| supraspinal contribution to development of both tonic nociception and referred mirror hyperalgesia: a comparative study between formalin test and bee venom test in the rat. | the roles of descending facilitatory pathway from the rostral medial medulla (rmm) in development of persistent spontaneous nociception and hyperalgesia were evaluated in the bee venom (bv) test and the formalin test. | 2003 | 12717146 |
| inhibition of helicobacter pylori growth in vitro by bulgarian propolis: preliminary report. | bee glue (propolis) possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic and immunostimulating activities. the aim of the study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of bulgarian propolis on helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. activity of 30% ethanolic extract of propolis (eep) against 38 clinical isolates of h. pylori was evaluated by using the agar-well diffusion method. ethanol was used as a control. in addition, the effect of propolis on the growth of 26 h. pylori and 18 campylobacter st ... | 2003 | 12721318 |
| genetic dissection of partial resistance to race 6 of venturia inaequalis in apple. | scab, caused by the fungus venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of apple (malus x domestica). the major resistance gene, vf, has been widely used in apple breeding programs, but two new races of the fungus (races 6 and 7) are able to overcome this gene. a mapped f1 progeny derived from a cross between the cultivars prima and fiesta has bee n inoculated with two monoconidial strains of race 6. these strains originated from sporulating leaves of 'prima' and a descendant of 'p ... | 2003 | 12723038 |
| effect of bee venom treatment in sows with oligogalactic syndrome postpartum. | the objective of this study was to determine the clinico-therapeutic effect of worker honeybee venom in sows with oligogalactic syndrome postpartum. comparison between bee venom- and drug-treated groups was our main concern in the present study. sows after parturition were assigned to bee venom- and drug-treated groups, respectively. in the bee venom-treated group, 22 sows were bee-acupunctured once a day for 3 consecutive days. honeybees (apis mellifera l.) forbee acupuncture were about 15 days ... | 2003 | 12723765 |
| diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae. | paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the important honey bee larval disease american foulbrood (afb). this pathogen has been treated in bee colonies by a single registered antibiotic, oxytetracycline (otc), for fifty years. recently, widespread resistance to otc has been reported. in this study, the degree of antibiotic resistance was contrasted with dna sequence variation for 125 p. larvae isolates collected in north america. resistance was uncorrelated with bacterial haplotype, sugge ... | 2003 | 12725811 |
| discrimination of single bars by the honeybee (apis mellifera). | the bees learn to come for a reward to a very simple pattern, a black bar in a fixed position on a white background, in a y-choice apparatus, with the targets presented in the vertical plane at a fixed range. they were trained on a number of different arrangements of a single bar on one or both targets. the trained bees were then given appropriate tests to discover what cues they had learned. a cue is an essential parameter that is recognized, not the whole pattern. at the choice point they lear ... | 2003 | 12726832 |
| vascular effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) on isolated rat thoracic aorta. | this study was aimed to investigate the vascular activity of caffeic acid phenethylester (cape), one of the major components of honeybee propolis. experiments were performed on rat thoracic aortic rings, mounted in an isolated organ bath and connected to an isometric force transducer. the effect of cape (0.1-300 microm) was evaluated on tissue pre-contracted with phenylephrine (pe, 1 microm) or with kcl (100 mm). in another set of experiments, tissue was incubated with cape (1-100 microm) and re ... | 2003 | 12726888 |
| analysis of two d1-like dopamine receptors from the honey bee apis mellifera reveals agonist-independent activity. | dopamine is found in many invertebrate organisms, including insects, however, the mechanisms through which this amine operates remain unclear. we have expressed two dopamine receptors cloned from honey bee (amdop1 and amdop2) in insect cells (spodoptera frugiperda), and compared their pharmacology directly using production of camp as a functional assay. in each assay, amdop1 receptors required lower concentrations of dopamine and 6,7-adtn for maximal activation than amdop2 receptors. conversely, ... | 2003 | 12750008 |
| identification and localization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3 mrna in the brain of the honeybee, apis mellifera. | the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels responsible for rapid neurotransmission and are target sites for pesticides in insects. in the honeybee apis mellifera, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies have shown that different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes may exist in the brain. here, we have identified a honeybee cdna that encodes a 537 amino acid protein with features typical of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit, and sequence homolo ... | 2003 | 12752659 |
| analysis of the inflammatory response in the rat paw caused by the venom of apis melifera bee. | this study examines the pro-inflammatory action caused by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the bee venom (bv) apis melifera in the rat paw. | 2003 | 12755378 |
| honeybee foraging in differentially structured landscapes. | honeybees communicate the distance and location of resource patches by bee dances, but this spatial information has rarely been used to study their foraging ecology. we analysed, for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge, foraging distances and dance activities of honeybees in relation to landscape structure, season and colony using a replicated experimental approach on a landscape scale. we compared three structurally simple landscapes characterized by a high proportion of arable ... | 2003 | 12769455 |
| mandibular gland volatiles and their ontogenetic patterns in queen honey bees, apis mellifera carnica. | extracts of mandibular glands taken from adult queens of the honey bee, apis mellifera carnica, were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. more than 100 compounds could be identified among which oxygenated fatty acids with six, eight, 10 and 12 carbon atoms are particularly interesting since they show structural relationships to the queen substance, (e)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid. changes in the patterns of volatiles were followed up from emergence until the full dominant status of an egg ... | 1997 | 12769892 |
