| moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis--clinical and molecular aspects of a rediscovered pathogen. | since its discovery at the end of the nineteenth century, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis has undergone several changes of nomenclature and periodic changes in its perceived status as either a commensal or a pathogen. molecular analysis based on dna hybridisation or 16s rdna sequence comparisons has established its phylogenetic position as a member of the moraxellaceae and shown that it is related more closely to acinetobacter spp. than to the genus neisseria in which it was placed formerly. ... | 1997 | 9152030 |
| cefprozil treatment of persistent and recurrent acute otitis media. | we identified the pathogens causing persistent and recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and the clinical efficacy of cefprozil as treatment. | 1997 | 9154539 |
| hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in hong kong: a randomized study comparing imipenem/cilastatin and ceftazidime. | the aetiology and outcome of hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia (cap) were evaluated in 60 adult patients (38 male 22 female, mean age 68.4 years). they were randomized for treatment with either ceftazidime or imipenem/cilastatin intravenously for 7 days. bacteriological diagnoses were made in 25 cases (41.6%): streptococcus pneumoniae (5), haemophilus influenzae (5), pseudomonas spp. in particular pseudomonas aeruginosa (8), staphylococcus aureus (4), chl ... | 1997 | 9154675 |
| [differential cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy children in comparison with children colonized by lung-specific pathogens]. | bal is increasingly used in the assessment of pulmonary diseases, however, the role in children remains to be defined. therefore bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed on 21 healthy children in order to enable quantification and characterization of the alveolar cell populations. reference values for cellular constituents of bal fluid using rigid bronchoscopes are lacking-even though in children still 90% of bronchoscopies are done by rigid instruments and bal is performed using a catheter le ... | 1997 | 9157458 |
| five-year survey of cefotaxime resistance in spain. | during 1991-1995 a spain collaborative study group surveyed the resistance to cefotaxime both in community as well as in hospital isolates of bacteria. the isolates tested during the study period of 5 years were 813, 875, 3631, 3184, and 3050 strains, respectively. antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime was assayed by broth or agar microdilution, in accordance with criteria of the national committee of clinical laboratory standards (nccls). cefotaxime resistance included 2.5% of all isolates: 2.6% ... | 1995 | 9158804 |
| bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: a bronchoscopic study. | in contrast to the healthy population, distal airway bacterial colonization may occur in patients with chronic lung diseases, who often have altered pulmonary defences. however, the information dealing with this issue is insufficient and is based mainly on nonspecific samples, such as sputum cultures. using quantitative cultures of bronchoscopic protected specimen brush (psb) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples, we studied the bacterial colonization of distal airways in 16 healthy subjects, ... | 1997 | 9163659 |
| [moraxella catarrhalis: virulence and resistance mechanisms]. | it is more than a century ago that moraxella catarrhalis was discovered and described in some detail. however, it was not until the last decade that m. catarrhalis was recognized as a facultative pathogen, namely in otitis media (predominantly in children), sinusitis and nosocomial pneumonia in the group of elderly, debilitated patients. liberation of endotoxin, histamine, and chemotactically active factors can be considered the major pathogenicity factors. the pathogen can protect itself, on th ... | 1997 | 9173208 |
| antimicrobial activity of du-6681a, a parent compound of novel oral carbapenem dz-2640. | the in vitro antibacterial activity of du-6681a, a parent compound of dz-2640, against gram-positive and -negative bacteria was compared with those of penems and cephalosporins currently available. mics at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (mic90s) of the compound for clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains, were 0.10, 25, and 12.5 microg/ml, respectively. du-6 ... | 1997 | 9174181 |
| in vitro activity of hsr-903, a new quinolone. | the in vitro activity of the new fluoroquinolone hsr-903 was compared with those of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin. hsr-903 inhibited 90% of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) clinical isolates at 0.78 and 1.56 microg/ml, respectively, and its activity against mrsa was 16-fold higher than those of sparfloxacin and levofloxacin and 64-fold higher than that of ciprofloxacin. the mics at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (mic90s) o ... | 1997 | 9174193 |
| clarithromycin. a review of its efficacy in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent patients. | clarithromycin is a broad spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent active in vitro and effective in vivo against the major pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent patients. it is highly active in vitro against pathogens causing atypical pneumonia (chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella spp.) and has similar activity to other macrolides against staphylococcus aureus. streptococcus pyogenes, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae. hae ... | 1997 | 9179528 |
| relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. tonawanda/williamsville pediatrics. | streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the predominant bacteria associated with otitis media. a cohort of 306 infants was followed from birth through 12 months to determine frequency and duration of colonization and risk of acute otitis media (aom) and otitis media with effusion (ome). m. catarrhalis was the most common bacterium isolated. infants colonized at < or = 3 months of age were at increased risk of aom and ome. early colonization wit ... | 1997 | 9180184 |
| cefpodoxime proxetil suspension compared with cefaclor suspension for treatment of acute otitis media in paediatric patients. | a multicentre open-label, randomised trial was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of cefpodoxime proxetil bd and cefaclor tds in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. a total of 167 children aged from 1 month to 11 years were enrolled in five centres: 78 treated with cefpodoxime and 83 treated with cefaclor, were evaluated in the itt analysis. after tympanocentesis and culture of middle ear fluid, a pathogen was isolated from 85 (53%) of the 161 evaluable patients for the it ... | 1996 | 9182113 |
| in-vitro microbiological assessment of a new penem, men 10700. | the in-vitro antibacterial activity of men 10700, a novel penem, has been compared with that of ritipenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefotaxime and co-amoxiclav against 539 strains taken from 17 genera. men 10700 was most active against staphylococci and streptococci (mic90 < 0.5 mg/l), slightly less active against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter spp., citrobacter spp., moraxella catarrhalis and peptostreptococci (mic90 0.5-2 mg/l), moderately active against enterococcus fae ... | 1997 | 9184355 |
