| rapid screening of natural products for antimycobacterial activity by using luciferase-expressing strains of mycobacterium bovis bcg and mycobacterium intracellulare. | the object of this study was to investigate the ability of a rapid luciferase assay to detect antimycobacterial activity in plant extracts. recombinant strains of mycobacterium bovis bcg (rbcg) and mycobacterium intracellulare expressing firefly luciferase were used as the test organisms. assays were conducted in a 96-well minitube format under biosafety level 2 conditions. control and test wells were sampled immediately after inoculation and after 3 (recombinant m. intracellulare) and 5 (rbcg) ... | 1997 | 9055994 |
| syntheses of spacer-armed carbohydrate components of the mycobacterium avium serocomplex serovar 8. | p-nitrophenyl glycosides of 3-o-me-beta-d-glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap, alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-6-deoxy-alpha-l-talp, and 3-o-me-beta-d-glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-6-deoxy-alpha-l-++ +talp have been prepared, related to mycobacterium avium. various glycosylation methods have been used for the formation of the interglycosidic linkages. the p-nitrophenyl derivatives were converted into p-isothiocyanatophenyl glycosides, capable of forming neoglycoproteins. | 1997 | 9060182 |
| etiology of lymphadenopathy in patients with aids in taiwan. | from 1986 to 1995, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 40 of 125 patients (32.0%) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who presented with extrainguinal lymphadenopathy. most of the patients had an advanced stage of hiv infection with a mean cd4 lymphocyte count of 44/mm3. aids-defining opportunistic infections and malignancies were present in most patients and the neck region was the most common site of involvement. the etiology of lymphadenopathy was established in 26 patients. ... | 1996 | 9063999 |
| primary cutaneous infection with mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex resembling lupus vulgaris. | we describe a 56-year-old woman with mycobacterium avium complex infection of the skin. she presented with a granulomatous plaque studded with pustules and crusts on the cheeks and bridge of the nose. the appearance resembled lupus vulgaris. the lesion responded well to antituberculous treatment within 9 months. an association of mycobacterium avium complex with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is emphasized. | 1997 | 9068747 |
| mycobacterium avium complex infection. pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations that may improve clinical outcomes. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an infrequent pulmonary pathogen in immunocompetent hosts. in patients with aids, mac causes disseminated infection (dmac) in up to 50% of those with cd4+ counts less than 100 cells/mm3. a significant portion of the total body burden of mac is found inside macrophages, and the distribution of organisms has implications for drug therapy. clarithromycin, azithromycin, and rifabutin all appear to enter these cells well; rifampicin (rifampin), ethambutol, ciprofl ... | 1997 | 9068928 |
| enhancement of antibacterial activity of clofazimine against mycobacterium avium-mycobacterium intracellulare complex infection induced by ifn-gamma is mediated by tnf-alpha. | the effects of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) alone or in combination with free or liposomal clofazimine against mycobacterium avium-mycobacterium intracellulare complex (mac) were investigated. treatment of murine resident peritoneal macrophages with 50 u/ml ifn-gamma (pre-infection) or 30 u/ml tnf-alpha (post-infection), caused significant reduction in intracellular mac growth; this response was suppressed by anti-tnf-alpha antibodies or pentoxifyllin ... | 1997 | 9069539 |
| mycobacterium avium reduces expression of costimulatory/adhesion molecules by human monocytes. | organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex survive the hostile environment of their host cells, the macrophages, and evade immune response, in part, by interfering with processing and presentation of antigen. we studied the effect of infection with m. avium on the expression of the costimulatory/adhesion molecules (referred to herein as accessory molecules) because generating an efficient t cell response requires both the recognition of processed antigen and the participation of accessory mole ... | 1997 | 9070321 |
| [evaluation of middle lobe syndrome: bronchial washing cultures testing positive for mycobacterium avium complex]. | from 1988 to 1995, a bronchial washing was performed on 118 cases of middle lobe syndrome at the national himeji hospital. twenty cases (16.9%) were positive for mycobacterium avium complex (mac). all cases were middle-aged (mean age 54.8), non-smoking women. fourteen cases were asymptomatic and showed only abnormal shadow on chest x-ray film, while others complained cough, sputum or hemosputum. ct examinations were done on 13 patients, and pulmonary infiltrations were found in addition to right ... | 1997 | 9071087 |
| [a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in which m. avium was isolated from bone marrow]. | a 46-year old man was admitted to a hospital because of cough and dyspnea. he was diagnosed as interstitial pneumonia and was treated with prednisolone (psl) and antibiotics. the symptoms improved temporarily but he soon developed acute respiratory failure and was transferred to our hospital. chest x-ray and ct revealed ground-glass opacities in both lung fields. he was treated with methyl psl, antibiotics, and antimycobacterial drugs but he died on the fourth hospital day. retrospectively, hema ... | 1997 | 9071089 |
| apoptosis of human monocytes/macrophages in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. | tuberculosis (tb) is still a major health problem, both as a single disease entity and as a cofactor in aids. the interaction between macrophage and mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is a critical step in the establishment of an early chronic infection. this study analyses the capacity of mtb to induce apoptosis in cells obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) from patients with reactive pulmonary tuberculosis and from aids patients with disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. apoptosis was increa ... | 1997 | 9072000 |
| choosing the right macrolide antibiotic. a guide to selection. | macrolide antibiotics have proven to be valuable alternatives to penicillins and cephalosporins for the treatment of a number of infections. currently, a number of macrolides are available. when choosing a particular macrolide, the types of organisms causing the infection, the tolerability of the drug, convenience of dosing and possible drug interactions all must be taken into account. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin are equally effective against most gram-positive organisms. howev ... | 1997 | 9074839 |
