| [conditions for sars-cov cultivation and inactivation]. | to study the method for cultivation and inactivation of sars-cov. | 2005 | 16027779 |
| [determination of sars-cov by simplified nested fluorescent rt-pcr]. | to establish a simple rapid and sensitive nested rt-pcr method for detection of sars coronavirus rna by designing the specific primers for sars and optimizing the parameters for pcr. | 2005 | 16027791 |
| autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus infection. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by infection with the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and characterized by severe pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. in this study, the development of autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells in patients with sars at different time periods (the first week: phase i, 1 month after the disease onset: phase ii/phase iii) were investigated. antibodies in sera of patients and healthy controls against: (1) a549 h ... | 2005 | 16032747 |
| vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) contains a single spike (s) protein, which binds to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), induces membrane fusion and serves as a neutralizing antigen. a sars-cov-s protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotype using the vsvdeltag* system was generated. partial deletion of the sars-cov-s protein cytoplasmic domain allowed efficient incorporation into vsv particles and led to the generation of a pseudotype (vsv ... | 2005 | 16033974 |
| vaccine design for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus (sars-cov). recent studies suggest that sars-cov is zoonotic and may have a broad host range besides humans. although the global outbreak of sars has been contained, there are serious concerns over its re-emergence and bioterrorism potential. as a part of preparedness, development of a safe and effective vaccine is one of the highest priorities in fighting sars. a number of candidate vaccines, ... | 2005 | 16035944 |
| excretion and detection of sars coronavirus and its nucleic acid from digestive system. | to study whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) could be excreted from digestive system. | 2005 | 16038039 |
| inhibition of replication and infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus with plasmid-mediated interference rna. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov), which spread to over 30 countries in early 2003. until recently, no specific vaccines and effective drugs have been available to protect patients from infection by this virus. to exploit a new strategy to fight this disease, we investigated the effect of interference rna (rnai) on the virus infection and replication with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bro ... | 2005 | 16038478 |
| high-resolution structure of hla-a*1101 in complex with sars nucleocapsid peptide. | the structure of the human mhc-i molecule hla-a*1101 in complex with a nonameric peptide (ktfpptepk) has been determined by x-ray crystallography to 1.45 a resolution. the peptide is derived from the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein positions 362-370 (snp362-370). it is conserved in all known isolates of sars-cov and has been verified by in vitro peptide-binding studies to be a good to intermediate binder to hla-a*0301 and hla-a*1101, with ic50 values of 70 and 186 nm, respectively [sylvester-hvid ... | 2005 | 16041067 |
| papain-like protease 2 (plp2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov): expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition. | viral proteases are essential for pathogenesis and virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). little information is available on sars-cov papain-like protease 2 (plp2), and development of inhibitors against plp2 is attractive for antiviral therapy. here, we report the characterization of sars-cov plp2 (from residues 1414 to 1858) purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells. we demonstrate that sars-cov plp2 by itself differentially cleaves between the amino acids ... | 2005 | 16042412 |
| long-term protection from sars coronavirus infection conferred by a single immunization with an attenuated vsv-based vaccine. | although the recent sars coronavirus (sars-cov) that appeared in 2002 has now been contained, the possibility of re-emergence of sars-cov remains. due to the threat of re-emergence, the overall fatality rate of approximately 10%, and the rapid dispersion of the virus via international travel, viable vaccine candidates providing protection from sars are clearly needed. we developed an attenuated vsv recombinant (vsv-s) expressing the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) protein. in cells infecte ... | 2005 | 16043204 |
| multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of sars. | after >8,000 infections and >700 deaths worldwide, the pathogenesis of the new infectious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), remains poorly understood. we investigated 18 autopsies of patients who had suspected sars; 8 cases were confirmed as sars. we evaluated white blood cells from 22 confirmed sars patients at various stages of the disease. t lymphocyte counts in 65 confirmed and 35 misdiagnosed sars cases also were analyzed retrospectively. sars viral particles and genomic se ... | 2005 | 16043521 |
| antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus spike protein domain 2 cross-reacts with lung epithelial cells and causes cytotoxicity. | both viral effect and immune-mediated mechanism are involved in the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infection. in this study, we showed that in sars patient sera there were autoantibodies (autoabs) that reacted with a549 cells, the type-2 pneumocytes, and that these autoabs were mainly igg. the autoabs were detectable 20 days after fever onset. tests of non-sars-pneumonia patients did not show the same autoab production as in sars patients. aft ... | 2005 | 16045740 |
| proposal for vaccination against sars coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain h from the netherlands. | | 2005 | 16045996 |
| nucleolar localization of non-structural protein 3b, a protein specifically encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the open reading frame 3 (orf3) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) genome encodes a predicted 154-amino acid protein, which lacks similarities to any known protein, and is named 3b. in this study, it was shown that 3b protein was predominately localized to nucleus with egfp tag at its n- or c-terminus. the localization patterns were similar in different transfected cells. immuno-fluorescence assay revealed that 3b protein was co-localized well with c23 in nucleolus. ... | 2005 | 16046244 |