| antimicrobial resistance: implications for managing respiratory failure. | the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens is increasing rapidly. in the community, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has escalated dramatically among moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, and streptococcus pneumoniae. resistance to penicillin among s. pneumoniae has developed at an alarming rate over the past two decades. recent studies in the united states have cited rates of penicillin resistance as high as 23.6%, with 9.5% exhibiting high-level resistance. ... | 1997 | 9193863 |
| antigenic characterization and analysis of the human immune response to outer membrane protein e of branhamella catarrhalis. | outer membrane protein e (omp e) is a 50-kda major omp of branhamella catarrhalis. polyclonal antisera and four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to omp e were generated to study its antigenic structure. all antibodies recognized epitopes in all 19 b. catarrhalis strains tested by immunoblot assays. by flow cytometry, it was determined that mabs 1b3 and 9g10d recognized epitopes which are expressed on the surface of the intact bacterium, while mabs ic11 and 7c10 recognized epitopes which were buried ... | 1997 | 9199435 |
| bacterial resistance to antibiotics in acute respiratory infections (aris). | in this review article, we make suggestions on how to approach the increasing problem worldwide of bacterial acute respiratory infections resistant to antibiotics. after a brief description of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance, i.e., enzymatic inactivation by beta-lactamases, reduction in the permeability of the outer membrane and the development of pbps that have decreased affinity for the antibiotic, we analyze documented experiences on the response to different groups of antibiotics ... | 1997 | 9204608 |
| comparative effectiveness and safety of cefdinir and amoxicillin-clavulanate in treatment of acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis. cefdinir sinusitis study group. | cefdinir is an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin that is active against pathogens commonly seen in acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis (acabs), including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. two randomized, investigator-blind, multicenter trials (one in the united states and one in europe) compared two dosage regimens of cefdinir (600 mg once a day for 10 days and 300 mg twice a day for 10 days) to amoxicillin-clavulanate (a-c) (500 mg three ti ... | 1997 | 9210677 |
| in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, compared to activities of six fluoroquinolones against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. | the in vitro activity of a novel 8-methoxyquinolone, bay 12-8039, against recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 404), haemophilus influenzae (n = 330), and moraxella catarrhalis (n = 250) was evaluated. activity was compared to those of six other fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin. bay 12-8039 and clinafloxacin had the highest levels of activity against s. pneumoniae, both with a mic at which 90% of the isol ... | 1997 | 9210692 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1995)]. | the bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected by institutions located throughout japan, since 1981. ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of these isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and characteristics of the patients and isolates from them each year. results obtained from these investigations are discussed. in 23 institutions around the entire japan, 567 strains of presumably etiological bacteria were isol ... | 1997 | 9212366 |
| selection of optimum laboratory tests for the identification of moraxella catarrhalis. | we evaluated a variety of conventional and rapid tests and examined the erythromycin susceptibility of a collection of moraxella catarrhalis and commensal neisseria strains in order to determine the optimum method for routine identification. one hundred and fifty three strains were tested by gram stain, catalase, oxidase, carbohydrate degradation by two methods and the presence of esterases using indoxyl acetate, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate (mub). tween 80 and tributyrin as substrates. erythro ... | 1997 | 9213343 |
| immune response to fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella intermedia and other anaerobes in children with acute tonsillitis. | the number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was determined in the saliva of 20 children with acute group a beta-haemolytic streptococcal (gabhs) pharyngo-tonsillitis, and 20 with acute non-gabhs tonsillitis. antibody titres to four gram-negative anaerobic bacilli that reside in the oropharynx (fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella intermedia, porphyromonas gingivalis, and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) were determined in these and 20 control patients. an average of 8.8 aerobic and anaerobi ... | 1997 | 9222046 |
| concentrations of trovafloxacin in bronchial mucosa, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and serum after administration of single or multiple oral doses to patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. | concentrations of trovafloxacin were measured in serum, alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid and bronchial mucosa following single and multiple oral doses. concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay method. there were 18 subjects in the single dose and nine subjects in the multiple dose groups. after single dosing, mean concentrations in serum, alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid and bronchial mucosa at 6, 12 and 24 h were as follows: 6 h, 1.41 mg/l, 19.06 mg ... | 1997 | 9222050 |
| in-vitro activity of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, against recent clinical isolates. | trovafloxacin (cp-99,219) was very active against gram-negative species examined including haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, legionella spp., neisseria spp. and escherichia coli (mic90s < or = 0.03 mg/l). in general trovafloxacin was twice as active as ofloxacin but only half as active as ciprofloxacin against gram-negative species. trovafloxacin was active against gram-positive organisms, including staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes and enteroco ... | 1997 | 9222069 |
| [in vitro activity of cefetamet compared with other antimicrobial agents against bacteria isolated from respiratory tract infections]. | cefetamet pivoxil is a new beta lactamase orally stable administered cephalosporin. antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens has become an important problem for both the physician and the microbiologist and the patterns of resistance vary greatly depending on geographic location, often requiring in vitro susceptibility testing of isolates. | 1997 | 9224992 |
| the changing trend in the pattern of infective etiologies in childhood acute lower respiratory tract infection. | the etiologic agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized children were compared for 1995 and 1988. between may 1994 to april 1995, 397 children were admitted to tan tock seng hospital for acute lrti compared to 240 children in 1988. the following criteria for lrti were used: (i) age less than 12 years with a community-acquired lrti; (ii) presence of cough or fever of less than 2 weeks' duration; and (iii) presence of tachypnea, chest retractions or pulmonary in ... | 1997 | 9241892 |