| protease inhibitors in patients with hiv disease. clinically important pharmacokinetic considerations. | since its introduction in 1987, zidovudine monotherapy has been the treatment of choice for patients with hiv infection. unfortunately it has been established that the beneficial effects of zidovudine are not sustained due to the development of resistant viral strains. this has led to the strategy of combination therapy, and in 1995 treatment with zidovudine plus didanosine, or zidovudine plus zalcitabine, was demonstrated to be more effective than zidovudine monotherapy in preventing disease pr ... | 1997 | 9084959 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) pandemic has led to greater understanding and respect for the pathogenic potential of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has emerged as the most common systemic bacterial infection in aids, causing debilitating disseminated disease in late-stage hiv-infected patients. with the release of the macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, effective and well-tolerated therapeutic regimens for mac have been develope ... | 1997 | 9093233 |
| agents of diarrhea. | diarrhea is a common problem for aids patients, and is chronic and debilitating. a thorough evaluation will reveal a pathogen in the majority of patients, and the organisms most frequently identified in aids patients with chronic diarrhea are cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and mycobacterium avium complex. bacterial pathogens are more common in aids patients than in the general population and may present in different ways from infections in immunocompetent hosts. other pathogens, including crypt ... | 1997 | 9093236 |
| further study on the roles of the effector molecules of immunosuppressive macrophages induced by mycobacterial infection in expression of their suppressor function against mitogen-stimulated t cell proliferation. | previously, we found that phospholipids and reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) collaborated in expression of the t cell mitogenesis-inhibitory activity of immunosuppressive macrophages induced by mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (maic) infection. in this study, we examined the roles of free fatty acids (ffa) and prostaglandins (pg) as effectors of maic-induced macrophages, and moreover, their collaborating effects with rni. first, treatment of maic-induced macrophages with quinacrin ... | 1997 | 9097907 |
| proliferation of distinct human t cell subsets in response to live, killed or soluble extracts of mycobacterium tuberculosis and myco. avium. | the proliferative responses of distinct cell subsets from healthy, bacille calmette-guérin (bcg)-vaccinated blood donors were assessed after in vitro stimulation with live or uv-killed mycobacterium tuberculosis and myco. avium or with soluble extracts obtained from either mycobacterial species. proliferation of cell subsets was evaluated by flow cytometric determination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation into dna and simultaneous identification of surface phenotypic markers. in the prese ... | 1996 | 9099925 |
| subspecific differentiation of mycobacterium avium complex strains by automated sequencing of a region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kilodalton heat shock protein. | to develop a strategy for rapid species assignment and strain differentiation of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms, the sequence of a 360-bp region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kda heat shock protein was determined for 56 isolates, including 21 patient isolates and 35 reference strains. eleven hsp65 alleles were identified, and there was no sharing of alleles between strains classified as m. avium and mycobacterium intracellulare based on serovar and species-specific dna hybridiza ... | 1997 | 9103630 |
| impact of disseminated mycobacterium avium-complex infection on survival of hiv-infected patients. | to determine the frequency of disseminated mycobacterium avium-complex infections (mac) and the impact of mac disease on overall survival in patients with hiv disease and aids. | 1997 | 9113499 |
| intrathoracic mycobacterium avium complex infection in immunocompetent children: case report and review. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a rarely recognized cause of intrathoracic infection in immunocompetent children. the incidence of this disease is unknown but is likely underestimated among children in whom mac infection is not usually considered. an increase in the number of cases of mac infection in adults has been noted since the late 1970s. the number of these cases in children with aids has also increased. there are currently no guidelines for the treatment of these children. ... | 1997 | 9114156 |
| clinical and bacteriologic impact of rifabutin prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we conducted a prospective observational study to determine the feasibility and impact of rifabutin prophylaxis (300 mg daily) for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients whose cd4 cell counts were <100/mm3. three hundred seventy-one patients (65.2% of all patients with cd4 cell counts of <100/mm3 [mean +/- sd, 30 +/- 25/mm3]) received rifabutin prophylaxis for a mean duration +/- sd of 35.5 +/- 34.2 weeks; 198 patients (mean cd4 cell count +/- sd, 51.6 +/- 32/mm3) did not receive prophyl ... | 1997 | 9114183 |
| the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. | | 1997 | 9118683 |
| pulmonary illness associated with exposure to mycobacterium-avium complex in hot tub water. hypersensitivity pneumonitis or infection? | mycobacterium avium complex is common in water. when aerosolized, it is frequently inhaled but rarely causes illness in healthy people. hypersensitivity pneumonitis to inhaled aerosols has been described; these aerosols are from several sources of water. the pneumonitis forms are collectively known as humidifier lung; the responsible agent in the water remains uncertain. | 1997 | 9118726 |
| growth within macrophages increases the efficiency of mycobacterium avium in invading other macrophages by a complement receptor-independent pathway. | infections caused by organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex occur in approximately 50 to 60% of patients with aids. m. avium is an intracellular pathogen that survives and multiplies within mononuclear phagocytes. in this study, we investigated the uptake of m. avium grown within macrophages (intracellular growth m. avium [ig]) by a second macrophage compared with m. avium cultured in broth (extracellular growth m. avium [eg]). the results showed that ig was six- to eightfold more efficien ... | 1997 | 9125580 |