| bcl-xl inhibits t-cell apoptosis induced by expression of sars coronavirus e protein in the absence of growth factors. | one of the hallmark findings in patients suffering from sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is lymphopenia, which is the result of massive lymphocyte death. sars-cov (sars coronavirus), a novel coronavirus that has been etiologically associated with sars cases, is homologous with mhv (murine hepatitis coronavirus), and mhv small envelope e protein is capable of inducing apoptosis. we hypothesized that sars-cov encodes a small envelope e protein that is homologous with mhv e protein, thus in ... | 2005 | 16048439 |
| pneumonitis and multi-organ system disease in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a significant emerging infectious disease. humans infected with the etiological agent, sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), primarily present with pneumonitis but may also develop hepatic, gastrointestinal, and renal pathology. we inoculated common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with the objective of developing a small nonhuman primate model of sars. two groups of c. jacchus were inoculated intratracheally with cell culture supernatant containing sa ... | 2005 | 16049331 |
| emerging infectious agents. | as new agents of infectious disease continue to emerge and old antagonists reemerge, it is clear that the war on infectious disease is far from over. indeed, the appearance of sars during the past year is the latest example of the continuing challenges posed by agents of infectious disease. emerging agents are threats not only to the general population, but also to recipients of blood transfusions. today a variety of emerging agents are of concern to transfusion safety including trypanosoma cruz ... | 2005 | 16050150 |
| lsectin interacts with filovirus glycoproteins and the spike protein of sars coronavirus. | cellular attachment factors like the c-type lectins dc-sign and dc-signr (collectively referred to as dc-sign/r) can augment viral infection and might promote viral dissemination in and between hosts. the lectin lsectin is encoded in the same chromosomal locus as dc-sign/r and is coexpressed with dc-signr on sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver and lymphnodes. here, we show that lsectin enhances infection driven by filovirus glycoproteins (gp) and the s protein of sars coronavirus, but does not ... | 2005 | 16051304 |
| peptide domain involved in the interaction between membrane protein and nucleocapsid protein of sars-associated coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease associated with a novel coronavirus (cov) that was identified and molecularly characterized in 2003. previous studies on various coronaviruses indicate that protein-protein interactions amongst various coronavirus proteins are critical for viral assembly and morphogenesis. it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanism of sars-cov replication and rationalize the anti-sars therapeutic intervention. in this study, we ... | 2005 | 16053703 |
| membrane-associated zinc peptidase families: comparing ace and ace2. | in contrast to the relatively ubiquitous angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace), expression of the mammalian ace homologue, ace2, was initially described in the heart, kidney and testis. ace2 is a type i integral membrane protein with its active site domain exposed to the extracellular surface of endothelial cells and the renal tubular epithelium. here ace2 is poised to metabolise circulating peptides which may include angiotensin ii, a potent vasoconstrictor and the product of angiotensin i cleava ... | 2004 | 16054014 |
| an atypical rna pseudoknot stimulator and an upstream attenuation signal for -1 ribosomal frameshifting of sars coronavirus. | the -1 ribosomal frameshifting requires the existence of an in cis rna slippery sequence and is promoted by a downstream stimulator rna. an atypical rna pseudoknot with an extra stem formed by complementary sequences within loop 2 of an h-type pseudoknot is characterized in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) genome. this pseudoknot can serve as an efficient stimulator for -1 frameshifting in vitro. mutational analysis of the extra stem suggests frameshift efficiency can ... | 2005 | 16055920 |
| quality assurance for the diagnostics of viral diseases to enhance the emergency preparedness in europe. | the threat posed by emerging and re-emerging communicable diseases and, more recently, by the intentional release of infectious agents in a susceptible population, has been receiving considerable attention at the national and international levels. public health efforts to strengthen disease detection, surveillance and control have been intensified. however, clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories play an important role in the early detection of disease, the identification of the putati ... | 2005 | 16077216 |
| good ace, bad ace do battle in lung injury, sars. | | 2005 | 16079870 |
| serine-scanning mutagenesis studies of the c-terminal heptad repeats in the sars coronavirus s glycoprotein highlight the important role of the short helical region. | the fusion subunit of the sars-cov s glycoprotein contains two regions of hydrophobic heptad-repeat amino acid sequences that have been shown in biophysical studies to form a six-helix bundle structure typical of the fusion-active core found in class i viral fusion proteins. here, we have applied serine-scanning mutagenesis to the c-terminal-most heptad-repeat region in the sars-cov s glycoprotein to investigate the functional role of this region in membrane fusion. we show that hydrophobic side ... | 2005 | 16081124 |
| inhibitors of cathepsin l prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by an emergent coronavirus (sars-cov), for which there is currently no effective treatment. sars-cov mediates receptor binding and entry by its spike (s) glycoprotein, and infection is sensitive to lysosomotropic agents that perturb endosomal ph. we demonstrate here that the lysosomotropic-agent-mediated block to sars-cov infection is overcome by protease treatment of target-cell-associated virus. in addition, sars-cov infection was blocked by s ... | 2005 | 16081529 |
| identification of immunodominant epitopes on the membrane protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | similar to other coronaviruses, the membrane (m) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is a major transmembrane glycoprotein with multiple biological functions. to date, limited information is available about its antigenic properties. in this study, we identified two major immunodominant epitopes on the m protein located in the extreme n-terminal region (residues 1 to 31) and the interior c-terminal region (residues 132 to 161), respectively, by pepscan a ... | 2005 | 16081901 |
