| data independent acquisition-digital archiving mass spectrometry: application to single kernel mycotoxin analysis of fusarium graminearum infected maize. | new and conjugated mycotoxins of concern to regulators are frequently being identified, necessitating the costly need for new method development and sample reanalysis. in response, we developed an lc-data independent acquisition (lc-dia) method on a q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer tailored for mycotoxins analysis. this method combines absolute quantification of targeted fungal metabolites with non-targeted digital archiving (da) of data on all ionizable compounds for retrospective analysis ... | 2016 | 26886743 |
| a deoxynivalenol-activated methionyl-trna synthetase gene from wheat encodes a nuclear localized protein and protects plants against fusarium pathogens and mycotoxins. | fusarium graminearum is the fungal pathogen that causes globally important diseases of cereals and produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). owing to the dearth of available sources of resistance to fusarium pathogens, characterization of novel genes that confer resistance to mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi is vitally important for breeding resistant crop varieties. in this study, a wheat methionyl-trna synthetase (tametrs) gene was identified from suspension cell cultures treat ... | 2016 | 26882849 |
| effect of preceding crop on fusarium species and mycotoxin contamination of wheat grains. | the fusarium graminearum species complex infects several cereals and causes the reduction of grain yield and quality. many factors influence the extent of fusarium infection and mycotoxin levels. such factors include crop rotation. in the present study, we explored the effect of rice or maize as former crops on mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains. | 2016 | 26867679 |
| influence of a family 29 carbohydrate binding module on the recombinant production of galactose oxidase in pichia pastoris. | herein, we report the extracellular expression of carbohydrate active fusion enzymes in pichia pastoris. particularly, cbm29-1-2 from piromyces equi was separately fused to the n- and c-terminus of galactose 6-oxidase (gao, d-galactose: oxygen 6-oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.13.9, cazy family aa5) from fusarium graminearum, generating cbm29-gao and gao-cbm29, respectively. p. pastoris was transformed with expression vectors encoding gao, cbm29-gao and gao-cbm29, and the fusion proteins were expressed i ... | 2016 | 26858983 |
| the fgnot3 subunit of the ccr4-not complex regulates vegetative growth, sporulation, and virulence in fusarium graminearum. | the ccr4-not complex is evolutionarily conserved and important for multiple cellular functions in eukaryotic cells. in this study, the biological roles of the fgnot3 subunit of this complex were investigated in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. deletion of fgnot3 resulted in retarded vegetative growth, retarded spore germination, swollen hyphae, and hyper-branching. the δfgnot3 mutants also showed impaired sexual and asexual sporulation, decreased virulence, and reduced expressio ... | 2016 | 26799401 |
| transcriptome dynamics of a susceptible wheat upon fusarium head blight reveals that molecular responses to fusarium graminearum infection fit over the grain development processes. | in many plant/pathogen interactions, host susceptibility factors are key determinants of disease development promoting pathogen growth and spreading in plant tissues. in the fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, the molecular basis of wheat susceptibility is still poorly understood while it could provide new insights into the understanding of the wheat/fusarium graminearum (fg) interaction and guide future breeding programs to produce cultivars with sustainable resistance. to identify the wheat gr ... | 2016 | 26797431 |
| characteristics of mature wheat embryos with different resistance to scab cultured in vitro with fusarium graminearum crude toxin. | five wheat varieties with different resistance to scab were used to study the effect of fusarium graminearum crude toxin on culture characteristics of mature wheat embryos in vitro. the results showed that the rate of induction and differentiation of mature embryo callus differed significantly between varieties, toxin concentration, and concentration x varieties. a low concentration (5 g/l) of f. graminearum crude toxin promoted callus formation in very resistant varieties, while high concentrat ... | 2015 | 26782375 |
| specific binding of fusarium graminearum hex1 protein to untranslated regions of the genomic rna of fusarium graminearum virus 1 correlates with increased accumulation of both strands of viral rna. | the hex1 gene of fusarium graminearum was previously reported to be required for the efficient accumulation of fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) rna in its host. to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the production of fghex1 and the replication of fgv1 viral rna, we conducted electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsa) with recombinant fghex1 protein and rna sequences derived from various regions of fgv1 genomic rna. these analyses demonstrated that fghex1 and both the 5'- and 3'- ... | 2016 | 26773381 |
| molecular characterization of a novel mycovirus of the family tymoviridae isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. | we isolated a novel mycovirus, fusarium graminearum mycotymovirus 1 (fgmtv1/sx64), which is related to members of the family tymoviridae, from the plant pathogenic fungus f. graminearum strain sx64. the complete 7863 nucleotide sequence of fgmtv1/sx64, excluding the poly (a) tail, was determined. the genome of fgmtv1/sx64 is predicted to contain four open reading frames (orfs). the largest orf1 is 6723 nucleotides (nt) in length and encodes a putative polyprotein of 2242 amino acids (aa), which ... | 2016 | 26744993 |
| an antibody that confers plant disease resistance targets a membrane-bound glyoxal oxidase in fusarium. | plant germplasm resources with natural resistance against globally important toxigenic fusarium are inadequate. cwp2, a fusarium genus-specific antibody, confers durable resistance to different fusarium pathogens that infect cereals and other crops, producing mycotoxins. however, the nature of the cwp2 target is not known. thus, investigation of the gene coding for the cwp2 antibody target will likely provide critical insights into the mechanism underlying the resistance mediated by this disease ... | 2016 | 26720747 |
| involvement of fungal pectin methylesterase activity in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and wheat. | the genome of fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (pme)-encoding genes. however, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, f. graminearum produces only a single pme, which was purified and identified. its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. two δpme mutant strains lacked pme activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified p ... | 2016 | 26713352 |
| effect of natural compounds on fusarium graminearum complex. | a search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. in this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. their efficacy was compared to that ... | 2016 | 26699689 |
| host-preferential fusarium graminearum gene expression during infection of wheat, barley, and maize. | fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world. to better understand how f. graminearum adapts to different hosts, we have performed a comparison of the transcriptome of a single strain of f. graminearum during early infection (up to 4 d post-inoculation) of barley, maize, and wheat using custom oligomer microarrays. our results showed high similarity between f. graminearum transcriptomes in infected wheat and barley spike tissues. qu ... | 2016 | 26693688 |
