| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus surveillance. | | 1994 | 8640280 |
| a study of fraxe in mentally retarded individuals referred for fragile x syndrome (fraxa) testing in the united kingdom. | the folate-sensitive fragile site fraxe is located in proximal xq28 of the human x chromosome and lies approximately 600 kb distal to the fragile x syndrome (fraxa) fragile site at xq27.3. the cytogenetic expression of fraxe is thought to be associated with mental handicap, but this is usually mild compared to that of the more common fragile x syndrome that is associated with the expression of the fraxa fragile site. the exact incidence of fraxe mental retardation is uncertain. we describe here ... | 1996 | 8651274 |
| structural variation in the alleles of a short tandem repeat system at the human alpha fibrinogen locus. | this paper reports the sequences of 22 alleles identified at the humfga (human alpha fibrinogen) short tandem repeat locus in the british caucasian and afro-caribbean populations. alleles at the lower end of the observed size range were found to increase in size by 4-bp increments with the repeat unit following the pattern tc(tctt)n. however, 5 alleles were identified that differed in size by 2 bp from the 4 bp increment as a result of the deletion of a tc dinucleotide, or the addition of a tt d ... | 1996 | 8652421 |
| herpes simplex virus infection in women: viral subtypes and epidemiological features in a district hospital. | | 1996 | 8655178 |
| riddle of the tenth man. | | 1996 | 8657267 |
| riddle of the tenth man. | | 1996 | 8657268 |
| media coverage of the child b case. | the case of a girl with leukaemia, known as child b, hit the headlines in march 1995 when her father refused to accept the advice of doctors who counselled against further treatment and took cambridge and huntingdon health authority to court for refusing to fund chemotherapy and a second bone transplant for her in the private sector. british national newspapers varied greatly in the way they covered the case. some paid little attention to clinical considerations and presented the case as an exam ... | 1996 | 8664671 |
| a school outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection investigated using salivary antibody assays. | an outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection at a primary school was investigated using saliva samples. antibody capture immunoassays for salivary b19 igg and igm were developed using a recombinant b19 antigen and monoclonal antibody to b19 virus. evaluation of the salivary igg assay using paired serum and saliva samples from 43 staff at st thomas' hospital showed that it had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95%. evaluation of the salivary b19 igm assay using 87 paired blood and saliva samp ... | 1996 | 8666078 |
| consent to medical treatment by older children in english & scottish law. | | 1996 | 8666731 |
| [the man behind the syndrome: william john adie. he won an involuntary victory in an academic dispute]. | | 1996 | 8667835 |
| mortality from scrotal cancer in metal machinists in england and wales, 1979-80 and 1982-90. | the hazard of scrotal cancer from cutting oils was first recognized in the 1950s, and led to various control measures including the introduction of solvent refined oils, use of splash guards, provision of protective clothing and washing facilities and education of workers to encourage early detection and treatment of tumours. to assess how effective these controls have been, we have analyzed occupational mortality from scrotal cancer in england and wales during 1979-80 and 1982-90. over this 11- ... | 1996 | 8672799 |
| the south african malady. | | 1996 | 8673106 |
| the gorilla and the question of human origins: the brain controversy. | | 1996 | 8675985 |
| modern management of genital warts in women. | genital warts are common and are a sexually transmitted disease affecting all socioeconomic groups and life-styles. they are caused by the human papillomavirus (hpv) and are highly contagious. genital warts are often symptomless, but occasionally cause itching, bleeding after intercourse burning and pain. referral to a genitourinary medicine clinic is recommended, where specialist treatment and counselling are available. special care is needed with children or if the patient is pregnant. at the ... | 1994 | 8680165 |
| salm-net facilitates collaborative investigation of an outbreak of salmonella tosamanga infection in europe. | twenty-eight cases of salmonella tosamanga infection were identified in six western european countries during the first half of 1995. salm-net, a european system for collaborative surveillance of gastrointestinal infection, detected the outbreak and coordinated its investigation. there were 28 cases, 14 of each sex, with a broad age distribution. interviews with cases to identify common food and other exposures failed to generate a working hypothesis. the initial cluster occurred in a period of ... | 1996 | 8680500 |
| decreased fertility in britain compared with finland. | there has been much interest in the apparent decrease in semen quality. because the evidence for such a decrease is open to criticism, a different type of evidence is needed. finland seems to have escaped this decrease, as well as other disorders of the male reproductive tract, notably testicular cancer. if there has been a true decrease, the implications for fertility are unknown. | 1996 | 8684104 |
| behavioural risk factors for hiv infection amongst blood donors in london. | this paper compares the prevalence of risk factors for sexual acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv-1) among blood donors with the risk in the general population. sexual behaviour data collected as part of a cross-sectional survey of central london blood donors were compared, after indirect standardization for age and sex, with those collected among greater london participants of the national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (natssal). overall, male blood donors had ... | 1996 | 8696445 |
