| cross-reaction but no avidity change of the serum antibody response after influenza vaccination. | pre- and post-vaccination sera from 19 volunteers were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, virus neutralization (vn) assay and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the sera were tested against the three strains in a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine; a/beijing/353/89(h3n2); a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) and b/yamagata/16/88. additionally, a range of earlier strains and one newer isolate were assayed for hi- and vn-antibodies. large variations in the pre-vaccinatio ... | 1995 | 8578836 |
| enhancement of humoral response against human influenza vaccine with the simple submicron oil/water emulsion adjuvant mf59. | human influenza subunit vaccines are not fully protective in either the very young or elderly populations where risk is greatest. the use of an adjuvant to enhance antibody titer is an attractive option to increase vaccine efficacy. a series of squalene/h2o emulsions stabilized either by the amphipathic muramyl peptide mtp-pe (sodium n-acetyl-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutaminyl-l-alanyl-2-(1',2'-dipalmitoyl- sn- glycero-3'phospho) ethylamide) or by mixtures of the sorbitan oleate surfactants tween ... | 1995 | 8578842 |
| viral and cellular small integral membrane proteins can modify ion channels endogenous to xenopus oocytes. | a slowly activated, inward current could be evoked from xenopus oocytes in response to application of a strong (approximately -190 mv) hyperpolarizing pulse. however, a much lesser hyperpolarization (approximately -130 mv) was able to evoke a similar current from oocytes that expressed the cellular proteins isk and phospholemman, the synthetic protein syn-c, and the nb protein of influenza b virus. all of these currents were carried principally by cl-, and they had similar blocker profiles. the ... | 1995 | 8580325 |
| virosomes as carriers for combined vaccines. | immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) are liposomes which carry the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus on their surface. a hepatitis a vaccine using iriv as carrier has very good immunogenicity and is well tolerated. the objective of this study was to produce a fivefold combined vaccine against hepatitis a and b, diphtheria, tetanus and influenza a/b, and to show that in principle irivs can serve as carriers for multiple antigens which have good immunogenicity and are ... | 1995 | 8585285 |
| long-lasting anti-viral cytotoxic t lymphocytes induced in vivo with chimeric-multirestricted lipopeptides. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play a major role in protective immunity against viral diseases. however, the antigenic formulations that can be used in vaccinations able to generate virus-specific ctl responses in vivo have yet to be defined. we have previously shown that hiv-1-specific ctl can be elicited in mice by injecting without adjuvant a synthetic peptide of the envelope glycoprotein that has been modified by the addition of a simple lipid tail to the end of the sequence (lipopeptide). th ... | 1995 | 8585291 |
| gg167 (4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid) is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus in ferrets. | gg167 (4-guanidino-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid) is a novel viral neuraminidase (sialidase) inhibitor which, following intranasal administration in ferrets, is at least 100 to 1,000 times more effective than ribavirin and amantadine against influenza a and b viruses. it retains its activity even when treatments are delayed until 24 h postinfection and has no effect on the serum antibody response to infection. | 1995 | 8585752 |
| antigenically different subtype in new flu vaccine. | | 1996 | 8596204 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1994-30 september 1995. | | 1996 | 8597558 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1995-96 season, and composition of the 1996-97 influenza vaccine. | to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses, cdc conducts surveillance in collaboration with the world health organization (who) and its international network of collaborating laboratories and with state and local health departments in the united states. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1995-96 season and describes the composition of the 1996-97 influenza vaccine. | 1996 | 8602133 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). centers for disease control and prevention. | these recommendations update information on the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1996-97 influenza season (superseding mmwr 1995;44(no. rr-3):1-22). the principal changes include information about a) the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1996-97 and b) extension of the optimal time for influenza vaccination campaigns for persons in high-risk groups. | 1996 | 8606679 |
| abnormalities in hepatic fatty-acid metabolism in a surfactant/influenza b virus mouse model for acute encephalopathy. | abnormalities in fatty-acid metabolism are believed to play a role in nonspecific acute encephalopathy (ae) with hepatomegaly, although the specific nature of these abnormalities and their temporal relationship to the pathology are not well defined. we have examined hepatic fatty-acid beta-oxidation and metabolism in a mouse model for ae in which neonatal mice were exposed dermally to nontoxic doses of the industrial surfactant, toximul mp8 (tox), daily from days 1 to 12 after birth, and then in ... | 1996 | 8611661 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1995-96 season, and composition of the 1996-97 influenza vaccine. from the centers for disease control and prevention. | | 1996 | 8622205 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1995-96 season. | | 1996 | 8622622 |
