| performance and forage utilization by beef cattle receiving increasing amounts of alfalfa hay as a supplement to low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage. | two experiments evaluated effects of amount of supplemental alfalfa hay on intake and utilization of dormant, tallgrass-prairie forage by beef steers and on performance of cows grazing tallgrass prairie during winter. in exp. 1, four supplemental alfalfa levels (.23, .47, .70, and .94% bw.steer-1.d-1) were evaluated in a 34-d, randomized complete block design experiment using 16 steers (291 kg). voluntary tallgrass-prairie hay intake decreased linearly (p = .02), whereas total dmi increased line ... | 1994 | 8014141 |
| relationships among ewe milk production and ewe and lamb forage intake in targhee ewes nursing single or twin lambs. | targhee ewes with single or twin lambs were used in four trials during early lactation through weaning to evaluate ewe milk production (mp), kilograms of lamb weaned, and forage intake by ewes and lambs. during trial 1, ewes with lambs were individually penned, fed .45 kg of barley-ewe-1.d-1 and allowed ad libitum access to chopped alfalfa hay. trials 2, 3, and 4 were conducted on three different types of western range environments. forage intake of ewes in trials 2, 3, and 4 and of lambs in tri ... | 1994 | 8014144 |
| carcass characteristics and optimal slaughter weights in four breeds of sheep. | wether lambs from four breeds, rambouillet (n = 38), targhee (46), columbia (38), and polypay (38), were used to estimate an optimal slaughter weight for lean lamb production. wethers, weaned at an average of 105 d of age and 38.5 kg, had ad libitum access to a finishing diet of 85% barley grain and 15% pelleted alfalfa and were slaughtered at weights ranging from 39 to 70 kg. fat, protein, moisture, and ash percentages were determined on fat and lean from 7-rib racks. optimal slaughter weight w ... | 1994 | 8014159 |
| flavone-enhanced accumulation and symbiosis-related biological activity of a diglycosyl diacylglycerol membrane glycolipid from rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. | rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is the bacterial symbiont which induces nitrogen-fixing root nodules on the leguminous host, white clover (trifolium repens l.). in this plant-microbe interaction, the host plant excretes a flavone, 4',7-dihydroxyflavone (dhf), which activates expression of modulation genes, enabling the bacterial symbiont to elicit various symbiosis-related morphological changes in its roots. we have investigated the accumulation of a diglycosyl diacylglycerol (bf-7) in wild ... | 1994 | 8021221 |
| two novel families of bacterial membrane proteins concerned with nodulation, cell division and transport. | homology has been established for members of two families of functionally related bacterial membrane proteins. the first family (the resistance/nodulation/cell division (rnd) family) includes (i) two metal-resistance efflux pumps in alcaligenes eutrophus (czca and cnra), (ii) three proteins which function together in nodulation of alfalfa roots by rhizobium meliloti (noighi), and (iii) a cell division protein in escherichia coli (envd). the second family (the putative membrane fusion protein (mf ... | 1994 | 8022262 |
| effects of organic acids and low ph on rhizobium meliloti 104a14. | in the symbiotic relationship between rhizobium meliloti and alfalfa (medicago sativa), the bacteria are enclosed within the plant cell by a membrane that may function like a plant vacuolar membrane and maintain a ph between 5.5 and 6.0. free-living rhizobium meliloti 104a14 is sensitive to ph in this range and its sensitivity was influenced by the presence of acetate and other monocarboxylic acids. r. meliloti can grow at ph 6.0 in 3 mm succinate but does not grow at ph 6.2 if 10 mm acetate is ... | 1994 | 8025689 |
| early and late functions of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein can be mutated separately. | to investigate the role of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein (cp) in genome activation, asymmetric plus-strand rna accumulation, and cell-to-cell spread of the virus, mutations were made in the cp gene and putative cp binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region (utr) of rna 3. mutants that produced no cp-related peptide or cp with an n-terminal deletion of 20 amino acids were defective in all three functions. insertion of several nonviral amino acids at position 85 of cp had little effect on gen ... | 1994 | 8030250 |
| biological activities of two fungistatic antibiotics produced by bacillus cereus uw85. | cultures and culture filtrates of bacillus cereus uw85 suppress damping-off of alfalfa caused by phytophthora medicaginis. we studied the role in disease suppression of two antibiotics from culture filtrates of uw85 that reversibly inhibited growth of p. medicaginis. we purified the two antibiotics by cation-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis and showed that one of them, designated zwittermicin a, was an aminopolyol of 396 da that was cationic at ph 7.0; the second, d ... | 1994 | 8031096 |
| proanthocyanidins inhibit hydrolysis of leaf proteins by rumen microflora in vitro. | proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins; pa) purified from the leaves of forage legumes trifolium arvense, lotus pedunculatus, lotus corniculatus, dorycnium rectum, coronilla varia, onobrychis viciifolia, or hedysarum coronarium, were added to soluble lucerne (medicago sativa) leaf protein and incubated with strained rumen fluid in vitro. fractions were collected and frozen immediately. denatured proteins were fractionated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), sta ... | 1994 | 8031741 |
| molecular cloning of isoflavone reductase from pea (pisum sativum l.): evidence for a 3r-isoflavanone intermediate in (+)-pisatin biosynthesis. | isoflavone reductase (ifr) reduces achiral isoflavones to chiral isoflavanones during the biosynthesis of chiral pterocarpan phytoalexins. a cdna clone for ifr from pea (pisum sativum) was isolated using the polymerase chain reaction and expressed in escherichia coli. analysis of circular dichroism (cd) spectra of the reduction product sophorol obtained using the recombinant enzyme indicated that the isoflavanone possessed the 3r stereochemistry, in contrast to previous reports indicating a 3s-i ... | 1994 | 8037464 |
| effects of cereal grain silages versus alfalfa silage on chewing activity and reticular motility in early lactation cows. | four early lactation holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design experiment to determine the effects of whole crop barley, oat, and triticale silages substituted for alfalfa silage in the forage portion of diets on chewing behavior and the relationships between attributes of reticular contractions and voluntary intake and digesta passage from the reticulorumen. mean ad libitum dmi was 18.3 kg/d and was affected by diet. duodenal flows of dm, n ... | 1994 | 8046072 |
| effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing and milk production of dairy cows. | twelve lactating, multiparous holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of silage chop length and proportion of long hay in low and adequate forage fiber diets on chewing activities and productivity of cows fed barley-based concentrates. diets were designed with two forage:concentrate ratios (low forage fiber, 35:65; adequate forage fiber, 65:35), combined with two theoretical chop lengths of alfalfa silage (fine, 5 mm; coarse, 10 mm), and three proportions of long-stemmed alfalfa hay (0, ... | 1994 | 8046073 |
| influence of supplemental protein source and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation and performance in dairy cows. | multiparous holstein cows in early lactation were fed a basal mixed ration of 47% (dm) alfalfa and timothy silage and 53% barley and corn concentrate twice daily for ad libitum intake at 1630 and 0600 h. two supplemental protein sources that differed in their resistance to rumen proteolysis were fed at 9% of total dmi in either two meals per day at 1730 and 0700 h or five meals per day at 1730, 2130, 0200, 0700, and 1200 h. the study was a 4 x 4 latin square design with six blocks of 4 cows in w ... | 1994 | 8046074 |