| trends in the activity of macrolide and beta-lactam antibiotics and resistance development. alexander project group. | the alexander project is an ongoing international multicenter study monitoring trends in the antimicrobial susceptibilities of community-acquired lower respiratory tract (lrt) pathogens. in 1995, 4011 isolates were collected. the incidence of beta-lactamase-positive haemophilus influenzae was 28.4% in the united states and 15.4% in europe, and the incidence of beta-lactamase-positive moraxella catarrhalis has risen to > 90% in europe and the united states. the incidence of penicillin-resistant s ... | 1997 | 9248977 |
| relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the selection of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. | the pharmacodynamic principles that link the concentrations of antibiotics within body systems and their effects have been elucidated only recently. animal work, now confirmed by clinical studies, has shown that for beta-lactam antibiotics, the time that the serum concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) value of the pathogen is a key parameter in predicting a successful clinical and bacteriological outcome. the situation with the macrolides is less clear; time above mic ... | 1997 | 9248979 |
| moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis adherence to human bronchial and oropharyngeal cells: the role of adherence in lower respiratory tract infections. | to study the role of moraxella (subgenus branhamella) catarrhalis (b. catarrhalis) adherence to airway cells in lower respiratory tract infections, the in vitro attachments of b. catarrhalis to upper airway (oropharyngeal) and lower airway (bronchial) epithelial cells were compared. the adherence of 4 strains (1 nonfimbriated and 3 fimbriated) of b. catarrhalis to respiratory tract epithelial cells collected from 11 patients with chronic pulmonary disease (cpd) and 11 healthy individuals was eva ... | 1997 | 9251060 |
| experimental otitis media induced by nonviable moraxella catarrhalis in the guinea pig model. | moraxella catarrhalis is a normal resident of the human nasopharyngeal flora, but it is also isolated from middle ear fluid of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion patients. to determine whether m. catarrhalis has direct pathogenicity in the middle ear, heat-killed m. catarrhalis was inoculated into the middle ear bullae of guinea pigs, and the inflammatory response was investigated. middle ear mucosal histopathology observed in m. catarrhalis-inoculated ears included subepithelial ... | 1997 | 9251851 |
| [epidemiological evaluation of mycobacteria isolates in one city hospital: reports from the hospital microbiology laboratory]. | the frequency of mycobacteria isolated from patient's specimens at showa university fujigaoka hospital was investigated. by fitting a polynominal curve (degree = 3) of the annual frequency of culture-positive mycobacterium tuberculosis (1977 through 1995), it was noted that the frequency had not changed since 1977. the patients in the 40s or older and 60s or older comprised 74 and 38%, respectively. of 104 patients diagnosed as tuberculosis (between 1993 and 1995), 43 (41%) were compromised host ... | 1997 | 9259127 |
| role of adenoids in the pathogenesis of otitis media: a bacteriologic and immunohistochemical analysis. | adenoidectomy is frequently performed in children suffering from recurrent or chronic otitis media with effusion and is thought to produce a long-term effect in preventing further episodes of otitis media. bacteriologic analysis of adenoids from 60 patients revealed a significantly elevated colonization rate of middle ear pathogens in children with a present or previous history of ear disease compared to children with adenoidal hypertrophy only. the predominant pathogen was nontypeable haemophil ... | 1997 | 9270422 |
| a 200 kda protein is associated with haemagglutinating isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis adheres to human erythrocytes by means of a proteinaceous, trypsin sensitive, heat modifiable haemagglutinin. a 200 kda protein was found to be associated with haemagglutinating isolates of m. catarrhalis. this protein was present on all haemagglutinating isolates (n = 17), but was absent on the non-haemagglutinating isolates (n = 23) examined. this protein demonstrated heat-modifiable properties in sodium dodecyl sulfate and was degraded by trypsin. immunoblot assays with ... | 1997 | 9271172 |
| trovafloxacin. | trovafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity. trovafloxacin has similar or 2-fold lower activity than ciprofloxacin against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa. against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, trovafloxacin has similar activity to ciprofloxacin. other susceptible gram-negative pathogens include neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmas. the drug is active against gram-positive bacteria and consiste ... | 1997 | 9279505 |
| antigenic heterogeneity and molecular analysis of copb of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. | outer membrane protein (omp) copb, an iron-repressible 81-kda major omp of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis has been a major focus of investigation. to assess copb as a potential vaccine antigen, we elucidated the degree of antigenic and sequence heterogeneity in this protein among strains of m. catarrhalis. two monoclonal antibodies, 1f5 and 2.9f, which bind to surface-exposed epitopes on copb recognized 60 and 70% of the strains, respectively. the degree of sequence heterogeneity in copb wa ... | 1997 | 9284135 |
| do simple laboratory tests help in etiologic diagnosis in acute maxillary sinusitis? | the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the results of such simple hematologic tests as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr), white blood cell count (wbc) and c-reactive protein (crp) could give any useful information about the causative agents in 176 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis (ams). the great majority of tests (82%) showed values which were within normal limits. this may be due to the fact that 22% of ams cases were culture negative for bacteria and about 60% of cultu ... | 1997 | 9288295 |
| immunoglobulin-coated bacteria in effusions obtained during chronic maxillary sinusitis. | local protection of the maxillary sinuses against bacterial invasion takes both specific and non-specific forms. the present study is intended to evaluate the participation of the specific protective factors, immunoglobulins igg, secretory iga, igm and complement, in protecting the maxillary sinuses during chronic maxillary sinusitis (cms). we collected 47 sinus effusion samples from 37 patients (17 male, 20 female) with current cms of at least 3 months' duration. patients' ages ranged from 3 to ... | 1997 | 9288298 |