| a comparison of referral patterns and characteristics of patients with first episode symptomatic genital hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections in sheffield. | to ascertain factors associated with hsv-1 and hsv-2 isolates in patients attending a genitourinary medicine clinic with symptomatic first episode genital herpes (fegh). | 1996 | 8707325 |
| doubling back on dennis potter's doubles: the invisible man and the invisible woman. | | 1996 | 8713833 |
| screening for down's syndrome: the first two years experience in bristol. | to evaluate the effectiveness of a programme for antenatal screening for down's syndrome using alpha fetoprotein and total human chorionic gonadotrophin as maternal serum markers. | 1995 | 8719150 |
| ciprofloxacin resistant campylobacter spp. in humans: an epidemiological and laboratory study. | from the end of april 1991 until the end of 1991, 2209 isolates of campylobacter spp. have been collected in plymouth phl of which 91 (4.1%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. none of the 91 patients involved had taken a quinolone, but 30/91 (33%) had travelled abroad (16 to the iberian peninsula) in the three months preceding isolation of the ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter spp. in the case-control study 12/15 (80%) of the cases had recently consumed poultry as had 20/24 (83%) of controls w ... | 1996 | 8722540 |
| confirmation of linkage of sjögren-larsson syndrome to chromosome 17 in families of different ethnic origins. | linkage analysis in two consanguineous pedigrees of pakistani and english origin and one further indian family in which affected subjects have sjögren-larsson syndrome (sls) showed linkage to chromosome 17. linkage of sls to d17s783 and d17s805 has been reported in swedish pedigrees, but since those data were generated from a single ethnic group originating from a common ancestor, there remained the question of whether this disease is genetically heterogeneous. this report confirms the linkage i ... | 1996 | 8728707 |
| cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a family study of sterol 27-hydroxylase mutations and pharmacotherapy. | we examined the phenotypic characteristics, molecular genetics and optimal pharmacological treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (ctx) in an english family with combined hyperlipidaemia. the proband presented in adulthood with classical clinical characteristics of ctx, a greater than tenfold elevation in plasma cholestanol and combined hyperlipidaemia. his brother also had typical features of ctx without the presence of dyslipidaemia. genotyping revealed that the two brothers were compound ... | 1996 | 8730343 |
| complete analysis of the presenilin 1 gene in early onset alzheimer's disease. | the presenilin 1 gene has recently been identified as the locus on chromosome 14 which is responsible for a large proportion of early onset, autosomal dominantly inherited alzheimer's disease (ad). we have elucidated the intron/exon structure of the gene and designed intronic primers to enable direct sequencing of the entire coding region (10 exons) of the presenilin gene in a large number of families. this strategy has enabled us to find a further two novel mutations in the gene. we discuss the ... | 1996 | 8733749 |
| preventable deaths among major trauma patients in mersey region, north wales and the isle of man. | preventable and unexpected deaths following injury were identified from among 1088 victims of major injuries arising in a defined population and area during a 12-month period. in hospital, 44 (16 per cent) deaths from blunt injury, one death from penetrating injury and one death from drowning were preventable. in patients sustaining blunt injuries, 22 per cent of non-head-injury deaths and 13 per cent of head-injury deaths were preventable. in all preventable head-injury deaths either a delay in ... | 1996 | 8736294 |
| a prospective study of primary and secondary risk factor management in stroke patients. | stroke is a common event which often results in death or major loss of independence with immense human and financial costs, so identification of patients at risk, and prevention of stroke at the individual and population levels, is a high clinical and health priority. from august 1993 to july 1994, 468 stroke patients admitted to our hospital were assessed for the presence of stroke risk factors. all patients were followed up in hospital, and on discharge or death all hospital records were revie ... | 1995 | 8748104 |
| j c prichard's concept of moral insanity--a medical theory of the corruption of human nature. | | 1996 | 8757717 |
| vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, particularly serogroup o157, associated with human infections in england and wales: 1992-4. | investigations were performed by the laboratory of enteric pathogens on vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) in england and wales from 1992-4. bacterial isolates, faeces and sera obtained from patients with diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome were examined. using serotyping, vero cytotoxin gene probing and serodiagnostic tests for e. coli o157, evidence of infection was detected in 543, 434 and 491 individuals in 1992, 1993 and 1994 respectively; vtec of serog ... | 1996 | 8760944 |