| lactational performance of dairy cows fed raw soybeans, with or without animal by-product proteins, or roasted soybeans. | twelve multiparous holstein cows averaged 10 wk postpartum and were used in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design to compare two feeding strategies for increasing the ratio of dietary undegradable to degradable protein. treatments were raw soybeans, with or without meat and bone meal plus blood meal, and roasted soybeans as the primary protein supplements. meat and bone meal and blood meal were fed at 4.0 and .9% of dietary dm, respectively. basal diets were 30% alfalfa silage, 18% corn silage, ... | 1994 | 8046075 |
| tn5-mob transposon mediated transfer of salt tolerance and symbiotic characteristics between rhizobia genera. | rhizobium meliloti 042b is a fast-growing, salt-tolerant and high efficiency nitrogen-fixing symbiont with alfalfa. bradyrhizobium japonicum usda110 grows slowly, and cannot grow in yma medium containing 0.1m nacl, but nodulates and fixed nitrogen efficiently with soybean. eighty-six transconjugants, called sr, were obtained by inserting tn5-mob randomly into genomes of 042b using psup5011 and helper plasmid rp4. selecting 4 sr strains randomly and introducing dna fragment of sr into usda110 wit ... | 1993 | 8049344 |
| verification of causal relationships between listeria monocytogenes isolates implicated in food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis by randomly amplified polymorphic dna patterns. | food and clinical isolates of listeria monocytogenes recovered from four different outbreaks of listeriosis were analyzed by their pcr-based randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) patterns to verify their causal relationships. the generation of dna fingerprints by pcr-based rapd analysis is a fast and sensitive method for the epidemiological tracking and identification of bacteria implicated in food poisoning outbreaks. the l. monocytogenes strains used in the study were obtained from the fol ... | 1994 | 8051257 |
| plants transformed with a mutant alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein gene are resistant to the mutant but not to wild-type virus. | transgenic tobacco plants expressing the wild-type (wt) coat protein (cp) gene of alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv) have been shown to be resistant to infection with viral particles and rnas or to infection with viral particles only. the difference in resistance of these plants to rna inocula was found to correlate with a difference in the expression level of the transgene. plants expressing a mutant aimv cp with the n-terminal serine residue changed to glycine have been shown to be susceptible to inf ... | 1994 | 8053151 |
| effect of food intake on energy and protein metabolism in the skin of romney sheep. | sheep fed on either a low (500 g lucern (medicago sativa) chaff/d; l) or high (1100 g lucerne chaff/d; h) intake had measurements made, using arterio-venous techniques, of blood flow and energy metabolite and cysteine utilization in the skin. sheep on the h intake had significantly increased skin blood flow (p = 0.014) and oxygen uptake (p = 0.05). although the h sheep had higher skin blood flow they showed no difference in skin uptake of either glucose or acetate compared with the l sheep, but ... | 1994 | 8054321 |
| effects of early experience on voluntary intake of low-quality roughage by sheep. | this study determined 1) how experience early in life with cured weeping lovegrass (eragrostis curvula) (low-quality roughage) or fresh oats (avena sativa) (high-quality roughage) affected consumption of low- or high-quality roughage by lambs later in life and 2) whether this early dietary experience affected passage of undigested residues through the digestive tract and digestion of low-quality roughage. from 1 to 5 mo of age, experienced lambs (el) were grazing cured weeping lovegrass, whereas ... | 1994 | 8056663 |
| ruminal digestion and glycosyl linkage patterns of cell wall components from leaf and stem fractions of alfalfa, orchardgrass, and wheat straw. | samples of alfalfa, orchardgrass, and wheat straw were hand-separated into leaf and stem fractions that were subjected to in situ ruminal fermentation for various lengths of time to assess the rate and extent of degradation of cell wall neutral monosaccharides, uronic acids, acetyl groups, and hydroxycinnamic acids. a second objective was to measure the glycosyl linkage patterns of leaf and stem fractions of substrates before and after ruminal fermentation. samples were fermented for 0, 6, 12, 2 ... | 1994 | 8056685 |
| evaluation of the captec controlled-release chromic oxide capsule for fecal output determination in sheep. | one pen feeding study was conducted with 24 wether lambs to compared fecal output (fo) determined by total fecal collection with fo estimated by dosing lambs with chromic oxide controlled-release capsules. lambs (39 +/- 1.5 kg bw) were fed either alfalfa hay (alf), coastal bermudagrass hay (cbg), or a commercially available pelleted (pel) sheep diet (eight lambs/diet). after dosing, rectal grab samples and total collection of feces were taken daily for 31 d. constant fecal excretion of cr was ac ... | 1994 | 8056686 |
| cloning and structural analysis of calmodulin gene from rice. | full-length cdna encoding rice (oryza sativa, cv. nongken 58s) calmodulin (cam) mrna has been cloned using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with synthesized primers from the sequence of barley cam gene. sequence analysis revealed that the rice gene is 450 bp in length that and its predicted polypeptide consists of 148 amino acids. it differs from those that of barley and alfalfa in only one position, respectively. the nucleotide homology between rice and barley is 90%, between rice and alfalfa is ... | 1993 | 8061233 |
| alfalfa enod12 genes are differentially regulated during nodule development by nod factors and rhizobium invasion. | msenod12a and msenod12b are two early nodulin genes from alfalfa (medicago sativa). differential expression of these genes was demonstrated using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approach. msenod12a rna was detected only in nodules and not in other plant tissues. in contrast, msenod12b transcripts were found in nodules and also at low levels in roots, flowers, stems, and leaves. msenod12b expression was enhanced in the root early after inoculation with the microsymbiont rhizobiu ... | 1994 | 8066132 |
| rhizobium inoculation and physical wounding result in the rapid induction of the same chalcone synthase copy in trifolium subterraneum. | the gene or genes encoding chalcone synthase (chs) in the legume trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) were induced within 6 hr after inoculation with rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain anu843. no induction was found in uninoculated controls or plants inoculated with either the nodulation-deficient r. l. bv. trifolii strain anu845 (psym-) or r. meliloti strain 1021, which is capable of nodulating alfalfa but not clover. morphological examination of the interaction between the leg ... | 1994 | 8075422 |
| effect of isocaloric infusion of glucose in the rumen or propionate in the duodenum. | this study was undertaken to understand better the mechanisms causing increased milk protein. cows fed steam-flaked sorghum have increased milk protein compared with that of cows fed dry-rolled sorghum because of a large shift of starch digestion from the intestine to the rumen. five cannulated lactating cows were infused with glucose in the rumen or with propionate in the duodenum in two trials. the experimental design was a 2 x 2 latin square with 7 d of adjustment and 7 d of infusion. during ... | 1994 | 8083415 |
