| induction of mutants in penicillium notatum by methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl) amine. | | 1947 | 17833430 |
| german environmental survey for children (geres iv)--first results. | german environmental surveys (geress) are large scale population studies which have been carried out on adults in 1985/86, 1990/92 and 1998 and on children aged 6-14 years in 1990/92. geres iv is the first survey focussing exclusively on children [becker, k., schulz, c., babisch, w., dürkop, j., roskamp, e., seiwert, m., szewzyk, r., ullrich, d., seifert, b., 2005. german environmental survey for children (geres iv) 2003-2006. pullut. atmos. 188, 475-479]. geres iv included a representative samp ... | 2007 | 17870665 |
| transposons in biotechnologically relevant strains of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum. | in the past 15 years, many class i and class ii transposons were identified in filamentous fungi. however, little is known about the influence of transposons during industrial strain development. the availability of the complete genome sequences of the industrially relevant fungi aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum has enabled an analysis of transposons present in these two fungi. here, a compilation of the transposon-like sequences identified is provided. we investigated a yet undescr ... | 2007 | 17881255 |
| biodegradation of crude oil and n-alkanes by fungi isolated from oman. | ten fungal species isolated from tar balls collected from the beaches of oman were tested for their abilities to grow and degrade n-alkanes and crude oil. the abilities of aspergillus niger, a. ochraceus and penicillium chrysogenum to degrade n-alkanes (c13-c18), crude oil were compared and their mycelial biomass was measured. significant differences were found in the utilization of c15, c16, c17 and c18 by the three fungi. similarly, significant differences we found in the amount of biomass pro ... | 2007 | 17904586 |
| a metabolome study of the steady-state relation between central metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and penicillin production in penicillium chrysogenum. | the relation between central metabolism and the penicillin biosynthesis pathway in penicillium chrysogenum was studied by manipulating the steady-state flux in both pathways. a high producing industrial strain was cultivated at a growth rate mu=0.05 h(-1) in glucose-limited chemostat cultures, both under penicillin-g producing and non-producing conditions. non-producing conditions were accomplished in two ways: (1) by cultivation without addition of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid and ... | 2008 | 17905623 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent. | the antimicrobial activity of the acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of the lichen parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent have been screened against twenty eight food-borne bacteria and fungi. all of the extracts with the exception of the petroleum ether extract showed antimicrobial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, proteus vulgaris, yersinia enterocolitica, staphylococcus aureus ... | 2007 | 17913083 |
| degradation of metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling penicillium chrysogenum with kmno4. | several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (bap) formed by penicillium chrysogenum, benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (bp 1,6-quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (bp 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-ohbp), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. however, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation ... | 2007 | 17915736 |
| binding of the pta1 transcriptional activator to the divergent promoter region of the first two genes of the penicillin pathway in different penicillium species. | the aim of this work is to establish the correlation between the transcriptional activator pta1 and the expression of the penicillin genes in different penicillin-producing strains. the level of expression of the first two genes of the penicillin pathway was clearly higher in penicillium chrysogenum than in penicillium notatum and penicillium nalgiovense. the divergent promoter pcbab-pcbc region contains binding sequences for several transcriptional factors that are conserved in p. notatum and p ... | 2007 | 17924108 |
| [construction of yeast expression vector containing gfp-skl reporter gene and its function in study of peroxisome]. | peroxisomes are important subcellular organelles that are present in almost all eukaryotic cells. they are involved in a variety of metabolic functions include fatty acid beta-oxidation, h2o2-based respiration and so on. the last step of penicillin biosynthetic is also located in peroxisome in penicillium chrysogenum. peroxisome biogenesis has been well elucidated in saccharomyces cerevisiae and a lot of yeast peroxisome-deficient strains were available to validate the functions of peroxisome ge ... | 2007 | 17944376 |
| the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf, a promising tool for the development of new antifungal therapies and fungal cell biology studies. | in recent years the interest in antimicrobial proteins and peptides and their mode of action has been rapidly increasing due to their potential to prevent and combat microbial infections in all areas of life. a detailed knowledge about the function of such proteins is the most important requirement to consider them for future application. our research in recent years has been focused on the low molecular weight, cysteine-rich and cationic antifungal protein paf from penicillium chrysogenum, whic ... | 2008 | 17965829 |
| fungal growth inhibitory properties of new phytosphingolipid analogues. | to study the growth inhibitory properties of a series of phytosphingosine (phs) and phytoceramide (phc) analogues. | 2008 | 18005346 |
| isolation and biochemical characterization of an antifungal peptide from amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds. | an antifungal peptide, ay-amp, was isolated from amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds by acidic extraction and then purified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. the molecular mass of this peptide, as determined by mass spectrometry, is 3184 da. the peptide belongs to the superfamily of chitin-binding proteins, containing a single cysteine/glycine-rich chitin-binding domain, and it was found that ay-amp degrades chitin. ay-amp inhibits the growth, at very low doses, of different pat ... | 2007 | 18031007 |
| minimization of a eukaryotic mini-intein. | inteins are internal protein splicing elements that can autocatalytically self-excise from their host protein and ligate the protein flanks (exteins) with a peptide bond. large inteins comprise independent protein splicing and endonuclease domains whereas mini-inteins lack the central endonuclease domain. to identify mini-intein domains that are essential for protein splicing, deletions were introduced at different sites of the 157-aa prp8 mini-intein of penicillium chrysogenum. the removal of e ... | 2008 | 18054328 |