| evaluation of who monoclonal antibody kit for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections. | in 1990 and 1991, six laboratories located in the who western pacific region (wpr) and south east asian region (sear) were selected, based on their experience in the immunofluorescence antibody technique (ifat), to participate in the evaluation of a who monoclonal antibody (mab) kit to detect respiratory syncytial (rs) virus, influenza a virus, influenza b virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. despite differences in the initial standardization procedures, the who monoclonal antibodies were ... | 1995 | 8629057 |
| influenza. | | 1995 | 8634188 |
| virus-specific, antibody-secreting cells during upper respiratory infections. | the humoral immune response of 18 army recruits with febrile upper respiratory infection (uri) was studied by enumerating virus-specific, antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. diagnosis was based on viral antigen detection in nasopharyngeal specimens, virus isolation from throat swabs, or on antibody measurement from paired serum samples. at the time of the sample collection, three viruses, including adenovirus, influenza a, and influenza b, were found mainly to cause uris among the ... | 1995 | 8636712 |
| [false-positive elisa reactions for the hepatitis c virus and the human immunodeficiency virus after anti-influenzal vaccination]. | possible appearance of elisa false-positive results for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) after vaccination against influenza was studied on 402 volunteers before, and 30 and 90 days after that. our results prove that influenza vaccine can sometimes induce false-positive elisa for hcv, but not for hiv. their frequency is relatively small--0.96% in 10-20-years-old group and 3.1% in over 60 years age, while in 3-6 years age there were not registered this kind of reacti ... | 1995 | 8640012 |
| bilateral simultaneous corneal graft rejection after influenza vaccination. | to treat a patient with bilateral simultaneous corneal graft rejection after influenza vaccination. | 1996 | 8644815 |
| polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. part 2. polymerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids and dipeptides. | a series of new polyanions was synthesized via gamma-polymerization, in aqueous micellar solution, of omega-unsaturated anionic surfactants whose polar head was derived from amino acids or dipeptides. the obtained polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. all the test compounds proved active against hiv-1 and hiv-2, their 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) being in the range of 0.04-7.5 micrograms/ml, ... | 1996 | 8648602 |
| influenza. | | 1995 | 8652354 |
| clinical and epidemiological evaluation of a live, cold-adapted influenza vaccine for 3-14-year-olds. | reported is a study of live, cold-adapted (ca) reassortant mono-, di-, and trivalent influenza type a and b vaccines in a series of controlled clinical and epidemiological investigations involving nearly 130 000 children aged 3-15 years. the results of clinical, immunological, and morbidity investigations of the vaccinees and a control group over 6-months' follow-up indicated that the vaccines were completely attenuated by the children. transient febrile reactions occurred in < 1% of the childre ... | 1996 | 8653819 |
| community-based respiratory viral infections in hiv positive patients with lower respiratory tract disease: a prospective bronchoscopic study. | to evaluate the contribution of community-based respiratory virus infections to lower respiratory tract disease in hiv-1 infected individuals. | 1996 | 8655183 |
| influenza b virus nb glycoprotein is a component of the virion. | the influenza b virus nb glycoprotein is abundantly expressed at the surface of virus-infected cells. nb spans the membrane once and has an 18 amino acid ectodomain, a 22 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 60 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. the nb n-terminal ectodomain contains two asparagine residues that are modified by the addition of palmitic n-linked carbohydrate chains, which become further modified by the addition of polylactosaminoglycan. we have now shown that nb is also modified by ad ... | 1996 | 8661386 |
| ion channels formed by nb, an influenza b virus protein. | the influenza b virus protein, nb, was expressed in escherichia coli, either with a c-terminal polyhistidine tag or with nb fused to the c-terminus of glutathione s-transferase (gst), and purified by affinity chromatography. nb produced ion channel activity when added to artificial lipid bilayers separating nacl solutions with unequal concentrations (150-500 mm cis, 50 mm trans). an antibody to a peptide mimicking the 25 residues at the c-terminal end of nb, and amantadine at high concentration ... | 1996 | 8661776 |
| [influenza virus infections in taiwan from 1979 to 1994]. | in order to understand the epidemic trends of influenza virus infection in taiwan, 5,677 throat-swab specimens were collected from june 1979 to december 1994. the influenza virus was detected in 300 specimens including samples collected at taichung and tainan from 1981 to 1982. among them, 209 isolates (67.9%) were identified as influenza virus type a and 99 isolates (32.1%) were type b influenza virus. influenza virus infection can be identified, based on the frequency of detection of the virus ... | 1995 | 8672941 |
| quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical approaches to transition state structure: mechanism of sialidase action. | | 1996 | 8674682 |
| meisenheimer rearrangement of azetopyridoindoles. viii. synthesis and antiviral activities of 12-carbaeudistomin analogs. | eudistomins, isolated from the colonial tunicate eudistoma olivaceum, have been a synthetic target due to their strong antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) and activities against certain types of tumors in vivo. in order to examine the structure-activity relationship of eudistomins, 12-carbaeudistomin analogs were synthesized and their activities against influenza a and b virus, hsv-1, hsv-2 and human cytomegalovirus were investigated. among them, racemic 6-methoxy-12-carbaeud ... | 1996 | 8689725 |
| influenza vaccination of children during acute asthma exacerbation and concurrent prednisone therapy. | the influenza vaccination rate is very low among children with moderate to severe asthma. this may be partly because of poor patient motivation and failure to visit clinics for vaccination. another important factor may be health care providers' deferral of vaccination because of concern about the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination during asthma exacerbations and concurrent prednisone therapy. we therefore examined the safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination during acute asth ... | 1996 | 8692617 |
| influenza vaccine formula for 1996-1997. | | 1996 | 8695344 |
| serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in pulmonary patients receiving corticosteroids. | despite the recommendation that patients with chronic lung diseases--many of whom receive corticosteroids--receive annual influenza vaccination, it is not known whether corticosteroids influence antibody response to influenza vaccine in this population. the purpose of this study was to assess whether patients with pulmonary conditions receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy develop an adequate antibody response. | 1996 | 8697835 |
| [epidemic of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district (april 1994-march 1995)]. | the prevalence of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district in april 1994- march 1995 was studied as the prevalence of influenza virus, to determine the sero-type of influenza viruses isolated in kyushu- okinawa district prefectures and cities. as a result, three sero-types of influenza viruses, i.e. type a/h1n1, type h3n2 and type b, were isolated in kyushu-okinawa district in this season, but most of the isolates were type a/h3n2 and type b. weekly changes of reported influenza patients and period ... | 1995 | 8708404 |
| surveillance of influenza in switzerland between 1987 and 1995. | during 8 years of continuous influenza surveillance in switzerland (1987 to 1995), influenza a viruses predominated during 5 seasons and influenza b viruses during 3. the most severe outbreaks occurred in the 1988/89 season (a/h1n1 subtype), in the 1989/90 season (a/h3n2 subtype) and in the 1994/95 season (simultaneous outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 and b). from 1987 to 1993, peak activity of influenza a viruses was observed during december and january (for 8 weeks on average) while influenza b vi ... | 1996 | 8711461 |
| a novel strain, b/gifu/2/73, differs from other influenza b viruses in the receptor binding specificities toward sialo-sugar chain linkage. | we reported in a previous paper (1. xu et al, j. biochem., 115, 202-207, 1994) that every human influenza b virus isolate determined, including b/lee/40, b/setagaya/3/56, b/tokyo/7/66, b/kagoshima/1/68, b/kanagawa/3/76, b/ibaraki/2/85, b/yamagata/16/88, and b/bangkok/163/90, restrictively recognizes lacto-series gangliosides containing neu5ac alpha 2-6gal linkage. we found in this study a novel strain, b/gifu/2/73, that showed remarkable receptor binding specificities to both neu5ac alpha 2-3 ga ... | 1996 | 8713128 |
| clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. | prophylaxis of human respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses is actually a problem of infectious pathology because of their wide prevalence. in our investigations, safety, reactogenicity and immunological activity of the orally administered emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from influenza virus strains of types a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b have been studied. clinical studies of the emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine on volunteers has shown its safety and nonreactogenicity. t ... | 1996 | 8717382 |
| synthetic recombinant vaccine induces anti-influenza long-term immunity and cross-strain protection. | | 1996 | 8718578 |
| a novel antiviral agent which inhibits the endonuclease of influenza viruses. | a novel anti-influenza virus compound, flutimide, was identified in extracts of a recently identified fungal species, delitschia confertaspora (f. pelaez, j.d. polishook, m. valldosera, and j.guarro, mycotaxon 50:115-122, 1994). the compound, a substituted 2,6-diketopiperazine, selectively inhibited the cap-dependent transcriptase of influenza a and b viruses and had no effect on the activities of other polymerases. similar to the 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acids, a series of transcriptase ... | 1996 | 8723464 |