| programmed cell death of mycobacterium avium serovar 4-infected human macrophages prevents the mycobacteria from spreading and induces mycobacterial growth inhibition by freshly added, uninfected macrophages. | mycobacterium avium, an opportunistic pathogen in aids patients, replicates in human macrophages (mphi) and induces programmed cell death (pcd). in this study we examine the effect of freshly added, uninfected mphi on m. avium growth in apoptotic mphi cultures. incubation of uninfected autologous mphi with apoptotic mphi infected with m. avium for 6 h results in 90% inhibition of bacterial growth. the uninfected mphi adhere to m. avium-infected apoptotic, but not to nonapoptotic m. avium-infecte ... | 1997 | 9126994 |
| [management of atypical mycobacterium infections in aids-patients]. | | 1996 | 9131082 |
| [generalized mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with hiv infection: a decreasing incidence]. | | 1997 | 9137383 |
| intrapulmonary mycobacterium avium infection as the first manifestation of chronic granulomatous disease. | a 10-month-old japanese male infant, with no history of being prone to infections, contracted an intrapulmonary mycobacterial infection. after 2 months of intermittent fever, radiological examinations revealed mass lesions in the lung and mediastinum. biopsy specimens showed granulomas with caseous necrosis, from which mycobacterium avium was isolated. there was no history of mycobacteriosis or immunodeficiency diseases among his relatives. analyses of the o2- release and expression of nadph oxi ... | 1997 | 9138139 |
| localized soft tissue infection of the upper limb in two immunocompetent patients caused by mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. | | 1997 | 9138142 |
| pentoxifylline to treat mycobacterium avium complex exacerbation in late-stage hiv infection. | | 1997 | 9140354 |
| use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to examine genetic relationships amongst isolates of mycobacterium intracellulare and related species. | as part of a larger study investigating diversity and distribution of mycobacterium spp. in australia, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to assess genetic relationships at 17 enzyme loci amongst a collection of reference strains and isolates initially identified on biochemical and other grounds as m. intracellulare (70), "x' mycobacteria (10), m. scrofulaceum (7), m. avium (8) and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (2). two of the isolates initially identified as m. intracellulare were sh ... | 1997 | 9141709 |
| microbiological cultures of heart valves and valve tags are not valuable for patients without infective endocarditis who are undergoing valve replacement. | we evaluated the significance of the results of microbiological cultures of heart valves and identification tags from newly inserted prosthetic valves that were removed from patients with valvular heart disease; none of these patients had a preoperative diagnosis of endocarditis. we reviewed the charts of patients with positive cultures for evidence of infections before or after surgery. cultures were positive for 11.9% of 219 valves (206 native valves and 13 prosthetic or bioprosthetic valves) ... | 1997 | 9142787 |
| relationship of adverse events to serum drug levels in patients receiving high-dose azithromycin for mycobacterial lung disease. | we treated 39 elderly human immunodeficiency virus-noninfected patients with mycobacterium avium complex and/or mycobacterium abscessus lung disease with azithromycin (600 mg daily), given initially as monotherapy. adverse events occurred in 33 of 39 patients (85%) receiving azithromycin alone, most commonly gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms (32 of 39, or 82%) and hearing impairment (10 of 39, or 26%). twenty-four of 39 patients (62%) required a lower dose or withdrawal of the drug. the mean serum ... | 1997 | 9142801 |
| [the distribution and the characteristics in computed tomography (ct) of the lungs in primary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection]. | we investigated the distribution and the characteristics of the lung lesions of patients with primary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections mainly by computed tomography (ct). they admitted to our hospital during the period from 1984 to 1995 and none of them had a medical history of tuberculosis or other lung diseases. the subjects consisted of fifty patients: fourteen male (average age +/- sd was 66.4 +/- 14.0 year old) and thirty six female (69.0 +/- 11.9 year old). of 50 patients 24 we ... | 1997 | 9145646 |
| [reliability of amplicor mycobacteria test for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. m. avium and m. intracellulare: a cooperative study among 9 laboratories]. | the amplicor mycobacteria, a pcr-based assay, is a rapid test for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare in clinical samples. to estimate the reliability and reproducibility of the method, a cooperative blind study was conducted among 9 laboratories. materials used for testing consisted of 105 sputum and 30 water samples containing known numbers of m. bovis bcg, m. avium, m. intracellulare, and samples without bacteria. only 2 out of the ... | 1997 | 9145647 |
| the clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. | to assess changes since the mid-1970s, we reviewed 843 episodes of positive blood cultures in 707 patients with septicemia. the five most common pathogens were staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns), klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterococcus species. although cns were isolated most often, only 12.4% were clinically significant. half of all episodes were nosocomial, and a quarter had no recognized source. leading identifiable sources included intravenous cat ... | 1997 | 9145732 |
| pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered aminosidine in healthy subjects. | aminosidine is an older, broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that has been shown to be effective in in vitro and animal models against multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis and the mycobacterium avium complex. the objective of this randomized, parallel trial was to characterize the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aminosidine sulfate in healthy subjects (eight males, eight females). sixteen adults (mean [+/- standard deviation] age, 27.6 +/- 5.6 years) were randomly allocated to receive a sin ... | 1997 | 9145856 |
| comparative activities of amikacin against mycobacterium avium complex in nude and beige mice. | after 4 weeks of treatment, clarithromycin (clar) and amikacin showed similar antimicrobial activities against the mycobacterium avium complex in mice. there was a difference, however, in the effectiveness of the drugs in different types of mice: both drugs displayed bactericidal effects in beige mice but only bacteriostatic effects in nude mice. because the effectiveness of clar is less in nude mice than in beige mice, the predictive value of the nude mouse model for the efficacy of chemotherap ... | 1997 | 9145892 |