| hydroxylation of longiborneol by a clm2-encoded cyp450 monooxygenase to produce culmorin in fusarium graminearum. | a second structural gene required for culmorin biosynthesis in the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum is described. clm2 encodes a regio- and stereoselective cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for c-11 of longiborneol (1). clm2 gene disruptants were grown in liquid culture and assessed for culmorin production via hplc-evaporative light scattering detection. the analysis indicated a complete loss of culmorin (2) from the liquid culture of the δclm2 mutants. culmorin production resumed in a δclm2 comp ... | 2016 | 26673640 |
| identification of putative phosphoproteins in wheat spikes induced by fusarium graminearum. | phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events were initiated in wheat scab resistance. the putative fhb-responsive phosphoproteins are mainly involved in three functional groups and contain at least one tyrosine, serine, or threonine phosphorylation site. fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a severe disease in wheat. protein phosphorylation plays an important role in plant-pathogen interactions, however, a global analysis of protein phosphorylation in response to fhb in ... | 2016 | 26669597 |
| is the fgap1 mediated response to oxidative stress chemotype dependent in fusarium graminearum? | this study aims to compare the role of the transcription factor fgap1 in oxidative stress response for two fusarium graminearum strains belonging to the two chemotypes don/adon and niv/fx. while the response to h2o2 was shown to be chemotype dependent, an opposite result was observed for diamide: whatever the chemotype, the global level of tctb (i.e. trichothecene b) production was strongly increased by the treatment with diamide. fgap1 was shown to be involved in this regulation for both chemot ... | 2016 | 26656279 |
| germination of fusarium graminearum ascospores and wheat infection are affected by dry periods and by temperature and humidity during dry periods. | the effects of temperature and relative humidity (rh) on germination of fusarium graminearum ascospores, and of dry periods (dp) of different lengths and of temperature and rh during dp on ascospore survival were studied both in vitro and in planta. optimal temperatures for ascospore germination at 100% rh were 20 and 25°c; germination was ≤5% when ascospores were incubated at 20°c and rh ≤ 93.5%. viable ascospores were found at all tested combinations of dp duration (0 to 48 h) × temperature (5 ... | 2016 | 26623994 |
| chemical constituents of the mangrove-associated fungus capnodium sp. sz-f22. a new eremophilane sesquiterpene. | a new eremophilane sesquiterpene, capnodiumone (1), along with five known eremophilane sesquiterpenes (2-6) and eight other compounds (7-14), have been isolated from a mangrove-associated fungus capnodium sp. sz-f22. the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the broth extract of the fungus exhibited a good inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth against fusarium graminearum at 100 μg/ml, however, all the 14 compounds showed no expected antifungal ... | 2016 | 26615670 |
| identification of regulated proteins in naked barley grains (hordeum vulgare nudum) after fusarium graminearum infection at different grain ripening stages. | we analyzed the effect of fusarium graminearum infection on field-grown naked barley (hordeum vulgare nudum). the ears were inoculated with f. graminearum spores during anthesis. in the course of ripening, grains in five phenological growth stages of naked barley from milk ripe to plant death were sampled. the albumin and globulin proteins of inoculated grains and untreated (control) grains were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. forty-five spots composing of proteins that were ch ... | 2016 | 26612662 |
| fgnoxr, a regulatory subunit of nadph oxidases, is required for female fertility and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal pathogen that causes wheat fusarium head blight. in this study, we identified fgnoxr, a regulatory subunit of nadph oxidases (nox) in f. graminearum, and found that it plays an important role in the pathogenicity of f. graminearum. fgnoxr is localized on punctate structures throughout the cytoplasm in aerial hyphae while these structures tend to accumulate at or near the plasma membrane, septa and hyphal tips in germinated conidia. deletion of the fgn ... | 2016 | 26607286 |
| a fusarium graminearum strain-comparative proteomic approach identifies regulatory changes triggered by agmatine. | plant pathogens face different environmental clues depending on the stage of the infection cycle they are in. fusarium graminearum infects small grain cereals producing trichothecenes type b (tb) that act as virulence factor in the interaction with the plant and have important food safety implications. this study addresses at the proteomic level the effect of an environmental stimulus (such as the presence of a polyamine like agmatine) possibly encountered by the fungus when it is already within ... | 2016 | 26585460 |
| mycotoxins are a component of fusarium graminearum stress-response system. | | 2015 | 26583017 |
| wheat blast and fusarium head blight display contrasting interaction patterns on ears of wheat genotypes differing in resistance. | the interaction of wheat with two ear pathogens, magnaporthe wheat blast (mwb) and fusarium graminearum (fusarium head blight, fhb), was studied on the phenotypic, histological, and gene expression level. most of the 27 wheat cultivars inoculated with mwb and f. graminearum displayed inverse disease responses to blast and fhb infection. two cultivars, milan and sumai 3, were selected expressing converse disease phenotypes to blast (milan, r)/(sumai 3, s) and fhb (milan, s)/(sumai 3, r). confocal ... | 2016 | 26574785 |
| acetohydroxyacid synthase fgilv2 and fgilv6 are involved in bcaa biosynthesis, mycelial and conidial morphogenesis, and full virulence in fusarium graminearum. | in this study, we characterized fgilv2 and fgilv6, the catalytic and regulatory subunits of acetohydroxyacid synthase (ahas) from the important wheat head scab fungus fusarium graminearum. ahas catalyzes the first common step in the parallel pathways toward branched-chain amino acids (bcaas: isoleucine, leucine, valine) and is the inhibitory target of several commercialized herbicides. both fgilv2 and fgilv6 deletion mutants were bcaa-auxotrophic and showed reduced aerial hyphal growth and red p ... | 2015 | 26552344 |
| pam: particle automata model in simulation of fusarium graminearum pathogen expansion. | the multi-scale nature and inherent complexity of biological systems are a great challenge for computer modeling and classical modeling paradigms. we present a novel particle automata modeling metaphor in the context of developing a 3d model of fusarium graminearum infection in wheat. the system consisting of the host plant and fusarium pathogen cells can be represented by an ensemble of discrete particles defined by a set of attributes. the cells-particles can interact with each other mimicking ... | 2016 | 26549468 |
| transcriptome analysis of wheat inoculated with fusarium graminearum. | plants are frequently exposed to microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and viruses that cause biotic stresses. fusarium head blight (fhb) is an economically risky wheat disease, which occurs upon fusarium graminearum (fg) infection. moderately susceptible (cv. "mizrak 98") and susceptible (cv. "gun 91") winter type bread wheat cultivars were subjected to transcriptional profiling after exposure to fg infection. to examine the early response to the pathogen in wheat, we measured gene expression al ... | 2015 | 26539199 |