| bacterial findings in acute maxillary sinusitis--european study. | bacteriology of acute maxillary sinusitis was studied in 569 patients in 16 centers of 6 countries located throughout europe during 1992-1994 by ent specialists. patients with symptoms of acute sinusitis lasting less than 3 weeks with ongoing purulent nasal discharge were included. diagnosis was verified by sinus x-ray or ultrasonography and a positive aspiration finding in maxillary sinus puncture. one or more pathogens were isolated from the maxillary sinus aspirates of 375 (66%) patients. fif ... | 1997 | 9288300 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity and mic quality control guidelines of rpr 106972 (rpr 112808/rpr106950): a novel orally administered streptogramin combination. the quality control study group. | rpr 106972 is a novel oral streptogramin combination with reported therapeutic potency against gram-positive and certain respiratory tract pathogens. mics for rpr 106972, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and seven comparison drugs were determined by the reference methods against 337 strains selected to define spectrum and potency. rpr 106972 demonstrated antimicrobial activity against oxacillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (mic ranges of 0.12 to 2 micrograms/ml and 0.5 to 2 microgr ... | 1997 | 9294704 |
| [bacterial infectious agents implicated in lower respiratory tract infections in general practice]. | the consensus of the french society of infectious diseases established in 1991 states that streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the main causal agents of community-acquired lower airway infections and that antibiotics constitute the "prudent" solution in case of acute bronchitis which persists more than one week or in case of pneumonia in "fragile" at-risk adults. the efficacy of these "probabilistic" recommendations depends on the epidemiology of the infectious agents. the ob ... | 1997 | 9296114 |
| ceftibuten: a new expanded-spectrum oral cephalosporin. | to review the antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of ceftibuten, a new expanded-spectrum oral cephalosporin. | 1997 | 9296244 |
| nasopharyngeal colonization in costa rican children during the first year of life. | the establishment of the nasopharyngeal flora was followed in costa rican children from birth to 1 year of age. | 1997 | 9306479 |
| chlamydia pneumoniae in acute otitis media. | aerobic bacterial pathogens are recovered from 65 to 85% of patients with acute otitis media (aom). although chlamydia pneumoniae is a common pathogen of pediatric pneumonia, it has rarely been cultured from children with chronic otitis media and its role in aom is unknown. | 1997 | 9306480 |
| studies on haemagglutination and serum resistance status of strains of moraxella catarrhalis isolated from the elderly. | a total of 40 strains of moraxella catarrhalis, isolated from the sputum of elderly persons with respiratory tract infections and from nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy elderly, were examined for haemagglutination of human red blood cells and resistance to bactericidal activity in normal human serum (nhs). 15 of 20 strains isolated from the infected elderly and 3 of 20 strains isolated from the healthy elderly showed haemagglutinating properties (p < 0.001). similarly, 13 of 20 strains from the ... | 1997 | 9309417 |
| antibacterial activity of ru 64004 (hmr 3004), a novel ketolide derivative active against respiratory pathogens. | the antibacterial activity of ru 64004, a new ketolide, was evaluated against more than 600 bacterial strains and was compared with those of various macrolides and pristinamycin. ru 64004 had good activity against multiresistant pneumococci, whether they were erythromycin a resistant or not, including penicillin-resistant strains. ru 64004 inhibited 90% of pneumococci resistant to erythromycin a and penicillin g at 0.6 and 0.15 microg/ml, respectively. unlike macrolides, ru 64004 did not induce ... | 1997 | 9333040 |
| increasing antimicrobial resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in finland. | respiratory and otitis isolates of 807 streptococcus pneumoniae, 816 haemophilus influenzae and 446 moraxella catarrhalis were collected from 21 clinical microbiology laboratories for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in 1995. after a period of relative stability in 1981 and 1987-1990, beta-lactamase production increased in h. influenzae. among middle ear isolates from children under 6 years, beta-lactamase production increased from 8% to 24% in h. influenzae and from 81% to 96% in m. catarrh ... | 1997 | 9338492 |
| in-vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens from respiratory tract infections. | trovafloxacin, sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were equally active against moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, legionella pneumophila, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae and serratia marcescens. ciprofloxacin was the most active compound against pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90 = 1 mg/l), followed by trovafloxacin (mic90 = 4 mg/l). trovafloxacin was twice as active as sparfloxacin against streptococcus pyogenes (mic90 = 0.12 mg/l), streptococcus pneumoniae (mic90 = ... | 1997 | 9338498 |
| in vitro activity of trimethoprim alone compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other antimicrobials against bacterial species associated with upper respiratory tract infections. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been used to treat various respiratory tract infections. nevertheless, for many patients, intolerance of the sulfonamide component precludes use of this combination. this study examined the activity of trimethoprim alone in comparison to that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other antimicrobials against bacterial species implicated in respiratory tract infections. for haemophilus influenzae, minimal inhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim were equal to or ... | 1997 | 9350413 |
| use of multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of four bacterial species in middle ear effusions. | a multiplex pcr procedure was developed for the simultaneous detection of alloiococcus otitidis, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae in middle ear effusions (mees) from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion. the bacterial 16s rrna gene was chosen as the target, and the procedure used one common lower primer and four species-specific upper primers. the reaction was optimized by changing the primer concentrations to yield equal amounts of amplific ... | 1997 | 9350746 |
| a protective epitope of moraxella catarrhalis is encoded by two different genes. | the high-molecular-weight uspa protein of moraxella catarrhalis has been described as being both present on the surface of all m. catarrhalis disease isolates examined to date and a target for a monoclonal antibody (mab 17c7) which enhanced pulmonary clearance of this organism in a mouse model system (m. e. helminen et al., j. infect. dis. 170:867-872, 1994). a recombinant bacteriophage that formed plaques which bound mab 17c7 was shown to contain a m. catarrhalis gene, designated uspa1, that en ... | 1997 | 9353007 |
| recurrence of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly adults after hospital-treated pneumonia: aetiology and predisposing conditions. | in order to investigate the predisposing conditions and aetiologic agents in patients with recurrent pneumonia, we prospectively studied 653 immunocompetent patients, 50-85 years of age, who had been treated in hospital for community-acquired pneumonia. after an average patient follow-up period of 32 months, 11 variables were examined for association with the following end points: death, recurrence of pneumonia and recurrence of pneumococcal pneumonia. during the follow-up period there were 171 ... | 1997 | 9360255 |