| salmonella virchow pt 26 infection in england and wales: a case control study investigating an increase in cases during 1994. | an increase in the number of human isolates of salmonella virchow phage type (pt) 26 in england and wales during 1994 was investigated. a national case control study was conducted which included 88 cases and 182 controls. the cases were mostly young adults (median age 26) and 13 (15%) were admitted to hospital. acquisition of s. virchow pt 26 was associated with the consumption of any chicken (or 2.5, ci 1.1-5.8), of chicken curry from restaurants and take aways (or 2.9, ci 1.4-6.1), and of some ... | 1996 | 8760948 |
| seroprevalence of astrovirus types 1 and 6 in london, determined using recombinant virus antigen. | we have developed a microimmunofluorescence test (if) which uses cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus which expresses the capsid proteins of astrovirus types 1 or 6. the if test was sensitive and specific and the results for human astrovirus type 1 (hast-1) were comparable to those obtained by immune electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. application of the test to a panel of 273 sera collected from patients and staff at two childrens hospitals in london showed that over 50% of the po ... | 1996 | 8760964 |
| congenital absence of permanent second molars. | during the last eight years, canterbury archaeological trust has excavated over 1,600 articulated human skeletons from sites under threat of redevelopment in kent. the recovered material, ranging in date from prehistoric to victorian, provides a unique corpus for the study of disease and abnormalities in earlier societies. | 1996 | 8762808 |
| relationship between antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) and symptoms of hsv infection. | to determine the relationship between antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 and diagnosis of orolabial and genital herpes, a cross-sectional survey was done among 869 sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees and 1594 blood donors in london. among clinic attenders, the prevalence of hsv-1 infection was 59.5% and that of hsv-2 infection was 22.7%, and among blood donors the prevalence was 44.6% and 7.6%, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnosis of oral her ... | 1996 | 8769602 |
| implementation of an antenatal serum screening programme for down's syndrome in two districts (brighton and eastbourne). the brighton and eastbourne down's syndrome screening group. | to evaluate the introduction to two health districts of an antenatal serum screening programme for down's syndrome using the triple test-measurement of alpha fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, and human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations in second trimester serum samples. | 1994 | 8790485 |
| uk cervical cancer screening programme: setting a research agenda. | the uk national cervical cancer screening programme aims at reducing the incidence of and mortality from carcinoma of the cervix. it is generally agreed that high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia should be treated aggressively, but the appropriate management strategies for women with lesser degrees of abnormality are uncertain because of the inability to distinguish lesions that are likely to progress to invasive disease from those that will regress spontaneously. the role of human papil ... | 1994 | 8790530 |
| the organisms reported to cause infective myocarditis and pericarditis in england and wales. | it is difficult to acquire an overall perspective of the range of organisms responsible for infective myocarditis or pericarditis, and their relative importance, as most studies have involved only case reports or case series of a single organism. this study analyses reports to the communicable disease surveillance centre, of the public health laboratory service. reports where myocarditis or pericarditis was included as the main clinical features between 1990 and 1993 were studied. between 1990 a ... | 1996 | 8793712 |
| natural history of trisomy 18. | it has been suggested that survival in babies with trisomy 18 may be better than previously recognised, and that cardiac surgery may be justified. a population based study spanning seven years in one english health region is presented. the fetal prevalence at 18 weeks was 1 in 4274 and birth prevalence 1 in 8333 live births. trisomy 18 was detected antenatally in 43% of cases, but almost 90% of those born without a diagnosis were known to be growth retarded in utero. more than 50% of liveborn in ... | 1996 | 8795354 |
| brief communication: when adam delved ... an activity-related lesion in three human skeletal populations. | a rare, activity-related lesion, the clay-shoveller's fracture, was identified during osteological analysis in three human populations dating from the roman to the later medieval period in england, circa fourth to 14th centuries a.d. the prevalence of this fracture in these populations suggests an osteological indicator for several possible manual activities, but also one that may be the result of a long-standing human subsistence adaptation requiring digging in the soil. since males as opposed ... | 1996 | 8798998 |
| study on occurrence of human calicivirus (mexico strain) as cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of calicivirus-associated diarrhoea in the united kingdom, 1983-1995. | the use of a recently developed eia using antisera raised against purified baculovirus expressed recombinant mexico virus (rmx) capsid protein is described for screening for human calicivirus in stools. the results show that mx-like viruses have been circulating in the uk periodically since 1983 and were an occasional cause of sporadic cases of diarrhoea in infants and outbreaks of infection among elderly patients in hospitals and old people's homes. further evidence is presented that some strai ... | 1996 | 8801289 |
