| coexistent sarcoidosis and hiv infection. a comparison of bronchoalveolar and peripheral blood lymphocytes. | a case of pulmonary sarcoidosis diagnosed in an human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected man is reported. the transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed noncaseating granuloma. a comparison of the lymphocyte subsets in both peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a pattern more typical of hiv infection than of classic sarcoidosis. a course of prednisone led to improvement in symptoms, roentgenographic findings, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. | 1992 | 1446516 |
| cerebral artery aneurysms in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | more than 250 children treated at our institution on antiretroviral treatment protocols have been monitored with brain imaging studies. we documented the occurrence and progression of aneurysms of major cerebral arteries in two children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. in both cases these lesions remained clinically silent initially, despite progression to marked dilation. | 1992 | 1447659 |
| use of sulphonated probes for detecting human immunodeficiency virus-1 transcripts by in situ hybridization. | a detailed procedure is described that allows detection of the presence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) transcripts within both acetone-fixed tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. this assay uses cdna probes labelled by a non-isotopic procedure that results in the modification of cytosine residues through covalent linkage to a sulphone group. in situ hybridized probe is then detected by an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody specifically directed against the sulphone hap ... | 1992 | 1447958 |
| identification of infection of an australian resident with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). | to present the first confirmed case of human immunodeficiency virus infection type 2 (hiv-2) in an australian resident. | 1992 | 1447996 |
| crack cocaine: a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection type 1 among inner-city parturients. | to define the relationship between crack cocaine use and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection while controlling for other hiv risk factors. | 1992 | 1448268 |
| management and therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnancies in maternal-fetal medicine fellowship training programs. | to determine attitudes and practices of obstetricians in maternal-fetal medicine fellowship programs regarding the management of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and the use of zidovudine during pregnancy. | 1992 | 1448269 |
| diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants. | | 1992 | 1448330 |
| interaction of cellular factors with intragenic cis-acting repressive sequences within the hiv genome. | expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) structural gene products is suppressed in the absence of the rev protein. the block to expression reflects, in part, nuclear retention of those mrnas which encode the structural proteins. the presence of intragenic cis-acting repressive sequences (crs) and inefficient splicing of the primary viral transcript are thought to contribute to nuclear entrapment of viral rna. to elucidate the mechanism for repression of hiv gene expression, the abili ... | 1992 | 1448921 |
| the restricted nature of hiv-1 tropism for cultured neural cells. | infection of the central nervous system by hiv-1, the agent of aids, is characterized by the presence of infected and giant microglial cells as well as astrocytosis, demyelination, and neuronal loss. to determine whether cells of neuroectoderm origin can be infected by hiv-1, we have inoculated primary cultures derived from adult human brain with a lymphotropic virus (lav) or a neurotropic virus (jr-fl) isolated from a patient with aids dementia. while jr-fl invariably causes productive infectio ... | 1992 | 1448925 |
| complex intrapatient sequence variation in the v1 and v2 hypervariable regions of the hiv-1 gp 120 envelope sequence. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) quasi-species fluctuate both in time and in space. in general intrapatient variation is less extensive than interpatient variation. the v1 and v2 hypervariable regions of the envelope gene were analyzed for patient samples harboring highly divergent genomes in other loci. proviral sequences were amplified by pcr, cloned, and sequenced. it was concluded that intrapatient variation may exceed interpatient variation but the presence of two clearly distinct populat ... | 1992 | 1448927 |
| constitutive expression of the nef gene suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in monocytic cell lines. | in order to study the effect of nef gene expression on viral replication in monocytic cells, we established monocytic (u937 and thp-1) cell transfectants constitutively expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef gene. we constructed a plasmid expressing the nef gene derived from an infectious clone, nl432, under the control of sr alpha promoter which can drive a high level of gene expression. we found suppressed viral replication in nef-expressing monocytic cells, although a negative ... | 1992 | 1448930 |