| genome-wide analysis of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins identifies candidate effector proteins potentially involved in fusarium graminearum-wheat interactions. | pathogen-derived, small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscps) are known to be a common source of fungal effectors that trigger resistance or susceptibility in specific host plants. this group of proteins has not been well studied in fusarium graminearum, the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of wheat. we report here a comprehensive analysis of sscps encoded in the genome of this fungus and selection of candidate effector proteins through proteomics and sequence ... | 2016 | 26524547 |
| influence of a family 29 carbohydrate binding module on the activity of galactose oxidase from fusarium graminearum. | galactose oxidase (gao) selectively oxidizes the primary hydroxyl of galactose to a carbonyl, facilitating targeted chemical derivatization of galactose-containing polysaccharides, leading to renewable polymers with tailored physical and chemical properties. here we investigate the impact of a family 29 glucomannan binding module on the activity and binding of gao towards various polysaccharides. specifically, cbm29-1-2 from piromyces equi was separately linked to the n- and c-termini of gao. | 2016 | 26518347 |
| intra-strains diversity of expression of polymorphic pks4 gene in comparison in zearalenone production by fusarium graminearum during in vitro cultivation. | filamentous fungi belonging to the fusarium genus are responsible for large economic losses due to their high pathogenicity and toxigenicity. fusarium sp. may produce variety of mycotoxins, one of them is zearalenone (zea). the presence of the pks4 gene shows the possibility of zearalenone biosynthesis by fusarium sp. in this study, in four fusarium graminearum and one fusarium poae strains the presence of pks4 genes and zea concentrations were determined. the presence of the pks4 gene was confi ... | 2016 | 26495440 |
| metabolomics to decipher the chemical defense of cereals against fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol accumulation. | fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) and gibberella ear rot (ger), two devastating diseases of wheat, barley, and maize. furthermore, f. graminearum species can produce type b trichothecene mycotoxins that accumulate in grains. use of fhb and ger resistant cultivars is one of the most promising strategies to reduce damage induced by f. graminearum. combined with genetic approaches, metabolomic ones can provide powerful opportunities for plant breeding through th ... | 2015 | 26492237 |
| genome-wide transcriptional profiling of wheat infected with fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a destructive disease in wheat caused by fusarium graminearum (f. g). it infects during the flowering stage favored by warm and highly humid climates. in order to understand possible wheat defense mechanism, gene expression analysis in response to f. g was undertaken in three genotypes of wheat, japanese landrace cultivar nobeokabouzu (highly resistant), chinese cv. sumai 3 (resistant) and australian cv. gamenya (susceptible). for microarray analysis, 3 and 7 days a ... | 2015 | 26484265 |
| fusarium graminearum produces different xylanases causing host cell death that is prevented by the xylanase inhibitors xip-i and taxi-iii in wheat. | to shed light on the role of xylanase inhibitors (xis) during fusarium graminearum infection, we first demonstrated that three out of four f. graminearum xylanases, in addition to their xylan degrading activity, have also the capacity to cause host cell death both in cell suspensions and wheat spike tissue. subsequently, we demonstrated that taxi-iii and xip-i prevented both the enzyme and host cell death activities of f. graminearum xylanases. in particular, we showed that the enzymatic inhibit ... | 2015 | 26475196 |
| effects of temperature and moisture on development of fusarium graminearum perithecia in maize stalk residues. | fusarium graminearum is the predominant component of the fusarium head blight complex of wheat. f. graminearum ascospores, which initiate head infection, mature in perithecia on crop residues and become airborne. the effects of temperature (t) and moisture on perithecium production and maturation and on ascospore production on maize stalk residues were determined. in the laboratory, perithecia were produced at temperatures between 5 and 30°c (the optimum was 21.7°c) but matured only at 20 and 25 ... | 2015 | 26475114 |
| transcription factor art1 mediates starch hydrolysis and mycotoxin production in fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides. | molecular mechanisms underlying the responses to environmental factors, such as nitrogen, carbon and ph, involve components that regulate the production of secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins. in this study, we identified and characterized a gene in the fgsg_02083 locus, designated as fgart1, which was predicted to encode a zn(ii)2 cys6 zinc finger transcription factor. an fgart1 deletion mutant of fusarium graminearum exhibited impaired starch hydrolysis as a result of significantly red ... | 2016 | 26456718 |
| real-time imaging of hydrogen peroxide dynamics in vegetative and pathogenic hyphae of fusarium graminearum. | balanced dynamics of reactive oxygen species in the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum play key roles for development and infection. to monitor those dynamics, ratiometric analysis using the novel hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) sensitive fluorescent indicator protein hyper-2 was established for the first time in phytopathogenic fungi. h2o2 changes the excitation spectrum of hyper-2 with an excitation maximum at 405 nm for the reduced and 488 nm for the oxidized state, facilitating ratiometric ... | 2015 | 26446493 |
| re-examination of genetic and nutritional factors related to trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum. | disruption of two fusarium genes that negatively regulate trichothecene biosynthesis was reported to cause a drastic increase in trichothecene production. however, careful inspection of these genes revealed that neither was significantly related to trichothecene production. agmatine medium maintained the expression of trichothecene genes at significant levels, resulting in a 2-3-fold increase in the final yield, as compared to glutamine medium. | 2016 | 26413981 |
| effects of weather variables on ascospore discharge from fusarium graminearum perithecia. | fusarium graminearum is a predominant component of the fusarium head blight (fhb) complex of small grain cereals. ascosporic infection plays a relevant role in the spread of the disease. a 3-year study was conducted on ascospore discharge. to separate the effect of weather on discharge from the effect of weather on the production and maturation of ascospores in perithecia, discharge was quantified with a volumetric spore sampler placed near maize stalk residues bearing perithecia with mature asc ... | 2015 | 26402063 |
| antagonistic activity of ocimum sanctum l. essential oil on growth and zearalenone production by fusarium graminearum in maize grains. | the present study was aimed to establish the antagonistic effects of ocimum sanctum l. essential oil (oseo) on growth and zearalenone (zea) production of fusarium graminearum. gc-ms chemical profiling of oseo revealed the existence of 43 compounds and the major compound was found to be eugenol (34.7%). dpph free radical scavenging activity (ic50) of oseo was determined to be 8.5 μg/ml. minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of oseo on f. graminearum were recorded a ... | 2015 | 26388846 |