| viral meningitis in england and wales. | | 1996 | 8803314 |
| no aggregate change in homosexual hiv risk behaviour among gay men attending the gay pride festivals, united kingdom, 1993-1995. | to examine aggregate changes in homosexual hiv risk-taking among gay men attending the gay pride festival in the united kingdom over a 3-year period during which hiv prevention activity targeted at this population increased considerably. | 1996 | 8805869 |
| recent research in dna repair, mutation and recombination: a report of the dna repair network meeting, held at city university, london on 18 december 1995. | the now traditional one day christmas dna repair meeting was held at city university, london for the third year in succession. with over 130 participants and a programme consisting of a total of 24 pre-offered presentations the meeting reached record dimensions. attendees were from 24 institutions throughout the united kingdom, and with several distinct research groups contained within the large contingents from the icrf clare hall laboratories and the mrc cell mutation unit in brighton, this in ... | 1996 | 8814334 |
| strength of association between human illness and water: revised definitions for use in outbreak investigations. | | 1996 | 8820156 |
| wild brown rats (rattus norvegicus) as a zoonotic risk on farms in england and wales. | fear of wild rats as carriers of disease is embedded within our culture. surprisingly little is actually known about parasites in wild rat populations. in recent studies aimed to rectify this omission, farms in england and wales were surveyed to identify parasite species present in the rat populations. rats were found to be infected with numerous zoonotic parasites, including cryptosporidium, pasteurella [correction of pasturella], listeria, yersinia, coxiella, and hantavirus. these findings sug ... | 1996 | 8820193 |
| introduction of the human horsley-clarke stereotactic frame. | it is well known that the horsley-clarke frame was developed and first used by robert henry clarke and the pioneer neurosurgeon victor horsley in 1906 for making lesions in the central nervous system of animals. the horsley-clarke frame was extensively used throughout the next 4 decades for excitation and lesion production in animals. aubrey mussen, a student of clarke, designed a stereotactic apparatus for use in humans, but no procedures were actually performed with the instrument. it is less ... | 1996 | 8837810 |
| reduced expression of hla-b35 in schizophrenia. | the frequencies of hla class i (hla-a, b, c) and class ii (hla-dr, dq) antigens were measured in 107 unrelated schizophrenic subjects and the results compared with 264 controls from south-east scotland and a second control group of 133 individuals from north-east england. the expression of hla-b35 was significantly reduced in the schizophrenic population compared to both control populations and these differences remained significant after correction for multiple testing. linkage of schizophrenia ... | 1996 | 8840390 |
| experience of human lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) in an east london hospital. | we describe the experience of the royal london hospital with human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) related disease. twelve patients presented from 1988-1993, nine of them in 1993. none were born in the u.k. and 11 were of west indian origin. ten had overt lymphomas, one tropical spastic paraparesis/htlv-1 associated myelopathy (tsp/ham) and one atypical lymphocytosis and strongyloidiasis. five presented acutely ill to casualty and three died shortly after presentation. four had been re ... | 1996 | 8852549 |
| computer assisted learning (cal) of oral manifestations of hiv disease. | general dental practitioners (gdps) in the uk may wish additional education on relevant aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. the aim of the present study was to develop and assess a computer assisted learning package on the oral manifestations of hiv disease of relevance to gdps. a package was developed using a commercially-available software development tool and assessed by a group of 75 gdps interested in education and computers. fifty-four (72%) of the gdps completed a self- ... | 1996 | 8854425 |
| human resource management in general practice: survey of current practice. | the organization and management of general practice is changing as a result of government policies designed to expand primary health care services. one aspect of practice management which has been underresearched concerns staffing: the recruitment, retention, management and motivation of practice managers. | 1996 | 8855013 |
| potential and the early human. | some form of potential or "capacity" is often seen as evidence of human moral status. opinions differ as to whether the potential of the embryo should be regarded as such evidence. in this paper, i discuss some common arguments against regarding the embryo's potential as a sign of human status, together with some less common arguments in favour of regarding the embryo's potential in this way. | 1996 | 8863147 |
| investigation of an interleukin-4 promoter polymorphism for associations with asthma and atopy. | the cytokine cluster located on chromosome 5 has been shown by linkage studies to play a role in the genetic determination of circulating immunoglobulin e (ige) levels in atopic subjects. in the study presented here, the reported chromosome 5 linkage has been investigated in two sets of subjects. the first consisted of a general population sample of 230 nuclear families (n = 1004) from busselton, a small west australian country town. the second group consisted of 124 unrelated atopic asthmatics ... | 1996 | 8863163 |