| fungistatic activity of flaxseed in potato dextrose agar and a fresh noodle system. | although numerous researchers have studied flaxseed as a food ingredient for its health benefits, flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) has never been considered as a food preservative. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed flour (ff) concentration (0, 6, 9, 12, and 15% wt/wt), cultivar ('omega' and brown) and source (four seed companies located in minnesota and north dakota) on flaxseed fungistatic activity. fungal radial growth was used to assess the fungistatic activi ... | 2008 | 18077042 |
| penicillin; analysis of the crude product by partition chromatography; chromatographic analysis of the penicillins form two strains of penicillium notatum. | | 1948 | 18099992 |
| mold metabolites; the structure of sorbicillin, a pigment produced by the mold penicillium notatum. | | 1948 | 18105979 |
| variation and mutation of penicillium chrysogenum, wis, q176. | | 1949 | 18108876 |
| a method for expressing numerically the morphological features of submerged cultures of fungi, with special reference to penicillium chrysogenum, q 176. | | 1949 | 18126521 |
| inactivation of conidia of penicillium chrysogenum, p. digitatum and p. italicum by ethanol solutions and vapours. | a fractional factorial design, 2(5-1) experiments, was used for assessing the influence of 5 factors: water activity, aw [0.7, 0.9], temperature, t ( degrees c) [10, 30], mode of application, a [liquid, vapour], ethanol concentration, e (% w/w) [5, 10] and time, t (d) [1, 4] on the inactivation of spores of penicillium chrysogenum, p. digitatum and p. italicum. survival was determined by germination at optimal conditions within 3d. the experimental response was log (n 0/nt), where n 0 and nt (sp ... | 2008 | 18160164 |
| antifungal activity stability of flaxseed protein extract using response surface methodology. | the stability of the antifungal activity of flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) protein extract was evaluated in this study. response surface methodology (rsm) using box-behnken factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of treatment variables, that is, temperature (50 to 90 degrees c), time (1 to 29 min), and ph (2 to 8), on the residual antifungal activity (raa) against penicillium chrysogenum, fusarium graminearum, aspergillus flavus, and a penicillium sp. isolated from moldy noodles. regre ... | 2008 | 18211360 |
| eighty years after its discovery, fleming's penicillium strain discloses the secret of its sex. | eighty years ago, alexander fleming discovered antibacterial activity in the asexual mold penicillium, and the strain he studied later was replaced by an overproducing isolate still used for penicillin production today. using a heterologous pcr approach, we show that these strains are of opposite mating types and that both have retained transcriptionally expressed pheromone and pheromone receptor genes required for sexual reproduction. this discovery extends options for industrial strain improve ... | 2008 | 18223118 |
| yeast-like cell formation and glutathione metabolism in autolysing cultures of penicillium chrysogenum. | the bulk formation of yeast-like (arthrospore-like) cells were typical in carbon-depleted submerged cultures of the high beta-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 strain independently of the nitrogen-content of the culture medium. this morphogenetic switch was still quite common in carbon-starving cultures of the low-penicillin-producer strain p. chrysogenum atcc 28089 (wis 54-1255) when the nitrogen-content of the medium was low but was a very rare event in wild-type p. chrysogen ... | 2007 | 18277469 |
| quantitative analysis of metabolites in complex biological samples using ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. | a rapid, sensitive and selective ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (ip-lc-esi-id-ms/ms) was developed for quantitative analysis of free intracellular metabolites in cell cultures. as an application a group of compounds involved in penicillin biosynthesis pathway of penicillium chrysogenum cells, such as penicillin g (peng), 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa), benzylpenicilloic acid (pio), ortho-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid ... | 2008 | 18295225 |
| repeat induced point mutation in two asexual fungi, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum. | repeat induced point mutation (rip) is a gene silencing mechanism present in fungal genomes. during rip, duplicated sequences are efficiently and irreversibly mutated by transitions from c:g to t:a. for the first time, we have identified traces of rip in transposable elements of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum, two biotechnologically relevant fungi. we found that rip in p. chrysogenum has affected a large set of sequences, which also contain other mutations. on the other hand, rip ... | 2008 | 18347798 |
| vacuolar serine protease is a major allergen of cladosporium cladosporioides. | cladosporium is an important allergenic fungus worldwide. we report here a major allergen of c. cladosporioides. | 2008 | 18362473 |
| heterotrimeric galpha protein pga1 of penicillium chrysogenum controls conidiation mainly by a camp-independent mechanism. | fungal heterotrimeric g proteins regulate different processes related to development, such as colony growth and asexual sporulation, the main mechanism of propagation in filamentous fungi. to gain insight into the mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation in the industrial penicillin producer penicillioum chrysogenum, we investigated the role of the heterotrimeric galpha subunit pga1 in conidiogenesis. a pga1 deleted strain (deltapga1) and transformants with constitutively activated (pga ... | 2008 | 18364746 |
| production of functionally active penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin n synthase in the yeast hansenula polymorpha. | beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin are among the oldest known antibiotics used against bacterial infections. industrially, penicillin is produced by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. our goal is to introduce the entire penicillin biosynthesis pathway into the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha. yeast species have the advantage of being versatile, easy to handle and cultivate, and possess superior fermentation properties relative to filamentous fungi. one of the f ... | 2008 | 18366686 |
| nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in penicillium chrysogenum is involved in regulation of beta-lactam production. | the interactions between the ammonium assimilatory pathways and beta-lactam production were investigated by disruption of the nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdha) in two industrial beta-lactam-producing strains of penicillium chrysogenum. the strains used were an adipoyl-7-adca- and a penicillin-producing strain. the gdha gene disruption caused a decrease in maximum specific growth rate of 26 % and 35 % for the adipoyl-7-adca-producing strain and the penicillin-producing strain, r ... | 2008 | 18375816 |
| chrysogenamide a from an endophytic fungus associated with cistanche deserticola and its neuroprotective effect on sh-sy5y cells. | chrysogenamide a (1), a new member of the macfortine group of alkaloids, along with four known compounds (2 approximately 5) were identified from penicillium chrysogenum no. 005, an endophytic fungus associated with cistanche deserticola y. c. ma. the new structure was elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis. 1 exhibited a neurocyte protection effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death in sh-sy5y cells. | 2008 | 18408327 |
| the unprocessed preprotein form iatc103s of the isopenicillin n acyltransferase is transported inside peroxisomes and regulates its self-processing. | previous studies in penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans suggested that self-processing of the isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat) is an important differential factor in these fungi. expression of a mutant pende(c103s) gene in p. chrysogenum gave rise to an unprocessed inactive variant of iat (iat(c103s)) located inside peroxisomes, which indicates that transport of the proiat inside these organelles is not dependent on the processing state of the protein. co-expression of the pend ... | 2008 | 18439860 |
| [investigation of the effect of constructions in hospital environment on the crucial units for immunocompromised patients and the development of opportunistic mold infections]. | this study was planned to determine the effect of building constructions in and around our hospital, on the development of opportunistic mold infections in immunocompromised patients hospitalized in bone marrow and kidney transplantation units and haematology and oncology units. samples were collected from high risk units by an air sampler (air ideal) from indoors and outdoors of a total of 43 patient rooms. the most commonly isolated species from indoor air cultures of our hospital were penicil ... | 2008 | 18444565 |
| response of fungal community in the unpolluted and polluted (textile and distillery wastes) habitats. | 37 fungal species were recorded, maximum found in textile wastewater polluted habitats (35) followed by unpolluted (15) and distillery polluted (6) habitats. fungal diversity in sediment samples of textile wastewater polluted habitats (25) was a little lower than wastewater samples (32), whereas it varied little both in the samples of unpolluted habitats (sambhar wetlands: 5-6; garden tanks: 9-10) and distillery waste (3-5). seasonal variation in species diversity was more pronounced in the text ... | 2007 | 18476401 |
| strategies for penicillin fermentation in tower-loop reactors. | since it has not been possible to produce penicillin in tower-loop reactors with highly viscous filamentous molds of penicillium chrysogenum which are employed in stirred-tank reactors, a new strategy has been developed to avoid the formation of this morphology and to use the pellet form of the fungi. when employing definite impeller speeds in the subculture in connection with definite inoculum amounts and substrate concentrations in the main culture (bubble column), it is possible to generate a ... | 1982 | 18546301 |
| oxygen mass transfer into aerated cmc solutions in a bubble column. | differing findings on the volumetric mass transfer coefficients k(l)a in cmc solutions in bubble column bioreactors have been reported in the literature. therefore, oxygen mass transfer was studied again in cmc solutions in a 14-cm-i.d. x 270-cm-height bubble column using different spargers. the k(l)a values were determined along with the dispersion coefficients by fitting the prediction of the axial dispersed plug model with the experimental oxygen concentration profiles in the liquid phase. su ... | 1982 | 18546314 |
| adsorption of radium-226 by biological origin absorbents. | selected samples of waste microbial biomass used in industrial fermentation processes and wastewater biological treatment plants have been studied for their radium biosorption ability from aqueous solutions. equilibrium biosorption isotherms have been used to quantify the radium uptake capacity of the various types of biomass which were also compared to two types of activated carbon. solution ph affected the observed uptake significantly. in general, the biomass types that showed appreciable sor ... | 1983 | 18548548 |
| confining mycelial growth to porous microbeads: a novel technique to alter the morphology of non-newtonian mycelial cultures. | in an effort to alter the filamentous morphology of penicillium chrysogenum cells, a technique was developed to confine the growth of the mycelia to porous celite beads. the pore matrix of these beads was found to be very effective for entrapping mycelial cells and spores. the entrapped spores were used to initiate the fermentations in shake flask cultures. significant increases in final cell densities were obtained in the confined cell cultures reaching up to 60 g/l cells. this is nearly double ... | 1983 | 18548712 |
| semicontinuous and continuous production of penicillin-g by penicillium chrysogenum cells immobilized in kappa-carrageenan beads. | conidia of penicillium chrysogenum were immobilized in k-carrageenan beads and then incubated in a growth-supporting medium to yield a penicillin producing immobilized cell mass. these in situ grown immobilized cells were used for the semicontinuous (replacement cultures)and continuous (fluidized bioreactor culture) production of penicillin-g. when periodically replaced into a minimal production medium, immobilized cells exhibited a half-life for penicillin production which was ninefold greater ... | 1984 | 18551739 |
| on-line estimation of mycelial cell mass concentrations with a computer-interfaced filtration probe. | this article deals with the design and operation of a filtration probe for estimating cell concentrations in fermentations involving mycelial organisms such as penicillium chrysogenum. this device, a much improved version of one developed previously, is placed directly into the fermentor and measures the filtration properties of the fermentation broth, which are correlated to the cell concentration. the probe is connected to a computer system which enables on-line estimation of the cell concentr ... | 1985 | 18553729 |