| glycogen in honeybee queens, workers and drones (apis mellifera carnica pollm.). | honey bees (apis mellifera carnica pollm.) have low glycogen reserves in summer. upon emergence drones have significantly larger amounts per unit weight when emerging, than workers; perhaps as adaption to the risk of not being fed as intensely as young workers. maximum content was 0.23mg for workers (28d), and 0.59mg for drones (after emergence). workers have relatively constant glycogen contents during their life, and very young drones have more glycogen than older ones. young queens are simila ... | 1997 | 12769919 |
| the control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (apis mellifera carnica l.) ii. feedback mechanisms. | the mechanisms underlying the control of solution transport rates through the proventriculus in foraging honeybees were investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. following feeding, bees were injected either with metabolisable (glucose, fructose, trehalose), or non-metabolisable (sorbose) sugars, in order to distinguish between haemolymph osmolarity and haemolymph sugar levels as factors controlling the solution transport rates through the proventriculus. ... | 2002 | 12770062 |
| the control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (apis mellifera carnica l.) i. a dynamic process influenced by food quality and quantity? | the control of crop emptying in foraging honeybees was investigated in individuals trained to collect defined amounts of sugar solutions. following feeding, they were dissected after fixed periods of time in order to measure crop content and haemolymph sugar titers. between feeding and dissection, the metabolic rate of every investigated forager was measured using open-flow respirometry, so as to assess the effects of both food quality (concentration, molarity and viscosity of the fed sugar solu ... | 2002 | 12770075 |
| responsiveness of honey bee (apis mellifera l.) corpora allata to allatoregulatory peptides from four insect species. | five neuropeptides with known allatotropic or allatostatic activity in other insect species were examined for their effects on honey bee corpora allata. using an in vitro radiochemical assay, we assessed the ability of these peptides to affect the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone iii and its immediate precursor methyl farnesoate, as well as their effects on the conversion of methyl farnesoate into juvenile hormone. none of the allatostatins tested affected jh biosynthesis during the last larval ... | 2000 | 12770257 |
| hypertrehalosaemic peptides in the honeybee (apis mellifera): purification, identification and function. | the corpora cardiaca (cc) of the italian race (including also the africanised variety) of the honeybee (apis mellifera ligustica) contain approximately 3 pmol of a hypertrehalosaemic peptide. this peptide is identical in structure to the adipokinetic hormone (akh) found in manduca sexta, mas-akh. the cc of the dark european race of the honeybee (apis mellifera carnica) contain no detectable mas-akh or any other adipokinetic/hypertrehalosaemic peptide. this is the first report of the occurrence o ... | 1999 | 12770350 |
| pattern discrimination by the honeybee (apis mellifera): training on two pairs of patterns alternately. | pattern discrimination in the honeybee was studied by training alternately with two different pairs of patterns. individually marked bees made a forced choice from a fixed distance in a standard y-choice maze for a reward of sugar solution. bees were trained, first on one pair of patterns for 10min then on a second pair, and so on, alternately between the two pairs. the pairs of patterns were selected to test the hypothesis that bees have a limited number of parallel mechanisms for the detection ... | 1999 | 12770360 |
| relationship of the neutral sterols and ecdysteroids of the parasitic mite, varroa jacobsoni to those of the honey bee, apis mellifera. | the neutral sterols of the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni were compared with apis mellifera carnica drone pupae. analysis by glc-mass spectrometry indicated mite sterols were reflective of the sterol composition of the drones; 24-methylenecholesterol was the major sterol in both species, with lesser amounts of sitosterol and isofucosterol. cholesterol accounted for less than 1% of the total sterols. ecdysteroid analyses indicated drones contained primarily makisterone a. in addition to makister ... | 1997 | 12770416 |
| petrosaspongiolide m reduces morphine withdrawal in vitro. | the bee venom phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) inhibitory activity of petrosaspongiolide m (pm), a marine metabolite displaying a potent anti-inflammatory activity and able to covalently bind and block group ii and iii secretory pla(2) enzymes, has been investigated by mass spectrometry and molecular modeling. the model reveals interesting insight on the pm-pla(2) inhibition process and may prove useful in the design of new anti-inflammatory agents targeting pla(2) secretory enzymes. in this paper, t ... | 2003 | 12770615 |
| t helper (th) 2 predominance in atopic diseases is due to preferential apoptosis of circulating memory/effector th1 cells. | t cells constitute a large population of cellular infiltrate in atopic/allergic inflammation and a dysregulated, th2-biased peripheral immune response appears to be an important pathogenetic factor. in atopic dermatitis, circulating cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-bearing (cla+) cd45ro+ t cells with skin-specific homing property represent an activated memory/effector t cell subset. they express high levels of fas and fas ligand and undergo activation-induced apoptosis. the freshly purifi ... | 2003 | 12773485 |
| optimization of crystals from nanodrops: crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of a pheromone-binding protein from the honeybee apis mellifera l. | pheromone-binding proteins (pbps) are small helical proteins ( approximately 13-17 kda) present in various sensory organs from moths and other insect species. they are involved in the transport of pheromones from the sensillar lymph to the olfactory receptors. here, crystals of a pbp (amel-asp1) originating from honeybee (apis mellifera l.) antennae and expressed as recombinant protein using the yeast pichia pastoris are reported. crystals of amel-asp1 have been obtained by the sitting-drop vapo ... | 2003 | 12777812 |