| concentrations of levofloxacin (hr 355) in the respiratory tract following a single oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. | concentrations of levofloxacin were measured in bronchial biopsies, alveolar macrophages (am), epithelial lining fluid (elf) and serum following a single oral dose. concentrations were measured by a microbiological assay method. a total of 35 patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy were studied. mean serum, am, elf and biopsy concentrations were as follows. 0.5 h: 4.73 mg/l, 19.1 mg/l, 4.74 mg/l and 4.3 mg/kg; 1 h: 6.6 mg/l, 32.5 mg/l, 10.8 mg/l and 8.3 mg/kg; 2 h: 4.9 mg/l, 41.9 mg/l, 9.0 ... | 1997 | 9372428 |
| pharmacologic and clinical comparison of cefaclor in immediate-release capsule and extended-release tablet forms. | a new controlled-delivery, extended-release 500-mg formulation of cefaclor that is administered twice daily may improve patient compliance compared with the older, immediate-release 250-mg formulation that is administered three times daily. when the extended-release tablet is administered with food, peak plasma cefaclor concentrations are achieved about 2.5 hours after the dose compared with about 1 hour after a dose with the immediate-release capsule. however, the two formulations have an equiv ... | 1997 | 9377607 |
| concentration of cefuroxime in middle ear effusion of children with acute otitis media. | antibiotic concentrations in serum and middle ear effusion are important in determining therapeutic success in acute otitis media. for beta-lactams the most relevant pharmacokinetic index for clinical efficacy is the time for which serum concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of the pathogen, which should be at least 40 to 50% of the dosing interval. | 1997 | 9380472 |
| efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin 600 mg daily for 10 days in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | the efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin in treating patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) was assessed in an open-label, noncomparative study. patients (n = 273) received grepafloxacin 600 mg qd for 10 days. a total of 237 patients (87%) completed the study. in assessable patients, the clinical success rate at follow-up (4 to 6 weeks after the last dose) was 89% (211/238 patients). in microbiologically assessable patients, the eradication rate at follow-up was 95% (86/91 isolates). g ... | 1997 | 9385485 |
| efficacy of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis: interim analysis. bronchitis study group. | in a multicenter, community-based study involving more than 300 primary care physicians in the united states, the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were compared in the treatment of patients with complicated or severe acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (i.e., those who had failed previous antibiotic treatment within the prior 2 to 4 weeks; those with susceptibility data suggestive of a resistant pathogen; those having three or more acute exacerbations of ch ... | 1997 | 9385486 |
| [clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil against community-acquired respiratory tract infections. part ii]. | we investigated clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil (cemt-pi) in community-acquired respiratory tract infections and obtained the following findings. that method was approximately equal to that of investigation in 1994. 1. of the 431 respiratory tract infection cases that were treated with cemt-pi according to a same protocol at a total of 41 institutions in tokyo, kanagawa-ken, saitama-ken and chiba-ken from january to the beginning of march 1996. outpatients accounted for ... | 1997 | 9394236 |
| [recent trends in incidence of respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibilities of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated in 1994 and 1995]. | the incidence of pathogenic bacteria in respiratory tract infections in 1994 and 1995 was investigated using quantitative cultures of sputa from patients with the infections in our department. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis were isolated at high rates (70.5% in 1994 and 73.8% in 1995) from the specimens of out-patients, and the incident rates were similar to the past data. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of these three pathogens were examined with t ... | 1997 | 9394237 |
| [antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin against recent obtained clinical isolates]. | in order to evaluate antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin (cam), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cam and control drugs were determined against clinical isolates that were obtained from outpatients in 1994 and 1996. the results are summarized as follows; 1. it was not showed that cam-resistant strains were increasing among staphylococcus spp., beta-streptococci, moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, bordetella pertussis, campylobacter jejuni subsp. ... | 1997 | 9394238 |
| comparative in vitro assessment of sparfloxacin activity and spectrum using results from over 14,000 pathogens isolated at 190 medical centers in the usa. spar study group. | sparfloxacin, a new orally administered fluoroquinolone, was tested against 14,182 clinical strains isolated (generally blood stream and respiratory tract cultures) at nearly 200 hospitals in the united states (usa) and canada. sparfloxacin activity was compared with 13 other compounds by etest (ab biodisk, solna, sweden), broth microdilution, or a standardized disk diffusion method. using the food and drug administration/product package insert mic breakpoint for sparfloxacin susceptibility (< o ... | 1997 | 9401810 |
| [occurrence of moraxella catarrhalis in patients with respiratory tract infections]. | the study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of moraxella catarrhalis in patients with respiratory tract infections. overall 514 specimens including 370 throat swabs and 114 sputum specimens were examined. the 78 strains isolated basing on morphological and biochemical characteristics were classified as moraxella catarrhalis. the sensitivity of the strains to antibiotics was also estimated. the frequency of m. catarrhalis isolation from the throat swabs (15.9%) was higher than from the spu ... | 1997 | 9411073 |
| [aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in chronic sinusitis in adults]. | the aim of the study was to analyse microbiologically samples obtained from 30 patients aged from 21 to 73 years treated for chronic sinusitis. aerobic bacteria only were isolated in 16 patients (53%), and anaerobic organisms only in 5 patients (17%). mixed aerobic and anaerobic isolates were recovered from 9 patients (30%). the isolated aerobic bacteria were as follows: streptococci from the species streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus anginosus, streptococcus group c, streptococcus sanguis, ... | 1997 | 9411078 |