| isotopic non-stationary 13c gluconate tracer method for accurate determination of the pentose phosphate pathway split-ratio in penicillium chrysogenum. | current (13)c labeling experiments for metabolic flux analysis (mfa) are mostly limited by either the requirement of isotopic steady state or the extremely high computational effort due to the size and complexity of large metabolic networks. the presented novel approach circumvents these limitations by applying the isotopic non-stationary approach to a local metabolic network. the procedure is demonstrated in a study of the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp) split-ratio of penicillium chrysogenum i ... | 2008 | 18555197 |
| production of penicillin in a fluidized-bed bioreactor using a carrier-supported mycelial growth. | a carrier-supported mycelial growth of penicillium chrysogenum was applied to penicillin fermentation system using celite as a support material. hyphal growth through the pore matrices of the material showed strong anchorages and provided highly stable biofilm growth. with bioparticles developed in such a manner, both cell growth and penicillin production were observed to increase significantly compared to the conventional dispersed filamentous cultures. maximum values of specific penicillin pro ... | 1986 | 18555301 |
| effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on penicillin fermentations: mycelial growth and penicillin production. | the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate of penicillium chrysogenum was examined experimentally. the dissolved carbon dioxide was found to inhibit the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate when the aerated submerged penicillin fermentation was exposed to influent gases of 12.6 and 20% carbon dioxide, respectively. upon exposure to influent gases of 3 and 5% carbon dioxide, no pronounced metabolic inhibition was noted. | 1986 | 18555378 |
| investigations of oxygen transfer into penicillium chrysogenum pellets by microprobe measurements. | a microcoaxial needle sensor with a tip diameter of ca. 0.7 microm was used as a microprobe to measure profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (dot) within fixed pellets of penicillium chrysogenum as a function of the dot level around the pellet, in the presence and absence of bulk convective flow and turbulence. the investigations indicate that the oxygen transfer mechanism is complex. the results were interpreted by assuming the penetration convective flow into the entire pellet and penetration o ... | 1986 | 18555424 |
| post-translational enzyme modification by the phosphopantetheinyl transferase is required for lysine and penicillin biosynthesis but not for roquefortine or fatty acid formation in penicillium chrysogenum. | nrpss (non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) and pkss (polyketide synthases) require post-translational phosphopantetheinylation to become active. this reaction is catalysed by a pptase (4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase). the ppt gene of penicillium chrysogenum, encoding a protein that shares 50% similarity with the stand-alone large pptases, has been cloned. this gene is present as a single copy in the genome of the wild-type and high-penicillin-producing strains (containing multiple copies of t ... | 2008 | 18558918 |
| phagocytosis of aspergillus fumigatus conidia by primary nasal epithelial cells in vitro. | invasive aspergillosis, which is mainly caused by the fungus aspergillus fumigatus, is an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. infection occurs by inhalation of airborne conidia, which are first encountered by airway epithelial cells. internalization of these conidia into the epithelial cells could serve as a portal of entry for this pathogenic fungus. | 2008 | 18564423 |
| microbial and xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitory activity of some flavones. | xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh) is responsible for the pathological condition called gout. in the present study different flavones synthesized from chalcone were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory activity. inhibitory activity of flavones on xdh was determined in terms of inhibition of uric acid synthesis from xanthine. the enzymatic activity was found maximum at ph 7.5 and temperature 40 degrees c. the flavones 6-chloro-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1-h-pyrazol-4-yl]-chromen-4-one (f(1)) a ... | 2008 | 18569337 |
| in vitro activity of penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) and its combination with fluconazole against different dermatophytes. | strains of five dermatophyte species (microsporum canis, microsporum gypseum, trichophyton mentagrophytes, trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton tonsurans) were selected for testing against penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) and its combination with fluconazole (fcz). inhibition of microconidia germination and growth was detected with mics of paf ranging from 1.56 to 200 microg ml(-1) when it was used alone, or at constant concentration (100 microg ml(-1)) in combination with fcz at ... | 2008 | 18574706 |
| simultaneous measurements of oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in fermentation media with polarographic oxygen electrodes. | a membrane-covered oxygen electrode was used to measure oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in aqueous glucose solutions and various fermentation media following a newly developed methodology. the fermentation media studied were tryptic soy broth and those for fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and micrococcus glutamicus. the experimental results of oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in glucose solutions were in good accord with the literat ... | 1988 | 18584707 |
| effects of carbon dioxide on penicillium chrysogenum: an autoradiographic study. | previous research has shown that dissolved carbon dioxide causes significant changes in submerged penicillin fermentations, such as stunted, swollen hyphae, increased branching, lower growth rates, and lower penicillin productivity. influent carbon dioxide levels of 5 and 10% were shown through the use of autoradiography to cause an increase in chitin synthesis in submerged cultures of penicillium chrysogenum. at an influent 5% carbon dioxide level, chitin synthesis is ca. 100% greater in the su ... | 1988 | 18584712 |
| correlation of cell volume fractions with cell concentrations in fermentation media. | cell volume fractions and cell concentrations were measured in submerged cultures of saccharomyces cerevisiae, escherichia coli, and penicillium chrysogenum. correlations for cell volume fractions with cell concentrations in fermentation media of the microorganisms were established accordingly. other key properties of microorganisms, such as cell water content, wet cell density, and dry cell density, can also be obtained with the use of the current method. the results are in good agreement with ... | 1988 | 18584722 |