| acute encephalitis. | acute encephalitis: etiology, clinical findings and prognosis. we studied 44 patients with acute encephalitis diagnosed in a neurological university clinic during an 11-year period. an etiology was found in 11 cases (25%). in 3 the cause was herpes simplex virus; in 2 morbilli. there were single patients in which the cause was mycoplasma pneumoniae, epidemic parotitis, ornithosis, infectious mononucleosis, influenza b-virus and recent tetanus immunization. no specific etiology was found in 33 (7 ... | 1996 | 8741136 |
| [methods of vaccination against hemophilus influenzae type b]. | | 1996 | 8742150 |
| viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in korean children. | viral etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections were studied from november, 1990, through april, 1994, in korean children. from 712 children who visited or were admitted to seoul national university children's hospital because of acute lower respiratory tract infections, 804 nasal aspirates were collected; viral agents were detected by virus isolation and virus antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. one or more viral agents were identified in 369 (45.9%) ... | 1995 | 8745017 |
| isolation of influenzavirus a and b in plc/prf/5 cells. | virus isolation was attempted in plc/prf/5 cells, a continuous primary liver carcinoma line, and secondary rhesus monkey kidney (2 degrees rhmk) cells from 19 clinical samples from which influenza a (n = 4) and b (n = 15) had been isolated previously. virus growth was determined by haemadsorption and immunofluorescence. influenza a was recovered in both cell types from all four samples tested. influenza b was re-isolated in both cell types from eight specimens, in plc/prf/5 only from two, and in ... | 1996 | 8757684 |
| interaction cloning of ns1-i, a human protein that binds to the nonstructural ns1 proteins of influenza a and b viruses. | the yeast interaction trap system was used to identify, ns1-i (for ns1 interactor), which is a human protein that binds to the nonstructural ns1 protein of the influenza a virus. ns1-i is a human homolog of the porcine 17beta-estradiol dehydrogenase precursor protein, to which it is 84% identical. we detected only one ns1-i mrna species, of about 3.0 kb, in hela cells, and the ns1-i cdna was found to have a coding capacity for a 79.6-kda protein. however, immunoblot analysis detected predominant ... | 1996 | 8764047 |
| african green monkey kidney (vero) cells provide an alternative host cell system for influenza a and b viruses. | the preparation of live, attenuated human influenza virus vaccines and of large quantities of inactivated vaccines after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus will require an alternative host cell system, because embryonated chicken eggs will likely be insufficient and suboptimal. preliminary studies indicated that an african green monkey kidney cell line (vero) is a suitable system for the primary isolation and cultivation of influenza a viruses (e. a. govorkova, n. v. kave ... | 1996 | 8764064 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. | the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ... | 1996 | 8765514 |
| antiviral effect of sanicula europaea l. leaves extract on influenza virus-infected cells. | we have investigated the influence of sanicula europaea l. extracts on influenza virus growth in mdck cells. fractions i, ii, and iii separated from sanicula extract with sephadex column chromatography were found to be non-toxic against mdck cells. the growth of influenza a/pr/8/34 was completely inhibited by these fractions, while that of influenza b/lee/40 was not affected. fractions ii and iii have been shown not to have a direct virucidal activity on influenza a/pr/8/34. influenza a/vic/1/75 ... | 1996 | 8769089 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to"--effects on aged mice, against subtypes of a viruses and b virus, and therapeutic effect. | when aged balb/c mice (approximately 6 months old) were treated with a kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to (sst)" (1 g/kg, 10 times) orally from 7 days before to 4 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1 subtype) by nasal site-restricted infection, replication of the virus in the broncho-alveolar cavity was efficiently inhibited at 5 days after infection in comparison with water-treated mice. the antiviral iga antibody in the broncho-a ... | 1996 | 8771367 |
| differential diagnoses of influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections by direct immunofluorescence using mixtures of monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes. | differences between isotypes of monoclonal antibodies were employed to detect influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus by direct immunofluorescence using fluorescein isothiocyanate or texas red conjugates. examination of 56 specimens for influenza a and b viruses and 112 specimens for influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus showed the mixed-isotype test to be comparable to the conventional procedure. | 1996 | 8784593 |
| adult primary iga nephropathy and common viral infections. | serum samples obtained from 69 histopathologically proven iga nephropathy (igan) patients and 563 healthy controls were examined to evaluate the association between igan and common viral infections. antibody titres to cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), vericella-zoster virus (vzv), influenza a (inf. a) and influenza b (inf. b) viruses were determined, using a complement fixation test. the viral antibody titres were considered to be positive with dilutions of 1:8 or greater except ... | 1996 | 8793713 |