| managing policy research in nursing. | this paper draws on the author's experience as a liaison officer in the department of health, england, to explore the topic of using research in policy making. the relationship between the worlds of the researcher and the policy maker is discussed, and an example, the research initiative on human resources and effectiveness, is chosen to illustrate how research topics are formulated. | 1996 | 8876426 |
| analysis of polyglutamine-coding repeats in the tata-binding protein in different human populations and in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. | a new class of disease (including huntington disease, kennedy disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias types 1 and 3) results from abnormal expansions of cag trinucleotides in the coding regions of genes. in all of these diseases the cag repeats are thought to be translated into polyglutamine tracts. there is accumulating evidence arguing for cag trinucleotide expansions as one of the causative disease mutations in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. we and others believe that the tata-bin ... | 1996 | 8886170 |
| amniocentesis. the experience in a district hospital. | the aim of this audit was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of biochemical screening for downs syndrome (triple test i.e., serum alphafetoprotein [afp], human chorionic gonadotrophin [hcg], and unconjugated oestriol [ue3] on amniocentesis at whipps cross hospital. | 1996 | 8894318 |
| varicella-zoster virus epidemiology--a changing scene? | chickenpox is a relatively mild disease in healthy children but may be life threatening in immuno-suppressed patents, neonates, and normal adults, especially smokers-for whom the risk of varicella pneumonia is high. the epidemiology of chickenpox appears to be changing: there has been an unexplained upward shift in the age distribution of cases over the last 20 years. this is reflected by increased consultations for chickenpox in general practices and more deaths in england and wales. on the bas ... | 1996 | 8896538 |
| pcdds and pcdfs in milk from farms in derbyshire, u.k. | as part of a programme to establish the background levels of pcdd/fs in milk in the u.k., samples of cows' milk were collected from farms in derbyshire in 1990 and 1991. the concentrations of pcdd/fs in the samples from two farms in the bolsover area of derbyshire were found to be significantly elevated compared with the normal range for pcdd/fs in milk in the u.k. details of the findings and the actions taken as a result are given. the concentrations of pcdd/fs in milk from those farms previous ... | 1996 | 8907222 |
| the first 25 years of human genetics in newcastle. | | 1996 | 8908793 |
| selective reduction of pregnancy: a legal analysis. | this article examines the technique and legality of induced abortion of one or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, where the aim is the destruction of some but not all of the fetuses present (selective reduction of pregnancy). it concludes that since the legal status of the procedure in english law is unclear, it may be a criminal offence to perform selective reduction even where there is an ostensible clinical need. moreover if the procedure is carried out negligently, and any infant damaged ... | 1996 | 8910784 |
| risk factors for lower respiratory complications of rhinovirus infections in elderly people living in the community: prospective cohort study. | to assess the role of rhinoviruses in elderly people living in the community. | 1996 | 8916700 |
| epidemiological application of differentiating multiresistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 by plasmid profile. | human isolates of multiresistant salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104 in england and wales are currently second in number only to those of s. enteritidis phage type 4. differentiation of strains is essential in epidemiological investigations and the value of one method, plasmid profile typing, has been assessed in a study of 600 isolates of s. typhimurium dt 104 with multiresistant antibiograms (r-types) acssut, acssutcp and acssuttm from humans, food animals, human food, pets, ... | 1996 | 8917991 |
| winter excess mortality: a comparison between norway and england plus wales. | seasonal fluctuations in mortality are associated with age, outdoor temperature, and influenza. the relative excess winter mortality is approximately twice as high in the uk compared with the scandinavian countries. using data from norway and england plus wales, this study compares the effect of age, temperature and influenza on winter excess mortality in the two countries. bivariate analyses showed that the excess winter mortality (december-march) in england and wales was nearly twice as high i ... | 1996 | 8921136 |
| the making of man-midwifery. essay review. | | 1996 | 8924738 |
| maff statutory incident reports in surveillance, prevention, and control of human salmonella typhimurium infection. | we surveyed consultants in communicable disease control (ccdcs) for their views on the current and potential value of statutory incident reports--salmonella in animals, birds and their products received from the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food (maff), in the surveillance, prevention, and control of salmonella typhimurium infections in humans. ccdcs from 103 (83%) of 124 district health authorities responded. most ccdcs in rural areas used the reports either to cross reference informat ... | 1996 | 8935423 |