| [comparative antimicrobial activity of rp 59,500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin), the first semisynthetic injectable streptgramin, against gram-positive cocci and other recent clinical pathogens]. | rp 59,500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin) is the first semisynthetic injectable streptogramin antimicrobial agent, which is a combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin in a 30:70 ratio. the components of rp 59,500 act synergically to provide bactericidal activity through action at different sites on bacterial ribosomes. in the present study, the antimicrobial activity of rp 59,500 was compared with those of four macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin). susceptibilit ... | 1997 | 9412874 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-834, a novel oral carbapenem. | cs-834 is a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic. this compound is an ester-type prodrug of the active metabolite r-95867. the antibacterial activity of r-95867 was tested against 1,323 clinical isolates of 35 species and was compared with those of oral cephems, i.e., cefteram, cefpodoxime, cefdinir, and cefditoren, and that of a parenteral carbapenem, imipenem. r-95867 exhibited a broad spectrum of activity covering both gram-positive and -negative aerobes and anaerobes. its activity was superior t ... | 1997 | 9420035 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of gv129606, a new broad-spectrum trinem. | gv129606 is a new parenteral trinem antibiotic belonging to the beta-lactam class. it combines broad-spectrum activity (against gram-negative and -positive bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes), with high potency and resistance to beta-lactamases. comparative in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities were determined for gv129606 against more than 400 recent clinical isolates (aerobes, including beta-lactamase producers, and anaerobes), using representative antibacterial agents (meropenem, piperac ... | 1997 | 9420050 |
| phage antibodies obtained by competitive selection on complement-resistant moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis recognize the high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein. | we used competitive panning to select a panel of 10 different human antibodies from a large semisynthetic phage display library that distinguish between serum complement-resistant and complement-sensitive strains of the gram-negative diplococcus moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. western blotting analyses and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that all phage antibodies were directed against the same or closely spaced epitopes on the target protein, which is the high-molecular ... | 1998 | 9423843 |
| role of the haemophilus ducreyi ton system in internalization of heme from hemoglobin. | by cloning into escherichia coli and construction of isogenic mutants of haemophilus ducreyi, we showed that the hemoglobin receptor (hgba) is tonb dependent. an e. coli hema tonb mutant expressing h. ducreyi hgba grew on low levels of hemoglobin as a source of heme only when an intact h. ducreyi ton system plasmid was present. in contrast, growth on heme by the e. coli hema tonb mutant expressing hgba was observed only at high concentrations of heme, was tonb independent, and demonstrated that ... | 1998 | 9423852 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility testing in sweden. iii. methodology for susceptibility testing. | a subcommittee of the swedish reference group for antibiotics, srga-m, has worked with standardization of methodology for susceptibility testing. in vitro data obtained with the disk diffusion procedure were collected from 5 clinical laboratories, compiled and presented as histograms of inhibition zones, and compared with data [minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and inhibition zones] obtained from the reference laboratory at the swedish institute for infectious disease control on a collect ... | 1997 | 9435027 |
| influence of age, gender and smoking on streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis antibody titres in an elderly population. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the association of serum antibody levels to streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis with age, gender and smoking in an elderly population. the study population comprised all the inhabitants aged 65 years or over in a rural municipality in south-western finland. serum samples were obtained from 1,174 out of a total of 1,360 subjects. bacterial antibodies were measured by enzyme immunoassay (eia) using pn ... | 1997 | 9435037 |
| analysis of adult otitis media: polymerase chain reaction versus culture for bacteria and viruses. | recent studies using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) have identified bacterial and viral genomic sequences in culture-negative pediatric middle ear effusions. to evaluate this technique in adults, 19 effusions were analyzed to compare bacterial and viral culture and pcr detection of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and adenovirus. effusions from 4 subjects positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were analyzed by pcr for hiv virus. three of 19 e ... | 1998 | 9439382 |
| chronic sinusitis in children. | in children, sinusitis is a common, generally uncomplicated, and self limiting disease which drops with age. the diagnosis is difficult because of relatively non specific signs and symptoms that overlap with viral upper respiratory infection and allergy. plain paranasal sinus radiographs are not adequate, in determining the extent of involvement in recurrent or chronic sinusitis and so ct scan has become the standard. viral illness appears to be the most common predisposing factor. immune defect ... | 1997 | 9444376 |
| [moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis: its isolation in the respiratory secretions of adult patients]. | we have designed a retrospective study in order to know the clinical significance of the isolation of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis (mc) in respiratory specimens of adult hospitalized patients. | 1997 | 9445580 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new carbapenem. | the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new 1beta-methylcarbapenem, were compared with those of imipenem, meropenem, biapenem, cefpirome, and ceftazidime. the activity of s-4661 against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci was comparable to that of imipenem, with an mic at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited (mic90) equal to 0.5 microg/ml or less. s-4661 was highly active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, haemophilus influenzae, ... | 1998 | 9449267 |
| efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily. | a randomized, prospective, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter study investigated the efficacy and safety of 10 days of oral therapy with grepafloxacin at 400 mg once daily, grepafloxacin at 600 mg once daily, or ciprofloxacin at 500 mg twice daily in 624 patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. at the end of treatment, clinical success (cure or improvement) was achieved for 93% (140 of 151), 88% (137 of 156), and 91% (145 of 160) of patients in the groups receiving ... | 1998 | 9449270 |
| characterisation of an outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis. | to elucidate potential vaccine antigens, moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins (omps) were studied. we have previously shown an omp to be a target for human igg and have now further characterised this omp which appears to have a molecular mass of 84 kda and to be distinct from the 81-kda omp, copb. human transferrin was shown to bind the 84-kda omp alone. n-terminal sequencing of this omp and purified m. catarrhalis transferrin binding protein b (tbpb) revealed homology both with each ot ... | 1997 | 9453393 |