| a sensitive one-step immunocapture eia for rapid diagnosis of influenza a. | a highly sensitive one-step immunocapture eia for the detection of influenza a virus antigen directly in a clinical specimen was developed. the sensitivity was achieved by using two high-affinity cross-reactive influenza type a-specific monoclonal antibodies, recognizing independent nonoverlapping epitopes on the influenza a nucleoprotein. one of the two mabs was used as a capture antibody, while the other was coupled with enzyme peroxidase and served as a detector. sensitivity to detection of h ... | 1996 | 8795007 |
| comparative analysis of six european influenza vaccines. | three split-virion vaccines (vaxigrip, begrivac, and influsplit/fluarix) and three subunit vaccines containing only viral surface glycoproteins (influvac, agrippal, and fluvirin) available for the 1994-95 season were analysed by biological, molecular, and biochemical methods. although all vaccines are required by health authorities to contain 15 micrograms haemagglutinin per dose of each virus strain, there were significant differences in haemagglutination titres among the examined vaccines of b ... | 1996 | 8801083 |
| the rna-binding and effector domains of the viral ns1 protein are conserved to different extents among influenza a and b viruses. | the ns1 protein of the influenza a/udorn/72 virus possesses two important functional domains: an rna-binding domain near the amino-terminal end and an effector domain in the carboxyl half of the molecule. though the ns1 proteins of influenza a and b viruses share little sequence homology, an rna-binding domain with the same activities is preserved in the ns1 protein of influenza b/lee/40 virus. the rna-binding domains of the ns1 proteins of these influenza a and b viruses share the following pro ... | 1996 | 8806538 |
| influenza viruses display high-affinity binding to human polyglycosylceramides represented on a solid-phase assay surface. | polyglycosylceramides (pgcs), complex glycolipids containing up to 50 or more sugar residues, are recognized as the minor components of the cell-surface membranes, but a knowledge on their tissue distribution, structure, and function is limited. in this study, the binding of influenza viruses to preparations of pgcs was investigated using a tlc overlay assay and a microwell adsorption assay. the ability of pgcs to bind influenza virus was dependent on the source from which they were derived. pre ... | 1996 | 8806582 |
| pcr diagnosis of viral pneumonitis from fixed-lung tissue in children. | viral infection in children commonly causes acute lung disease leading to respiratory decompensation requiring intensive supportive therapy. definitive diagnosis of the causative virus may be difficult, relying on serologic data since viral cultures are frequently negative; lung biopsy may be necessary to increase the diagnostic yield. the objective of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). analyzing formalin-fixed lung tissue ... | 1996 | 8809348 |
| simultaneous rapid culture for four respiratory viruses in the same cell monolayer using a differential multicolored fluorescent confirmatory stain. | a simultaneous rapid culture for influenza virus types a and b, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus was developed in a 96-well plate format with a culture-confirmatory stain using multiple fluorescent tags. performance characteristics were comparable to those of standard and/or single rapid-culture methods as shown by parallel testing of 590 fresh clinical specimens and retrospective testing of 190 previously positive frozen specimens. the quadruple culture required less specime ... | 1996 | 8815086 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among the elderly during influenza type a and type b seasons. | influenza vaccine effectiveness evaluations were carried out among the elderly, as part of a demonstration established to estimate the value of including influenza vaccination as a covered medicare benefit. | 1995 | 8824869 |
| fc gamma receptor i (cd64)-negative human monocytes are potent accessory cells in viral antigen-induced t cell activation and exhibit high ifn-alpha-producing capacity. | blood monocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population with respect to phenotype and function. we have previously described that a minor subset of fc gamma receptor i-negative (cd64-) monocytes, comprising < 10% of all monocytes, exhibits a significantly higher accessory capacity in allogeneic or purified protein derivative (ppd) of tuberculin-induced t cell activation than the majority of cd64-expressing (cd64+) monocytes. cd64- monocytes were also found to represent the major source of newc ... | 1996 | 8830796 |
| immunogenicity of an inactivated split influenza vaccine in institutionalized elderly patients. | the immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in elderly institutionalized patients, with a variety of clinical disorders, was tested in an open multicenter study involving 495 people (mean age 80 years). vaccination with an inactivated split influenza vaccine (fluarix) was clinically well tolerated. for all age ranges and all strains of virus, the vaccine elicited a humoral response which surpassed the european community requirements for influenza vaccines in adults over 60 years. the geometric m ... | 1996 | 8832266 |
| the molecular characterization of influenza virus strains isolated in south africa during 1993 and 1994. | influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b viruses isolated recently in south africa were analysed by partial nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene to examine antigenic drift of the isolates relative to the vaccine strains. the genomic analysis of the influenza b isolates revealed a number of differences in the amino acid residues compared with those of the b/panama/45/90 vaccine strain, and these isolates were found to be antigenically more closely related to b/quindao/102/91. in both the 19 ... | 1996 | 8837232 |