| a concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the first and second hypervariable segments of the human mtdna control region. | a new and easily accessible concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the hypervariable segments of the human mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region has been constructed. the concordance indexes all population-specific mtdna sequences in a standardized format. the first edition of the concordance includes 1,440 sequences representing 762 mtdna types from over 65 populations for hypervariable region 1, and 520 sequences representing 260 mtdna types from over 26 populations for hypervariable re ... | 1996 | 8956982 |
| confirmation of linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to chromosome 14q11.2-q13. | oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is a late-onset, autosomally dominant disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and extremity weakness. linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to 14q11.2-q13 has been reported in a series of french canadian families. haplotype analysis in these data shows a single segregating disease chromosome, suggesting a founder effect in this population. we ascertained and sampled for linkage studies 5 multigenerational american families with oculopha ... | 1996 | 8957024 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1995 to june 1996. | this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in england and wales from october 1995 to june 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. the first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. the subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bron ... | 1996 | 8972979 |
| outbreaks of influenza and a rise in respiratory syncytial virus: winter has arrived. | | 1996 | 8990578 |
| mike grace interviews keith marshall. | keith marshall has many achievements to his name, not the least of which is his involvement in a semi-professional jazz band. as well as continuing to work part time in a wholly private practice in edenbridge, kent, he is currently chief dental adviser of bupa dentalcover and chairman of the dental advisory panel. here, mike grace gets to know the man behind the dentist. | 1996 | 8996918 |
| royal marsden teaching cases. an elderly man with weight loss and anaemia. | | 1996 | 9021703 |
| information sharing in semen donation: the views of donors. | the authors report on a comparative questionnaire study of semen donors at two london clinics offering donor insemination (di). results presented here include donors' attitudes towards the storage of identifying information on the uk human fertilisation and embryology authority's central register, the importance of anonymity when donating, feelings about being traced by di offspring, and views on the release of identifying donor information to mature offspring. donors from the two clinics were f ... | 1997 | 9032834 |
| effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions during the 1989-90 epidemic. | the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions for pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, or emphysema was assessed by a case-control study of people aged 16 years and older who were admitted to 10 leicestershire hospitals between 1 december 1989 and 31 january 1990. hospital and general practitioners' records for 156 admissions (the cases) and 289 controls matched for age and sex were reviewed. information was collected on demography, the usual place of residence (institution ... | 1997 | 9042032 |
| suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13 in caucasian but not oriental populations. | previously we reported suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13q14.1-q32. we have now studied an additional independent sample of 44 pedigrees consisting of 34 taiwanese, 9 english and 1 welsh family in an attempt to replicate this finding. narrow and broad models based on research diagnostic criteria or the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition, revised, were used to define the schizophrenia phenotype. under a dominant genetic m ... | 1997 | 9050933 |
| influenza update: influenza b virus now predominates in england and wales. | | 1997 | 9057339 |
| hypertension management in general practice. | the views of 542 general practitioners (gps) and 64 consultant physicians about the management of patients with hypertension in general practice were sought by postal questionnaire. 325 (60%) of the gps and 45 (70%) of the consultant physicians completed the questionnaire. for a 40-year-old man with no other cardiovascular risk factors most general practitioners would intervene with drugs at blood pressure levels specified in published guidelines, whereas many local consultants and older gps wou ... | 1997 | 9059374 |
| is there an association between preconception paternal x-ray exposure and birth outcome? the alspac study team. avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood. | diagnostic x-rays are performed commonly on men of reproductive age, yet little is known about the potential effects of these x-rays on the future unborn children of such men. this study examines the possibility that preconception diagnostic x-ray studies of fathers may adversely effect their newborns. the authors used prospectively collected data from the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood (alspac) for 7,678 birth records for women who gave birth in the county of avon, england, ... | 1997 | 9063345 |
| is htlv-1 status another antenatal screening test that we need? | human t-lymphocytic virus type 1 (htlv-1) carriage is associated with a 2% to 5% lifetime risk of developing a severe, if not fatal, disease. in our inner london antenatal population, we found that the carrier rate was 0.3%. the antenatal transmission rate is known to be very low, but if the infant is breastfed the transmission rate is up to 25%. it is therefore possible to interrupt the transmission cycle by advising against breastfeeding. the ethical and fiscal issues surrounding antenatal tes ... | 1997 | 9070151 |