| inhibition of mammary carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo by bee venom. | the possible tumor growth- and metastasis-inhibiting effects of bee venom in mice and in tumor cell cultures were studied. the tumor was a transplantable mammary carcinoma (mca) of cba mouse. intravenous administration of bee venom to mice significantly reduced the number of metastases in the lung. however, subcutaneous administration of bee venom did not reduce the number of lung metastases, indicating that the antitumor effect of the venom could be highly dependent on the route of injection as ... | 2003 | 12782086 |
| the role of cryptosporidium parvum-derived phospholipase in intestinal epithelial cell invasion. | in the cryptosporidium parvum-infected intestinal epithelial cell, the parasite occupies an unusual extracytoplasmic location at the luminal surface, but how the invading zoites interact with the host cell to achieve this niche is poorly understood. this study examined the role of secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)), a known virulence factor for several pathogenic microorganisms, in establishing c. parvum intracellularly. initially, it was established that there was spla(2) activity in homoge ... | 2003 | 12783305 |
| inhibition of cox-2 activity and proinflammatory cytokines (tnf-alpha and il-1beta) production by water-soluble sub-fractionated parts from bee (apis mellifera) venom. | bee venom is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of arthritis. the anti-inflammatory activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous partitions from bee venom (apis mellifera) was studied using cyclooxygenase (cox) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnf-alpha and il-1beta) production, in vitro. cox-2 is involved in the production of prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. the aqueous partition of bee venom showed strong dose-dependent inhibitory ... | 2003 | 12785734 |
| the possible role of varroa destructor in the spreading of american foulbrood among apiaries. | the aim of this investigation was to establish whether varroa destructor can play a role in the transmission of paenibacillus larvae larvae spores from infected to healthy bee colonies. mites, collected from an apis mellifera carnica colony heavily infected with american foulbrood and treated with apistan, were suspended in distilled water and treated in three different ways:homogenizing, shaking and stirring, or sonication. the resulting fluid samples were transferred onto selective agar medium ... | 2002 | 12797406 |
| laboratory evaluation of some plant essences to control varroa destructor (acari: varroidae). | this research was conducted to evaluate acaricidal effects of some plant essences on varroa mites and the possibility of their usage for varroa control. first, live varroa mites were obtained from adult honeybees with co2 in a newly designed apparatus. thyme, savory, rosemary, marjoram, dillsun and lavender essences at concentrations of 2 and 1 g/100 g (w/w), caused a mite mortality rate of more than 97% and 95%, respectively. also spearmint at 2 g/100 g was able to kill more than 97% of varroa ... | 2002 | 12797407 |
| a low-barrier hydrogen bond between histidine of secreted phospholipase a2 and a transition state analog inhibitor. | this work describes in-depth nmr characterization of a unique low-barrier hydrogen bond (lbhb) between an active site residue from the enzyme and a bound inhibitor: the complex between secreted phospholipase a(2) (spla(2), from bee venom and bovine pancreas) and a transition-state analog inhibitor hk32. a downfield proton nmr resonance, at 17-18 ppm, was observed in the complex but not in the free enzyme. on the basis of site-specific mutagenesis and specific 15n-decoupling, this downfield reson ... | 2003 | 12798689 |
| a melittin-related peptide from the skin of the japanese frog, rana tagoi, with antimicrobial and cytolytic properties. | two peptides with antimicrobial and cytolytic properties were purified from an extract of the skin of tago's brown frog rana tagoi. the primary structure of one peptide (flpilgklls(10)gil.nh(2)) identifies it as a member of the temporin family, whereas the second peptide (aigsilgala(10)kglptliswi(20)knr.nh(2)) displays 78% sequence identity to melittin from the venom of the honeybee apis florea. compared with melittin, the melittin-related peptide (mrp) was equipotent in inhibiting the growth of ... | 2003 | 12804591 |
| direct evidence for the plant origin of brazilian propolis by the observation of honeybee behavior and phytochemical analysis. | to identify the plant origin of brazilian propolis directly, we observed the behavior of honeybees in minas gerais state of brazil. honeybee workers bit and chewed leaves of the plant, baccharis dracunculifolia, packed the material into their pollen basket, brought it back to their nest, and used it as propolis. we collected the leaves of b. dracunculifolia and propolis, and compared their constituents by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms) analysis. there was no difference between t ... | 2003 | 12808259 |
| cepharanthin, an alkaloid from stephania cepharantha, inhibits increased pulmonary vascular permeability in an ovine model of sepsis. | sepsis is a life-threatening event when it occurs in patients suffering from smoke inhalation injury. pneumonia is one of the most frequent sources of infection in sepsis. activated leukocytes likely play a role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. cepharanthin is a biscoclaurine alkaloid that reportedly inhibits the activation of neutrophils. in this study, we investigated the effects of cephranthin on a post-smoke inhalation model of sepsis in sheep. female sheep (n = 15) were surgically prepared fo ... | 2003 | 12813368 |
| a candidate olfactory receptor subtype highly conserved across different insect orders. | candidate olfactory receptors of the moth heliothis virescens were found to be extremely diverse from receptors of the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito anopheles gambiae, but there is one exception. the moth receptor type hr2 shares a rather high degree of sequence identity with one olfactory receptor type both from drosophila (dor83b) and from anopheles (agamgpror7); moreover, in contrast to all other receptors, this unique receptor type is expressed in numerous antennal neuron ... | 2003 | 12827420 |