| performance of single-step gel-based reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays equivalent to that of real-time rt-pcr assays for detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | simple gel-based one-step reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays, used to investigate patients during the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak in singapore, were found to be as sensitive as commercial and in-house real-time rt-pcr assays. the detection limit was approximately 1 genome equivalent (ge) per 5 microl pcr mixture. one pfu of sars coronavirus was estimated to be 258 +/- 46 ge. | 2005 | 16081995 |
| first external quality assurance of antibody diagnostic for sars-new coronavirus. | to confirm an infection with the new coronavirus (sars-cov) causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) diagnostic assays for detection of sars-cov specific antibody are necessary. to evaluate the diagnostic performance of laboratories an external quality assurance (eqa) study was performed in 2004. participating laboratories (9/20) correctly detected anti-sars antibodies in serum samples without false positive results in an immunofluorescence assay. in contrast, only 4/13 laboratories ... | 2005 | 16087120 |
| expression and purification of n and e proteins from severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus: a comparative study. | histidine-tagged n (rnh) and e (reh) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronovirus were expressed in the baculovirus/insect cell system and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. rnh and reh proteins differed markedly with respect to expression levels, cell death kinetics and subcellular localizations that led to different extraction and purification schemes. the features of both proteins are compared and the potential applications of purified rnh and reh are d ... | 2005 | 16091881 |
| coordinate induction of ifn-alpha and -gamma by sars-cov also in the absence of virus replication. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus known as sars-cov, characterized by an over-exuberant immune response with lung lymphomononuclear cells infiltration and proliferation that may account for tissue damage more than the direct effect of viral replication. this study is aimed at investigating the capability of sars-cov to activate ifn-alpha and -gamma expression in lymphomonocytes (pbmc) from healthy donors, evaluating whether viral repl ... | 2005 | 16095648 |
| effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused large outbreaks of atypical pneumonia in 2003, with the largest localized outbreak occurring in beijing, china. lymphopenia was prominent amongst the laboratory abnormalities reported in acute sars. | 2005 | 16095942 |
| genetic analysis of the sars-coronavirus spike glycoprotein functional domains involved in cell-surface expression and cell-to-cell fusion. | the sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the sars-cov spike (s) glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion events during virus entry and virus-induced cell-to-cell fusion. to delineate functional domains of the sars-cov s glycoprotein, single point mutations, cluster-to-lysine and cluster-to-alanine mutations, as well as carboxyl-terminal truncations were investigated in transient expression experiments. mutagenesis of either the coiled-coi ... | 2005 | 16099010 |
| development of a method for concentrating and purifying sars coronavirus rna by a magnetic bead capture system. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a recently emerged infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, which has been designated the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). to date, molecular assays for the detection of sars-cov has focused mainly on reverse transcriptase-pcr (rt-pcr) analysis of specimens. however, rt-pcr assays currently available have low sensitivity during the early stage of the disease in which the viral load in specimens is very low. a method for concentrating and purifying ... | 2005 | 16101344 |
| apoptosis induced by the sars-associated coronavirus in vero cells is replication-dependent and involves caspase. | the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), a newly emerging life-threatening disease in humans, remains unknown. it is believed that the modulation of apoptosis is relevant to diseases that are caused by various viruses. to examine potential apoptotic mechanisms related to sars, we investigated features of apoptosis induced by the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in host cells. the results indicated that the sars-cov-induced apoptosis in vero cells in a virus replica ... | 2005 | 16101347 |
| identification and antigenic epitope mapping of immunodominant region amino residues 510 to 672 on the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerging human infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). the spike (s) protein of sars-cov is a major virion structural protein. it plays an important role in the interaction with receptors and neutralizing antibodies. in this study, the s1 domain of the spike protein and three truncated fragments were expressed by fusion with gst in a pgex-6p-1 vector. western blot results demonstrated that ... | 2005 | 16101348 |
| elicitation of immunity in mice after immunization with the s2 subunit of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the s2 domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) protein is responsible for fusion between virus and target cell membranes, and is expected to be immungenic. in this study, we investigated the immune responses against the s2 subunit in balb/c mice, which were vaccinated either with plasmid dna encoding the s2 domain (residues 681-1120), the recombinant s2 fragment (residues 681-980) in incomplete freund's adjuvant, or with inactivated sars-cov. the increase ... | 2005 | 16101349 |
| construction of a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding partial s gene fragments of the sars-cov and its potential utility as a dna vaccine. | the spike (s) protein, a main surface antigen of the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), is considered to be one of the most important protective antigen candidates for targets for vaccine design against the virus. in this study, a secreted recombinant expression plasmid, pvax-s1, encoding the partial s protein with a signal peptide, was constructed and used to immunize balb/c mice through electroporation. it was demonstrated that the eukaryotic expression vector pvax-s1 was successfully constructed by ... | 2005 | 16101350 |
| profiles of igg antibodies to nucleocapsid and spike proteins of the sars-associated coronavirus in sars patients. | to evaluate humoral immunity against the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), we studied the profiles of igg antibodies to the nucleocapsid (n) and spike (s) proteins of sars-cov. serum specimens from 10 sars patients were analyzed by western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using purified recombinant n and truncated s (s1, s2, and s3) proteins as antigens. western blotting results demonstrated that 100% of the sars patients tested positive for n protein-specific anti ... | 2005 | 16101351 |