| outbreaks of campylobacter infection: rare events for a common pathogen. | campylobacter has been the commonest enteric pathogen isolated from humans in england and wales since 1981, but few cases are linked to outbreaks. twenty-one general outbreaks of campylobacter infection in england and wales were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre from 1992 to 1994. seven hundred and six people were affected, nine cases were admitted to hospital, and no deaths were reported. the mean attack rate was 46.2% (sd 25.7%) and the mean duration of illness was ... | 1997 | 9080726 |
| outbreak of campylobacter enteritis in a residential school associated with bird pecked bottle tops. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by campylobacter infection was identified in may 1995 in a residential school in gloucestershire for children with special needs. eight primary and four secondary cases were identified, mostly confined to one house in the school; faecal specimens from three cases grew campylobacter jejuni. a retrospective cohort study showed that drinking pasteurised milk from bottles with damaged tops was associated with illness in primary cases (p = 0.01). bird pecking of ... | 1997 | 9080727 |
| analysis of the apo e/apo c-i, angiotensin converting enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genes as candidates affecting human longevity. | genetic factors are likely to affect human survival, since twin studies have shown greater concordance for age of death in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins. coronary artery disease is an important contributor to premature mortality in the uk. accordingly, we have chosen genes associated with cardiovascular risk, apo e/apo c-i, angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr), as candidates which may affect longevity/survival into old age. an association ... | 1997 | 9105559 |
| wrongful life and wrongful birth. the english conception. | | 1996 | 9111770 |
| a longitudinal study of environmental mycobacteria on a farm in south-west england. | soil, stream beds and cattle drinking troughs were sampled every 3 months over 3 years. more than 750 putative mycobacteria were isolated and grouped into more than 50 biotypes pending full identification. samples from woodland and farmed land yielded fewer isolates per site compared with other terrains (p < 0.05). some seasonal effects were noted but the greatest difference was between years 1 and 3. this appeared not to be due to differences in temperature, rainfall or experimental procedure, ... | 1997 | 9113878 |
| charles drew and the origins of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. | convinced that the high risk of operation using the early heart-lung machines was due to a toxic effect of the oxygenators in use in the 1950s, charles drew of westminster hospital in london devised a circulatory support system in which the patient's own lungs functioned as the oxygenator. with this support, body temperature was reduced to the point where circulatory arrest could be tolerated for the time required to carry out the intracardiac operation. he used only this technique for the rest ... | 1997 | 9124943 |
| childhood infection with hepatitis a and b viruses in england and wales. | infection with hepatitis b and a viruses during childhood was studied using serum specimens collected from children aged 13 and 14 years by 12 public health laboratories in england and wales from 1986 to 1995. six of the 2025 specimens tested for markers of hepatitis b infection showed evidence of earlier resolved infection, one specimen showed evidence of recent infection, and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was detected in three specimens. the hbsag carriage rate of 0.15% (3/2025) was cons ... | 1997 | 9127512 |
| genotype analysis of human blood isolates of campylobacter jejuni in england and wales. | genomic profiles were obtained for 76 strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from bacteraemic patients in england and wales over the period 1981-94. genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis using a random cloned dna probe, and by ribotyping with a pcr-generated c. jejuni 16s ribosomal dna probe. phenotypic characterization was achieved by heat-stable (hs) and heat-labile (hl) serogrouping, and preston phagetyping and biotyping. the blood isolates wer ... | 1997 | 9129583 |
| the bmj's nuremberg issue. force of moral duty was greater for conscientious objectors. | | 1997 | 9133906 |
| barrier methods in the operating room: surgical habits die hard. | transmission of viral infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis b and c, is a concern for both surgeon and patient. published guidelines advise the regular use of barrier preventive measures in order to minimise the occupational exposure of surgeons. a telephone survey was conducted of 92 orthopaedic, cardiothoracic and general surgeons in the south west region of england, regarding their use of barrier methods. this survey shows that only a minority of surgeons regularly use ... | 1997 | 9135239 |
| analysis of influenza a h3n2 strains isolated in england during 1995-1996 using polymerase chain reaction restriction. | a polymerase chain reaction-restriction (pcr-restriction) endonuclease assay was developed to allow rapid analysis of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulating in england during 1995-1996. restriction endonuclease digestion with two enzymes of amplicons derived from pcr of the ha1 portion of the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was able to differentiate antigenically similar influenza strains into two groups. group i variants were similar genetically to the 1995/96 vaccine strain, a/johannesburg/33 ... | 1997 | 9139090 |