| impact of nonfiber carbohydrate on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. | four concentrations of dietary nonfiber carbohydrate (42, 36, 30, and 24%) were evaluated using eight multiparous holstein cows (662 kg of bw; 63 dim) in replicated 4 x 4 latin squares with 28-d periods. shelled corn and soybean meal were partially replaced with wheat middlings, dried brewers grains, and soy hulls to formulate 36, 30, and 24% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. decreasing dietary nonfiber carbohydrate decreased dmi, did not affect actual or fat-corrected milk production, increased milk ... | 1994 | 8083418 |
| lactational responses to ruminally undegradable protein by dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage. | lactational responses to protein supplementation of diets containing 60% of dm as alfalfa silage were evaluated. sixty muliparous holstein cows were fed a covariant diet for the first 3 wk postpartum, blocked by calving date, and randomly assigned for 14 wk to one of six isonitrogenous (19.4% cp) diets. diets were formulated with soybean meal, a blend of animal by-products, or both, and contained 5.0, 5.6, 5.6, 6.2, 6.1, and 6.8% ruminally undegradable protein (dm basis). percentage of ruminally ... | 1994 | 8083421 |
| effects of amount of protein and ruminally protected amino acids in the diet of dairy cows fed supplemental fat. | the objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effects of amount of dietary cp and ruminally protected aa supplementation on production of milk and milk components, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibilities by cows fed diets containing high oil corn and tallow. holstein cows in midlactation producing 22 to 25 kg/d of milk were used in a 5 x 5 latin square design. treatments were 1) control (16.8% cp, no added fat); 2) 14.2% cp, no aa; 3) 14.2% cp, with aa; 4) 17.5% cp, no aa; ... | 1994 | 8083422 |
| modulation of glutamine synthetase gene expression in tobacco by the introduction of an alfalfa glutamine synthetase gene in sense and antisense orientation: molecular and biochemical analysis. | a glutamine synthetase (gs) cdna isolated from an alfalfa cell culture cdna library was found to represent a cytoplasmic gs. the full-length alfalfa gs1 coding sequence, in both sense and antisense orientation and under the transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter, was introduced into tobacco. leaves of tobacco plants transformed with the sense construct contained greatly elevated levels of gs transcript and gs polypeptide which assembled into active enzyme. leaves of ... | 1993 | 8094885 |
| rhizobium meliloti mutants with decreased dahp synthase activity are sensitive to exogenous tryptophan and phenylalanine and form ineffective nodules. | we isolated two tn5-generated mutants of rhizobium meliloti whose growth was inhibited by rich medium or by exogenous tryptophan or phenylalanine. these mutants, rm7479 and rm7480, belonged to the same genetic complementation group. the mutant locus could not be found on either indigenous megaplasmid but was localized on the chromosome. the mutants formed ineffective nodules on alfalfa plants. they invaded nodules within infection threads and were released into plant cells enclosed within periba ... | 1993 | 8094985 |
| alleged reaction in gel-immunodiffusion of an igm monoclonal antibody with alfalfa mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus is an artefact. | a previously reported spurious serological cross-reaction between alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) and cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), which had been defined by the reaction in gel-immunodiffusion tests of a single igm monoclonal antibody (mab), mab 8, was no longer detected in the presence of 0.1 m-nacl. the non-specific reactivity of this igm was also confirmed in western blotting assays. when skimmed milk was used as a blocking agent and as a diluent of antibodies, mab 8 failed to recognize amv and cm ... | 1994 | 8113772 |
| enod8, a novel early nodule-specific gene, is expressed in empty alfalfa nodules. | the alfalfa enod8 nodule-specific gene is expressed in empty nodules elicited by exopolysaccharide-deficient rhizobium meliloti, and it is expressed early in nodule development. an enod8 cdna was sequenced and found to encode a novel product. its deduced polypeptide sequence was found to be similar to the nonproline-rich domains of the putative polypeptides encoded by a class of anther-specific genes from arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus. the role of the enod8 gene product is predicted to ... | 1993 | 8118054 |
| analysis of the rhizobium meliloti genes exou, exov, exow, exot, and exoi involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and nodule invasion: exou and exow probably encode glucosyltransferases. | sequence analysis of a 5.780-kb dna fragment originating from megaplasmid 2 of rhizobium meliloti 2011 involved in biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide i (eps i) and invasion of alfalfa nodules revealed the presence of five exo genes designated exou, exov, exow, exot, and exoi. exot resembled transmembrane proteins, whereas exoi displayed a characteristic signal peptide. sequence comparisons with several polysaccharide-polymerizing enzymes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin indicated that ex ... | 1993 | 8118055 |
| effects of beet pulp and animal by-products on milk yield and in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms. | forty-six holstein cows (30 primiparous) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial experiment during wk 4 to 17 of lactation. main effects were corn versus dried sugar beet pulp and soybean meal versus animal by-product meal (mixture of meat and bone meal, feather meal, and blood meal). beet pulp replaced half of the corn at 15% of dietary dm. diet dm (mean of four treatments) contained 18% alfalfa pellets, 17.4% alfalfa hay, 17.2% corn silage, and 47.1% conce ... | 1994 | 8120188 |
| effects of forage particle size and long hay for cows fed total mixed rations based on alfalfa and corn. | a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, in which particle length of alfalfa silage in the tmr and supplementary long alfalfa-grass hay were the factors, was used to determine whether hay benefits lactating cows and whether its effects depend on fibrosity of the main forage source. without supplementary hay, tmr contained 45% forage, including corn silage, and 26 to 27.5% ndf. when hay was fed, the amount of alfalfa silage in the corresponding tmr was reduced. in the production trial, 40 cow ... | 1994 | 8120189 |
| response of calves to diets that varied in amounts of ruminally degradable carbohydrate and protein. | holstein calves were used wk 1 to 12 after birth to evaluate three sources of nonstructural carbohydrates that differed in ruminal degradability (corn, barley, and dried whey) with two sources of cp (normal and extruded soybean meal) that also differed in ruminal degradability. nonstructural carbohydrates were most degradable in the dried whey diets and least degradable in the corn diets, and protein was more degradable in soybean meal than in extruded soybean meal. pelleted diets were formulate ... | 1994 | 8120196 |
| effect of yeast culture and aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. | the objective of this study was to examine the effects of an aspergillus oryzae extract in combination with a yeast culture (saccharomyces cerevisiae) on milk yield and composition, rectal temperatures, and rumen parameters in a commercial dairy herd. pluriparous holstein cows (n = 521) in early lactation were assigned to a 130-d trial from may to september 1992. treatments were control (no additive) and yeast culture (56 g/d) plus a. oryzae (3 g/d). both groups were fed a tmr composed of alfalf ... | 1994 | 8120203 |
| transfer kinetics and coefficients of 90sr, 134cs, and 137cs from forage contaminated by chernobyl fallout to milk of cows. | a experiment was conducted to study kinetics, transfer coefficients, and biological half-lives of 90sr, 134cs, and 137cs from feed to milk. a cow was fed a diet containing alfalfa hay contaminated by chernobyl fallout for 14.5 wk. the time-dependent activity in milk was approximated by a two-compartment model with fast biological half-lives of 2, 0.9, and 1 d and slow biological half-lives of 36.9, 8.7, and 12.4 d for 90sr, 134cs, and 137cs, respectively. the transfer coefficients determined in ... | 1994 | 8138402 |