| synthesis of novel test compounds for antiviral chemotherapy of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | this contribution reviews the synthesis of a range of experimental drugs designed for and aiming at antiviral chemotherapy of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov)-induced human disease conditions. the selection of 25 test materials includes eleven trioxa-adamantane-triols (tats) [bn, ibnca, abnca, vanba, ethylvanba, eubn, euvanba, ansabn, ehrlich bn, [6]prismanebn, nitrodibn], trivially termed bananins, one trioxa-adamantan-ol (tao) thymoba, one bis-bananin pi-bananin ... | 2005 | 16101496 |
| amotosalen photochemical inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in human platelet concentrates. | a novel human coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in epidemic form in early 2003 in china and spread worldwide in a few months. every newly emerging human pathogen is of concern for the safety of the blood supply during and after an epidemic crisis. for this purpose, we have evaluated the inactivation of sars-coronavirus (cov) in platelet concentrates using an approved pathogen inactivation device, the intercept blood system. apheresis platelet concentrates (apcs ... | 2005 | 16101804 |
| posttraumatic stress after sars. | posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) can arise in patients with medical illness. we used 2 chinese self-report measures to examine features of ptsd, anxiety, and depression in 131 survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome at 1 month and 3 months after discharge from the hospital. risk factors associated with psychological distress were identified. | 2005 | 16102324 |
| a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-specific protein enhances virulence of an attenuated murine coronavirus. | most animal species that can be infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) do not reproducibly develop clinical disease, hindering studies of pathogenesis. to develop an alternative system for the study of sars-cov, we introduced individual sars-cov genes (open reading frames [orfs]) into the genome of an attenuated murine coronavirus. one protein, the product of sars-cov orf6, converted a sublethal infection to a uniformly lethal encephalitis and enhan ... | 2005 | 16103185 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein is phosphorylated and localizes in the cytoplasm by 14-3-3-mediated translocation. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(sars-cov) nucleocapsid (n) protein is one of the four structural proteins of the virus and is predicted to be a 46-kda phosphoprotein. our in silico analysis predicted n to be heavily phosphorylated at multiple residues. experimentally, we have shown in this report that the n protein of the sars-cov gets serine-phosphorylated by multiple kinases, in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. the phosphoprotein is stable and localizes in the cytoplasm an ... | 2005 | 16103198 |
| intracellular localization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: absence of nucleolar accumulation during infection and after expression as a recombinant protein in vero cells. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of several members within the order nidovirales localizes to the nucleolus during infection and after transfection of cells with n genes. however, confocal microscopy of n protein localization in vero cells infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) or transfected with the sars-cov n gene failed to show the presence of n in the nucleoplasm or nucleolus. amino acids 369 to 389, which contain putative nuclear localization signal (nls) an ... | 2005 | 16103202 |
| outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in southern taiwan, 2003. | this study describes the epidemiologic features of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak in southern taiwan in 2003. according to the official files of reported cases of sars from february 21 to june 19, 2003, there were 586 cases in southern taiwan. symptom onset occurred between february 21 and june 19 in reported cases, between march 13 and may 30 in probable cases, and between march 17 and may 23 in polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-positive probable cases. dates of symptom ons ... | 2005 | 16103615 |
| g0/g1 arrest and apoptosis induced by sars-cov 3b protein in transfected cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), cause of the life-threatening atypical pneumonia, infects many organs, such as lung, liver and immune organ, and induces parenchyma cells apoptosis and necrosis. the genome of sars-cov, not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronavirus, encodes replicase and four major structural proteins and a number of non-structural proteins. published studies suggest that some non-structural proteins may play important roles in th ... | 2005 | 16107218 |
| biosafety level 3 laboratory for autopsies of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: principles, practices, and prospects. | during the outbreak of the emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) infection, >30% of the approximately 8000 infected persons were health care workers. the highly infectious nature of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) compelled our pathologists to consider biosafety issues in the autopsy room and for tissue processing procedures. | 2005 | 16107979 |
| sars vaccine protective in mice. | | 2005 | 16110580 |
| [diagnostic tests: sars-corona virus]. | | 2005 | 16111269 |
| anti-sars-cov igg response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the association between a robust or depressed antibody response and clinical severity of sars remains unknown. | 2006 | 16112612 |
| characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against n protein of sars-coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) causes an infectious disease through respiratory route. diagnosing the disease effectively and accurately at early stage is essential for preventing the disease transmission and performing antiviral treatment. in this study, we raised monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars-cov and mapped epitopes by using different truncated n protein fragments. the mapping of those epitopes was valuable for constructing ... | 2005 | 16112641 |