| impact of post-anthesis rainfall, fungicide and harvesting time on the concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat. | field experiments were conducted to identify the impact of post-anthesis rainfall on the concentration of deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zon) in harvested wheat grain. winter wheat plots were inoculated with fusarium graminearum at stem extension (gs31) and prothioconazole was applied at mid-anthesis (gs65) to split plots and plots were subsequently mist irrigated for 5 days. plots were either covered by polytunnels, irrigated by sprinklers or left as non-irrigated uncovered control plots ... | 2015 | 26361223 |
| genetic diversity of fusarium graminearum sensu lato isolates from wheat associated with fusarium head blight in diverse geographic locations of argentina. | fusarium head blight is an important wheat disease in the argentine pampas region, being fusarium graminearum the predominant pathogen. dna polymorphism of the isolates was analyzed by igs-rflp and issr. igs-rflp and issr profiling were carried out using six endonucleases and eight primers, respectively. igs-rflp yielded 41 bands, 30 of which were polymorphic while issr produced 87 bands with 47 polymorphic bands. both markers showed genetic variability among the analyzed isolates; however, igs- ... | 2015 | 26343390 |
| a large-scale functional analysis of putative target genes of mating-type loci provides insight into the regulation of sexual development of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight in cereal crops, produces sexual progeny (ascospore) as an important overwintering and dissemination strategy for completing the disease cycle. this homothallic ascomycetous species does not require a partner for sexual mating; instead, it carries two opposite mating-type (mat) loci in a single nucleus to control sexual development. to gain a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of sexual development in f. graminearum, we us ... | 2015 | 26334536 |
| insights into triticum aestivum seedling root rot caused by fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is one of the most common and potent fungal pathogens of wheat (triticum aestivum), known for causing devastating spike infections and grain yield damage. f. graminearum is a typical soil-borne pathogen that builds up during consecutive cereal cropping. speculation on systemic colonization of cereals by f. graminearum root infection have long existed but have not been proven. we have assessed the fusarium root rot disease macroscopically in a diverse set of 12 wheat genotype ... | 2015 | 26325125 |
| effects of phospholipase c on fusarium graminearum growth and development. | phospholipase c (plc) plays important roles in regulating various biological processes in eukaryotes. currently, little is known about the function of plc in filamentous fungi, especially the plant pathogenic fungi. fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight in many cereal crops. blast search revealed that fusarium genome contains six fgplc genes. using quantitative rt-pcr, different fgplc gene expressions in mycelia were analyzed. to investigate the role of fgplc in f. gra ... | 2015 | 26316232 |
| identification of differently regulated proteins after
fusarium graminearum infection of emmer (triticum dicoccum) at several grain ripening stages. | this study was conducted to improve the knowledge of molecular processes involved in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and emmer in the course of grain ripening. emmer plants were artificially inoculated with a f. graminearum spore suspension at anthesis. in the course of grain ripening from milk ripe to plant death stage, grains at four phenological growth stages were collected for analysis. the infection degree was evaluated based on the f. graminearum dna content in emmer grain inf ... | 2015 | 27904357 |
| disruption of the gaba shunt affects mitochondrial respiration and virulence in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. | the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum threatens food and feed production worldwide. it reduces the yield and poisons the remaining kernels with mycotoxins, notably deoxynivalenol (don). we analyzed the importance of gamma-aminobutanoic acid (gaba) metabolism for the life cycle of this fungal pathogen. gaba metabolism in f. graminearum is partially regulated by the global nitrogen regulator area. genetic disruption of the gaba shunt by deletion of two gaba transaminases renders the pathogen un ... | 2015 | 26305050 |
| a γ-lactamase from cereal infecting fusarium spp. catalyses the first step in the degradation of the benzoxazolinone class of phytoalexins. | the benzoxazolinone class of phytoalexins are released by wheat, maize, rye and other agriculturally important species in the poaceae family upon pathogen attack. benzoxazolinones show antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens, but certain fungi have evolved mechanisms to actively detoxify these compounds which may contribute to the virulence of the pathogens. in many fusarium spp. a cluster of genes is thought to be involved in the detoxification of benzoxazolinones. however, only one enzyme enc ... | 2015 | 26296598 |
| 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa) inhibits trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum through suppression of tri6 expression. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) caused by a mycotoxigenic fungus fusarium graminearum resulting in significantly decreased yields and accumulation of toxic trichothecenes in grains. we tested 7 major secondary metabolites from wheat for their effect on trichothecene production in liquid cultures of f. graminearum producing trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon). 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa) benzoxazinoid ... | 2015 | 26276561 |
| fgcdc14 regulates cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | members of cdc14 phosphatases are common in animals and fungi, but absent in plants. although its orthologs are conserved in plant pathogenic fungi, their functions during infection are not clear. in this study, we showed that the cdc14 ortholog is important for pathogenesis and morphogenesis in fusarium graminearum. fgcdc14 is required for normal cell division and septum formation and fgcdc14 possesses phosphatase activity with specificity for a subset of cdk-type phosphorylation sites. the fgc ... | 2015 | 26256689 |
| leucine metabolism regulates tri6 expression and affects deoxynivalenol production and virulence in fusarium graminearum. | tri6 is a positive regulator of the trichothecene gene cluster and the production of trichothecene mycotoxins [deoxynivalenol (don)] and acetylated forms such as 15-acetyl-don) in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. as a global transcriptional regulator, tri6 expression is modulated by nitrogen-limiting conditions, sources of nitrogen and carbon, ph and light. however, the mechanism by which these diverse environmental factors affect tri6 expression remains underexplored. in our effort to ... | 2015 | 26248604 |
| precocene ii, a trichothecene production inhibitor, binds to voltage-dependent anion channel and increases the superoxide level in mitochondria of fusarium graminearum. | precocene ii, a constituent of essential oils, shows antijuvenile hormone activity in insects and inhibits trichothecene production in fungi. we investigated the molecular mechanism by which precocene ii inhibits trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in grains. voltage-dependent anion channel (vdac), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, was identified as the precocene ii-binding protein by an affinity ma ... | 2015 | 26248339 |