| the ha1 of cold-adapted influenza b vaccine is not altered during replication in human vaccinees. | influenza viruses recovered from 14 children 2-10 days after vaccination with an egg-grown, cold-adapted influenza b vaccine (b/aa/1/86) were analyzed. hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays using monoclonal antibodies did not detect antigenic differences between the vaccine strain and the viruses recovered from the vaccinees. furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis of the ha1 region did not reveal any changes compared to the sequence of the vaccine strain. these findings indicate that influe ... | 1995 | 8837899 |
| the immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. | we monitored the responses of solid organ transplant recipients (sots) to influenza vaccine during consecutive influenza seasons. standard 1993-1994 trivalent influenza vaccine was given to 68 sots and 29 healthy young adults, and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody titers were determined pre- and post-immunization. significant rises in geometric mean antibody titers occurred post-immunization for all three antigens in both groups. however, the magnitude of the rise was lower in sots (1.5- ... | 1996 | 8838186 |
| comparison of substrate specificities of sialidase activity between purified enzymes from influenza virus a (h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes) and b strains and their original viruses. | sialidases possessing enzyme activity were solubilized from mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (a/pr8, h1n1), a/guizhou/54/89 (a/guizhou, h3n2) and b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/ibaraki) by proteolytic digestion and purified by affinity chromatography and/or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. the purified sialidases were observed as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the optimum ph of purified sialidases from a/pr8, a/guizhou and b/ibaraki agains ... | 1995 | 8845816 |
| influenza. more than mom and chicken soup. | influenza is an epidemic respiratory illness caused by one of three viral subtypes: a, b, or c. influenza a causes higher mortality than influenza b and c and is often responsible for pandemics and yearly epidemics of this common, infectious disease. clinically, patients with influenza present with an abrupt onset of fever, malaise, headache, and a dry, hoarse cough. these symptoms usually last three to five days. amantadine and rimantadine may be used to prevent and to treat influenza a infecti ... | 1996 | 8849975 |
| influenza. | | 1996 | 8851787 |
| influenza. | | 1996 | 8851827 |
| t cell activation and human immunodeficiency virus replication after influenza immunization of infected children. | t cell activation plays a major role in the ability of hiv to remain latent or to establish a productive infection. it has been hypothesized that vaccination-mediated immune stimulation can activate t cells and enhance hiv replication. our study was designed to determine whether influenza immunization would induce t cell activation and increase hiv burdens in hiv-infected children. | 1996 | 8852906 |
| sequential outbreak of influenza a and b in a nursing home: efficacy of vaccine and amantadine. | to describe the sequential occurrence of influenza a and b in a nursing home, and to determine the efficacy of influenza vaccine and/or amantadine treatment with respect to incidence and sequelae. | 1996 | 8855992 |
| bilateral optic neuropathy associated with influenza vaccination. | we report a 61-year-old woman with bilateral optic neuritis and loss of vision following influenza vaccination. the patient had good recovery of vision following steroid treatment. | 1996 | 8865010 |
| emerging infections: pandemic influenza. | | 1996 | 8877331 |
| rapid identification of respiratory viruses: impact on isolation practices and transmission among immunocompromised pediatric patients. | to determine whether empiric isolation of patients with acute respiratory virus infection symptoms could be discontinued when preliminary shell vial cultures were negative, and the impact of this approach on hospital resources. | 1996 | 8880230 |
| influenza survey in senegal. | | 1996 | 8882179 |
| gene analysis of reassortant influenza virus by rt-pcr followed by restriction enzyme digestion. | an amplification system for nearly full length cdna coding the eight influenza virus segments of a type (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and b type influenza viruses is described. each of the segments of pb1, pb2, pa, np, m, and ns can be amplified using one 5' primer and one 3' primer for a-type influenza viruses. the rt-pcr amplification system was applied to define the gene composition of three subtype cold-recombinant, live attenuated influenza viruses. each segment of the attenuated influenza virus could ... | 1996 | 8882646 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--worldwide, 1996. | | 1996 | 8892702 |
| influenza. | | 1996 | 8901336 |
| potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a systematic review. | this article describes the background and framework for a systematic review of potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among under-5-year-olds in developing countries. twenty-eight intervention areas are identified in six groups -- immunization, case management/chemoprophylaxis of high-risk children, improving nutrition, reducing environmental pollution, reducing transmission of pathogens, and improving child care practices. calculation of the potential impacts is illustrated and the ex ... | 1995 | 8907773 |