| molecular evolution and multilocus sequence typing of 145 strains of sars-cov. | in this study, we have identified 876 polymorphism sites in 145 complete or partial genomes of sars-cov available in the ncbi genbank. one hundred and seventy-four of these sites existed in two or more sars-cov genome sequences. according to the sequence polymorphism, all sars-covs can be divided into three groups: (i) group 1, animal-origin viruses (such as sars-cov sz1, sz3, sz13 and sz16); (ii) group 2, all viruses with clinical origin during first epidemic; and (iii) group 3, sars-cov gd03t0 ... | 2005 | 16112670 |
| chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of sars coronavirus infection and spread. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (sars-cov). no effective prophylactic or post-exposure therapy is currently available. | 2005 | 16115318 |
| anti-sars coronavirus 3c-like protease effects of isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. | the 3c-like protease (3clpro) of sars-coronavirus mediates the proteolytic processing of replicase polypeptides 1a and 1ab into functional proteins, becoming an important target for the drug development. in this study, isatis indigotica root extract, five major compounds of i. indigotica root, and seven plant-derived phenolic compounds were tested for anti-sars-cov 3clpro effects using cell-free and cell-based cleavage assays. cleavage assays with the 3clpro demonstrated that ic50 values were in ... | 2005 | 16115693 |
| protease-mediated enhancement of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | a unique coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) was revealed to be a causative agent of a life-threatening sars. although this virus grows in a variety of tissues that express its receptor, the mechanism of the severe respiratory illness caused by this virus is not well understood. here, we report a possible mechanism for the extensive damage seen in the major target organs for this disease. a recent study of the cell entry mechanism of sars-cov reveals that it take ... | 2005 | 16116101 |
| using sirna in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens against sars coronavirus in rhesus macaque. | development of therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) viral infection using short interfering rna (sirna) inhibitors exemplifies a powerful new means to combat emerging infectious diseases. potent sirna inhibitors of sars coronavirus (scv) in vitro were further evaluated for efficacy and safety in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) sars model using clinically viable delivery while comparing three dosing regimens. observations of sars-like symptoms, measurements of scv rna ... | 2005 | 16116432 |
| using sirna in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens against sars coronavirus in rhesus macaque. | development of therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) viral infection using short interfering rna (sirna) inhibitors exemplifies a powerful new means to combat emerging infectious diseases. potent sirna inhibitors of sars coronavirus (scv) in vitro were further evaluated for efficacy and safety in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) sars model using clinically viable delivery while comparing three dosing regimens. observations of sars-like symptoms, measurements of scv rna ... | 2005 | 16116432 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in children. | | 2005 | 16118891 |
| [a preliminary study of the structure prediction and expression of sars-cov spike protein]. | in this study, the encoding sequences of sars-cov spike protein were analyzed by bioinformatics methods, the structural characteristics and functions were forecasted based on available data. it suggests that the fragment of spike glycoprotein (s401-659) may be crucial for viral attachment and may be a major immunodominant epitope. then the fragment was amplified and subcloned into expression vector pet28a(+) and ppic9k. these two plasmids pet28a(+)-s and ppic9k-s were transformed to e.coli strai ... | 2005 | 16120590 |
| a serological survey on neutralizing antibody titer of sars convalescent sera. | a seroepidemiologic study was conducted in north china in 2003 to determine the neutralizing antibody titer of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) convalescent sera. a total of 99 sars convalescent serum samples were collected from patients from the inner mongolia autonomous region, hebei province, and beijing 35-180 days after the onset of symptoms. the anti-sars antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), neutralization assay, and western blot. eighty-seven seru ... | 2005 | 16121363 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of multiple genes from the sars-coronavirus using quantitative rt-pcr with dual systems. | the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was caused by a newly identified coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2003. to detect early sars-cov infection, a one-step, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed that could simultaneously detect nucleocapsid (n), membrane (m), and spike (s) genes of sars-cov with the same pcr condition using either applied biosystems (abi) prism 7700 sequence detection system or roche lightcycler. the sens ... | 2005 | 16121372 |
| respiratory disease caused by a species b2 adenovirus in a military camp in turkey. | in april 2004, two patients were admitted to hospital in berlin, germany, with clinical signs of acute respiratory infection after returning from a military exercise in their home country of turkey. they were admitted to a high security infectious disease unit as epidemiological data pointed to an outbreak of unknown etiology. samples taken at the time of admission proved to be strongly positive for adenovirus by pcr, but negative for influenza a/h1n1 virus, influenza a/h3n2 virus, influenza b v ... | 2005 | 16121380 |
| the sars coronavirus s glycoprotein receptor binding domain: fine mapping and functional characterization. | the entry of the sars coronavirus (scv) into cells is initiated by binding of its spike envelope glycoprotein (s) to a receptor, ace2. we and others identified the receptor-binding domain (rbd) by using s fragments of various lengths but all including the amino acid residue 318 and two other potential glycosylation sites. to further characterize the role of glycosylation and identify residues important for its function as an interacting partner of ace2, we have cloned, expressed and characterize ... | 2005 | 16122388 |
| recent highlights in the development of new antiviral drugs. | twenty antiviral drugs, that is about half of those that are currently approved, are formally licensed for clinical use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). the others are used in the treatment of herpesvirus (e.g. herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalo virus), hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus or influenza virus infections. recent endeavours have focussed on the development of improved antiviral therapies for ... | 2005 | 16125443 |