| raman spectroscopic study of spatial distribution of propolis in comb of apis mellifera carnica (pollm.). | micro-raman spectroscopy and raman mapping are applied to investigate the spatial distribution and chemical composition of wax and propolis in the comb of apis mellifera carnica (pollm). a thick layer of propolis at the rim of some cells is identified by raman spectroscopy. raman mapping is applied to resolve the distribution of propolis and wax on a micron scale. both components are connected at the rim of the cell with a mixture of wax and propolis. a layer of almost pure propolis is found on ... | 2003 | 12833475 |
| evidence for intra-colonial genetic variance in resistance to american foulbrood of honey bees ( apis mellifera): further support for the parasite/pathogen hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry. | explanations for the evolution of multiple mating by social insect (particularly honey bee) queens have been frequently sought. an important hypothesis is that multiple mating is adaptive because it increases intracolonial genetic diversity and thereby reduces the likelihood that parasites or pathogens will catastrophically infect a colony. we tested one assumption of this model: that honey bee worker patrilines should differ in disease resistance. we used american foulbrood (caused by the bacte ... | 2003 | 12835837 |
| effect of apitherapy in piglets with preweaning diarrhea. | this study was designed to examine the therapeutic effect of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) venom in piglets with bacterial diarrhea comparison between bee venom- and drug-treated groups was our main concern in the present study. preweaning piglets were assigned to treated and non-treated control groups. in the treated group, 47 piglets were acupunctured with the worker honeybee once a day for three consecutive days. two acupoints, gv-1 (jiao-chao) and st-25 (hai-men), were selected for apitherapy ... | 2003 | 12856871 |
| molecular and functional characterization of an octopamine receptor from honeybee (apis mellifera) brain. | biogenic amines and their receptors regulate and modulate many physiological and behavioural processes in animals. in vertebrates, octopamine is only found in trace amounts and its function as a true neurotransmitter is unclear. in protostomes, however, octopamine can act as neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and neurohormone. in the honeybee, octopamine acts as a neuromodulator and is involved in learning and memory formation. the identification of potential octopamine receptors is decisive for a ... | 2003 | 12859685 |
| european hornet (vespa crabro) sting: a new risk factor for life-threatening reaction in hymenoptera allergic patients? | severity of a previous reaction, adult age, male gender and honeybee sting are risk factors for severe systemic reactions after hymenoptera stings. the aim of the study was to assess the association between the vespa crabro sting and severe systemic reactions. | 2003 | 12872677 |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) prevents inflammatory stress in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. | caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) is an antioxidant component of propolis, a natural product secreted by honeybee. recent literature shows that cape inhibits nuclear factor kappa b (nfkappab) activation in cell lines. since nfkappab was shown to be a crucial factor in neuroinflammation and to be associated with some neuropathologies, cape might reduce these disorders in brain too and have therapeutic applications. to test this hypothesis we used a model of endotoxic insult (interferon-gamma, f ... | 2003 | 12877982 |
| role of central nmda versus non-nmda receptor in spinal withdrawal reflex in spinal anesthetized rats under normal and hyperexcitable conditions. | the present study aimed to investigate the role of central n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) and non-nmda receptors in the spinal withdrawal reflex assessed by recording single motor unit (smu) electromyogram (emg) response to peripheral mechanical (pressure, pinch) stimuli and repeated electrical stimuli at 3 and 20 hz. during normal conditions, intrathecal administration of mk-801 and cnqx apparently depressed mechanically and electrically (3 hz) evoked emg responses in a dose-dependent manner (10, ... | 2003 | 12885421 |
| on being the right size: heart design, mitochondrial efficiency and lifespan potential. | 1. from the smallest shrew or bumble-bee bat to the largest blue whale, heart size varies by over seven orders of magnitude (from 12 mg to 600 kg). this study reviews the scaling relationships between heart design, cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial efficiencies in mammals of different body sizes. 2. the [31p]-nuclear magnetic resonance-derived [phosphocreatine]/[atp] ratio in hearts of smaller mammals is significantly higher (2.7 +/- 0.3 for mouse; n = 22) than in larger mammals (1.6 +/- ... | 2003 | 12890185 |
| the effect of complexity on the discrimination of oriented bars by the honeybee (apis mellifera). | visual discrimination of black bars by honeybees was studied in a y-choice apparatus with fixed vertical patterns at constant range. the problem is to discover how bees remember different degrees of complexity of the orientation cue. previous conclusions with parallel gratings and single bars disagree. with broad bars versus orthogonal bars, the bees learn the orientation cue if the bars are centred at the same place, but they learn the position cue in the vertical direction when the bars are at ... | 2003 | 12898167 |
| oral actinomyces isolates forming red colonies on brain heart blood agar can bee unambiguously classified as a odontolyticus by macroscopic examination. | the accurate classification of oral actinomyces isolates as one species is difficult. out of 18 actinomyces isolates forming red colonies on brain heart blood agar, 12 could be straightforwardly assigned as actinomyces odontolyticus by biochemical, morphological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics. for the remaining six isolates, the results of the different identification methods were inconsistent. by sequencing a 16s ribosomal dna fragment by a rapid mass spectrometric method, all isolates cou ... | 2003 | 12904382 |
| purification of bioethanol effluent in an uasb reactor system with simultaneous biogas formation. | in this study, the prospect of using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactor for detoxification of process water derived from bioethanol production has been investigated. the bioethanol effluent (bee) originated from wet oxidized wheat straw fermented by saccharomyces cerevisiae and thermoanaerobacter mathranii a3m4 to produce ethanol from glucose and xylose, respectively. in batch experiments the methane potential of bee was determined to 529 ml-ch(4)/g-vs. in batch degradation experi ... | 2003 | 12910537 |
