for sporogenesis, a(w sp) ii/ liquid spore suspension medium, a(w su) and iii/ medium for germination, a(w ge), on the germination time t(g) of aspergillus carbonarius, aspergillus flavus, penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium expansum were assessed according to a screening matrix at 0.95 and 0.99 a(w). it was shown that i/ reduced t(g)s were obtained at 0.95 a(w sp) except for p. expansum ii/ a significant effect of a(w s ... | 2010 | 20673593 |
| characterization of a novel broad-spectrum antifungal protein from virus-infected helminthosporium (cochliobolus) victoriae. | a broad-spectrum anti-fungal protein of approximately 10 kda, designated victoriocin, was purified from culture filtrates of a virus-infected isolate of the plant-pathogenic fungus helminthosporium victoriae (teleomorph: cochliobolus victoriae) by a multistep procedure involving ultrafiltration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc). amino acid sequences, obtained by automated edman degradation sequencing of rp-hplc-purified victoriocin-derived peptides, were used to ... | 2010 | 20701485 |
| pitucamycin: structural merger of a phenoxazinone with an epoxyquinone antibiotic. | chemical profiling of a streptomyces griseus strain isolated from an old building with moisture damage led to the discovery of two novel phenoxazinones, chandrananimycin d and pitucamycin , along with the known grixazone b. pitucamycin represents an unprecedented hybrid molecule composed of a phenoxazinone and an enaminomycin-like epoxyquinone moiety. | 2010 | 20715808 |
| the human ku autoantigen shares amino acid sequence homology with fungal, but not bacterial and viral, proteins. | context: molecular mimicry between autoantigens and microbial antigens is a possible triggering mechanism of autoimmunity. human ku is a dna-associated autoantigen targeted by autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders; available data are consistent with a role of molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of anti-ku autoimmunity, but no research exist on this topic. objective: we aimed to define the most probable microbial triggers of anti-ku autoimmunity via ... | 2011 | 20718578 |
| a series of transition and non-transition metal complexes from a n₄o₂ hexadentate schiff base ligand: synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and efficient antimicrobial activities. | some transition and non-transition metal complexes of the hexadentate n₄o₂ donor schiff base ligand 1,8-n-bis(3-carboxy)disalicylidene-3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diamine, abbreviated to h₄fsatrien, have been synthesized. all the 14 metal complexes have been fully characterized with the help of elemental analyses, molecular weights, molar conductance values, magnetic moments and spectroscopic (uv-vis, ir, nmr, esr) data. the analytical data helped to elucidate the structures of the metal complexes. the ... | 2010 | 20801711 |
| cytosolic nadph balancing in penicillium chrysogenum cultivated on mixtures of glucose and ethanol. | the in vivo flux through the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxppp) in penicillium chrysogenum was determined during growth in glucose/ethanol carbon-limited chemostat cultures, at the same growth rate. non-stationary (13)c flux analysis was used to measure the oxppp flux. a nearly constant oxppp flux was found for all glucose/ethanol ratios studied. this indicates that the cytosolic nadph supply is independent of the amount of assimilated ethanol. the cofactor assignment in t ... | 2011 | 20809073 |
| characterization of a novel peroxisome membrane protein essential for conversion of isopenicillin n into cephalosporin c. | the mechanisms of compartmentalization of intermediates and secretion of penicillins and cephalosporins in β-lactam antibiotic-producing fungi are of great interest. in acremonium chrysogenum, there is a compartmentalization of the central steps of the cpc (cephalosporin c) biosynthetic pathway. in the present study, we found in the 'early' cpc cluster a new gene named cefp encoding a putative transmembrane protein containing 11 transmembrane spanner. targeted inactivation of cefp by gene replac ... | 2010 | 20819073 |