| manufacture and in vitro characterization of a solvent/detergent-treated human plasma. | we have developed a modified solvent/detergent (s/d) treatment to inactivate viruses in human plasma using 1% w/w final concentration of tri(n-butyl) phosphate (tnbp) and triton x-100 and an incubation period of 4 h at 30 degrees c. the procedure inactivates > or = 10(6) chimpanzee-infectious doses (cid50) of hbv, > or = 10(5) cid50 of hcv, and > or = 10(6.2) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid50) of hiv. after virus inactivation, eleven plasma batches were lyophilized and 12 batches were deep ... | 1992 | 1448962 |
| decreased intrinsic factor secretion in aids: relation to parietal cell acid secretory capacity and vitamin b12 malabsorption. | aids-associated gastric secretory failure has been characterized by decreased secretion of acid, pepsin, and gastric juice volume. to determine whether decreased intrinsic factor secretion and vitamin b12 malabsorption occur in this entity, we performed prospective measurements of maximal acid output, intrinsic factor output, vitamin b12 absorption, serum vitamin b12, and holotranscobalamin ii in 10 consecutive aids patients. four of 10 patients had low maximal acid output, i.e., < or = 1.5 meq/ ... | 1992 | 1449141 |
| blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain. | abnormalities in the blood-brain barrier (bbb) may be important in mediating some of the tissue damage that accompanies human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection of the brain, as well as in facilitating viral entry into the central nervous system. accordingly, immunohistochemical detection of fibrinogen (fib) and immunoglobulin g (igg) was used as a marker of vascular permeability in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brains of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who had hi ... | 1992 | 1449246 |
| a tat antagonist inhibits hiv-1 induction in naturally infected and experimentally infected t cells. | ro 5-3335, a novel antagonist of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat activity, inhibits acute and chronic hiv-1 infection in t lymphocytes. here we describe the effects of ro 5-3335 on the accumulation of viral dna during primary infection, the induction of virus from a latently infected cell line, and the expression of virus upon activation of naturally infected t cells. ro 5-3335 permitted initial dna synthesis during primary infection, but inhibited the subsequent increase in vira ... | 1992 | 1449479 |
| correlation of the conformation of a modified ribonuclease octapeptide, homologous to peptide t, with its ability to induce cd4-dependent monocyte chemotaxis. | peptide t, from the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), whose sequence is ala-ser-thr-thr-thr-asn-tyr-thr, has been shown to inhibit attachment of this virus to t cells and neural cells bearing the cd4 receptor. this peptide shares extensive homology with the 19-26 segment of ribonuclease a (rnase a), whose sequence is ala-ala-ser-ser-ser-asn-tyr-cys. based on comparison of the structures of peptides occurring in proteins of known structure that are homologous to peptide t, viz, rnase a and endo ... | 1992 | 1449597 |
| recognizing the oral manifestations of aids. | the first sign of hiv infection may be an unusual or rapidly progressive condition of the oral cavity, including malignancies such as kaposi's sarcoma. early diagnosis of these oral conditions can lead to early diagnosis of hiv infection and subsequent treatment with antiretroviral agents that may improve the prognosis. this illustrated review outlines the presenting signs and symptoms of the most common oral manifestations of the aids virus, including hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis, kaposi's sa ... | 1992 | 1449978 |
| [isolation of mycobacterium tuberculosis with primary resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in patients with hiv infection]. | to evaluate the resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis in subjects with simultaneous infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. | 1992 | 1450261 |
| puerperium and breast-feeding. | the issues related to breast-feeding and problems of the puerperium are often obfuscated by the general but outdated practice of recommending cessation of lactation. this article examines recent literature (june 1991 to may 1992) on breast-feeding and the treatment of puerperal problems, emphasizing that breast-feeding may be maintained during virtually all treatment modalities. additionally, the use of drugs to support or suppress lactation has been of interest, and the increased attention to t ... | 1992 | 1450345 |
| adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus infection. | as of march 31, 1992, individuals 13 to 19 years of age had been diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; over one third were diagnosed in the past 2 years alone. because of the long incubation period from initial infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis, the majority of young adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were probably initially infected as adolescents. in 1991, 34% of adolescents with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were female, and their predomin ... | 1992 | 1450349 |
| sequences within the r region of the long terminal repeat activate basal transcription from the hiv-1 promoter. | the importance of the r region in basal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transcription was addressed by comparing a panel of hiv-1 r region mutants using in vitro and in vivo assays. using deletion, base substitution mutants, and compensatory mutants, the precise r region sequences essential for basal hiv-1 promoter activity in vitro were mapped to sequences between +17 to +21. within this regulatory domain, nucleotides +19 and +21 appear to be critical. the effect of these mutations ... | 1992 | 1450662 |