| infestation and distribution of the mite varroa destructor in colonies of africanized bees. | whereas in several parts of the world varroa is the major pest affecting apiculture, in others the parasite is unknown to many beekeepers because its damage to bees is minor. the impact of the mite varroa destructor is related to the climatic conditions and the races of apis mellifera bees in each region where the pest exists. in the present study, the current level of infestation by the mite was assessed to determine the evolution of the pest in africanized bee colonies in southern brazil. this ... | 2003 | 12914418 |
| population-based study of non-hodgkin lymphoma, histology, and medical history among human immunodeficiency virus-negative participants in san francisco. | a population-based case-control study of non-hodgkin lymphoma was conducted in the san francisco bay area of california from 1988 to 1995. the study used working formulation histologic subtypes of non-hodgkin lymphoma. diffuse and immunoblastic large-cell lymphomas and all follicular lymphomas were combined to reflect two revised european-american lymphoma (real) classifications. results were obtained from age- and sex-adjusted polytomous multivariable logistic models for 1,304 cases and 2,402 c ... | 2003 | 12915497 |
| [effect of habitat and interspecific competition on apis cerana cerana colony distribution]. | habitat change and interspecific competition were the main factors affecting, apis cerana cerana colony distribution among wannan and wanxi dabie mountainous areas, jianghuai area and huaibei plain. wannan and wanxi dabie mountainous areas were the ideal places for apis cerana cerana' habitation and propogation, in which, there were integrated natural vegetation, fine ecological condition, abundant nectariferous plants, and apis cerana cerana had large colony size, wide distribution, high densit ... | 2003 | 12920900 |
| propolis and some of its constituents down-regulate dna synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production but induce tgf-beta1 production of human immune cells. | propolis, the resinous product collected by honey bees from plants, is used as folk medicine since ancient time. recently, immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of propolis have been published. the detailed mechanisms of actions of propolis and its components on immune cells, however, are still unknown. therefore, we studied the effects of different propolis extracts, of the flavonoids hesperidin and quercetin as well as of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) on basic human immune ce ... | 2003 | 12939048 |
| polliniferous plants and foraging strategies of apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) in the yucatán peninsula, mexico. | a study of the most important polliniferous plants for european and africanized honeybees (apis mellifera l.) was made in quintana roo state. comparisons were made between the plants visited by both bee types in order to determine whether there were qualitative or quantitative differences in their choice of plant species. also some foraging strategies of the honeybees were analysed. pollen from pollen load samples was acetolysed and mounted on slides. subsequently the pollen grains were identifi ... | 2002 | 12947587 |
| a pragmatic approach to timely disease surveillance in the emergency department. | computerised emergency department (ed) logs have been in use for more than 20 years. despite this, public health authorities have failed to fully utilise this important surveillance tool. | 2003 | 12954684 |
| the drosophila melanogaster btb proteins bric à brac bind dna through a composite dna binding domain containing a pipsqueak and an at-hook motif. | the bric à brac (bab) locus is composed of two paralogous genes, bab1 and bab2, in drosophila melanogaster. bab1 and bab2 are nuclear proteins that contain a broad complex, tramtrack, bric à brac/poxviruses and zinc-finger (btb/poz) domain. many btb/poz proteins are transcriptional regulators of which the majority contain c(2)h(2) zinc-finger motifs. there is no detectable zinc-finger motif in either bab protein. however, they share the bab conserved domain (babcd) that is highly conserved betwe ... | 2003 | 12954775 |
| lethal fighting between honeybee queens and parasitic workers (apis mellifera). | pheromonal signals associated with queen and worker policing prevent worker reproduction and have been identified as important factors for establishing harmony in the honeybee (apis mellifera) colony. however, "anarchic workers", which can evade both mechanisms, have been detected at low frequency in several honeybee populations. worker bees of the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis, also show this anarchistic trait but to an extreme degree. they can develop into so called "pseudoqueens", wh ... | 2003 | 12955229 |
| secretory phospholipases a2 induce neurite outgrowth in pc12 cells. | spla(2)s (secretory phospholipases a(2)) belong to a broad and structurally diverse family of enzymes that hydrolyse the sn -2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids. we previously showed that a secreted fungal 15 kda protein, named p15, as well as its orthologue from streptomyces coelicolor (named scp15) induce neurite outgrowth in pc12 cells at nanomolar concentrations. we report here that both p15 and scp15 are members of a newly identified group of fungal/bacterial spla(2)s. the phospholipid-hyd ... | 2003 | 12967323 |
| genetic analysis of spatial foraging patterns and resource sharing in bumble bee pollinators. | conservation biologists, evolutionary ecologists and agricultural biologists require an improved understanding of how pollinators utilize space and share resources. using microsatellite markers, we conducted a genetic analysis of space use and resource sharing at several spatial scales among workers of two ecologically dissimilar bumble bee species (bombus terrestris and b. pascuorum) foraging in an urban landscape (london, uk). at fine scales, the relatedness of workers visiting small patches o ... | 2003 | 12969482 |
| effects of the beehive type and queen-bee descent on the development of the bee-diseases at apiaries. | an increased occurrence of disease at various members of the honeybee brood (queen-bee, workers, and drones) settled in the beehive, become evident recently. it is already known that various factors, primary ecological, determine disease development. the aim of the study was to discover which diseases at apiaries corresponds to similar ecological conditions at different beehive types. effects of the following factors were studied: beehive type and building material, type and descent of the queen ... | 2003 | 12974169 |