| effects of microorganisms on effective oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in fermentation media. | effective oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities were measured for submerged cultures of saccharomyces cerevisiae, escherichia coli, and penicillium chrysogenum. both effective oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities were found to decrease with increasing cell concentrations in the fermentation media. comparison of the experimental results of effective oxygen diffusion coefficients in fermentation media with values theoretically predicted on the assumption of unpenetrable microbia ... | 1988 | 18584752 |
| the effect of agitation on the morphology and penicillin production of penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum strain p1 was grown on complex media in 10 and 100 l agitated fermenters at various aeration rates and stirrer speeds. samples were removed at intervals for measurements of the culture morphology. at high stirrer speeds (1000 and 1200 rpm) in 10-l fermentations the rate of decrease in the mean effective hyphal length was faster and the rate of penicillin production was lower than fermentations done at 800 rpm. at similar power inputs per unit volume in 100-l fermentations ... | 1990 | 18588247 |
| rna-silencing in penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum: validation studies using beta-lactam genes expression. | in this work we report the development and validation of a new rna interference vector (pjl43-rnai) containing a double-stranded rna expression cassette for gene silencing in the filamentous fungi penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. classical targeted gene disruption in these fungi is very laborious and inefficient due to the low frequency of homologous recombination. the rnai vector has been validated by testing the attenuation of two different genes of the beta-lactam pathway; ... | 2008 | 18590779 |
| morphological measurements on filamentous microorganisms by fully automatic image analysis. | characterization of mycelial morphology is important for physiological and engineering studies of filamentous fermentations, and in the design and operation of such fermentations. image analysis has been developed as a method for this characterization, and has been shown to be faster and generally more accurate than previous methods. a fully automatic system has been developed, in which speed is gained, but with loss of accuracy in some cases. the method has been tested on streptomyces clavulige ... | 1990 | 18592591 |
| optimization of a pellicular biocatalyst for penicillin g production by penicillium chrysogenum. | a previously developed immobilization technique involving latex coatings on solid particulate supports was investigated further for penicillin g production by penicillium chrysogenum. several modifications were found to decrease the germination lag time, including a higher spore concentration, a thinner latex layer, an increased latex porosity, and a decreased drying time. this approach enabled the development of immobilized mycelial pellets within 2-3 days from the onset of biocatalyst preparat ... | 1990 | 18595119 |
| mold challenge study in bottled natural mineral waters and spring waters. | microbiological challenge study was carried out to verify the microbial stability of bottled waters against four different mold species isolated from bottled water (fusarium sp.; cladosporium sp.; penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus fumigatus) and to follow the growth of the molds in bottled water. twelve types of bottled water with different mineralization and co2 level in pet and glass packages were collected from 4 european countries. three different inoculation levels of spore suspension ... | 2008 | 18595319 |
| the large-scale immobilization of penicillium chrysogenum: batch and continuous operation in an air-lift reactor. | a temperature-sensitive cell division cycle mutant of penicillium chrysogenum p2 has been immobilized on celite and grown in a 250-320-l working volume air-lift fermenter. the ability to uncouple growth and penicillin synthesis by raising the temperature to 30 degrees c also overcame the problem of the free cell mass which appeared after 300 h operation with the parent organism. after 500 h operation, penicillin and acv dimer were still being synthesized. | 1990 | 18597271 |
| effects of carbon dioxide on the rheological behavior and oxygen transfer in submerged penicillin fermentations. | fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum have been made with different co(2) contents in the influent gas streams. the rheological behavior of the culture broth was found to be significantly changed by exposure to high levels of co(2). this is attributed to the wide variation in the morphology of p. chrysogenum, from normal mycelia with long hyphae to roughly spherical pellets when subjected to high levels of co(2). a correlation has been developed relating volumetric o(2) transfer coefficients, ... | 1991 | 18600719 |
| estimation of cell volume and biomass of penicillium chrysogenum using image analysis. | a methodology for the estimation of biomass for the penicillin fermentation using image analysis is presented. two regions of hyphae are defined to describe the growth of mycelia during fermentation: (1) the cytoplasmic region, and (2) the degenerated region including large vacuoles. the volume occupied by each of these regions in a fixed volume of sample is estimated from area measurements using image analysis. areas are converted to volumes by treating the hyphae as solid cylinders with the hy ... | 1992 | 18600959 |
| rheological characterization of media containing penicillium chrysogenum. | samples from fed-batch fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum on complex medium are rheologically characterized. the behavior is well described by a power law model for which the parameters are estimates. furthermore, two types of model media are characterized and compared with the real fermentation samples. xanthan solutions are found to mimic the rheological properties of the filamentous fungi much better than carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc) solutions. | 1993 | 18601258 |
| mold species in dust from the international space station identified and quantified by mold-specific quantitative pcr. | dust was collected over a period of several weeks in 2007 from hepa filters in the u.s. laboratory module of the international space station (iss). the dust was returned on the space shuttle atlantis, mixed, sieved and the dna was extracted. using a dna-based method called mold-specific quantitative pcr (msqpcr), 39 molds were measured in the dust. potential opportunistic pathogens aspergillus flavus and aspergillus niger and potential moderate toxin producers penicillium chrysogenum and penicil ... | 2008 | 18602989 |