| influence of flake thickness on the feeding value of steam-rolled wheat for feedlot cattle. | seventy-two medium-framed, crossbred steers (348 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design performance trial. experimental diets contained (dm basis) 6% alfalfa hay, 6% sudangrass hay, 79% wheat, 2% yellow grease, 4% cane molasses, and 3% supplement. treatments were 1) dry-rolled wheat (drw, density = .52 kg/l); 2) steam-rolled wheat, coarse flake (srw-c, density = .39 kg/l); and 3) steam-rolled wheat, thin flake (srw-t density = .30 kg/l). steam processing increased amyloglucosidase r ... | 1994 | 8138491 |
| influence of sugary-brawn2 or dent corn at two forage levels on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. | sugary-brawn2 (su-bn2) corn endosperm contains higher concentrations of watersoluble polysaccharides than dent corn. eight multiparous holstein cows averaging 48 d in milk and 667 kg bw at trial initiation were in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square design with 28-d periods. only cows in one square were ruminally cannulated. treatments were su-bn2 or dent corn and 45 or 60% of ration dm as alfalfa silage arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial within each square. diets, formulated to contain 19% cp, were fed ... | 1994 | 8138493 |
| site of mineral absorption in lactating cows fed high-fat diets. | five lactating holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 latin square to determine the site of mineral absorption and effects of sources and amount of dietary fat on apparent absorption. cows were fed (dm, 17.4 +/- .8 kg/d) chopped alfalfa hay, alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and concentrate at 1:1:1:2 (dm) at 12-h intervals. calcium salts of palm fatty acid distillate (cs) or animal-vegetable (av) fat were 0% (control), 2.5% (low, l), or 5.0% (high, h) of the diet dm. ... | 1994 | 8138494 |
| nucleotide sequence and structural determinants of specific binding of coat protein or coat protein peptides to the 3' untranslated region of alfalfa mosaic virus rna 4. | the specific binding of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein to viral rna requires determinants in the 3' untranslated region (utr). coat protein and peptide binding sites in the 3' utr of alfalfa mosaic virus rna 4 have been analyzed by hydroxyl radical footprinting, deletion mapping, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments. the 3' utr has several stable hairpins that are flanked by single-stranded (a/u)ugc sequences. hydroxyl radical footprinting data show that five sites in the 3' utr of alfal ... | 1994 | 8139004 |
| forage and splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs: effects of dietary forage levels and source on splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs. | forty-two crossbred lambs (33.4 kg initial body weight; twenty-four wethers and eighteen ewes) were used in a 42 d experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial treatment arrangement to determine effects of forage level and source on splanchnic tissue mass. diets were 250 and 750 g/kg of chopped lucerne (medicago sativa) (a), ryegrass (lolium multiflorum)-wheat (triticum aestivum) (rw) or bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon) (b) hay, with the remainder being maize-based concentrate. five lambs per treatment were ... | 1994 | 8142327 |
| enod12, an early nodulin gene, is not required for nodule formation and efficient nitrogen fixation in alfalfa. | to demonstrate the importance of an extensively studied early nodulin gene enod12 in symbiotic nodule development, plants of different medicago sativa subspecies were tested for the presence or absence of enod12 alleles. in m. s. ssp coerulea w2 (mcw2), two enod12 genes were detected, whereas in m. s. ssp quasifalcata k93 (mqk93) only one gene was present. in both plants, the enod12 genes were expressed in nodules induced by rhizobium meliloti. the nucleotide sequence of the enod12 genes showed ... | 1994 | 8148645 |
| biosynthesis of lipooligosaccharide nodulation factors: rhizobium noda protein is involved in n-acylation of the chitooligosaccharide backbone. | rhizobium meliloti interacts symbiotically with alfalfa by forming root nodules in which the bacteria fix nitrogen. the rhizobium nodulation genes nodabc are involved in the synthesis of lipooligosaccharide symbiotic signal molecules, which are mono-n-acylated chitooligosaccharides. these bacterial signals elicit nodule organogenesis in roots of legumes. to elucidate the role of the noda protein in lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis, we prepared a radiolabeled tetrasaccharide precursor carrying an ... | 1994 | 8159714 |
| digestibility and effects of three forms of mostly saturated fatty acids. | four nonlactating holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design with 14-d periods. treatments were 1) control, no added fat; 2) 5.0% prilled fatty acids (iodine value = 14); 3) 5.6% prilled hydrogenated tallow (iodine value = 8); and 4) 5.0% flaked fatty acids (iodine value = 14). diets consisted of alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and concentrate (40:20:40, dm basis). intake of the tmr (16.4% cp and 25.4% adf) was restricted to 1.5% of bw so that dmi was simil ... | 1994 | 8169287 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of prune dwarf ilarvirus rna 3: implications for coat protein activation of genome replication in ilarviruses. | the complete nucleotide sequence of prune dwarf ilarvirus (pdv) rna 3 has been determined from cloned viral cdnas. the pdv rna 3 is 2129 nucleotides and contains two large open reading frames (orfs) separated by an intergenic region of 72 nucleotides. the 5' proximal orf (orf-1) is 882 nucleotides, encoding a gene product which shares homology with putative cell-to-cell movement proteins of related viruses, including tobacco streak virus (tsv) and alfalfa mosaic virus (aimv). the downstream orf ... | 1994 | 8178476 |
| effect of the addition of live yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth and carcass quality of steers fed high-forage or high-grain diets and on feed digestibility and in situ degradability. | the effects of adding yeast culture (saccharomyces cerevisiae, 5 x 10(9) live organisms/g of growth medium) at 10 g/steer daily to three diets consisting of 75% alfalfa silage and 25% barley, 96% corn silage and 4.0% soybean meal, or 75% dry-rolled barley and 25% alfalfa hay on performance of growing and finishing steers and carcass characteristics, feed digestibility, and degradability in the rumen were determined. in separate trials over 2 yr, the performance of steers fed the three diets with ... | 1994 | 8181967 |
| corn supplementation of lambs grazing alfalfa. | we investigated the effects of supplementing rambouillet x suffolk wether lambs grazing irrigated 'cimarron' alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) with three levels (0 [c0], 123 [c123], and 247 [c247] g of dm.lamb-1.d-1) of cracked corn. each treatment group also received 190 g of a supplement designed to prevent bloat. replicated pastures (three per treatment) grown on a fine, mixed, thermic torretic paleustoll soil were grazed rotationally (forage plus supplement allowance of 6.5% of bw/d) by lambs for ... | 1994 | 8181997 |
| co-product fiber digestibility: kinetic and in vivo assessment. | nutrient digestion and kinetic characteristics of alfalfa hay, brewers grains, beet pulp, and cottonseed hulls were studied in two experiments. in the first experiment, these feedstuffs were fed with a mineral/vitamin supplement in a 4 x 4 latin square to eight ewes to determine total tract digestibilities by 8-d total collection and rates of passage using yb as a marker. in the second experiment samples of the same feedstuffs were incubated in situ in four ruminally fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 ... | 1994 | 8181998 |