| vitamin e deficiency in bee calves. | | 1952 | 13022536 |
| [effect of bee venom on pituitary-adrenal system in rats]. | | 1953 | 13154410 |
| studies on the factors essential to the initiation and maintenance of multiplication of psittacosis virus (6bc strain) in deficient cells in tissue culture. | the growth of psittacosis virus (6bc) was studied in cultures of minced whole chick embryo tissue maintained in either hanks-simms solution or hanks's balanced salt solution (bss), and in neither medium could sustained, long-term virus growth take place. addition of beef embryo extract (bee) to cultures at a time when virus multiplication was declining reversed this general trend and resulted in greater virus growth. this virus-stimulating action of bee was only partially diminished by colchicin ... | 1954 | 13163322 |
| [inhibitory effect of the human serum on bee venom hemolysis]. | | 1954 | 13164281 |
| [bacteriological studies on the benign foul brood of the honeybee (apis mellifica l.)]. | | 1954 | 13225706 |
| bacillus apiarius, n. sp., an aerobac spore-forming organism isolated from honeybee larvae. | | 1955 | 13271306 |
| [examination of the mechanism of the antihemolytic effect of the human serum on hemolysis caused by bee venom]. | | 1956 | 13406969 |
| the epidemiology of the infestation of the honeybee, apis mellifera l., by the mite acarapis woodi rennie and the mortality of infested bees. | | 1958 | 13600873 |
| [antibiotic action on various substances from bees & bee-hives on bacillus larvae & bacillus alvei]. | | 1959 | 13629892 |
| effects of nosema bombi and its treatment fumagillin on bumble bee (bombus occidentalis) colonies. | we examined the effects of nosema bombi (microsporidia: nosematidae) on colonies of bumble bees, bombus occidentalis greene (hymenoptera: apidae), used to pollinate tomatoes in commercial greenhouses. we assessed methods of detecting n. bombi and tested the effectiveness of fumagillin to control this parasite. n. bombi did not affect adult population size or amount of brood in b. occidentalis colonies. fumagillin was not effective against n. bombi at the doses we tested, and frass samples did no ... | 2003 | 13678713 |
| effect of bee venom on concentration of blood glucose and liver glycogen in rabbits. | | 1961 | 13771707 |
| fatal anaphylactic reaction of dog to bee sting. | | 1963 | 14013332 |
| cytochrome function in relation to inner membrane structure of mitochondria. | projecting subunits of an average diameter of 80 a are found on the cristae of mitochondria prepared from the muscle of ascaris lumbricoides. a spectroscopic examination of the cytochrome content of these mitochondria shows no detectable cytochrome c(1), a, or a(3) and does reveal cytochromes of types c and b. subunits in the same size range are found in cytochrome c deficient mitochondria of the emergent bee, while the frequency of their occurrence along the cristae is decreased relative to the ... | 1963 | 14069239 |
| [contribution to the study of immunity to bee venom]. | | 1963 | 14111654 |
| insulin-like activity in larval foods of the honeybee. | | 1964 | 14156302 |
| [on pharmacology of bee venom]. | | 1964 | 14193116 |
| [experimental research concerning the action of bee venom on certain animals]. | | 1965 | 14309902 |
| the effect of serial passage of bacillus larvae white in the honey bee. | | 1965 | 14323783 |
| [embryology and histology of the bee mite acarapis woodi rennie 1921]. | | 1954 | 14360336 |
| the infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee by nosema apis (zander). | | 1955 | 14370833 |
| the use of gamma radiation from cobalt-60 in the control of diseases of the honeybee and the sterilization of honey. | | 1962 | 14454423 |
| field trials using the fungal pathogen, metarhizium anisopliae (deuteromycetes: hyphomycetes) to control the ectoparasitic mite, varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) in honey bee, apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies. | the potential for metarhizium anisopliae (metschinkoff) to control the parasitic mite, varroa destructor (anderson and trueman) in honey bee colonies was evaluated in field trials against the miticide, tau-fluvalinate (apistan). peak mortality of v. destructor occurred 3-4 d after the conidia were applied; however, the mites were still infected 42 d posttreatments. two application methods were tested: dusts and strips coated with the fungal conidia, and both methods resulted in successful contro ... | 2003 | 14503579 |
| in vivo confocal microscopy in the acute phase of corneal inflammation. | two cases of noninfectious keratitis were studied using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy in addition to routine slit-lamp biomicroscopy. a 10-year-old boy suffered from keratitis in his left eye due to a bee sting and a 20-year-old man had keratitis following corneal blunt trauma. in both cases, we found a honeycomb pattern at the anterior and mid-stromal level of the middle cornea. this honeycomb pattern disappeared in 1 week with steroid treatment. this pattern might be caused by syncytial ... | 2003 | 14509473 |
| differential antinociceptive effects induced by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (sc-236) on dorsal horn neurons and spinal withdrawal reflexes in anesthetized spinal rats. | the aim of present study was to examine the effect of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor sc-236 (4 mg/kg) on the simultaneous responsiveness of spinal wide-dynamic range (wdr) neurons and single motor units (smus) from gastrocnemius soleus muscles to mechanical stimuli (pressure and pinch) and repeated suprathreshold (1.5xt, the intensity threshold) electrical stimuli with different frequencies (3 hz, 20 hz) under normal conditions and bee venom (bv, 0.2 mg/50 microl)-induced inflamm ... | 2003 | 14522004 |
| peptide-based vaccines in the treatment of specific allergy. | the efficacy of conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy (sit) for allergic conditions and venom hypersensitivity is well documented. however it's use is limited due allergic side effects including anaphylaxis and the difficulty of standardising proteins in complex allergenic mixtures. the aim of new therapeutic strategies is to circumvent these limitations and approaches include allergen non-specific therapy, such as anti-ige and anti-cytokine therapy and other allergen specific techniques ... | 2002 | 14561182 |