| mapping of a protective epitope of the copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) (mab 10f3) directed against the copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis previously was found to enhance pulmonary clearance of m. catarrhalis in an animal model (m. helminen, i. maciver, j. l. latimer, l. d. cope, g. h. mccracken, jr., and e. j. hansen, infect. immun. 61:2003-2010, 1993). in the present study, this same mab was shown to exert complement-dependent bactericidal activity against this pathogen in vitro. nucleotide sequence analysis of the cop ... | 1998 | 9453607 |
| [the postantibiotic effect of azithromycin on respiratory pathogens]. | azithromycin has in vitro activity which includes important respiratory pathogens and is successful in treatment of respiratory tract infections. we assessed postantibiotic effect (pae) of azithromycin against 3 stains of streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of haemophilus influenzae and 2 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. the strains were exposed for 2 hours to an azithromycin concentration of 0.5 mg/l (maximum serum concentration achieved by azithromycin after the usual dosing regimen). a stati ... | 1996 | 9455450 |
| surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states in 1996-1997 respiratory season. the laboratory investigator group. | a u.s. surveillance study of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens in the respiratory season (1996-1997) is reported that included 11,368 isolates from 434 institutions in 45 states and the district of columbia. beta-lactamase was produced by 33.4% of haemophilus influenzae and 92.7% of moraxella catarrhalis. of the 9,190 streptococcus pneumoniae isolates tested, 33.5% were not susceptible to penicillin (mic > or = 0.12 microgram/ml), with 13.6% having high-level resistance (mi ... | 1997 | 9458982 |
| rapid detection of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid by a seminested-pcr strategy. | a seminested-pcr assay, based on the amplification of the pneumococcal penicillin-binding protein 2b gene (pbp2b), was developed for the detection of penicillin-resistant and -susceptible pneumococci in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. species-specific primers (p5 and p6) which amplified a 682-bp conserved region of the transpeptidase-encoding region of the pbp2b gene were used. four "resistance" primers were designed to bind to altered areas of the pbp2b gene identified in penicillin-resist ... | 1998 | 9466757 |
| viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. | two hundred young adults with common colds were studied during a 10-month period. virus culture, antigen detection, pcr, and serology with paired samples were used to identify the infection. viral etiology was established for 138 of the 200 patients (69%). rhinoviruses were detected in 105 patients, coronavirus oc43 or 229e infection was detected in 17, influenza a or b virus was detected in 12, and single infections with parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and enterovi ... | 1998 | 9466772 |
| molecular approaches to diagnosis of pulmonary diseases due to mycoplasma pneumoniae. | in this prospective study, the use of a culture-enhanced pcr assay for the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae, followed by hybridization with a specific probe (mp-hpcr) or without hybridization (mp-pcr), and the use of a nested pcr (mp-npcr) were evaluated. clinical samples (190 specimens) from 190 patients with respiratory complaints were incubated in culture broth overnight and then subjected to pcr. the results of the pcr were compared to those obtained by culture, the direct antigen test, an ... | 1998 | 9466774 |
| novel cost-effective approaches to the treatment of community-acquired infections. | to review approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with community-acquired infections. | 1998 | 9475837 |
| biochemical and immunological properties of lactoferrin binding proteins from moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. | the neisseriaceae can acquire iron (fe) from lactoferrin (lf) using host-lf receptors on the bacterial surface. the binding proteins that are proposed to constitute the receptor have been identified by isolation with immobilized lf. using copb-specific monoclonal antibodies and isogenic copb mutants, we demonstrate that the 84 kda protein isolated with immobilized human lf from moraxella catarrhalis using low stringency conditions is copb, an 84 kda membrane-spanning protein with similarities to ... | 1998 | 9480791 |
| the activity of grepafloxacin against respiratory pathogens in the uk. | the in-vitro activity of grepafloxacin was compared with that of other antimicrobials against respiratory tract pathogens collected from 15 uk laboratories over the winter of 1995-96. penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae was not encountered, but macrolide resistance was seen in approximately 10% of strains. grepafloxacin (mic90 0.25 mg/l) was four- to eight-fold more active than ciprofloxacin. twelve percent of haemophilus influenzae were beta-lactamase producers, macrolides were relati ... | 1997 | 9484870 |
| randomized, double-blind study of grepafloxacin versus amoxycillin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | this randomized, multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy study compared the efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin and amoxycillin in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abecb). patients were randomized to receive grepafloxacin 400 mg or 600 mg od, or amoxycillin 500 mg tds, for 7 or 10 days. the trial recruited 656 patients, of whom 566 (86%) completed the study. clinical success rates at the 2 week follow-up visit for the population evaluable for clinical efficacy were 82% (165/ ... | 1997 | 9484875 |
| randomized, double-blind, comparative study of grepafloxacin and amoxycillin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | this randomized, multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy study assessed the efficacy and safety of 7 or 10 day regimens of grepafloxacin, 600 mg od, compared with amoxycillin, 500 mg tds, in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). a total of 264 patients were recruited at 43 centres (127 received grepafloxacin and 137 received amoxycillin), of whom 207 patients (78%) completed the study. clinical and microbiological efficacy were assessed at the end-of-treatment visit (3-5 days afte ... | 1997 | 9484876 |
| randomized comparison of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. | in an evaluator-blind, parallel-group, multicenter study, the efficacy and tolerability of ceftibuten 400 mg capsules once daily were compared with clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 7-14 days in the treatment of 309 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb). clinical (n = 262) and microbiological (n = 71) assessments were conducted before treatment, during days 4-6 of treatment, and at 0-6 and 7-21 days after treatment. clinical efficacy success rates (cure/improvement) a ... | 1998 | 9505188 |
| species-specific and ubiquitous-dna-based assays for rapid identification of staphylococcus aureus. | staphylococcus aureus is the cause of serious infections in humans, including endocarditis, deep-seated abscesses, and bacteremia, which lead to toxic and septic shock syndromes. rapid and direct identification of this bacterium specifically and ubiquitously directly from clinical specimens would be useful in improving the diagnosis of s. aureus infections in the clinical microbiology laboratory. a wide variety of kits based on biochemical characteristics efficiently identify s. aureus, but the ... | 1998 | 9508283 |