| electrophysiological correlates of categorical phoneme perception in adults. | event-related potentials, recorded through a 128-electrode net, were used to study phonemic processing in the human auditory system. within a stream of identical syllables, acoustic deviants were introduced that either crossed a phonetic boundary or remained within the same category. two phonetic boundaries were explored, one present and the other absent in the subjects' native language. a large mismatch negativity was induced by native phonetic deviants, but not by non-native or within-category ... | 1997 | 9141065 |
| a national strategy for research and development: lessons from england. | increasing concern about the state of basic and clinical research in england during the 1980s led to an influential parliamentary review. surprisingly, the review recommended the strengthening of public health and health services research through the establishment of a research and development (r&d) program for the national health service (nhs). the program that started in 1991 was unique in that it was fully integrated into the management structure of the nhs. no country had ever attempted such ... | 1997 | 9143728 |
| hysterectomy: a historical perspective. | in the relatively long history of man, surgery has been a comparatively recent development; the abdomen was first deliberately opened to remove an ovarian cyst by ephraim mcdowell in kentucky in 1809. the first abdominal hysterectomy was performed by charles clay in manchester, england in 1843; unfortunately the diagnosis was wrong and the patient died in the immediate post-operative period. the following year, charles clay was almost the first to claim a surviving patient, however she died post ... | 1997 | 9155933 |
| john coakley lettsom and "the highest and most divine profession, that can engage human intellect". | | 1994 | 9156154 |
| risk of testicular cancer in cohort of boys with cryptorchidism. | to determine the risk of testicular cancer in relation to undescended testis and its treatment based on recorded details of the maldescent, treatment, and biopsy from case notes. | 1997 | 9169396 |
| dr percivall willughby, md (1596-1685): pioneer "man" midwife of derby. | | 1997 | 9175956 |
| history of the crush syndrome: from the earthquakes of messina, sicily 1909 to spitak, armenia 1988. | man-made or massive natural disasters may be followed by 'epidemics' of the muscle crush syndrome. the first descriptions of the crush syndrome were in the german-language literature following the earthquake of messina in 1909 and world war ii. on the threshold of world war ii, the english-language literature was still unaware of the crush syndrome. during the london blitz in 1940, bywaters clearly delineated the pathogenesis of the crush syndrome and established guidelines for the management of ... | 1997 | 9189260 |
| [john locke, physician and philosopher. "the most sensible man on earth"]. | | 1997 | 9190467 |
| genetic characterisation of an influenza a virus of unusual subtype (h1n7) isolated from pigs in england. | an h1n7 influenza a virus, isolated from pigs in england in 1992, was examined genetically to determine the characteristics and probable origin of the eight gene segments. six of the rna segments encoding pb2, pb1, pa, ha, np and ns were related most closely to those of human viruses, whilst two of the rna segments (na and m) were related most closely to those of equine viruses. the ha gene was most similar to that of a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) but amino acid differences suggested independent genetic d ... | 1997 | 9191869 |
| a new locus for dominant "zonular pulverulent" cataract, on chromosome 13. | inherited cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease that most often presents as a congenital autosomal dominant trait. here we report the linkage of a new locus for dominant "zonular pulverulent" cataract (czp) to chromosome 13. to map the czp locus we performed molecular-genetic linkage analysis using microsatellite markers in a five-generation english pedigree. after exclusion of eight known loci and several candidate genes for autosomal dominant cataract, we obtained sign ... | 1997 | 9199569 |
| application of molecular methods to a nosocomial outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. | a nosocomial outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 occurred in july 1995. seven definite cases were identified over 13 days affecting four wards in a london hospital. the outbreak strain was characterized by plasmid profile typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and was unusual in that it did not possess a 38 mda plasmid common to most isolates of s. enteritidis pt 4 made from humans and food animals in england and wales. seven asymptomatic excreters were identified on scr ... | 1997 | 9211159 |
| rights of possession in human corpses. | | 1997 | 9215160 |
| increased incidence of parvovirus b19. | | 1997 | 9219425 |
| compensation for subjects of medical research: the moral rights of patients and the power of research ethics committees. | awareness of the morally significant distinction between research and innovative therapy reveals serious gaps in the legal provision for compensation in the uk for injured subjects of medical research. major problems are limitations inherent in negligence actions and a culture that emphasises indemnifying researchers before compensating victims. medical research morally requires compensation on a no-fault basis even where there is proper consent on the part of the research subject. in particular ... | 1997 | 9220333 |