| effects of intravenous injections paederiae and stauntonia on spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and inflammation induced by cutaneous chemical tissue injury in the rat. | to study whether commercial traditional chinese medicinal preparations injection paederiae (ip) or injection stauntonia (is) has anti-nociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects, we used two persistent pain models (bee venom and formalin test) to evaluate the systemic effects of ip or is on the chemical tissue injury-induced persistent spontaneous pain-related responses (pspr), primary thermal/mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammation in conscious rats. injection of bee venom (bv, 0.1 mg, 50 mic ... | 2003 | 14566397 |
| cloning and characterization analysis of the genes encoding precursor of mast cell degranulating peptide from 2 honeybee and 3 wasp species. | the precursors of mast cell degranulating peptide (mcdp) genes were amplified by rt-pcr from the total rna of venom gland of two honeybee species, apis mellifera ligustica, apis cerana cerana, and three wasp species, vespa magnifica, vespa velutina nigrothorax and polistes hebraeus, respectively. their pcr products were ligated into pgem t-easy vector and the nucleotide sequences were analyzed. the length of five fragments was the same, it was 341 bp containing an orf of 153 bp coding the precur ... | 2003 | 14577379 |
| ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of metamorphosis in the midgut of apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae: apinae). | the midgut of apis mellifera is remodeled during metamorphosis. the epithelium and, to a lesser extent, the muscular sheath degenerate between the end of the last larval instar and the onset of pupation (prepupa). the larval epithelium is shed to the midgut lumen and digested, while a new epithelium is reconstructed from larval regenerative cells. during pupation, some reorganization still occurs, mainly in brown-eyed pupae. in pharate adult, the midgut wall shows the characteristics of adult, a ... | 2003 | 14578570 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine1a receptor is involved in the bee venom induced inflammatory pain. | injection of bee venom into one hindpaw of rat can elicit acute inflammation together with spontaneous pain, heat hyperalgesia and mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia in the injected paw. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht)1a receptor is the predominant receptor subtype in the spinal dorsal horn mediating the function of 5-ht in nociception. the goal of the present study is to assess the role of 5-ht1a receptor in the pain associated with the bee venom induced inflammation. here we showed that 1 or 4 h aft ... | 2003 | 14581120 |
| an implicit membrane generalized born theory for the study of structure, stability, and interactions of membrane proteins. | exploiting recent developments in generalized born (gb) electrostatics theory, we have reformulated the calculation of the self-electrostatic solvation energy to account for the influence of biological membranes. consistent with continuum poisson-boltzmann (pb) electrostatics, the membrane is approximated as an solvent-inaccessible infinite planar low-dielectric slab. the present membrane gb model closely reproduces the pb electrostatic solvation energy profile across the membrane. the nonpolar ... | 2003 | 14581194 |
| sulfur single-wavelength anomalous diffraction crystal structure of a pheromone-binding protein from the honeybee apis mellifera l. | pheromone binding proteins (pbps) are small helical proteins ( approximately 13-17 kda) present in several sensory organs from moth and other insect species. they are involved in the transport of pheromones from the sensillar lymph to the olfactory receptors. we report here the crystal structure of a pbp (amel-asp1) originating from the honey-bee (apis mellifera) antennae and expressed as recombinant protein in the yeast pichia pastoris. crystals of amel-asp1 were obtained at ph 5.5 using the na ... | 2004 | 14594955 |
| a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluating the concentration of bee venom in rat plasma. | a simple and reproducible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to determine the concentration of bee venom in rat plasma. the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for the elisa were less then 3% between 0.1 and 1,000 ng ml(-1) venom, and the sensitivity of the detection was 0.1 ng ml(-1). total recovery of the bee venom added to rat plasma was determined. using this elisa, serum levels of bee venom were easily determined. the rats were administered a single intrave ... | 2003 | 14607017 |
| oviposition by small hive beetles elicits hygienic responses from cape honeybees. | two novel behaviours, both adaptations of small hive beetles ( aethina tumida murray) and cape honeybees ( apis mellifera capensis esch.), are described. beetles puncture the sides of empty cells and oviposit under the pupae in adjoining cells. however, bees detect this ruse and remove infested brood (hygienic behaviour), even under such well-disguised conditions. indeed, bees removed 91% of treatment brood (brood cells with punctured walls caused by beetles) but only 2% of control brood (brood ... | 2003 | 14610654 |
| therapeutic effect of bee venom in sows with hypogalactia syndrome postpartum. | the objective of this study was to determine the clincotherapeutic effect of whole bee venom in hypogalactic sows postpartum. sows after parturition were assigned to treated and nontreated control groups. in the treated group, 22 sows were bee acupunctured once a day for 3 consecutive days. honeybees (apis mellifera l.) for bee acupuncture were about 15 days after metamorphosis. one live bee was used to sting the acupoints known as yang-ming (st-18, 1.5 cm lateral to the base of the last 2 pairs ... | 2001 | 14614282 |
| bacterial diversity in worker adults of apis mellifera capensis and apis mellifera scutellata (insecta: hymenoptera) assessed using 16s rrna sequences. | high-fidelity pcr of 16s rrna sequences was used to identify bacteria associated with worker adults of the honeybee subspecies apis mellifera capensis and apis mellifera scutellata. an expected approximately 1.5-kb dna band, representing almost the entire length of the 16s rrna gene, was amplified from both subspecies and cloned. ten unique sequences were obtained: one sequence each clustered with bifidobacterium (gram-positive eubacteria), lactobacillus (gram-positive eubacteria), and gluconace ... | 2003 | 14615218 |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits t-cell activation by targeting both nuclear factor of activated t-cells and nf-kappab transcription factors. | caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), which is derived from the propolis of honeybee hives, has been shown to reveal anti-inflammatory properties. since t-cells play a key role in the onset of several inflammatory diseases, we have evaluated the immunosuppressive activity of cape in human t-cells, discovering that this phenolic compound is a potent inhibitor of early and late events in t-cell receptor-mediated t-cell activation. moreover, we found that cape specifically inhibited both interleukin ... | 2004 | 14617683 |