| inhibitory effects of recombinant manganese superoxide dismutase on influenza virus infections in mice. | the oxygen free-radical scavenger recombinant human manganese superoxide dismutase (mnsod) was studied for its effects on influenza virus infections in mice when used alone and in combination with ribavirin. mice challenged with influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1) virus were treated parenterally in doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of body weight per day every 8 h for 5 days beginning at 48 h post-virus exposure. an increase in mean day to death, lessened decline in arterial oxygen saturation, and reduced lu ... | 1996 | 8913477 |
| large sequential outbreaks caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses in an institution for the mentally handicapped. | during the mixed epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b in the 1992-1993 season in japan, large sequential outbreaks occurred in an institution for mentally handicapped people where none of the residents or staff members had been immunized. during the influenza a outbreak (a/ beijing/32/92-like strain) in january, 37.0% of the residents (85/230) and 31.4% of the staff (75/239) had an influenza-like illness. during the influenza b outbreak (b/panama/45/90- and b/beijing/184/ 93-like strain) ... | 1996 | 8915877 |
| influenza b virus infection associated with shock in a two-month-old infant. | influenza b virus usually causes a mild and self-limiting illness. a 2-month-old infant presented with acute symptoms suggestive of septic shock but recovered after vigorous resuscitation 1 day later. influenza b was isolated from a throat swab taken from the infant. bacterial cultures of blood, urine and spinal fluid had no growth. this case illustrates that the clinical signs and symptoms of influenza in infants may be indistinguishable from bacterial sepsis. | 1996 | 8918060 |
| evaluation of anti-influenza effects of camostat in mice infected with non-adapted human influenza viruses. | the anti-influenza effects of camostat, a serine protease inhibitor, on in vivo influenza infections were evaluated. mice which received non-adapted human influenza viruses intranasally, developed a reproducible infection with very low mortality. the infection was readily detected by the recovery of the virus from an oropharyngeal swab. five-week-old icr mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline (control), amantadine (known positive drug), or camostat, after infection with influenza a/t ... | 1996 | 8920829 |
| the nb protein is an integral component of the membrane of influenza b virus. | the results of biochemical and immunoelectron microscopic studies provide evidence that the nb protein is an integral component of the influenza b virion. its glycosylation and orientation in the membrane were shown to be equivalent to that of nb in the plasma membrane of virus-infected cells. sensitivity to proteinase k showed that the n terminus is exterior to the virion and gold immunolabelling of freeze-fractured replicas showed that the c terminus is located in the interior of the virion. t ... | 1996 | 8922461 |
| influenza. | | 1996 | 8924386 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, 1996. | from october 1995 through august 1996, influenza activity occurred at moderate to severe levels worldwide. epidemic activity in europe, asia, and north america was associated with influenza a(h1n1) and influenza a(h3n2) viruses. influenza a(h1n1) viruses caused an epidemic in japan and predominated in canada, most regions of the united states, and a few countries in europe. influenza a(h3n2) viruses predominated in most european countries, china, and some regions of the united states. influenza ... | 1996 | 8926999 |
| surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in rhone-alpes (france) during winter 1994 to 1995. | nasal swab from patients with acute flu-like illness were evaluated for the presence of respiratory viruses in the rhone-alpes region of france from 1 october 1994 through 2 may 1995. the relative frequencies and seasonal distributions of the specific viruses were assessed. in addition, virus type was correlated with specific clinical signs and symptoms. during the study, 962 samples were collected by 75 medical practitioners participating in the groupe regional d'observation de la grippe survei ... | 1996 | 8940439 |
| use of antivirals in influenza in the elderly: prophylaxis and therapy. | amantadine and rimantadine inhibit h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2 strains of influenza a, but not influenza b. rimantadine exerts somewhat greater antiviral activity than amantadine, and there are several potentially important differences between the pharmacokinetic profiles and elimination pathways of the two drugs in favour of rimantadine. adverse effects are more prominent in the elderly but can be minimized by dosage reductions. both drugs are effective prophylactically and therapeutically and can be ... | 1996 | 8940651 |
| characterization of a hemagglutinin-specific inhibitor of influenza a virus. | a novel inhibitor of influenza virus growth in tissue culture was identified and characterized. this compound (bmy-27709) has an ic50 of 3-8 microm for a/wsn/33 virus growth in a multicycle replication assay and is active against all h1 and h2 subtype viruses tested. however, bmy-27709 was found to be inactive against h3 subtype viruses, as well as influenza b/lee/40 virus. bmy-27709 was also found to act against h1 and h2 viruses early in infection, suggesting that the target for inhibition is ... | 1996 | 8941323 |