| clarithromycin and ethambutol with or without clofazimine for the treatment of bacteremic mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with hiv infection. | to compare the efficacy of two- and three-drug regimens for treating mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9147422 |
| the utility of a single sputum specimen in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. comparison between hiv-infected and non-hiv-infected patients. | (1) to assess the utility of a single sputum specimen in the evaluation of hiv-infected patients who are suspected of having tuberculosis (tb). (2) to identify radiographic findings that discriminate between hiv-infected patients with tb and those with pneumonia of other causes. | 1997 | 9149566 |
| mycobacterium avium complex endocarditis: spurious diagnosis resulting from laboratory cross contamination. | contamination between specimens within clinical microbiology laboratories may be responsible for spurious outbreaks of mycobacterial infections. we report the case of a patient who had culture-negative endocarditis and whose cardiac tissue obtained at surgery yielded mycobacterium avium complex (mac). epidemiologic investigation suggested cross contamination probably occurred during processing of the sputum specimens of a patient with pulmonary mac disease and the cardiac samples from our patien ... | 1997 | 9154411 |
| massetolides a-h, antimycobacterial cyclic depsipeptides produced by two pseudomonads isolated from marine habitats. | massetolides a-h (1-8), novel cyclic depsipeptides, and the known compound viscosin (9) have been isolated from cultures of two pseudomonas sp. isolated from a marine alga and a marine tube worm, respectively. massetolide a (1) and viscosin (9) exhibit in vitro antimicrobial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. precursor-directed biosynthesis has been used to generate unnatural massetolides 11-13 incorporating nonprotein amino acids. | 1997 | 9157190 |
| advice on treatment of mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1997 | 9161632 |
| rapid discrimination of mycobacterium avium strains from aids patients by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis. | a randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis was performed for the molecular typing of mycobacterium avium strains. this method was applied to epidemiologically unrelated m. avium strains isolated from the blood of 10 different aids patients and to strains that were considered epidemiologically related, as they had been isolated from the same patient but from different body locations (4 patients, 10 strains). three oligonucleotide primers among the six tested were found to generate rapd ... | 1997 | 9163488 |
| distribution of serotypes, is901 and a 40 kda protein in mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from man and animals in denmark. | the aim of the present study was to characterize all strains of the mycobacterium avium complex isolated in denmark in 1993. a total of 141 m. avium complex strains (86 from man, 38 from animals, and 17 from peat) were analysed by serotyping, elisa specific for a 40 kda protein, and is901-specific pcr. serotype analysis showed that the most frequent serotypes among human strains were serotype 4 (27%) and serotype 6 (19%), which differs from an earlier survey where serotype 1 was most prevalent. ... | 1997 | 9164469 |
| isolated cutaneous mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids. | | 1997 | 9169332 |
| temporal effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on murine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium. | members of the mycobacterium avium complex are a family of bacteria that persist within macrophages in the face of an immune response. elimination of these organisms is likely due to cytokine-induced macrophage activation. because macrophage activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) appears critical for killing of intracellular m. avium, early downregulation of tnf-alpha levels in infected macrophages has been suggested as a survival mechanism for virulent strains of m. avium. we exa ... | 1997 | 9169738 |
| infection of human monocytes with mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and transmission to t cells. | mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) are virulent intracellular pathogens that invade and multiply within macrophages. the effect of m. tuberculosis on hiv-1 infection and replication was analyzed in vitro using human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation. preinfection of mdm with m. tuberculosis followed by hiv-1 infection resulted in an increase in p24 release, reverse ... | 1997 | 9180201 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium complex in cerebrospinal fluid of a sarcoid patient by specific polymerase chain reaction assays. | the etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it has long been suspected to be mycobacterial. in the present study, we used 4 mycobacterial species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays on cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a patient with neurosarcoidosis. positive hybridization was observed with both the mycobacterium avium complex probe and the insertion element is900-specific probe that has been found in m. paratuberculosis species. there was no hybridization with m. tuberculosis or m. avium ... | 1997 | 9181662 |
| comparison of the activity of fluoroquinolones against mycobacterium avium in cell-free systems and a human monocyte in-vitro infection model. | mycobacterium avium frequently causes disseminated infection in advanced aids. some quinolones including ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin have anti-m. avium activity in cell-free systems in vitro. acidic conditions within macrophages and variable intracellular drug penetration and compartmentalization may, however, alter the susceptibility of m. avium to these antimicrobial agents in human tissues. we, therefore, tested the activities of 47 quinolones against m. avium in a human monocyte infection ... | 1996 | 9182106 |
| activity of rifabutin, clarithromycin, ethambutol, sparfloxacin and amikacin, alone and in combination, against mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages. | disseminated infection with microbacterium avium complex (mac) in patients with aids is currently treated with a combination of antimycobacterial agents in order to prevent the selection of resistant mutant strains. although clinical and microbiological responses can generally be achieved within a few weeks, relapses are common and require modification of the combination regimen or identification of effective alternate therapies. in this study we investigated the activities of rifabutin 0.5 mg/l ... | 1996 | 9182107 |