| changes in total and individual proteins during drying, ensiling, and ruminal fermentation of forages. | effects of wilting, drying, and ensiling on concentrations of proteins in alfalfa, crown vetch, perennial ryegrass, orchardgrass, and tall fescue were studied using sds-page. seven to nine proteins were identified in the samples. wilting forages for 24 h on a laboratory bench had little effect on the relative amounts of proteins. drying forage (on a laboratory bench) for 5 d resulted in a 25 to 30% loss in electrophoretically identified proteins. a 45-kda protein was more susceptible to hydrolys ... | 1994 | 8182173 |
| soyhulls as a replacement for forage fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows. | thirty holstein cows in early and midlactation were fed one of five tmr for 12 wk in which soyhulls replaced 25 or 42% of the forage (alfalfa:corn silages, 1:1, wt/wt, dry basis). within each amount of soyhull replacement, 33% of the silage was replaced with coarsely chopped alfalfa hay. all diets were isocaloric compared with the control diet, which contained 60% silage and no soyhulls. the high amounts of soyhulls fed with coarsely chopped hay improved dmi, and ndf intake and milk yield by 14, ... | 1994 | 8182175 |
| altered ruminal mat consistency by high percentages of soybean hulls fed to lactating dairy cows. | three ruminally fistulated dairy cows in early lactation were used in a 3 x 3 latin square design with 3-wk periods to investigate the effects of alteration of ruminal mat consistency on ruminal function and soybean hull rate of passage. the control diet consisted of 60% forage (alfalfa:corn silages, 1:1, dry basis) and no soybean hulls. replacement of 40% of the silage mixture with soybean hulls decreased ruminal mat consistency by 57% at 6 h postfeeding and reduced rumination activity 52%, rum ... | 1994 | 8182176 |
| forestomach and whole tract digestion in lactating dairy cows fed canola meal treated with variable levels of acetic acid. | five holstein cows in midlactation were fed four isonitrogenous (mean 2.76% n) mixed diets containing untreated canola meal or replaced with canola meal treated with 0, 33, 67, or 100% of acetic acid in a 12-wk 4 x 4 latin square experiment. diets were 50% barely-based concentrate, 12% canola meal, 30% whole crop oat silage, and 8% alfalfa silage (dm basis). fore-stomach and whole tract apparent digestibilities of dm, om, and its components, including fiber and cp, did not differ as proportions ... | 1994 | 8182179 |
| the 3'-untranslated region of alfalfa mosaic virus rna 3 contains at least two independent binding sites for viral coat protein. | the 3'-termini of the three genomic rnas of alfalfa mosaic virus contain a common sequence of 145 nucleotides (nt) with a specific binding site for coat protein (cp). this sequence consists of several stem/loop structures interspersed with single-stranded augc-motifs; in rna 3 this folding pattern is extended to a region upstream of the homologous sequence. by band-shift assays a minimum of two specific binding sites for cp were identified near the 3'-end of rna 3. site 1 consists of the region ... | 1994 | 8190624 |
| food aversion conditioned in anesthetized sheep. | we discovered that a food aversion could be conditioned in anesthetized sheep. sheep were allowed to eat a familiar food (alfalfa-grain pellets) for 30 min, and 90 min later they were given either an intraruminal (ir) injection of water (c), an ir injection of licl (l), anesthesia followed by an ir injection of water (a), or anesthesia followed by an ir injection of licl (a+l). induction of anesthesia was by an intravenous injection of pentobarbitone sodium, and maintenance of deep anesthesia wa ... | 1994 | 8190757 |
| isolation of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase cdnas from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.): highest transcript levels occur in young roots and root tips. | flavonoids are involved in several different interactions between plants and microorganisms. in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, they play an important role as inducers of rhizobial nodulation (nod) genes. we have identified from an alfalfa cdna library four clones for chalcone synthase (chs) and two clones for chalcone isomerase (chi); chs and chi are key enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis. in medicago sp., chs is encoded by 8-12 genes, and chi is encoded by 1-2 genes. here we report the dna sequ ... | 1994 | 8193301 |
| the role of the 3'-untranslated region of non-polyadenylated plant viral mrnas in regulating translational efficiency. | tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is a positive-sense rna virus in which the single genomic rna functions as a messenger rna. it is a member of a class of plant viral rnas that are the only known non-polyadenylated mrnas in plants. the 3'-untranslated region (utr) of tmv genomic rna is the functional equivalent of a poly(a) tail in that it increases mrna stability and regulates translational efficiency. to determine whether the 3'-utr of other non-polyadenylated plant viral mrnas regulate translation, ... | 1994 | 8194747 |
| compressed baled alfalfa hay for primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. | compressed baled alfalfa hay was fed to cows, and the effects on productivity, chewing activities, and digestion were measured using a replicated 4 x 4 latin square design. cows received second-cutting alfalfa hay (20% cp; 40% ndf) from either compressed or standard small rectangular bales at two forage to concentrate ratios (35:65 and 65:35, dm basis). compressed hay did not affect milk yield, although milk fat content was higher (2.90 vs. 2.68%). higher concentrate diets increased milk yield ( ... | 1994 | 8201037 |
| optimal neutral detergent fiber concentration of barley-based diets for lactating dairy cows. | twelve lactating, multiparous holstein cows were used in two experiments, designed as 6 x 6 latin squares with 28-d periods, to evaluate the effects of increasing the ndf concentration of diets consisting of barley-based concentrates and various forages. diets were designed in a 3 x 2 factorial set with three concentrations of total dietary ndf (32, 36, and 40%) combined with two sources of forage. in experiment 1, cows received alfalfa hay (45.1% ndf) or orchardgrass hay (54.0% ndf). in experim ... | 1994 | 8201038 |
| effects of soybean hulls and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation in lactating dairy cows. | four holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate the effects of soybean hulls and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation and nutrient passage to the duodenum. diets contained 32% corn silage, 19.8% alfalfa-grass hay, and 48.2% concentrate (dm basis). treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, were concentrate mixes based on 1) corn and soybean meal, 2) corn and treated soybean meal, 3) soybean hulls and soybean meal, and 4) soybean hulls and treated ... | 1994 | 8201042 |
| effects of intraperitoneal l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-valine, and l-arginine on milk fat depression in early lactation cows. | eight holstein cows were assigned following calving to two groups, balanced for parity, using a continuous completely randomized block design. cows were fed a diet with 13.5% cp and 22.4% adf from 35 to 55 dim and then 13.8% cp and 15% adf from 56 to 92 dim. alfalfa grass hay was the forage source, and concentrate mixtures contained primarily corn and soybean meal. cows were given daily intraperitoneal infusions of a solution of l-leu (46.1 g, 84.2 mm), l-ile (31.4 g, 57.3 mm), l-val (38.3 g, 78 ... | 1994 | 8201043 |
| nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic ilarvirus rna 4. | the complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic ilavirus rna 4 was obtained from cloned cdnas and direct sequencing of the 5'-terminal rna region. the sequence is 891 nucleotides long and can encode a protein of 226 amino acids (m(r) 25,171) that, by analogy to alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) and tobacco streak virus (tsv), should correspond to the coat protein (cp). database comparisons showed that no significant similarity to other proteins was apparent. analysis of the cp sequence revealed a put ... | 1994 | 8207407 |