| a comparison of the dance language in apis mellifera carnica and apis florea reveals striking similarities. | honeybees have a dance language by which successful foragers inform nestmates about attractive food patches. the classical concept of dialects in the dance language of honeybees points to two differences in the dances by different species and races, firstly in the flight distance at which the dancers start performing waggle dances instead of round dances, and secondly in the circuit duration of the waggle dance performed for a given flight distance. however, recent findings have indicated that t ... | 2004 | 14625781 |
| antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from apis mellifera and tetragonisca angustula against staphylococcus aureus. | the antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus of honey and propolis produced by apis mellifera and tetragonisca angustula was evaluated. secondary aims included the study of the chemical composition of propolis and honey samples and its relationship with antibacterial activity against s. aureus. | 2003 | 14633019 |
| distribution of deformed wing virus within honey bee (apis mellifera) brood cells infested with the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor. | the distribution of deformed wing virus (dwv) in adult female varroa destructor and in their progeny in relation to the pupal host bee was investigated to evaluate acquisition and transfer of dwv by the mites. the results clearly show that adult female mites regularly act as competent vectors of dwv, however, they do not acquire or transfer virus on all possible occasions. mother mites may contain dwv while the pupal host remains free from overt infection and both mother mites and mite progeny m ... | 2003 | 14635815 |
| cyclin-dependent kinase 11(p110) activity in the absence of ck2. | cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)11(p110), formerly known as pitslre, is a serine/threonine kinase whose catalytic activity has been associated with transcription and rna processing. to further evaluate the regulation of cdk11(p110) catalytic activity, interacting proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). following the immunoprecipitation of cdk11(p110) from cos-7 cells, the serine/threonine kinase ck2 was identified by lc-ms/ms. these results were ex ... | 2003 | 14642819 |
| oral colon-specific drug delivery for bee venom peptide: development of a coated calcium alginate gel beads-entrapped liposome. | colon-specific drug delivery systems (cddss) can be used to improve the bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs through the oral route. a novel formulation for oral administration using coated calcium alginate gel beads-entrapped liposome and bee venom peptide as a model drug has been investigated for colon-specific drug delivery in vitro. drug release studies under conditions mimicking stomach to colon transit have shown that the drug was protected from being released completely in the phy ... | 2003 | 14644579 |
| bulgarian propolis induces analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and inhibits in vitro contraction of airway smooth muscle. | propolis is a bee product, which has long been used in folk medicine for the management of different diseases. in this study we evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a standard ethanolic extract of bulgarian propolis (et-blg) in mice and its in vitro effect on airway smooth muscle. et-blg inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions with an id(50) = 7.4 +/- 0.7 mg. kg(-1). in the formalin test, the extract caused a significant reduction in pain in mice treated with 100 ... | 2003 | 14646248 |
| the african honey bee: factors contributing to a successful biological invasion. | the african honey bee subspecies apis mellifera scutellata has colonized much of the americas in less than 50 years and has largely replaced european bees throughout its range in the new world. the african bee therefore provides an excellent opportunity to examine the factors that influence invasion success. we provide a synthesis of recent research on the african bee, concentrating on its ability to displace european honey bees. specifically, we consider (a) the genetic composition of the expan ... | 2004 | 14651468 |
| divergent evolution in metabotropic glutamate receptors. a new receptor activated by an endogenous ligand different from glutamate in insects. | the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are g-protein-coupled receptors involved in the regulation of glutamatergic synapses. surprisingly, the evolution-arily distant drosophila mglur shares a very similar pharmacological profile with its mammalian orthologues (mglu2r and mglu3r). such a conservation in ligand recognition indicates a strong selective pressure during evolution to maintain the ligand recognition selectivity of mglurs and suggests that structural constraints within the ligan ... | 2004 | 14660580 |
| propolin c from propolis induces apoptosis through activating caspases, bid and cytochrome c release in human melanoma cells. | we had demonstrated that two prenylflavanones, propolin a and propolin b, isolated and characterized from taiwanese propolis, induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells and significantly inhibited xanthine oxidase activity. here, we have isolated a third compound called propolin c. the chemical structure of propolin c has been characterized by nmr and hrms spectra, and was identical to nymphaeol-a. however, no biological activities of this compound have ever been reported. in the present study, p ... | 2004 | 14667928 |
| photosensitivity reaction in a woman using an herbal supplement containing ginseng, goldenseal, and bee pollen. | photosensitivity, an abnormal skin reaction to light, is a rare adverse event associated with herbal medicine use. case reports in the literature most commonly implicate st. john's wort. in this report, we describe the case of a 32-year-old woman who suffered a phototoxic reaction after taking a dietary supplement containing ginseng, goldenseal, bee pollen, and other ingredients. on presentation, she had a pruritic, erythematous rash, localized to the sun-exposed surfaces of her neck and extremi ... | 2003 | 14677798 |