| a simple morphologically structured model describing the growth of filamentous microorganisms. | based on the reported mechanisms for filamentous growth, a simple morphologically structured growth model is set up. the model may describe the growth of filamentous microorganisms both on a solid medium and in a submerged culture. for description of a submerged culture the model is combined with a simple population model, which is derived from a balance for the distribution function for the hyphal elements. the model is compared with experimental data for three species of filamentous microorgan ... | 1993 | 18609614 |
| detection of bacterial contamination in cultures of eucaryotic cells by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for early detection of bacterial contaminations in cultures of baker's yeast, penicillium chrysogenum, and an animal cell line was evaluated; muramic acid and characteristic cellular fatty acids were used as analytes. by analyzing branched-chain and cyclopropane-substituted fatty acids as methyl esters, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis, lactobacillus reuteri, enterobacter cloacae, and pseudomonas fluorescens were detected in a 500-fold ... | 1993 | 18613045 |
| morphological measurements on penicillium chrysogenum broths by rheology and filtration methods. | the morphology parameters of mycelial culture (penicillium chrysogenum) were measured and quantified by rheology and filtration methods. two of the morphology parameters obtained from rheology measurements, delta defined by the casson equation and delta* defined by intrinsic viscosity, were found to vary systematically with broth age and with the observed morphology by microscopy. three of the filtration parameters, hyphal density, kozeny constant, and index of compressibility, are demonstrated ... | 1993 | 18613112 |
| removal of lead from aqueous solutions by penicillium biomass. | the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on nonliving penicillium chrysogenum biomass was studied. biosorption of the pb(+2) ion was strongly affected by ph. within a ph range of 4 to 5, the saturated sorption uptake of pb(+2) was 116 mg/g dry biomass, higher than that of activated charcoal and some other microorganisms. at ph 4.5, p. chrysogenum biomass exhibited selectivity for pb(+2) over other metal ions such as cd(+2), cu(+2), zn(+2), and as(+3) sorption preference for ... | 1993 | 18613113 |
| hyphal vocuolation and fragmentation inpenicillium chrysogenum. | a link between vacuolation and fragmentation of penicillium chrysogenum mycelia in stirred tank submerged fermentations is reported. quantitative information on vocuolation and morphology was obtained by image analysis. in fed-batch fermentations the coincidence of the events of rapid vacuolation and the fall of the mean total and main hyphal lengths suggests that hyphal fragmentation is not necessarily due to "shear" alone. the physiological state of the hyphae, characterized by the proportions ... | 1994 | 18618802 |
| metabolic flux distributions in penicillium chrysogenum during fed-batch cultivations. | based on a review of the penicillium chrysogenum biochemistry a stoichiometric model has been set up. the model considers 61 internal fluxes and there are 49 intracellular metabolites which are assumed to be in pseudo-steady state. in addition to the intracellular fluxes the model considers the uptake of 21 amino acids. from the stoichiometric model the maximum theoretical yield of penicillin v is calculated to 0.43 mol/mol glucose. if biosynthesis of cysteine is by direct sulfhydrylation rather ... | 1995 | 18623271 |
| hyphal growth and fragmentation of penicillium chrysogenum in submerged cultures. | a previously derived population model describing the average properties of hyphal elements in submerged cultures of filamentous fungi was revised, and a term for the influence fo spore germination on the average total hyphal length was added. the model was derived from a general balance for the distribution function for the hyphal elements. based on experimental data and the derived model, simple kinetic expressions for spore germination, tip extension, branching, and hyphal break-up were set up ... | 1995 | 18623354 |
| characterization of penicillium chrysogenum physiology in submerged cultures by color and monochrome image analysis. | although filamentous microorganisms are widely used in industrial fermentation processes, their growth and differentiation are not yet fully understood, because their biomass is structured, and therefore difficult to describe and to quantify. this lack of appropriate tools can hinder the optimization and control of the fermentation. a quantitative image analysis method was therefore developed for characterizing the physiology of the penicillin-producing mold penicillium chrysogenum. this method ... | 1995 | 18623454 |
| pathway kinetics and metabolic control analysis of a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum during fed batch cultivations. | a kinetic model representing the pathway for the biosynthesis of penicillin by p. chrysogenum has been developed. the model is capable of describing the flux through the biosynthetic pathway, and model simulations correspond well with measurements of intermediates and end products. one feature of the present model structure is that it assumes the kinetics of the enzyme isopenicillin n synthetase (ipns) to be first order with respect to the dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 0.070 to ... | 1996 | 18624326 |
| a structured model for hyphal differentiation and penicillin production using penicillium chrysogenum. | a structured kinetic model describing growth, differentiation, and penicillin production in submerged penicillium chrysogenum fermentations is reported. the filamentous hyphae are divided into four distinct regions on the basis of the activities and structure of hyphal compartments, viz., actively growing (mainly apical) regions, nongrowing or penicillin producing regions, vacuoles, and degenerated or metabolically inactive regions. a mechanistic approach is taken to give quantitative descriptio ... | 1996 | 18629820 |
| pathway kinetics and metabolic control analysis of a high-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum during fed batch cultivations. | | 1996 | 18629937 |
| dependence of mycelial morphology on impeller type and agitation intensity. | the influence of the agitation conditions on the morphology of penicillium chrysogenum (freely dispersed and aggregated forms) was examined using radial (rushton turbines and paddles), axial (pitched blades, propeller, and prochem maxflow t), and counterflow impellers (intermig). culture broth was taken from a continuous fermentation at steady state and was agitated for 30 min in an ungassed vessel of 1.4-l working volume. the power inputs per unit volume of liquid in the tank, p/v(l), ranged fr ... | 1996 | 18629946 |