| [mycobacterium avium complex infections: the point on the treatments]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections are the most frequent opportunistic infections in aids. since progress in antiretroviral drugs enables aids patients to survive longer, these infections involve an increasing number of sick people. few controlled assays have evaluated the efficiency of several antibiotics. when used in monotherapy, clarithromycin (one gram twice a day) appeared as the most efficient drug while the effectiveness of azithromycin, clofazimine, rifampin and liposomal enca ... | 1997 | 9183925 |
| geographic and seasonal variation in mycobacterium avium bacteremia among north american patients with aids. | analysis of geographic risk was performed for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia among north american patients with aids. monthly mycobacterial blood cultures were taken from patients who were placebo recipients in a prospective evaluation of mac prophylaxis. of 571 patients, 102 (17.9%) acquired mac bacteremia during an average follow-up of 256 days. the area with the highest risk for mac was the south central region (27.9%; p < 0.02), whereas the area with the lowest risk was canada ... | 1997 | 9186148 |
| similar serovar and drug susceptibility profiles among aids-related mycobacterium avium isolates from diverse geographic locations. | serotyping was performed on mycobacterium avium isolates from 40 aids patients from 5 geographic sites: boston (17 patients), new hampshire (4 patients), finland (12 patients), trinidad (3 patients), and kenya (4 patients). serovars were similar from the five sites. serovars 4 and 8 were the most common. in addition, minimal inhibitory concentrations to 8 antimicrobial agents were determined for 31 of these isolates and for 21 additional patient isolates from these sites. minimal inhibitory conc ... | 1997 | 9186150 |
| immunization of hiv-infected adults with a three-dose series of inactivated mycobacterium vaccae. | heat-killed mycobacterium vaccae vaccine was administered in a 3-dose schedule to 12 hiv-infected adults with cd4 cell counts > or = 300/mm3. local and systemic side effects were monitored. delayed-type hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative and mycobacterium avium sensitin was measured at baseline and after the final dose. antibody to aralipoarabinomannin, man-lipoarabinomannin, and a short-term culture filtrate of mycobacterium tuberculosis were also measured. lymphocyte proliferation ... | 1997 | 9186154 |
| macrophages as a source of hiv during opportunistic infections. | the source of increasing viremia that characterizes the latter stages of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease has remained a paradox because it occurs at a time when lymphoid tissue is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired, and the patients' cd4 t lymphocytes are steadily declining. here, macrophages, both infected and uninfected with common opportunistic pathogens of hiv disease such as mycobacterium avium complex and pneumocystis carinii, were identified as highly productive sources ... | 1997 | 9188531 |
| coexistent gout and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare arthritis in a renal transplant recipient. | infectious arthritis in renal transplant patients may be a commonly diagnosed condition with traditional bacterial organisms isolated. however, since nontuberculous mycobacteria are ubiquitous in the environment, immunocompromised individuals may suffer from infections with these organisms. concomitant gout and mycobacterium avium intracellulare septic arthritis is described for the first time in this clinical setting. appropriate cultures should be performed even in the setting of crystal arthr ... | 1997 | 9192913 |
| nontuberculous mycobacteria. | the nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), especially mycobacterium avium complex, are being recognized with increasing frequency as clinical pathogens, not only as a cause of disseminated disease in patients with aids but also as a cause of chronic lung disease in patients without aids. these infections have traditionally been difficult and frustrating to treat; however, the introduction of new agents, such as clarithromycin, azithromycin, and rifabutin, has significantly improved outcome for patie ... | 1997 | 9193860 |
| cutaneous mycobacterium avium complex infection at an intramuscular injection site in a patient with aids. | | 1997 | 9195106 |
| mycobacterial infections: new threats from old disease. | | 1997 | 9195120 |
| yield of computed tomography and bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease with nodules and bronchiectasis is increasing. but the usefulness of computed tomography (ct) and bronchoscopy for diagnosis and the significance of mac isolation from respiratory secretions are still unclear. for a 4-yr period, we prospectively examined the role of bronchoscopy with bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy in 26 patients who had clusters of small nodules in the periphery of the lung associated with ectatic changes of t ... | 1997 | 9196113 |
| characterization of a specific mycobacterium paratuberculosis recombinant clone expressing 35,000-molecular-weight antigen and reactivity with sera from animals with clinical and subclinical johne's disease. | johne's disease is a chronic enteritis of ruminants associated with enormous worldwide economic losses for the dairy cow- and goat-rearing industries. management limitations and eradication programs for this disease have been hampered by the lack of a simple and specific diagnostic test for the detection of subclinical cases. we used a recombinant clone expressing a 35,000-molecular-weight mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen (p35 antigen) from a previously constructed expression library of m. ... | 1997 | 9196196 |
| bidirectional effects of ifn-gamma on growth of mycobacterium avium complex in murine peritoneal macrophages. | the effects of macrophage stimulation with interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) before or after infection on the intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were investigated. treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages before infection with ifn-gamma (50 u/ml) for 24 h and 48 h, but not for 72 h, was associated with 41% and 52% significant mac growth inhibition, respectively. ng-monomethyl-l-arginine (nma) did not affect the preinfection antimycobacterial activity of ifn-gamma, thus indica ... | 1997 | 9198000 |
| early manifestations of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease: a prospective evaluation. | a nested case-control study was conducted in two trials of prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection to describe the specific signs, symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities of mac disease in aids. patients had < or =200/mm3 cd4 cells and a prior aids-defining illness. of 571 patients, 102 (17.9%) developed mac bacteremia during a mean follow-up of 256 days. among cases of mac disease, 90 were compared with 180 matched controls. patients with mac disease were more likely than con ... | 1997 | 9207358 |