| effect of disrupting the trichothecene efflux pump encoded by fgtri12 in the nivalenol chemotype of fusarium graminearum. | | 2015 | 26227913 |
| transgenic wheat expressing a barley udp-glucosyltransferase detoxifies deoxynivalenol and provides high levels of resistance to fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat that results in economic losses worldwide. during infection, f. graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (don), that increase fungal virulence and reduce grain quality. transgenic wheat expressing a barley udp-glucosyltransferase (hvugt13248) were developed and evaluated for fhb resistance, don accumulation, and the ability to metabolize don to the less toxic don-3- ... | 2015 | 26214711 |
| characterization of rna silencing components in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. | the rna interference (rnai) plays a critical role in gene regulation in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. however, the role of rnai remains largely unclear in plant pathogenic fungi. in this study, we explored the roles of core components of the rnai pathway in fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of wheat head blight. our results demonstrated that the hairpin rna (hprna) can efficiently silence the expression level of target gene, and the argonaute protein fgago1 and dicer protein fgdi ... | 2015 | 26212591 |
| identification of genes induced by fusarium graminearum inoculation in the resistant durum wheat line langdon(dic-3a)10 and the susceptible parental line langdon. | the wheat recombinant chromosome inbred line ldn(dic-3a)10, obtained through introgression of a triticum dicoccoides disomic chromosome 3a fragment into triticum turgidum spp. durum var. langdon, is resistant to fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum. to identify genes involved in fhb resistance, we used a cdna-aflp approach to compare gene expression between ldn(dic-3a)10 and the susceptible parental line ldn at different time points post-inoculation. in total, 85 out of the ... | 2015 | 26211966 |
| identification and bioactivity of compounds from the mangrove endophytic fungus alternaria sp. | racemic new cyclohexenone and cyclopentenone derivatives, (±)-(4r*,5s*,6s*)-3-amino-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1) and (±)-(4s*,5s*)-2,4,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (2), and two new xanthone derivatives 4-chloro-1,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (3) and 2,8-dimethoxy-1,6-dimethoxycarbonyl-xanthen-9-one (4), along with one known compound, fischexanthone (5), were isolated from the culture of the mang ... | 2015 | 26204946 |
| the completed genome sequence of the pathogenic ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum. | accurate genome assembly and gene model annotation are critical for comparative species and gene functional analyses. here we present the completed genome sequence and annotation of the reference strain ph-1 of fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of head scab disease of small grain cereals which threatens global food security. completion was achieved by combining (a) the broad sanger sequenced draft, with (b) the gene predictions from munich information services for protein sequences (mips) v ... | 2015 | 26198851 |
| exploring the potentialities of an improved ultrasound-assisted quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe-based extraction technique combined with ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for determination of zearalenone in cereals. | zearalenone (zea), a secondary metabolite from fusarium graminearum fungi that invade crops and grow during blooming in moist cool field conditions, is a nonsteroidal oestrogen, biologically very potent, although hardly toxic. different analytical methods, among which a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (quechers) strategy, combined with or liquid chromatography, have been proposed for zea determination in foods. however, this extraction procedure has the disadvantage of using larg ... | 2015 | 26195037 |
| rab gtpases are essential for membrane trafficking-dependent growth and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum. | rab gtpases represent the largest subfamily of ras-related small gtpases and regulate membrane trafficking. vesicular transport is a general mechanism that governs intracellular membrane trafficking along the endocytic and exocytic pathways in all eukaryotic cells. fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungus and causes the devastating and economically important head blight of wheat and related species. the mechanism of vesicular transport is not well understood, and little is known about rab gt ... | 2015 | 26177389 |
| correction: the mat locus genes play different roles in sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | | 2015 | 26132580 |
| the potential protein kinase a (pka) phosphorylation site is required for the function of fgsge1 in fusarium graminearum. | the new transcription factor sge1 has garnered much attention in filamentous fungi recently, which highlights its role in pathogenicity, conidiation, and the production of secondary metabolites. in this study, we demonstrated that fgsge1 is localized in the nucleus in fusarium graminearum using fluorescent protein gfp. mutants containing a t67a mutation within the potential protein kinase a (pka) phosphorylation site of fgsge1 exhibited a significant decrease in conidiation and dramatically impa ... | 2015 | 26130440 |
| diversity of fusarium head blight populations and trichothecene toxin types reveals regional differences in pathogen composition and temporal dynamics. | analyses of genetic diversity, trichothecene genotype composition, and population structure were conducted using 4086 fusarium graminearum isolates collected from wheat in eight canadian provinces over a three year period between 2005 and 2007. the results revealed substantial regional differences in fusarium head blight pathogen composition and temporal population dynamics. the 3adon trichothecene type consistently predominated in maritime provinces (91%) over the sampled years, and increased s ... | 2015 | 26127017 |
| intraspecies interaction of fusarium graminearum contributes to reduced toxin production and virulence. | fusarium graminearum is a pathogenic fungus that causes fusarium head blight in wheat and lowers the yield and quality of grains by contamination with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. the fungi coexist and interact with several different fusaria as well as other plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the field. in canada, f. graminearum exists as two main trichothecene chemotypes: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. to understand the potential interactions between two ... | 2015 | 26125491 |
| population subdivision of fusarium graminearum from barley and wheat in the upper midwestern united states at the turn of the century. | fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat and barley, is one of the most economically destructive pathogens of these grains worldwide. recent population genetic studies of the pathogen obtained from wheat in north america supported population subdivision in part correlated with the spectrum of trichothecene mycotoxins (chemotype) produced by individuals within each population. in contrast, a recent study of f. graminearum obtained from diseased barley in the u ... | 2015 | 26107972 |