| design of wide-spectrum inhibitors targeting coronavirus main proteases. | the genus coronavirus contains about 25 species of coronaviruses (covs), which are important pathogens causing highly prevalent diseases and often severe or fatal in humans and animals. no licensed specific drugs are available to prevent their infection. different host receptors for cellular entry, poorly conserved structural proteins (antigens), and the high mutation and recombination rates of covs pose a significant problem in the development of wide-spectrum anti-cov drugs and vaccines. cov m ... | 2005 | 16128623 |
| rational monoclonal antibody development to emerging pathogens, biothreat agents and agents of foreign animal disease: the antigen scale. | many factors influence the choice of methods used to develop antibody to infectious agents. in this paper, we review the current status of the main technologies used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) from the b cells of antigen-sensitized animals. while companies are adopting advanced high-throughput methods, the major technologies used by veterinary and medical research laboratories are classical hybridoma fusion and recombinant library selection techniques. these methods have inherent ad ... | 2005 | 16129340 |
| efficient and quick inactivation of sars coronavirus and other microbes exposed to the surfaces of some metal catalysts. | to study the two metal catalysts ag/al2o3 and cu/al2o3 that interdict the transmission pathway for sars and other respiratory infectious diseases. | 2005 | 16131020 |
| selective immobilization of fusion proteins on poly(hydroxyalkanoate) microbeads. | a novel fusion protein system employing the substrate-binding domain (sbd) of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (pha) depolymerase was developed for the specific immobilization of proteins on pha microbeads, and was consequently used for immunoassays. the enhanced green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein were used as model proteins, and were selectively and functionally immobilized to the pha microbeads by fusing them to the sbd. ... | 2005 | 16131092 |
| characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing a 15-residues epitope on the spike protein hr2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). | the spike (s) glycoprotein is thought to play a complex and central role in the biology and pathogenesis of sars coronavirus infection. in this study, a recombinant protein (rs268, corresponding to residues 268-1255 of sars-cov s protein) was expressed in escherichia coli and was purified to near homogeneity. after immunization with rs268, s protein-specific balb/c antisera and mabs were induced and confirmed using elisa, western blot and ifa. several balb/c mabs were found to be effectively to ... | 2005 | 16132115 |
| double-antigen sandwich elisa for detection of antibodies to sars-associated coronavirus in human serum. | the study presented here was conducted to evaluate the performance of a double-antigen sandwich elisa to detect antibodies in human serum against the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). a recombinant partial nucleocapsid protein of sars-associated coronavirus was used as a serodiagnostic antigen in the elisa. a total of 2892 clinical serum samples were tested with the elisa kit, which positively identified 25 of 35 (71.4%) samples of patients with confirmed sars ... | 2005 | 16133409 |
| selection of and recombination between minor variants lead to the adaptation of an avian coronavirus to primate cells. | an interesting question posed by the current evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus may be originated from an animal coronavirus is how such an animal coronavirus breaks the host species barrier and becomes zoonotic. in this report, we study the chronological order of genotypic changes in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) during its adaptation to a primate cell line. adaptation of the beaudette strain of ibv from chicken embryo to vero ... | 2005 | 16137658 |
| selection of and recombination between minor variants lead to the adaptation of an avian coronavirus to primate cells. | an interesting question posed by the current evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus may be originated from an animal coronavirus is how such an animal coronavirus breaks the host species barrier and becomes zoonotic. in this report, we study the chronological order of genotypic changes in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) during its adaptation to a primate cell line. adaptation of the beaudette strain of ibv from chicken embryo to vero ... | 2005 | 16137658 |
| single amino acid substitutions in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein determine viral entry and immunogenicity of a major neutralizing domain. | neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) glycoprotein confer protection to animals experimentally infected with the pathogenic virus. we and others previously demonstrated that a major mechanism for neutralizing sars-cov was through blocking the interaction between the s glycoprotein and the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2). in this study, we used in vivo electroporation dna immunization and a pseudov ... | 2005 | 16140741 |
| molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. | massive numbers of palm civets were culled to remove sources for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in guangdong province, china, in january 2004, following sars coronavirus detection in market animals. the virus was identified in all 91 palm civets and 15 raccoon dogs of animal market origin sampled prior to culling, but not in 1,107 palm civets later sampled at 25 farms, spread over 12 provinces, which were claimed to be the source of traded animals. twenty-seven novel ... | 2005 | 16140765 |
| molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. | massive numbers of palm civets were culled to remove sources for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in guangdong province, china, in january 2004, following sars coronavirus detection in market animals. the virus was identified in all 91 palm civets and 15 raccoon dogs of animal market origin sampled prior to culling, but not in 1,107 palm civets later sampled at 25 farms, spread over 12 provinces, which were claimed to be the source of traded animals. twenty-seven novel ... | 2005 | 16140765 |
| survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the primary modes of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) appear to be direct mucus membrane contact with infectious droplets and through exposure to formites. knowledge of the survival characteristics of the virus is essential for formulating appropriate infection-control measures. | 2005 | 16142653 |