| rifabutin absorption in the gut unaltered by concomitant administration of didanosine in aids patients. | didanosine (ddi) is currently used in the management of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. rifabutin (rbt) is being extensively used for prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. due to its acid-labile characteristics, ddi must be administered with a buffer. recent reports have indicated that absorption of ketoconazole, ciprofloxacin, and dapsone, etc., in the gut is altered by concomitant ddi dosing. we have assessed whether concomitant dosing of ddi ... | 1997 | 9210686 |
| the role of advanced generation macrolides in the prophylaxis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. | since the start of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic, the role of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) as an opportunistic pathogen in advanced aids patients has become more and more clear. once identified in an advanced aids patient it is possible to find evidence that the mac organism and infection is not only present in the pulmonary tree, but has also disseminated to a wide variety of body organs. treatment of mac or disseminated mac (dmac) infections has historically been ... | 1997 | 9211081 |
| comparison of bactec 12b vs solid media for the recovery of mycobacterium avium complex from blood cultures in aids patients. | we compared liquid (bactec 12b) and solid culture media for the diagnosis of mycobacterium avian complex (mac) bacteremia among 258 aids patients with a positive blood culture. neither culture media alone had adequate sensitivity; bactec 12b detected growth earlier. use of both liquid and solid media may improve the yield of mycobacterial blood culture. | 1997 | 9218919 |
| opportunistic infections and psychosocial stress in hiv. | persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are susceptible to both opportunistic infections and psychosocial crises at varying stages of their disease. many interventions, including lifestyle changes and chemoprophylaxis, may help prevent, delay or lessen the extent of the morbidities associated with immunodeficiency. in appropriate patients, prophylaxis for infections with pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterium avium complex and toxoplasma helps to reduce morbidity. | 1997 | 9225668 |
| mycobacterium growth indicator tube testing in conjunction with the accuprobe or the amplicor-pcr assay for detecting and identifying mycobacteria from sputum samples. | we have compared the ability of the mycobacterium growth indicator tube (mgit) system, a new culture method with an oxygen-sensitive fluorescent sensor, to recover mycobacteria from sputum samples with the abilities of egg-based medium and the septi-chek afb system. we have also assessed the clinical utility of the accuprobe or the amplicor-pcr assay to directly identify mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and m. avium-m. intracellulare complex (mac) from positive mgits. from 382 sputum samples, ... | 1997 | 9230374 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in the swiss hiv cohort study: increasing incidence, unchanged prognosis. | disseminated disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria is thought to occur less frequently in europe than in the usa. this study investigated time trends in the occurrence of, and survival with, disseminated mac disease in the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs). | 1997 | 9233465 |
| [current status in the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with hiv infection]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in aids are increasingly common and contribute to the mortality in severe immunocompromised patients. in this paper, we review the published studies on the prevention of the mac infections. rifabutin and the new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin) are shown to be effective in the primary prevention. however, they can fail and are difficult to manage with the antiretroviral treatment, specially antiproteases and prevention of the other opportunis ... | 1997 | 9238443 |
| concurrent cytomegalovirus, m. tuberculosis and m. avium-intracellulare cutaneous infection in an hiv patient. | we report a 25-year-old hiv-positive man with a past medical history of disseminated cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection, who developed cutaneous lesions during a disseminated mycobacterium infection. the histological changes of cmv and acid-fast bacilli were seen on histopathology of the lesions. cultures were positive for m. tuberculosis and m. avium-intracellulare (mai). cmv is frequently isolated from hiv patients, but skin involvement is rare. the association of cmv and mycobacteria can occur i ... | 1997 | 9241969 |
| cross-reactive immune responses against mycobacterium bovis bcg in mice infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria belonging to the mais-group. | two bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg)-susceptible mouse strains, balb/c and c57bl/6, were infected intravenously with mycobacterium intracellulare, m. avium or m. scrofulaceum and monitored during 3 months for mycobacterial replication and antibody and th1-type cytokine production in response to cytoplasmic and secreted antigens from m. bovis bcg. whereas initial colony-forming unit (cfu) counts of m. intracellulare and m. avium were higher in lungs than in spleen, the opposite was observed for m. ... | 1997 | 9246204 |
| prophylaxis of mycobacterial infection and acquired drug resistance. | | 1997 | 9249224 |
| clarithromycin lowers plasma zidovudine levels in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the use of antiretroviral agents and drugs for the treatment and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections has lengthened the survival of persons with aids. in the era of multidrug therapy, drug interactions are important considerations in designing effective and tolerable regimens. clarithromycin has had a significant impact on the treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection, and zidovudine is the best-studied and one of the most widely used antiretroviral agents in this popul ... | 1997 | 9257746 |
| processing of mycobacterial lipids and effects on host responsiveness. | one of the most important opportunistic pathogens associated with aids is the mycobacterium avium complex. m. avium infections are found in up to 70% of individuals in advanced stages of aids. the deficiency in our knowledge of these mycobacteria presents an obstacle to the development of a rational approach for controlling these life-threatening infections in immunocompromised persons. it is apparent that m. avium can replicate in host macrophages and persist for long periods. during this time, ... | 1997 | 9257946 |