| development of an fgmito assay: a highly sensitive mitochondrial based qpcr assay for quantification of fusarium graminearum sensu stricto. | an ascomycete fungus, fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), is the major cause of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of cereals worldwide. the fungus contaminates crops with mycotoxins, which pose a serious threat to food and feed safety. in this study, we developed a highly sensitive mitochondrial based qpcr assay (fgmito qpcr) for quantification of f. graminearum s.s. to ensure high sensitivity of the assay, primers and a minor-groove binding (mgb) probe were designed based ... | 2015 | 26087129 |
| benzene derivatives produced by fusarium graminearum - short communication. | using nmr spectroscopy benzene derivatives were detected in mycelia of fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of wheat and maize. in previous studies f. graminearum was found to cause cancer to humans and benzene derivatives were detected in breath of cancer sufferers. surprisingly, no study found benzene derivatives to be the cancerous agents in f. graminearum. in this study we detected benzene derivatives in f. graminearum and propose to study their role as cancer agents. | 2015 | 26081280 |
| facilitation of fusarium graminearum infection by 9-lipoxygenases in arabidopsis and wheat. | fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight, an important disease of wheat. f. graminearum can also cause disease in arabidopsis thaliana. here, we show that the arabidopsis lox1 and lox5 genes, which encode 9-lipoxygenases (9-loxs), are targeted during this interaction to facilitate infection. lox1 and lox5 expression were upregulated in f. graminearum-inoculated plants and loss of lox1 or lox5 function resulted in enhanced disease resistance in the corresponding mutant plants. the enhance ... | 2015 | 26075826 |
| description and prevalence of a putative novel mycovirus within the conifer pathogen gremmeniella abietina. | the european race of gremmeniella abietina (lagerberg) morelet is the causal agent of stem canker and shoot blight on numerous conifers in europe and north america. it comprises different species and biotypes in which the presence of mycoviruses has been determined. in this report, we describe the full-length sequence of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of a putative novel virus, gremmeniella abietina rna virus 6 (garv6), with 2165 nt and a gc content of 54.7 %. a blastp search using the ... | 2015 | 26047648 |
| autoregulation of zeb2 expression for zearalenone production in fusarium graminearum. | several fusarium species produce the polyketide mycotoxin zearalenone (zea), a causative agent of hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals that is often found in f. graminearum-infected cereals in temperate regions. the zea biosynthetic cluster genes pks4, pks13, zeb1 and zeb2 encode a reducing polyketide synthase, a non-reducing polyketide synthase, an isoamyl alcohol oxidase and a transcription factor respectively. in this study, the production of two isoforms (zeb2l and zeb2s) from the zeb2 gene i ... | 2015 | 26036360 |
| the omics era of fusarium graminearum: opportunities and challenges. | | 2015 | 26017464 |
| δ10(e)-sphingolipid desaturase involved in fusaruside mycosynthesis and stress adaptation in fusarium graminearum. | sphingolipids are biologically important and structurally distinct cell membrane components. fusaruside (1) is a 10,11-unsaturated immunosuppressive fungal sphingolipid with medical potentials for treating liver injury and colitis, but its poor natural abundance bottlenecks its druggability. here, fusaruside is clarified biosynthetically, and its efficacy-related 10,11-double bond can be generated under the regioselective catalysis of an unprecedented δ10(e)-sphingolipid desaturase (δ10(e)-sd). ... | 2015 | 25994332 |
| the combined action of enhanced disease susceptibility1, phytoalexin deficient4, and senescence-associated101 promotes salicylic acid-mediated defenses to limit fusarium graminearum infection in arabidopsis thaliana. | fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) disease in wheat and other cereals. f. graminearum also causes disease in arabidopsis thaliana. in both arabidopsis and wheat, f. graminearum infection is limited by salicylic acid (sa) signaling. here, we show that, in arabidopsis, the defense regulator eds1 (enhanced disease susceptibility1) and its interacting partners, pad4 (phytoalexin-deficient4) and sag101 (senescence-associated gene101), promote sa accumulation to curtail f. graminea ... | 2015 | 25915452 |
| conservation and divergence of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase a (camp-pka) pathway in two plant-pathogenic fungi: fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides. | the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase a (camp-pka) pathway is a central signalling cascade that transmits extracellular stimuli and governs cell responses through the second messenger camp. the importance of camp signalling in fungal biology has been well documented and the key conserved components, adenylate cyclase (ac) and the catalytic subunit of pka (cpka), have been functionally characterized. however, other genes involved in this signalling pathway and their regulation are not ... | 2016 | 25907134 |
| identification of biomarker genes for resistance to a pathogen by a novel method for meta-analysis of single-channel microarray datasets. | the search for fast and reliable methods allowing for extraction of biomarker genes, e.g. responsible for a plant resistance to a certain pathogen, is one of the most important and highly exploited data mining problem in bioinformatics. here we describe a simple and efficient method suitable for combining results from multiple single-channel microarray experiments for meta-analysis. a new technique presented here makes use of the fuzzy set logic for the initial gene selection and of the machine ... | 2015 | 25903423 |
| efficacy of zinc compounds in controlling fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol formation in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | the efficiency of zinc compounds (zinc sulfate, znso4 and zinc oxide, zno in regular and nanosize, respectively) on wheat plants was evaluated against growth of fusarium graminearum and don formation. in addition, any possible effects on the grain microstructures were observed by scanning electron microscopy (sem), and the remaining residue of zn on wheat plants was analyzed. the plants were inoculated with f. graminearum and treated with zn compounds (100mm) onto spikelets at the anthesis stage ... | 2015 | 25897993 |
| whole-genome analysis of fusarium graminearum insertional mutants identifies virulence associated genes and unmasks untagged chromosomal deletions. | identifying pathogen virulence genes required to cause disease is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic process. plasmid insertion mutagenesis of fungal protoplasts is frequently used for this purpose in filamentous ascomycetes. post transformation, the mutant population is screened for loss of virulence to a specific plant or animal host. identifying the insertion event has previously met with varying degrees of success, from a cleanly disrupted gene with minimal deleti ... | 2015 | 25881124 |
| analysis of quality-related parameters in mature kernels of polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (pgip) transgenic bread wheat infected with fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight, caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, has a detrimental effect on both productivity and qualitative properties of wheat. to evaluate its impact on wheat flour, we compared its effect on quality-related parameters between a transgenic bread wheat line expressing a bean polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (pgip) and its control line. we have compared metabolic proteins, the amounts of gluten proteins and their relative ratios, starch content, yield, extent of pathogen c ... | 2015 | 25823882 |