| prospective study to determine clinical relevance of detection of pneumococcal dna in sera of children by pcr. | we undertook a prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of pcr of serum (aimed at the pneumococcal pneumolysin gene) at detecting pneumococcal infections in infants and children. the assay was positive for all blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture-positive samples and for 38 and 44% of patients with lobar pneumonia and acute otitis media, respectively. it was positive for 17% of healthy controls. there was a marked effect of age on the rate of positivity among healthy controls, with the highes ... | 1998 | 9508293 |
| evaluation of pcr for diagnosis of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis infections. | pcr, using primers plp1 and plp2, was evaluated for the detection of dna from bordetella pertussis in bacterial strains and in nasopharyngeal samples from patients with a cough lasting at least 7 days. the assay could detect dna from 6 cfu of b. pertussis/10 microl of sample. results of the pcr assay were compared with those of cultures, a determination of serum antibodies against pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin, and a clinical evaluation of 2,442 coughing episodes. the overall sen ... | 1998 | 9508295 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin. | quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new water-soluble streptogramin antimicrobial agent comprising quinupristin and dalfopristin in a ratio of 30:70. the in-vitro spectrum of activity includes most multi-resistant gram-positive aerobes, important gram-negative aerobes, gram-positive anaerobes and intracellular bacteria that are causal agents of respiratory, blood and cutaneous infections. of particular note, quinupristin/dalfopristin is active against multidrug-resistant isolates of staphylococcus au ... | 1997 | 9511057 |
| brain abscess caused by infection with moraxella catarrhalis following a penetrating injury. | | 1998 | 9515687 |
| how do we achieve cost-effective options in lower respiratory tract infection therapy? | acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, common illnesses encountered by general and family physicians, account for approximately 14 million physician visits per year. the pattern of antibiotic prescribing for these infections varies from country to country, but there is no clear rationale for these antimicrobial choices. a recent meta-analysis of all randomized, placebo-controlled trials of patients treated with antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis co ... | 1998 | 9515894 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-834, a new oral carbapenem. | cs-834 is a prodrug of the carbapenem r-95867, developed by sankyo co., ltd., tokyo, japan. to investigate the possibility that cs-834 may be the first carbapenem usable in an oral dosage form, its in vitro antibacterial activity (as r-95867) and in vivo antibacterial activity were compared with those of cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefdinir, ofloxacin, imipenem, and amoxicillin. r-95867 had high levels of activity against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci, incl ... | 1998 | 9517932 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in middle ear fluid: multinational study of 917 children with acute otitis media. | the management of acute otitis media is complicated by the emergence of resistance to beta-lactam and other antibiotics among common pathogens. we conducted a large, international study of infants and children with acute otitis media to identify pathogens and susceptibility patterns. during the winter of 1994 to 1995, middle ear fluid samples were collected from 917 patients with acute otitis media in bulgaria, the czech republic, hungary, romania, slovakia, israel, and the united states. a sing ... | 1998 | 9517937 |
| in vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and the streptogramin rpr 106972 against mycoplasma pneumoniae. | the in vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and streptogramin rpr 106972 were determined with 44 strains of mycoplasma pneumoniae and compared to those of macrolides, minocycline, and quinolones. all isolates tested were highly susceptible to macrolides and to quinupristin-dalfopristin (mic at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [mic90], 0.0625 microg/ml), followed by rpr 106972 (mic90, 0.5 microg/ml), quinolones, and minocycline. | 1998 | 9517955 |
| antimicrobial activity of novel furanonaphthoquinone analogs. | analogs of furanonaphthoquinone (fnq) from tecoma ipe mart had mics ranging from 1.56 to 25 microg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. fnq showed significantly lower mics against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus than against methicillin-sensitive s. aureus. fnq inhibited helicobacter pylori with an mic of 0.1 microg/ml. fungi, including pathogenic species, were sensitive to fnq with mics similar to those of amphotericin b. | 1998 | 9517956 |
| comparative in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects of the oxazolidinone compounds eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) versus vancomycin against staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus faecium. | the activities of the oxazolidinone antibacterial agents eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) were compared with that of vancomycin against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (n = 200), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 100), and vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium (n = 50). eperezolid and linezolid demonstrated good in vitro inhibitory activity, regardless of methicillin susceptibil ... | 1998 | 9517963 |
| immunoreactivity of five monoclonal antibodies against the 37-kilodalton common cell wall protein (psaa) of streptococcus pneumoniae. | five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against the streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface adhesin a (psaa) 37-kda common cell wall protein. these antibodies were used in a dot immunoblot and western blot study of clinical isolates of s. pneumoniae to detect the presence of the protein. by both assays, the mabs reacted with clinical isolates representing the 23 type-specific serotypes present in the licensed pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. western blot analysis confirmed the ... | 1998 | 9521144 |
| blinded multiplex pcr analyses of middle ear and nasopharyngeal fluids from chinchilla models of single- and mixed-pathogen-induced otitis media. | multiplex pcr analyses for both bacterial and viral pathogens were conducted in a blinded manner on 33 archival specimens, of known culture status, procured from chinchilla models of both single- and mixed-pathogen-induced otitis media and from a pediatric patient. these specimens had been maintained at -70 degrees c for up to 6 years. experimental specimens evaluated included middle-ear effusions, nasopharyngeal lavage fluids and middle-ear lavage fluids from animals which were immunologically ... | 1998 | 9521146 |
| acute otitis media in children with bronchiolitis. | we investigated the prevalence and the etiology of acute otitis media (aom) in children with bronchiolitis to determine whether aom in such children is due entirely or mainly to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in which case routine antimicrobial treatment would not be appropriate. | 1998 | 9521943 |