| a gene that encodes a proline-rich nodulin with limited homology to psenod12 is expressed in the invasion zone of rhizobium meliloti-induced alfalfa root nodules. | to define the early stages of the interaction between rhizobium and host legumes, we have cloned and characterized three early nodulin-encoding sequences from an alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) cdna library by probing with a fragment of a cdna clone for psenod12, an infection-related nodulin from pea (pisum sativum l.). although the coding regions of the three clones are 95 to 98% homologous to each other, they are only 43% homologous to the pea clone. however, the putative signal peptide encoded b ... | 1993 | 8208847 |
| study on the energy and protein requirements in goats. | the present study focussed on the energy and protein metabolism in pregnant and lactating goats, including young female goats up to 8 months of age, in order to determine feed availability, as also the energy and protein requirements. it was found that the diets consisting of alfalfa hay, oats hay, maize, wheat bran and mixed feeds (fed to suckling females) had different availabilities in terms of energy and protein, according to animal physiological condition and age. thus, in pregnant goats, 2 ... | 1993 | 8215885 |
| effects of various supplements on voluntary intake and performance by growing cattle consuming forage moderate to high in crude protein. | growing cattle were supplemented with substances to lessen or increase ruminal ammonia level to determine if consumption of moderate- to high-crude protein (cp) forage is limited by high ruminal ammonia absorption. in experiment 1 (5 x 5 latin square), five holstein steers (198 kg) had ad libitum access to alfalfa cubes (17% cp) without supplementation or with corn at 0.25 or 0.75% body weight (bw) alone (lc or hc) or with 0.06% bw of zeolite (chabazite; lc-z and hc-z). total daily organic water ... | 1993 | 8215890 |
| interactions between proteolytic and cellulolytic rumen bacteria during hydrolysis of plant cell wall protein. | during the degradation of the plant cell wall protein of dried alfalfa, interactions may occur between hydrolytic activities of cellulolytic (ruminococcus albus or fibrobacter succinogenes) and proteolytic (prevotella ruminicola or butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) bacteria. in vitro the hydrolysis of these protein compounds begins after the depolymerization of the cell wall polysaccharides has started. maximal degradation of cell wall protein of dried alfalfa (37.2%) was obtained with cocultures of pr ... | 1993 | 8216756 |
| cdc2msb, a cognate cdc2 gene from alfalfa, complements the g1/s but not the g2/m transition of budding yeast cdc28 mutants. | the product of the cdc2 gene encodes the p34cdc2 protein kinase that controls entry of yeast cells into s phase and mitosis. in higher eukaryotes, at least two cdc2-like genes appear to be involved in these processes. a cdc2 homologous gene has previously been isolated from alfalfa and shown to complement a fission yeast cdc2ts mutant. here the isolation of cdc2msb, a cognate cdc2 gene from alfalfa (medicago sativa) is reported. southern blot analysis shows that cdc2msa and cdc2msb are present a ... | 1993 | 8220475 |
| digestion of cell-wall monosaccharides of ryegrass and alfalfa hays by the ruminal bacteria fibrobacter succinogenes and butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. | the ruminal bacteria fibrobacter succinogenes strains s85 and bl2 were grown in monocultures or in coculture with strain d1 of butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and the solubilization of ryegrass and alfalfa cell walls (cw) and digestion of cw monosaccharides were measured. fibrobacter succinogenes monocultures and cocultures with b. fibrisolvens d1 degraded 58-69% of ryegrass cw, solubilizing 67-78% of cw glucose, 65-71% of cw xylose, 69-75% of hemicellulose, and 68-77% of total cw monosaccharides. wh ... | 1993 | 8221378 |
| in vitro ouabain-sensitive respiration and protein synthesis in ruminal epithelial papillae of hereford steers fed either alfalfa or bromegrass hay once daily. | seven hereford steers (457 +/- 8.5 kg bw) with ruminal cannulas were fed either long or short chopped bromegrass (b) or alfalfa (a) hay at 90% of a 3-h ad libitum intake once daily between 0900 and 1200 in a 4 x 4 complete and 3 x 4 incomplete latin square design. after evacuation of ruminal contents, papillae from the ventral sac of the rumen were excised at 0900, 1200, and 2100 and placed in oxygenated media. oxygen consumption was determined polarographically, after which either 10(-4) m ouab ... | 1993 | 8226383 |
| family of glycosyl transferases needed for the synthesis of succinoglycan by rhizobium meliloti. | rhizobium meliloti produces an acidic exopolysaccharide, termed succinoglycan or eps i, that is important for invasion of the nodules that it elicits on its host, medicago sativa. succinoglycan is a high-molecular-weight polymer composed of repeating octasaccharide subunits. these subunits are synthesized on membrane-bound isoprenoid lipid carriers, beginning with a galactose residue followed by seven glucose residues, and modified by the addition of acetate, succinate, and pyruvate. biochemical ... | 1993 | 8226645 |
| characterization of wheat germ protein synthesis initiation factor eif-4c and comparison of eif-4c from wheat germ and rabbit reticulocytes. | eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor (eif)-4c was purified from wheat germ and the molecular weight was calculated to be approximately 19,000 by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. a similar molecular weight was determined by gel filtration chromatography indicating that wheat germ eif-4c is functional as a single polypeptide chain. an efficient in vitro translation system dependent upon the addition of eif-4c was developed. this system was used to determine the concentrations of e ... | 1993 | 8227048 |
| characterization of the lectin from the bulbs of eranthis hyemalis (winter aconite) as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. | the lectin from eranthis hyemalis has been previously characterized as consisting of two polypeptide chains covalently linked by disulfide bond(s) (cammue, b. p., peeters, b., and peumans, w. j. (1985) biochem. j. 227, 949-955). we have further characterized the biochemical properties of the lectin and demonstrated that it possesses the property of inhibition of protein synthesis using in vitro eukaryotic translation systems. the protein also possesses antiviral activity against the plant virus, ... | 1993 | 8227081 |
| observations on in situ degradation of forage cell components in alfalfa and italian ryegrass. | the rate and extent of degradation of forage feed fractions contained in alfalfa and italian ryegrass hays were determined. nylon bags filled with 4 g of each forage were suspended in the rumen of two cannulated cows immediately before feeding and incubated for 10 different times (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h). the alfalfa hay, which had lower ndf, showed a lower extent, but a higher rate, of ndf degradation than the italian ryegrass (41.1 vs. 59.8% and 4.64 vs. 2.91%/h, respective ... | 1993 | 8227664 |
| in situ dry matter, protein, and fiber degradation of perennial forages. | eight forages (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, bromegrass, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, quackgrass, and timothy) at three maturities were evaluated for ruminal dm, cp, and ndf degradation kinetics. duplicate dacron bags were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 25, 48, and 72 h in two late lactation holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas over eight experimental periods. species and maturity effects were observed for soluble, slow, and undegraded fractions; degradation rate; and rumina ... | 1993 | 8227665 |