| [a case of mycobacterium intracellulare infection associated with sinobronchial syndrome]. | the patient was 71-year-old male with a history of sinobronchial syndrome since 8 years ago. he has been suffering from cough, sputum and upper abdominal discomfort since january 1994. he was diagnosed as an early gastric cancer by endoscopy, and his chest x-ray film showed an infiltrative shadow in the right upper lung field. a smear of the sputum specimen was positive for acid fast bacilli, which were later identified as mycobacterium intracellulare. in this case, before the mycobacterium intr ... | 1997 | 9259128 |
| [anti-mycobacterium avium complex activities of krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 7hsf medium at peak or average blood concentrations after their oral administration of clinical dosages]. | we evaluated the anti-mycobacterium avium complex (mac) activities of krm-1648 (krm), clarithromycin (cam) and levofloxacin (lvfx) in 7hsf medium at concentrations in human blood after their oral administration of clinical dosages. mac organisms were inoculated into tubes containing the medium with or without the addition of test drugs at either 1/10 cmax, cmax or c0-8h (average concentrations during the first 8 h) in the blood. krm at cmax or c0-8h showed strong bactericidal activity against ma ... | 1997 | 9259129 |
| overexpression of the d-alanine racemase gene confers resistance to d-cycloserine in mycobacterium smegmatis. | d-cycloserine is an effective second-line drug against mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium tuberculosis. to analyze the genetic determinants of d-cycloserine resistance in mycobacteria, a library of a resistant mycobacterium smegmatis mutant was constructed. a resistant clone harboring a recombinant plasmid with a 3.1-kb insert that contained the glutamate decarboxylase (gada) and d-alanine racemase (alra) genes was identified. subcloning experiments demonstrated that alra was necessary and su ... | 1997 | 9260945 |
| a macrophage invasion mechanism of pathogenic mycobacteria. | tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to an infectious organism, killing an estimated 3 million people annually. mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and other pathogenic mycobacteria require entry into host macrophages to initiate infection. an invasion mechanism was defined that was shared among pathogenic mycobacteria including m. tuberculosis, m. leprae, and m. avium but not by nonpathogenic mycobacteria or nonmycobacterial intramacrophage pathogens. this ... | 1997 | 9262476 |
| rapid drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex using a fluorescence quenching method. | mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit) is a recently introduced rapid growth detection method which uses an oxygen quenched fluorescent indicator. the present study evaluated the ability of this new method to determine the drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). thirty strains recovered from patients with aids were tested for susceptibility to clarithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and amikacin using mgit. results were compared to susceptibilities determined ... | 1997 | 9269603 |
| effect of mycobacterium avium infection on the influx, accumulation, and efflux of krm-1648 by human macrophages. | krm-1648 is a new benzoxazinorifamycin with activity in vitro and in vivo against organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex. we investigated the ability of 14c-krm-1648 to concentrate within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. krm-1648 is rapidly taken up by uninfected macrophages, with 90% of the initial concentration added to the monolayer found within macrophages by 1 h and approximately 80% at 2 h. comparable results were obtained in assays using macrophages that have been infect ... | 1997 | 9270999 |
| prevention and treatment of common hiv-associated opportunistic complications. | this article reviews the importance of preventing illness in hiv-infected patients. the indications and medication regimens for preventing several common opportunistic complications are discussed. infections addressed include pneumocystis pneumonia, mycobacterium avium complex, toxoplasmosis encephalitis, and tuberculosis, among others. other preventive interventions such as routine immunizations are addressed briefly as well. diagnosis and treatment of five of the most common hiv-associated opp ... | 1997 | 9271692 |
| intracellular activity of azithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages. | in the concentration range examined (0.5-16 micrograms/ml) the azalide antibiotic azithromycin (cas 83905-01-5, zithromax) inhibited the growth of mycobacteria in macrophages over 7 days. the higher concentrations of azithromycin, 8 and 16 micrograms/ml, reduced the number of phagocytized bacteria in macrophages by at least 1 log unit within 4 days. the system used, macrophages from healthy volunteers, is suitable for testing the intracellular activity of drugs against the mycobacterium avium co ... | 1997 | 9272246 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in the blood of hiv-infected patients by a commercial polymerase chain reaction kit. | | 1997 | 9272397 |
| [mycobacterium avium complex infection: a growing problem in our country]. | since the emergence of aids, disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection has become a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. our objective was to study the incidence and the clinical and microbiological features of mac infection in hiv-positive patients as well as the response to a therapy regimen combining clarithromycin and ethambutol. at our hospital, the first patient with disseminated mac infection was diagnosed in 1988. since then, 54 hiv-positive ... | 1997 | 9273579 |
| effector molecules of the host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex: the evidence showing that reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and free fatty acids each alone are not decisive in expression of macrophage antimicrobial activity against the parasites. | in this study, we evaluated the roles of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi), reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), and free fatty acids (ffa) as effectors of the macrophage-mediated host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex (mac). first, m. avium (three strains) and m. intracellulare (two strains) were treated with the h2o2-fe2+-mediated halogenation system, acidified nano2-derived rni, or ffa (linolenic acid) in sodium acetate buffer ph 5.5, and then counted for the number of ... | 1997 | 9276519 |