| alginate oligosaccharides as enhancers of penicillin production in cultures of penicillium chrysogenum. | oligosaccharide fragments were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of sodium alginate and consisted of oligomannuronate (om) and oligoguluronate (og) blocks. effects of the om and og blocks on penicillin g production by p. chrysogenum were investigated. the oligosaccharides were found to cause significant increases in penicillin g yields. om blocks at concentrations 10 to 100 microg/ml were used to further evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharides, and were found to enhance the production of ... | 1997 | 18629954 |
| recombinant microorganisms for industrial production of antibiotics. | the enhancement of industrial antibiotic yield has been achieved through technological innovations and traditional strain improvement programs based on random mutation and screening. the development of recombinant dna techniques and their application to antibiotic producing microorganisms has allowed yield increments and the design of biosynthetic pathways giving rise to new antibiotics. genetic manipulations of the cephalosporin producing fungus cephalosporium acremonium have included yield imp ... | 1997 | 18636459 |
| [preparation of a novel aminated fungal biomass and its sorption for typical endocrine disruptors]. | the fungal biomass of penicillium chrysogenum was used as raw materials to prepare the sorbent, and polyethylenimine (pei) was grafted onto the biomass surface in a two-step reaction. the best sorbent was obtained through the optimization experiments. as the pei-modified biomass was found to possess zero zeta-potential at ph 10.2, the biosorbent is favorable for the removal of anionic pentachlorophenol (pcp), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) and perfluorooctane sulphonate (pfos) potassium ... | 2008 | 18649533 |
| cultivated anti-aspergillus t(h)1 cells. | invasive aspergillosis remains a serious complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. since it became clear that lymphocytes provide a critical secondary defense against fungi, adoptive transfer of functionally active anti-aspergillus t cells might be an option to restore adaptive immune effector mechanisms. using the interferon (ifn)-gamma secretion assay, we isolated human activated t cells upon stimulation with a cellular extract of aspergillus fumigatus. after a ... | 2009 | 18651313 |
| expression of the acremonium chrysogenum ceft gene in penicillum chrysogenum indicates that it encodes an hydrophilic beta-lactam transporter. | the acremonium chryrsogenum ceft gene encoding a membrane protein of the major facilitator superfamily implicated in the cephalosporin biosynthesis in a. chrysogenum was introduced into penicillium chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 (a benzylpenicillin producer), p. chrysogenum npe6 pyrg(-) (a derivative of wisconsin 54-1255 lacking a functional pende gene) and p. chrysogenum ta98 (a deacetylcephalosporin producer containing the cefd1, cefd2, cefef and cefg genes from a. chrysogenum). rt-pcr analysis ... | 2008 | 18668246 |
| expression of the transporter encoded by the ceft gene of acremonium chrysogenum increases cephalosporin production in penicillium chrysogenum. | by introduction of the cefef genes of acremonium chrysogenum and the cmch gene of streptomyces clavuligerus, penicillium chrysogenum can be reprogrammed to form adipoyl-7-amino-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (ad7-accca), a carbamoylated derivate of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid. the ceft gene of a. chrysogenum encodes a cephalosporin c transporter that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. introduction of ceft into an ad7-accca-producing p. chrysogenum st ... | 2008 | 18691664 |
| cloning and functional identification of c-4 methyl sterol oxidase genes from the penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | two c-4 methyl sterol oxidase genes (pcerg25a and pcerg25b) that are involved in ergosterol biosynthesis have been cloned from the penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum. cdnas of both pcerg25a and pcerg25b have an orf 885 bp in length, encoding a peptide of 295 residues. the deduced amino acid sequences of pcerg25a and pcerg25b show 86% identity, and have high identities to the characterized c-4 methyl sterol oxidases from candida albicans and saccharomyces cerevisiae. the function ... | 2008 | 18707625 |
| no-donors. part 17: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel ketoconazole-no-donor hybrid compounds. | novel hybrid compounds combining the antifungal drug ketoconazole with a diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate or an organic nitrate moiety and the corresponding no-donors without ketoconazole were synthesized and their activities against a broad variety of fungal strains were tested. hybridization modifies the spectrum of antimicrobial activities and generally, the ketoconazole-no-donor hybrids are more potent than ketoconazole. the no-donors alone show insufficient effectiveness. | 2008 | 18710813 |
| antimicrobial effect of oxidized cellulose salts. | antimicrobial properties of oxidized cellulose and its salts in linters (-l) and microsphere (-m) form (okcel h-l, okcel zn-m, okcel znna-l, okcel znna-m and okcel ag-l) were tested by a dilution method against a spectrum of microbial strains: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus licheniformis, aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus oryzae, scopulariopsis brevicaulis, candida albicans and candida tropicalis. okcel ag-l exhibited antimicrobi ... | 2008 | 18712552 |
| distributions of the growth rate of the germ tubes and germination time of penicillium chrysogenum conidia depend on water activity. | the effects of water activities for sporulation (a(wsp)) and germination (a(wge)) on the distributions of the growth rate of the germ tubes (mu) and the germination time (t(g)) of penicillium chrysogenum conidia were determined by monitoring the length of the same germ tubes throughout the experiments automatically. no relationship between the individual t(g)'s and mu's could be established. irrespective of the water activity for germination, mu was greater and t(g) was less for conidia produced ... | 2008 | 18721680 |
| lys89, lys90, and phe91 are critical core amino acid residues of the pen ch 18 major fungal allergen recognized by human ige antibodies. | a vacuolar serine protease (pen ch 18) has been identified as a major allergen of penicillium chrysogenum. the molecular features of antigenic determinant(s) on pen ch 18 recognized by human ige antibodies, however, have remained unclear. here, we show that a dominant ige epitope on the n-terminally processed pen ch 18 allergen was narrowed down to residues 83-91. in addition, lys89, lys90, and possibly phe91 were identified as the core residues. substitution of lys89, lys90, or phe91 with alani ... | 2008 | 18760997 |