| effectiveness of neutral detergent fiber in whole cottonseed and dried distillers grains compared with alfalfa haylage. | sixteen holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to determine the effect of replacing alfalfa ndf with ndf from whole, linted cottonseed or dried distillers grains. low and high fiber control diets (13 and 19% of dietary dm from alfalfa haylage ndf, respectively) were compared with diets designed to contain 13% of dm from alfalfa haylage ndf plus 6% of dm from either cottonseed ndf or distillers grains ndf. dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein yield were ... | 1993 | 8227666 |
| rumen fermentation and lactation performance of cows fed roasted soybeans and tallow. | sixteen multiparous holstein cows were in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square design with 21-d periods to examine the effects of incremental tallow addition to diets containing whole roasted soybeans on rumen fermentation and lactational performance. total mixed rations were fed for ad libitum intake and contained, on a dm basis, 33% alfalfa silage, 12% corn silage, 14% roasted soybeans, and 41% concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal. treatments were 0, 1, 2, or 3% supplemental tallow. di ... | 1993 | 8227669 |
| effects of yeast on dairy cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood components, and milk manufacturing properties. | effect of dietary yeast culture on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation, blood parameters, and milk manufacturing properties of 24 midlactation holstein-friesian cows was determined in a 6-wk experiment. the control diet (dm) consisted of 30% corn silage, 22% alfalfa hay, and 48% concentrate. after a 2-wk preliminary period, cows were assigned in equal numbers to either 0 or 10 g/d of yeast culture for the remainder of the 4-wk study on the basis of age, dim, and pretrial milk p ... | 1993 | 8227674 |
| [immunopotentiating effects of polysaccharides isolated from medicago sativa l]. | in vitro experiments showed that 250-500 micrograms.ml-1 of the polysaccharides isolated from medicago sativa l (msp) increased mouse lymphocyte uptake of [3h]thymidine (tdr) induced by pha-p (0.15%), con a (5 micrograms.ml-1), lps (20 micrograms.ml-1), and pwm (2 micrograms.ml-1) at maximum by 5.13 +/- 0.81, 0.75 +/- 0.08, 4.52 +/- 0.36, and 0.86 +/- 0.24 folds, respectively. after msp ip for 5 d, the average count of mouse splenic lymphocytes in 125 mg.kg-1 x d-1 group increased from 1.4 +/- 0 ... | 1993 | 8237410 |
| alteration of tissue levels of 13c in pigs by natural abundance 13c labeling of diets. | a study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using differences in the natural abundance of dietary 13c as a means of in vivo labeling. four female pigs were fed a c3 plant diet (barley, soybean meal and alfalfa) and four were fed a c4 plant diet (corn and corn gluten meal). the pigs were continually fed the diets from 8 wks of age to maturity and through pregnancy until they had themselves produced offspring. the resulting piglets were sacrificed at various time intervals (0 to 165 days ... | 1993 | 8244624 |
| effect of the alfalfa mosaic virus movement protein expressed in transgenic plants on the permeability of plasmodesmata. | symplastic transport of different sized fluorescent probes has been assessed in leaf epidermal cells of transgenic nicotiana plants expressing the movement protein (mp) of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv). in both n. tabacum and n. benthamiana, the size exclusion limit (sel) of plasmodesmata increased from m(r) 1000, which represents the commonly accepted limit, to over 4.4k. however, in control plants, movement of a 3k probe was seen in 11 to 22% of the injections, indicating that plasmodesmata may o ... | 1993 | 8245862 |
| identification and analysis of the rhizobium meliloti exoamonp genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and mapping of promoters located on the exohklamonp fragment. | sequence analysis of a 7.494 kb dna fragment from megaplasmid 2 of rhizobium meliloti 2011 involved in exopolysaccharide i (eps i) biosynthesis revealed the presence of five exo genes designated exoa, exom, exon, exoo, and exop. exon was found to show strong homology to a udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase from acetobacter xylinum, whereas exoo displayed weak homologies to the nodc proteins from r. meliloti and r. loti. surprisingly, different mutations in exop resulted in divergent phenotypes. one e ... | 1993 | 8246891 |
| an integrated, dynamic model of feed hydration and digestion, and subsequent bacterial mass accumulation in the rumen. | hydration of feeds and bacterial attachment to feed particles are thought to play major roles in rumen digestion of fibrous feedstuffs. the objective of the present study was to integrate these phenomena in a mechanistic model that could be used for data analysis. the proposed model was based on the conversion of biomass, where digestion end-products can be used for the synthesis of bacterial mass. digestion of the potentially digestible fraction and subsequent accumulation of bacterial mass was ... | 1993 | 8260474 |
| mutants of the two-component regulatory protein fixj of rhizobium meliloti that have increased activity at the nifa promoter. | fixl and fixj belong to a two-component regulatory system in rhizobium meliloti that induces the expression of numerous nitrogen-fixation genes during symbiosis with alfalfa. fixj is a positive activator required for transcription of the regulatory genes nifa and fixk, while fixl is an oxygen-binding hemoprotein capable of regulating the phosphorylation status of both itself and fixj, in response to oxygen availability. in this study, we isolated four fixj mutants that display increased activity ... | 1993 | 8262372 |
| coat protein stimulates replication complexes of alfalfa mosaic virus to produce virion rnas in vitro. | viral replication complexes (rcs) were gradient-purified from cowpea mesophyll protoplasts 21 h after inoculation with alfalfa mosaic virus. these membranous structures incorporate [32p]ump into double- and single-stranded rnas in the absence of added template. when coat protein is added prior to the reaction the incorporation in both rna fractions is stimulated several times. part of the single-stranded product rnas are released from the rcs. the stimulation of incorporation in high molecular m ... | 1993 | 8268261 |
| effect of calcium source, dietary calcium concentration, and gestation phase on various bone characteristics in gestating gilts. | sixty gravid crossbred gilts were allotted to a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: two ca sources (sun-cured alfalfa meal and caco3), three dietary concentrations of ca (50, 75, and 100% of nrc requirements), and two phases of gestation (55 and 105 d). the objectives were to determine the effect of ca source, dietary ca concentration, and gestation phase on bone characteristics (bone breaking strength, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone ash density in the rib, thoracic, and ... | 1993 | 8270521 |
| relationships between reticular contractions and digesta passage in steers consuming alfalfa hay and barley straw combinations ad libitum. | a latin square design experiment was conducted to determine changes in voluntary feed intake, passage of digesta from the ruminoreticulum, and changes in frequency, duration, and amplitude of reticular contractions in four hereford crossbred steers (474 +/- 10 kg) fed diets consisting of different combinations of alfalfa hay and barley straw. diets consisted of 1) 100% straw, 2) 67% straw and 33% hay, 3) 33% straw and 67% hay, and 4) 100% hay. the diets were offered at 110% of ad libitum intake. ... | 1993 | 8270526 |
| influence of microbial colonization of feed particles on determination of nitrogen degradability by in situ incubation. | stable 15n isotope was used to determine the extent of microbial colonization of in situ incubation residues and the influence of colonization on estimates of ruminal degradability of feed n. in an in vitro trial, 15n:total n ratio remained unchanged after the soluble (by water, saline, or buffer solution) fraction of plant n was removed, suggesting that 15n was uniformly distributed in the soluble and insoluble n fractions. in three in situ trials, corn grain, corn husks, and alfalfa hay labele ... | 1993 | 8270530 |