| serological study of responses to selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infection in the institutionalized elderly. | in a prospective 2-year study, serological responses to selected pathogens were analyzed in 224 episodes of fever attributable to respiratory tract infection (51.8%) or of unknown source (48.2%) in 131 residents of two long-term-care facilities. a serological response was identified in 45 episodes (20.1%): chlamydia pneumoniae (14 episodes), haemophilus influenzae type b (1), influenza virus type a (14), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv;2), parainfluenza virus type 3 (7), c. pneumoniae and h. in ... | 1996 | 8953065 |
| [elisa in the rapid diagnosis of influenza using as the detecting antibodies polyclonal antinucleoprotein sera]. | hyperimmune polyclonal sera were obtained in order to use them as capture and detecting antibodies in rapid diagnostic of influenza a and b viruses by elisa. the test shown 100% specificity. the sensitivity in directly detection of influenza viruses in human samples compared of influenza isolations was 49,25% for type a and 53,33% for type b. the sensitivity was increased after 48 hours from inoculation of human samples in cell culture-86,75% for type a detection and 80,0% for type b detection f ... | 1996 | 8963120 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance in the united states from september through early november 1996, which indicates that influenza activity is at typical levels for this time of year. | 1996 | 8965800 |
| [influenza in the 1995/'96 season; vaccine composition for the 1996/'97 season]. | the 1995/'96 season in the netherlands was marked by an influenza a/h3n2 epidemic that peaked in week 5i. in this week, 39 patients with influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants contacted the sentinel physicians. with two exceptions, influenza a/h3n2 viruses exclusively were isolated during this epidemic period. in the first few months of 1996, a substantial number of influenza a/h1n1 and influenza b viruses were isolated as well. serological characterization of the circulating viruses reve ... | 1996 | 8965944 |
| influenza virus neuraminidase activates latent transforming growth factor beta. | transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) is a family of proteins secreted by virtually all cells in a biologically inactive form. tgf-beta levels increase during many pathophysiological situations, including viral infection. the mechanism for increased tgf-beta activity during viral infection is not understood. we observed an increase in active tgf-beta levels within 1 day in mice infected with influenza virus. further studies showed that the neuraminidase glycoprotein of influenza a and b vir ... | 1996 | 8970987 |
| antiviral activity of influenza virus m1 zinc finger peptides. | matrix protein (m1) of influenza virus inhibits its own polymerase; this suggested that a peptide segment of m1 with inhibitory properties could serve as an antiviral agent. a peptide synthesized to the zn2+ finger region of the m1 sequence of influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 centered around amino acids residues 148 to 166 was shown earlier to be 1,000-fold more effective as a polymerase inhibitor than m1. this peptide, designated peptide 6, represents a zn2+ finger which includes a 7-residue "l ... | 1996 | 8970989 |
| influenza immunization: should everyone receive it? | | 1996 | 8972962 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | | 1997 | 8990319 |
| [the dynamics of anti-influenza immunity in sailors of the baltic fleet]. | | 1996 | 8992744 |
| decreased antibody response to influenza vaccine among nursing-home residents who received recalled vaccine--new york, 1996. | following a voluntary recall in november 1996 of 11 lots of fluogen trivalent influenza vaccine (parke-davis division, warner lambert company, morris plains, new jersey), the new york state department of health and cdc evaluated antibody response to the 1996-97 influenza vaccine among residents (n = 86) of three nursing homes who received recalled vaccine and among residents (n = 86) of three other nursing homes who received vaccine produced by a different manufacturer. the fluogen lots were rec ... | 1996 | 8999309 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states from september 29 through december 7, 1996, and indicates that influenza activity has increased since mid-november. | 1996 | 8999310 |
| [vaccination against haemophilus influenzae b]. | | 1996 | 8999402 |
| influenza. | | 1997 | 9002778 |
| monovalent and polymeric 5n-thioacetamido sialosides as tightly-bound receptor analogs of influenza viruses. | a possible approach to the development of synthetic inhibitors of influenza virus attachment to host cells is based on the anchoring of the minimum receptor determinant of influenza virus, sialic acid, to a polymeric carrier. in this study, the effect of substitution of oxygen by sulphur in the 5n-acetyl moiety of sialic acid on the binding of monovalent and polymeric sialosides by a and b influenza virus strains was investigated. the polymeric inhibitor with pendant 5n-thioacetylneuraminic acid ... | 1997 | 9021054 |
| [antiviral activity of several vasodilator agents]. | | 1996 | 9026122 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1996-97 season. | | 1997 | 9032149 |
| [the antigenic-immunogenic activity of the trivalent polymer-subunit influenza vaccine grippol in a controlled epidemiological trial (2)]. | | 1996 | 9036633 |