| effect of the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) on barley powdery mildew and wheat leaf rust pathogens. | the small molecular mass antifungal protein of penicillium chrysogenum (paf) inhibited the growths of two obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici and, hence, mitigated the symptoms of barley powdery mildew and wheat leaf rust infections, respectively. paf also affected adversely the germination of b. graminis conidia and p. recondita uredospores causing degenerative branching of germ tubes. since powdery mildews and rusts cause s ... | 2008 | 18798177 |
| genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | industrial penicillin production with the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is based on an unprecedented effort in microbial strain improvement. to gain more insight into penicillin synthesis, we sequenced the 32.19 mb genome of p. chrysogenum wisconsin54-1255 and identified numerous genes responsible for key steps in penicillin production. dna microarrays were used to compare the transcriptomes of the sequenced strain and a penicilling high-producing strain, grown in the presence and a ... | 2008 | 18820685 |
| characterization of a phenylacetate-coa ligase from penicillium chrysogenum. | enzymatic activation of paa (phenylacetic acid) to phenylacetyl-coa is an important step in the biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin g by the fungus penicillium chrysogenum. coa esters of paa and poa (phenoxyacetic acid) act as acyl donors in the exchange of the aminoadipyl side chain of isopenicillin n to produce penicillin g or penicillin v. the phl gene, encoding a pcl (phenylacetate-coa ligase), was cloned in escherichia coli as a maltose-binding protein fusion and the bioch ... | 2009 | 18834333 |
| [not available]. | | 1947 | 18856370 |
| [not available]. | | 1947 | 18856371 |
| [not available]. | | 1947 | 18856372 |
| metabolites of penicillium notatum. | | 1948 | 18858723 |
| the preparation and properties of a lysophospholipase from penicillium notatum. | | 1948 | 18910725 |
| the amino acid metabolism of penicillium chrysogenum q-176. | | 1948 | 18921849 |
| fungal control of pathogenic fungi isolated from wild plants in taif governorate, saudia arabia. | twenty two plants were collected from taif governorate and identified as: euphorbia glomerifera, juniperus procera, launaea mucronata, capparis dcidua, punica granatum, opuntia ficus, prunus persica, eucalyptus globulus, medicago sativa, artemisia monosperma, trichodesma calathiforme, artemisia judaica, foeniculum vulgare, phagnalon sinaicum, rumex dentatus, asphodelus aestives, pulicaria crispa, launae sonchoides, forsskaolea tenacissima, arnebia hispidissima, avena spp and aerva lanata. pathog ... | 2007 | 18928069 |
| the biosynthesis of penicillins by penicillium notatum. | | 1948 | 18934543 |
| the global regulator laea controls penicillin biosynthesis, pigmentation and sporulation, but not roquefortine c synthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. | the biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin is an excellent model for the study of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi due to the good background knowledge on the biochemistry and molecular genetics of the beta-lactam producing microorganisms. the three genes (pcbab, pcbc, pende) encoding enzymes of the penicillin pathway in penicillium chrysogenum are clustered, but no penicillin pathway-specific regulators have been found in the genome region that contains the pen ... | 2009 | 18952140 |
| the heterotrimeric galpha protein pga1 regulates biosynthesis of penicillin, chrysogenin and roquefortine in penicillium chrysogenum. | we have studied the role of the pga1 gene of penicillium chrysogenum, encoding the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric g protein, in secondary metabolite production. the dominant activating pga1(g42r) mutation caused an increase in the production of the three secondary metabolites penicillin, the yellow pigment chrysogenin and the mycotoxin roquefortine, whereas the dominant inactivating pga1(g203r) allele and the deletion of the pga1 gene resulted in a decrease of the amount of produced penicilli ... | 2008 | 18957609 |
| enhanced removal of pentachlorophenol and 2,4-d from aqueous solution by an aminated biosorbent. | the fungal biomasses of penicillium chrysogenum were used as raw materials to prepare the aminated adsorbent through chemical grafting of polyethylenimine (pei) on the biomass surface. due to the protonation of amine groups, the pei-modified biomass was found to possess the zero point of zeta potential at ph 10.2, higher than the pristine biomass at ph 3.8. the aminated biosorbent was effective in removing anionic pentachlorophenol (pcp) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) from aqueous so ... | 2009 | 19013710 |
| moulds and ochratoxin a on surfaces of artisanal and industrial dry sausages. | the use of moulds as a seasoning for sausage can have both desirable and undesirable consequences. the desirable consequences are the creation of a successful product that appeals to consumers. the undesirable consequences are due to the growth of undesirable moulds that produce highly toxic secondary metabolites referred to as mycotoxins. the aim of the paper was to investigate the presence of moulds producing ochratoxin a (ota) on the surface of sausages from northern italy. a total of 757 mou ... | 2009 | 19028307 |
| effects on perceived air quality and symptoms of exposure to microbially produced metabolites and compounds emitted from damp building materials. | this work investigated perceived air quality and health effects from exposure to low to high levels of volatile organic compounds (vocs) emitted from damp building materials and a mixture of molds growing on the materials. a mixture of wallemia sebi, fusarium culmorum, penicillium chrysogenum, ulocladium botrytis, and aspergillus versicolor was inoculated on pine wood and particle board. in study 1, each of 27 participants took part in two exposure conditions, one with air from molds growing on ... | 2009 | 19077173 |
| purification and characterization of the cold-active alkaline protease from marine cold-adaptive penicillium chrysogenum fs010. | an extracellular cold-active alkaline serine protease from penicillium chrysogenum fs010 has been purified. the purification procedure involved: ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae ion-exchange chromatography and sephadex g-100 gel chromatography. sds-page of the purified enzyme indicated a molecular weight of 41,000 +/- 1,000 da. the protease is stable in a ph range of 7.0-9.0 and has a maximum activity at ph 9.0. compared with other industrial proteases, the enzyme shows a high hydrolytic act ... | 2009 | 19116773 |