| activation of nf-kappab by the full-length nucleocapsid protein of the sars coronavirus. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is the major causative agent for the worldwide outbreak of sars in 2003. the mechanism by which sars-cov causes atypical pneumonia remains unclear. the nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) is a key transcription factor that activates numerous genes involved in cellular immune response and inflammation. many studies have shown that nf-kappab plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. in this study, we investigated the p ... | 2005 | 16143815 |
| sars-cov genome polymorphism: a bioinformatics study. | a dataset of 103 sars-cov isolates (101 human patients and 2 palm civets) was investigated on different aspects of genome polymorphism and isolate classification. the number and the distribution of single nucleotide variations (snvs) and insertions and deletions, with respect to a "profile", were determined and discussed ("profile" being a sequence containing the most represented letter per position). distribution of substitution categories per codon positions, as well as synonymous and non-syno ... | 2005 | 16144519 |
| optimal word sizes for dissimilarity measures and estimation of the degree of dissimilarity between dna sequences. | several measures of dna sequence dissimilarity have been developed. the purpose of this paper is 3-fold. firstly, we compare the performance of several word-based or alignment-based methods. secondly, we give a general guideline for choosing the window size and determining the optimal word sizes for several word-based measures at different window sizes. thirdly, we use a large-scale simulation method to simulate data from the distribution of sk-ld (symmetric kullback-leibler discrepancy). these ... | 2005 | 16144805 |
| protection of mammalian cells from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection by equine neutralizing antibody. | the aetiological agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been determined to be a new type of coronavirus (sars-cov) that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. up to now, there have been no specific drugs to protect against sars-cov infection, thus developing effective strategies against this newly emerged viral infection warrants urgent efforts. adoptive immune therapy with pathogen-specific heterologous immunoglobulin has been successfully used to control the dissemination of ... | 2005 | 16152762 |
| screening and identification of linear b-cell epitopes and entry-blocking peptide of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus using synthetic overlapping peptide library. | a 10-mer overlapping peptide library has been synthesized for screening and identification of linear b-cell epitopes of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov), which spanned the major structural proteins of sars-cov. one hundred and eleven candidate peptides were positive according to the result of pepscan, which were assembled into 22 longer peptides. five of these peptides showed high cross-immunoreactivities (approximately 66.7 to 90.5%) to sars convalescent patie ... | 2005 | 16153058 |
| using an integrated infection control strategy during outbreak control to minimize nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers. | healthcare workers (hcws) are at risk of acquiring severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) while caring for sars patients. personal protective equipment and negative pressure isolation rooms (npirs) have not been completely successful in protecting hcws. we introduced an innovative, integrated infection control strategy involving triaging patients using barriers, zones of risk, and extensive installation of alcohol dispensers for glove-on hand rubbing. this integrated infection control approach ... | 2006 | 16153744 |
| bcl-2 inhibits the caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by sars-cov without affecting virus replication kinetics. | vero cells transfected with either neo- or bcl-2-plasmid were infected with sars-cov at a high multiplicity of infection. apoptosis appeared after the onset of cpe and completion of virus replication, and could be prevented by bcl-2 expression. apoptosis is likely mediated by the mitochondrial pathway, as demonstrated by its inhibition using bcl-2, and by the activation of the caspase cascade, resulting in parp cleavage. prevention of apoptosis did not affect susceptibility to infection, kinetic ... | 2006 | 16155806 |
| sensitive detection of sars coronavirus rna by a novel asymmetric multiplex nested rt-pcr amplification coupled with oligonucleotide microarray hybridization. | we have developed a sensitive method for the detection of specific genes simultaneously. first, dna was amplified by a novel asymmetric multiplex pcr with universal primer(s). second, the 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (tamra)-labeled pcr products were hybridized specifically with oligonucleotide microarrays. finally, matched duplexes were detected by using a laser-induced fluorescence scanner. the usefulness of this method was illustrated by analyzing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cor ... | 2005 | 16156097 |
| direct template matching reveals a host subcellular membrane gyroid cubic structure that is associated with sars virus. | viral infection can result in alterations to the host subcellular membrane. this is often reported when using transmission electron microscopy (tem), resulting in a description of tubuloreticular membrane subcellular ultrastructure rather than a definition based on 3-d morphology. 2-d tem micrographs depicting subcellular membrane changes are associated with subcellular sars virion particles [goldsmith cs, tatti km, ksiazek tg et al. ultra-structural characterization of sars coronavirus. emerg i ... | 2005 | 16156956 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome: vaccine on the way. | | 2005 | 16157050 |
| the interaction of the sars coronavirus non-structural protein 10 with the cellular oxido-reductase system causes an extensive cytopathic effect. | the pathological mechanism of sars-cov infection was investigated. the gene for the sars-cov non-structural protein 10, which is located in the open reading frame of pp1a/pp1ab gene, was synthesized and used to screen for the specific cellular gene coding for the protein interacting with this nsp10 protein in a human embryo lung cdna library using a yeast trap method. the results indicated that apart from the two subunits of cellular rna polymerase complex, btf3 and atf5, this nsp10 protein was ... | 2005 | 16157265 |
| stem-loop iv in the 5' untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering rna replication. | the 210-nucleotide (nt) 5' untranslated region (utr) in the positive-strand bovine coronavirus (bcov) genome is predicted to contain four higher-order structures identified as stem-loops i to iv, which may function as cis-acting elements in genomic rna replication. here, we describe evidence that stem-loop iv, a bulged stem-loop mapping at nt 186 through 215, (i) is phylogenetically conserved among group 2 coronaviruses and may have a homolog in groups 1 and 3, (ii) exists as a higher-order stru ... | 2005 | 16160171 |
| detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis. | previous studies have shown that common human coronavirus might be neurotropic, although it was first isolated as a pathogen of the respiratory tract. we noticed that a few patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) experienced central nervous symptoms during the course of illness. in the present study, we isolated a sars coronavirus strain from a brain tissue specimen obtained from a patient with sars with significant central nervous symptoms. | 2005 | 16163626 |
| t-cell response profiling to biological threat agents including the sars coronavirus. | the emergence of pathogens such as sars and the increased threat of bioterrorism has stimulated the development of novel diagnostic assays for differential diagnosis. rather than focusing on the detection of an individual pathogen component, we have developed a t cell profiling system to monitor responses to the pathogens in an array format. using a matrix of antigens specific for different pathogens, a specific t cell profile was generated for each individual by monitoring the intracellular pro ... | 2005 | 16164833 |
| structural biology. adaptation of sars coronavirus to humans. | | 2005 | 16166506 |
| structure of sars coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. | the spike protein (s) of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) attaches the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2). a defined receptor-binding domain (rbd) on s mediates this interaction. the crystal structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution of the rbd bound with the peptidase domain of human ace2 shows that the rbd presents a gently concave surface, which cradles the n-terminal lobe of the peptidase. the atomic details at the interface between the two proteins clarify the impor ... | 2005 | 16166518 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in chinese horseshoe bats. | although the finding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in caged palm civets from live animal markets in china has provided evidence for interspecies transmission in the genesis of the sars epidemic, subsequent studies suggested that the civet may have served only as an amplification host for sars-cov. in a surveillance study for cov in noncaged animals from the wild areas of the hong kong special administration region, we identified a cov closely related to sars-cov (ba ... | 2005 | 16169905 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in chinese horseshoe bats. | although the finding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in caged palm civets from live animal markets in china has provided evidence for interspecies transmission in the genesis of the sars epidemic, subsequent studies suggested that the civet may have served only as an amplification host for sars-cov. in a surveillance study for cov in noncaged animals from the wild areas of the hong kong special administration region, we identified a cov closely related to sars-cov (ba ... | 2005 | 16169905 |
| association between mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | genetic determinants of susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection remain unknown. we assessed whether mannose-binding lectin (mbl) gene polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to sars-cov infection or disease severity in an ethnically homogeneous population born in northern china. | 2005 | 16170752 |
| generation of human antibody fragments recognizing distinct epitopes of the nucleocapsid (n) sars-cov protein using a phage display approach. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov is a newly emerging virus that causes sars with high mortality rate in infected people. successful control of the global sars epidemic will require rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests to monitor its spread, as well as, the development of vaccines and new antiviral compounds including neutralizing antibodies that effectively prevent or treat this disease. | 2005 | 16171519 |
| false positive antibody results against human t-cell lymphotropic virus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | taiwan suffered from the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003. our laboratory performed a series of virology and serology tests for sars patients admitted to our hospital. cross-reactivity was found when testing for antibody against human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv) in one patient with sars. therefore, antibodies against htlv were examined in paired-sera from 26 sars patients. elisa and a neutralization test were used to measure anti-sars antibodies. seroconversion f ... | 2005 | 16173022 |
| properties of isonucleotide-incorporated oligodeoxynucleotides and inhibition of the expression of spike protein of sars-cov. | antisense oligonucleotides are recognized to be very efficient tools for the inhibition of gene expression in a sequence specific way. for the discovery of a novel efficient way to modify oligonucleotides, a series of single isonucleotide-incorporated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides have been synthesized, in which an isonucleotide was introduced at different positions of the sequences. the binding behaviors of modified oligodeoxynucleotides to the complementary sequence were studied by uv, cd, a ... | 2005 | 16173783 |
| molecular signature of clinical severity in recovering patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), a recent epidemic human disease, is caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). first reported in asia, sars quickly spread worldwide through international travelling. as of july 2003, the world health organization reported a total of 8,437 people afflicted with sars with a 9.6% mortality rate. although immunopathological damages may account for the severity of respiratory distress, little is known about how the genome-wide gene expression of the host chan ... | 2005 | 16174304 |
| [expression of the recombinant sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in pichia pastoris and identification of its bioactivity]. | the full length cdna of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein was amplified by pcr and cloned into yeast expression vector ppic3.5k to generate expression vector ppic3.5k-scovn. the plasmid was linearized and then transformed into p. pastoris (his- mut+) by electroporation method. his+ mut+ recombinant strains were screened on g418-rdb and mm/md plates, and further confirmed by pcr. the influence of various inducing media, dissolved oxygen(do) and the different final concentration of methano ... | 2005 | 16176089 |