| the polymerase chain reaction for the identification of different species of mycobacterium. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to identify reference and field strains of mycobacteria. pcr was able to identify all the reference strains of the mycobacterium genus and sub-divide them into no tuberculosis-no avium complex, tuberculosis complex and, partially, avium complex. the primers used for the last recognised only some strains of the different types of m. avium and m. intracellulare. a number of field strains were identified as belonging to the mycobacterium genus, but ... | 1997 | 9280390 |
| prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids: a cost-effectiveness analysis. | to determine the effectiveness and costs of prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9292586 |
| synergistic antimycobacterial activity between ethambutol and the beta-lactam drug cefepime. | the activity of cefepime alone and in combination with ethambutol was assessed, using the bactec radiometric system, on 33 mycobacterial strains, 14 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), 6 isolates of m. malmoense, and 13 multidrug-resistant (mdr) isolates of m. tuberculosis. all tested mycobacteria were resistant to 8 mg/l cefepime. however, at a concentration of 32 mg/l cefepime was active on 7/13 (54%) mdr isolates of m. tuberculosis and 2/6 (33%) m. malmoense strains. all mac strains were also ... | 1997 | 9294701 |
| n1-hetaryl substituted pyridine- and pyrazinecarboxamidrazones with antimycobacterial activity. | a series of amidrazones was prepared and characterized by 1h nmr and mass spectroscopy. the substances were tested against m. tuberculosis, m. avium, m. intracellulare, and m. lufu. compounds 11-13 exhibit a satisfactory inhibition of mycobacteria. | 1997 | 9297448 |
| mycobacterium avium infection in mice is associated with time-related expression of th1 and th2 cd4+ t-lymphocyte response. | disseminated infection caused by organisms of mycobacterium avium complex is common in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) patients. m. avium is an intracellular bacterium that multiplies within macrophages. we examined the effect of m. avium infection on the t-helper cell response in c57/bl/6 black mice. at weekly intervals, cd4+ t-cells were isolated from spleens and lines were created. t-cell lines were exposed to sonicated m. avium in the presence of feeder cells and macrophages and t ... | 1997 | 9301531 |
| [atypical mycobacteria. disseminated infection in patients with hematologic diseases]. | during the last decade interest in atypical mycobacteria (am), especially mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has been intense, as a large number of aids patients develop disseminated infection with mac. disseminated infection has also been reported in other immunocompromised patients, but in much fewer cases. among haematological diseases hairy cell leukemia (hcl) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) seem to predispose to disseminated am infection. we review 53 cases of disseminated am infectio ... | 1997 | 9304266 |
| [disseminated mycobacterium avium infection in three patients with hematologic diseases]. | we report three cases of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in immunocompromised haematological patients. we conclude that in haematological patients with longlasting fever of unknown cause mycobacterium avium complex infection should be considered and the relevant cultures from blood and bone marrow should be done. | 1997 | 9304270 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection: implications of recent clinical trials on prophylaxis and treatment. | a number of additional questions regarding prophylaxis and treatment of mac disease remain. should mac prophylaxis be stopped for patients whose cd4 counts increase above the threshold of risk after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy? are the cd4 cells recovered in the latter situation functional with regard to the immune response to mac infection? how will the incidence and epidemiology of mac disease change with the advent of highly effective antiretroviral therapy? once disea ... | 1997 | 9305452 |
| [mixed adenitis caused by mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in patients with hiv infection]. | | 1997 | 9312286 |
| evaluation of the esp culture system ii for recovery of mycobacteria from blood specimens collected in isolator tubes. | the reliability of the esp culture system ii (esp ii; accumed international, westlake, ohio), a continuously monitoring, nonradiometric mycobacterial culture system, for recovery of mycobacteria from sediments of blood collected in an isolator tube was evaluated by comparing its performance to inoculation of the sediment onto middlebrook 7h11/7h11 selective biplates. of 1,704 blood specimens, 73 (4.3%) were positive for mycobacteria (68 mycobacterium avium complex and 5 m. tuberculosis). fifty-t ... | 1997 | 9316935 |
| mycobacterium avium complex esophagitis. | | 1997 | 9317090 |
| altered il-1 expression and compartmentalization in monocytes from patients with aids stimulated with mycobacterium avium complex. | the pathophysiologic basis for the exuberant intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients is unclear but may relate to altered expression of modulatory cytokines. interleukin (il)-1, il-6, and tnf-alpha expression by monocytes from aids patients and healthy subjects (hs) stimulated with isogeneic mac strains (smt, smooth-transparent, virulent; smd, smooth-domed, avirulent) was examined. spontaneous cytokine production was not observed in patients with aids. mac stra ... | 1997 | 9327338 |
| mycobacterium xenopi infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | mycobacterium xenopi is one of the most frequently isolated nontuberculous mycobacteria in ontario, canada. we reviewed the records of 28 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients from whom m. xenopi was isolated between 1982 and 1995. m. xenopi was recovered from respiratory specimens from 24 patients, most of whom had clinical and radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. however, coexistent pulmonary infection due to other pathogens was found in 17 patients: pneumocystis carinii ... | 1997 | 9332511 |
| genetic similarity among mycobacterium avium isolates from blood, stool, and sputum of persons with aids. | large-restriction-fragment pattern comparison of mycobacterium avium from 85 blood, stool, and respiratory specimens from 25 human immunodeficiency virus-infected san francisco patients revealed 4 strains that infected multiple people (3 groups of 2 patients and 1 group of 3 patients). most patients harbored a single m. avium strain, but 2 strains were recovered from 8 patients. the significance of recovering 2 strains is not clear, since the second strain was seldom recovered more than once. th ... | 1997 | 9333156 |