| hexokinase plays a critical role in deoxynivalenol (don) production and fungal development in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight, is a common pathogen on small grain cereals worldwide and produces various trichothecenes [deoxynivalenol (don) is predominant] during infection. a previous study has revealed that don production is positively correlated with the occurrence of carbendazim (mbc) resistance. here, we identified and characterized two putative genes encoding hexokinase in f. graminearum (fghxk1 and fghxk2), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in don biosynt ... | 2016 | 25808544 |
| the white collar complex is involved in sexual development of fusarium graminearum. | sexual spores (ascospores) of fusarium graminearum, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, are believed to be the primary inocula for epidemics of the diseases caused by this species in cereal crops. based on the light requirement for the formation of fruiting bodies (perithecia) of f. graminearum under laboratory conditions, we explored whether photoreceptors play an important role in sexual development. here, we evaluated the roles of three genes encoding putative photoreceptors [a phytochrome gen ... | 2015 | 25785736 |
| the area transcription factor mediates the regulation of deoxynivalenol (don) synthesis by ammonium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) signalling in fusarium graminearum. | deoxynivalenol (don), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, is harmful to humans and animals. because different nitrogen sources are known to have opposite effects on don production, in this study, we characterized the regulatory mechanisms of the area transcription factor in trichothecene biosynthesis. the δarea mutant showed significantly reduced vegetative growth and don production in cultures inoculated with hyphae. suppression of tri gene expression and don production ... | 2015 | 25781642 |
| sharing a host plant (wheat [triticum aestivum]) increases the fitness of fusarium graminearum and the severity of fusarium head blight but reduces the fitness of grain aphids (sitobion avenae). | we hypothesized that interactions between fusarium head blight-causing pathogens and herbivores are likely to occur because they share wheat as a host plant. our aim was to investigate the interactions between the grain aphid, sitobion avenae, and fusarium graminearum on wheat ears and the role that host volatile chemicals play in mediating interactions. wheat ears were treated with aphids and f. graminearum inoculum, together or separately, and disease progress was monitored by visual assessmen ... | 2015 | 25769834 |
| resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. | the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ... | 2014 | 25763484 |
| functional analysis of the fusarium graminearum phosphatome. | phosphatases are known to play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. however, systematic characterization of the phosphatome has not been reported in phytopathogenic fungi. the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum contains 82 putative phosphatases. the biological functions of each phosphatase were investigated in this study. although 11 phosphatase genes appeared to be essential, deletion mutants of the other 71 phosphatase genes were obtained and chara ... | 2015 | 25758923 |
| host-induced gene silencing of an essential chitin synthase gene confers durable resistance to fusarium head blight and seedling blight in wheat. | fusarium head blight (fhb) and fusarium seedling blight (fsb) of wheat, caused by fusarium pathogens, are devastating diseases worldwide. we report the expression of rna interference (rnai) sequences derived from an essential fusarium graminearum (fg) virulence gene, chitin synthase (chs) 3b, as a method to enhance resistance of wheat plants to fungal pathogens. deletion of chs3b was lethal to fg; disruption of the other chs gene family members generated knockout mutants with diverse impacts on ... | 2015 | 25735638 |
| a wheat abc transporter contributes to both grain formation and mycotoxin tolerance. | the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) acts as a disease virulence factor for fusarium fungi, and tolerance of don enhances wheat resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb) disease. two variants of an atp-binding cassette (abc) family c transporter gene were cloned from don-treated wheat mrna, namely taabcc3.1 and taabcc3.2. these represent two of three putative genes identified on chromosomes 3a, 3b, and 3d of the wheat genome sequence. variant taabcc3.1 represents the don-responsive transcript previ ... | 2015 | 25732534 |
| chromosome engineering, mapping, and transferring of resistance to fusarium head blight disease from elymus tsukushiensis into wheat. | this manuscript describes the transfer and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel source of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph = gibberella zeae (schwein. fr.) petch] is an important disease of bread wheat, triticum aestivum l. (2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd) worldwide. wheat has limited resistance to fhb controlled by many loci and new sources of resistance are urgently needed. the perennial grass e ... | 2015 | 25726000 |
| fgk3 glycogen synthase kinase is important for development, pathogenesis, and stress responses in fusarium graminearum. | wheat scab caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease. in a previous study, the fgk3 glycogen synthase kinase gene orthologous to mammalian gsk3 was identified as an important virulence factor. although gsk3 orthologs are well-conserved, none of them have been functionally characterized in fungal pathogens. in this study, we further characterized the roles of fgk3 gene. the δfgk3 mutant had pleiotropic defects in growth rate, conidium morphology, germination, and perithecium formatio ... | 2015 | 25703795 |
| altered gene expression profiles of wheat genotypes against fusarium head blight. | fusarium graminearum is responsible for fusarium head blight (fhb), which is a destructive disease of wheat that makes its quality unsuitable for end use. to understand the temporal molecular response against this pathogen, microarray gene expression analysis was carried out at two time points on three wheat genotypes, the spikes of which were infected by fusarium graminearum. the greatest number of genes was upregulated in nobeokabouzu-komugi followed by sumai 3, whereas the minimum expression ... | 2015 | 25690694 |
| deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fusarium graminearum contamination of cereal straw; field distribution; and sampling of big bales. | sampling of straw bales from wheat, barley, and oats was carried out after harvest showing large variations in deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zen) levels. in the wheat field, don was detected in all straw samples with an average don concentration of 976 μg/kg and a median of 525 μg/kg, while in four bales, the concentrations were above 3000 μg/kg. for zen, the concentrations were more uniform with an average concentration of 11 μg/kg. the barley straw bales were all positive for don with ... | 2015 | 25665688 |