| feed intake, digestibility, and live weight gain by cattle consuming forage supplemented with rice bran and(or) corn. | effects of supplementing cattle consuming forage with rice bran and(or) corn on feed intake, digestibility, and live weight gain were determined. holstein steer calves (176 +/- 4.3 kg average trial bw), in two simultaneous 4 x 4 latin squares, had ad libitum access to bermudagrass or ryegrass-wheat hay without supplementation (control) or with (dm basis) .5% of bw of ground corn (c), .64% of bw of rice bran (r), or .25% of bw of corn plus .32% of bw of rice bran (cr). total om intake with bermud ... | 1993 | 8270534 |
| influence of amount and degradability of protein on production of milk and milk components by lactating holstein cows. | forty-one multiparous cows were utilized in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the amount and degradability of dietary cp on production of milk and milk components. the tmr contained 25% alfalfa haylage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate to provide either 16.4 or 19.4% cp with a calculated ruminal degradability of 55 or 70%. intakes of dm, adf, and ndf and bw were not different among treatments. production of milk, 4% fcm, fat, cp, and ... | 1993 | 8270692 |
| influence of amount and degradability of dietary protein on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. | four holstein cows fitted with ruminal and t-type duodenal cannulas were utilized in a 4 x 4 latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. the tmr contained 25% alfalfa haylage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate and provided either 16.4 or 19.6% cp, with ruminal degradability calculated to be 30 or 45%. intakes of dm, om, adf, ndf, and n were not altered by either amount or degradability of cp. intake and ruminal and postruminal digestibility of starch were greater whe ... | 1993 | 8270693 |
| nutrient digestion, nitrogen, and amino acid flows in lactating cows fed soybean hulls in place of forage or concentrate. | five holstein cows in early lactation were used in a 5 x 5 latin square design to study substitution of soybean hulls for portions of forage or concentrate in diets. the control diet consisted of (dm basis) 10% alfalfa hay, 40% corn silage, 25% high moisture corn, 23% protein supplement, and 2.3% vitamins and minerals. soybean hulls were used to replace approximately 25 and 50% of the forage or concentrate dm in the control ration. the dmi decreased linearly as soybean hulls replaced forage. the ... | 1993 | 8270695 |
| effect of whole crop cereal grain silage substituted for alfalfa silage on performance of lactating dairy cows. | barley, oats, and triticale were planted at the university of alberta research station may 22 to june 1, 1990, harvested august 5 to august 19, 1990, at the early to mid-dough stage, and ensiled. second-cutting alfalfa was harvested at midbloom and ensiled. twenty holstein cows in early lactation and 24 in midlactation were subjected to a 21-d standardization period (covariate) and were fed a tmr (50:50, forage: concentrate). forage was a combination of equal portions of silage of alfalfa, barle ... | 1993 | 8270696 |
| pathological and molecular characterizations of alfalfa interactions with compatible and incompatible bacteria, xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae and pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. | we report on the interactions of alfalfa with xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfae and pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. a hypersensitive response was observed when leaves were infiltrated with p. s. pv. pisi, which remained strictly limited to the injected zone. the compatible interaction with x. c. pv. alfalfae was characterized by water-soaking symptoms and the spreading of the bacterium into the leaf blade. analyses of transcript accumulation were conducted with cdnas encoding enzymes involved i ... | 1993 | 8274775 |
| biopotency of vitamin e in lucerne meal for chickens. | in order to estimate the biopotency of vitamin e in lucerne/alfalfa meal in comparison to that of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (dl-alpha-ta; all-rac-alpha-ta) a study was conducted with newly hatched white leghorn male chicks. an increase in the vitamin e level in the liver and plasma, and the prevention of nutritional encephalomalacia (ne) were used as criteria for biopotency. after a vitamin e depletion period of one week posthatching, the chicks continued on a semipurified, vitamin e free basa ... | 1993 | 8279208 |
| molecular characterization and expression of alfalfa isoliquiritigenin 2'-o-methyltransferase, an enzyme specifically involved in the biosynthesis of an inducer of rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. | a cdna clone encoding an o-methyltransferase (omt) from alfalfa has been isolated, which methylates the 2'-hydroxyl of isoliquiritigenin (2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone) to form 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone, the most potent of the nod-gene-inducing flavonoid derivatives released from alfalfa roots. the cdna clone was identified on the basis of n-terminal sequence identity to purified s-adenosyl-l-methionine:isoliquiritigenin 2'-o-methyltransferase (chalcone omt) and expression of enzymatically ... | 1993 | 8281189 |
| identification and cloning of a cyclic beta-(1-->3), beta-(1-->6)-d-glucan synthesis locus from bradyrhizobium japonicum. | a cosmid clone complementing a cyclic beta-(1-->2)-glucan biosynthesis (ndvb) mutant of rhizobium meliloti was isolated from a bradyrhizobium japonicum gene library. this clone specified synthesis of beta-(1-->3), beta-(1-->6)-linked glucans in r. meliloti. the complemented strain was osmotically tolerant and symbiotically competent on alfalfa. thus, beta-(1-->3), beta-(1-->6)-glucans can substitute functionally for beta-(1-->2)-glucans in r. meliloti. | 1993 | 8282182 |
| superoxide dismutase enhances tolerance of freezing stress in transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). | activated oxygen or oxygen free radicals have been implicated in a number of physiological disorders in plants including freezing injury. superoxide dismutase (sod) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into o2 and h2o2 and thereby reduces the titer of activated oxygen molecules in the cell. to further examine the relationship between oxidative and freezing stresses, the expression of sod was modified in transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). the mn-sod cdna from nicotiana plumbaginifolia un ... | 1993 | 8290627 |
| new overlapping gene encoded by the cucumber mosaic virus genome. | cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) contains three genomic rnas (rnas 1, 2, and 3) and a subgenomic rna (rna 4), a shared feature of the bromoviridae family which includes cucumoviruses, bromoviruses, alfalfa mosaic virus, and ilarviruses. we describe in this paper the molecular characterization of a novel subgenomic rna of the q strain of cmv (q-cmv), rna 4a, which was first reported in 1973 (k. w. c. peden and r. h. symons, virology 53, 487-492, 1973). rna 4a is 682 nucleotides and is identical in seq ... | 1994 | 8291242 |
| effect of pasture, confinement, and diet fortification with vitamin e and selenium on reproducing gilts and their progeny. | a total of 48 gilts were used to evaluate the effects of a corn-soybean meal diet with or without vitamin e and se fed on pasture or in confinement. the effects of these treatments on gilt serum and tissue alpha-tocopherol and se concentrations and those of their progeny at weaning (28 d) were evaluated. during gestation, the experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design that compared the housing system (pasture or confinement) and the effect of diets fortifie ... | 1993 | 8294272 |