| a proteomics survey on wheat susceptibility to fusarium head blight during grain development. | the mycotoxigenic fungal species fusarium graminearum is able to attack several important cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. by causing fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, f. graminearum induces yield and quality losses and poses a public health concern due to in planta mycotoxin production. the molecular and physiological plant responses to fhb, and the cellular biochemical pathways used by f. graminearum to complete its infectious process remain still unknown. in this study, a proteomics ... | 2015 | 25663750 |
| trichothecene genotype composition of fusarium graminearum not differentiated among isolates from maize stubble, maize ears, wheat spikes, and the atmosphere in new york. | in order to test the hypothesis that the trichothecene genotype composition of local populations of fusarium graminearum is structured by specific habitats, a collection of 1,407 isolates was obtained from overwintered maize stubble, mature maize ears and wheat spikes, and the atmosphere 1.5 m aboveground during the flowering stage of these crops. these isolates were sampled at three diverse agricultural locations in new york state: namely, aurora (sampled in 2012 and 2013) in central new york, ... | 2015 | 25651052 |
| whole-genome sequencing reveals that mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to the fungicide phenamacril in fusarium graminearum. | to determine the mechanism of resistance to the fungicide phenamacril (js399-19) in fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight, we sequenced and annotated the genome of the resistant strain yp-1 (generated by treating the f. graminearum reference strain ph-1 with phenamacril). of 1.4 million total reads from an illumina-based paired-end sequencing assay, 92.80% were aligned to the f. graminearum reference genome. compared with strain ph-1, strain yp-1 contained 1,989 single-n ... | 2015 | 25648042 |
| synchrotron based phase contrast x-ray imaging combined with ftir spectroscopy reveals structural and biomolecular differences in spikelets play a significant role in resistance to fusarium in wheat. | fusarium head blight (fhb), a scab principally caused by fusarium graminearum schw., is a serious disease of wheat. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of combining synchrotron based phase contrast x-ray imaging (pci) with fourier transform mid infrared (ftir) spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms of resistance to fhb by resistant wheat cultivars. our hypothesis is that structural and biochemical differences between resistant and susceptible cultivars play a significant ro ... | 2015 | 25628148 |
| fss1 is involved in the regulation of an ena5 homologue for sodium and lithium tolerance in fusarium graminearum. | sodium is an abundant cation required for protein function and maintenance of cellular osmotic homeostasis. high concentrations of sodium are toxic, and fungi have evolved efficient sodium efflux systems. in this study, we characterized a novel sodium tolerance mechanism in the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. fusarium graminearum sodium sensitive 1 (fss1) is a nuclear transcription factor with a zn(ii)2 cys6 fungal-type dna-binding domain required for sodium tolerance. rna-seq and genetic s ... | 2015 | 25627458 |
| cell wall traits as potential resources to improve resistance of durum wheat against fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum, one of the causal agents of fusarium head blight (fhb, scab), leads to severe losses in grain yield and quality due to the production of mycotoxins which are harmful to human and livestock. different traits for fhb resistance in wheat were identified for common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) while the sources of fhb resistance in durum wheat (triticum turgidum ssp. durum), one of the cereals most susceptible to f. graminearum infection, have not been found. new lines of evide ... | 2015 | 25597920 |
| deoxynivalenol induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal primary cell culture. | deoxynivalenol (don), a mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. don is responsible for a wide range of toxic activities, including gastro-intestinal, lymphoid, bone-marrow and cardiotoxicity. but, the complete explorations of toxicity in terms of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as well have not been documented well. again, the mechanisms through which don damages the dna and promotes cellular toxicity are not well establ ... | 2015 | 25578892 |
| fusarium head blight symptom discrimination: a useful tool in the field evaluation of fungicide treatments. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is one of the major diseases affecting wheat. it is caused by a complex of fungal species, resulting in yield losses and health problems due to mycotoxin production. the presence of multiple fungal species on wheat ears, with varying responses to active fungicide ingredients used in the field, makes the disease difficult to manage. in order to evaluate the efficacy of the timing of applications (at gs 39, gs 61 and gs 39+61) of a prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin-based f ... | 2015 | 27141745 |
| biogeography of fusarium graminearum species complex and chemotypes: a review. | differences in the geographic distribution of distinct trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat and barley were first recorded two decades ago. the different toxicological properties of deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol (niv) and their acetylated derivatives require careful monitoring of the dynamics of these mycotoxins and their producers. the phylogenetic species concept has become a valuable tool to study the global occurrence of mycotoxin-producing fusarium species. this has revolutionised our views ... | 2015 | 25530109 |
| deoxynivalenol-sulfates: identification and quantification of novel conjugated (masked) mycotoxins in wheat. | we report the identification of deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate and deoxynivalenol-15-sulfate as two novel metabolites of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat. wheat ears which were either artificially infected with fusarium graminearum or directly treated with the major fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (don) were sampled 96 h after treatment. reference standards, which have been chemically synthesized and confirmed by nmr, were used to establish a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizat ... | 2015 | 25492089 |
| effects of the deletion and over-expression of fusarium graminearum gene fghal2 on host response to mycovirus fusarium graminearum virus 1. | the mycovirus fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) is associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of fusarium graminearum. transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiling have shown that many f. graminearum genes are differentially expressed as a consequence of fgv1 infection. several of these genes may be related to the maintenance of the virus life cycle. the host gene, fghal2, which has a highly conserved 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphatase (pap phosphatase-like) domain or inositol mono ... | 2015 | 25431083 |
| identification of the biosynthetic gene clusters for the lipopeptides fusaristatin a and w493 b in fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum. | the closely related species fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum differ in that each contains a gene cluster with a polyketide synthase (pks) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) that is not present in the other species. to identify their products, we deleted pks6 and nrps7 in f. graminearum and nrps32 in f. pseudograminearum. by comparing the secondary metabolite profiles of the strains we identified the resulting product in f. graminearum as fusaristatin a, and as w493 a ... | 2014 | 25412204 |