| acute monocytic leukaemia in a hiv-seropositive man. | individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been reported to develop a number of malignant neoplasms. we recently treated an hiv patient who had acute monocytic leukaemia which was first evident in the skin. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of acute monocytic leukaemia occurring in a hiv-infected person. | 1992 | 1451303 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy. | | 1992 | 1451364 |
| ultrastructure of the bone marrow in hiv infection: evidence of dyshaemopoiesis and stromal cell damage. | the ultrastructure of bone marrow cells was studied in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). two of these (cases 1 and 3) were thrombocytopenic, had never suffered from opportunistic infections and had not received any drugs prior to the time of study. a number of ultrastructural abnormalities were found in a variable proportion of the affected cell types in all nine patients. these were: (a) an increased prevalence of multivesicular bodies within several cell types ... | 1992 | 1451401 |
| automated magnetic preparation of dna templates for solid phase sequencing. | an integrated protocol for solid-phase dna sequencing using a robotic work station is described involving magnetic separation of dna and analysis of the sequencing product by electrophoresis with automated detection of the fluorescently labeled fragments. the method, which is based on magnetic beads in combination with streptavidin-biotin technology, can be used for sequencing both genomic and plasmid dna. the dna template is obtained by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). protocols to prepare ... | 1992 | 1451691 |
| diversity and variation in human immunodeficiency virus: implications for immune control. | | 1992 | 1452223 |
| psycho-social aspects of hiv infection and aids in multiple transfused thalassemic children. | two hundred and three multi-transfused children with thalassemia attending the thalassemia clinic of the charak palika hospital, new delhi were screened for human immuno-deficiency virus (hiv) antibodies by elisa test. all positive cases were confirmed by the western blot test. of the 203 children screened, 17 (8.37%) were hiv seropositive and the other 3 children referred to the aiims were from neighbouring states. these children were compared with 20 age matched hiv negative thalassemics as co ... | 1992 | 1452260 |
| detection of specific antibodies in gingival crevicular transudate by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. | the purpose of this open and multicenter trial was to determine the usefulness of antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in gingival crevicular transudate (gct), which was collected with an investigational device (orasure; epitope, beaverton, oreg.), for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and to compare it with antibody detection in serum. a total of 1,880 individuals were tested, as follows: 354 hiv-1-infected individuals (111 asympto ... | 1992 | 1452645 |
| a novel polymerase chain reaction method for detection of human immunodeficiency virus in dried blood spots on filter paper. | a method for detection of proviral human immunodeficiency virus dna in dried blood spots on filter paper by direct polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been developed. to develop the method, a standard system was used which was prepared from cells each containing a single integrated provirus and titrated with normal donor blood. this rapid procedure provides virtually quantitative yields of nuclear dna and exploits most of the standard methodology described for blood specimens. a nested pcr using ... | 1992 | 1452659 |
| stability of dried blood spot specimens for detection of human immunodeficiency virus dna by polymerase chain reaction. | blood sampling on filter paper has many advantages for the detection of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). however, if the method is to be widely used, an assessment of its performance under field conditions is required. to simulate conditions in the field, 50-microliters aliquots of whole blood containing low levels of hiv proviral dna (4 to 1,024 copies per 100,000 nucleated cells) were spotted onto filter paper; dried; and subjected ... | 1992 | 1452682 |
| immunoglobulin g antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a versatile assay for detection of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 antibodies in body fluids. | in tests on specimens of dried blood, saliva, and urine from 55 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive and 55 hiv-seronegative patients, an immunoglobulin g capture enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to hiv types 1 and 2, gacelisa, gave 109 of 110, 109 of 109, and 109 of 110 correct results, respectively. this performance, achieved in a laboratory previously unfamiliar with the assay, suggests that gacelisa is a useful new epidemiological tool for the study of hiv infect ... | 1992 | 1452720 |
| characterization of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected cells of myeloid-monocytic lineage (ml-1, hl-60, thp-1, u-937). | the myeloid-monocytic cells ml-1, hl-60, thp-1, and u-937 were chronically infected (for > 2 years) with the lymphotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain htlv-iiib. reinfection experiments revealed that viruses obtained from chronically infected ml-1/hiv-1 and hl-60/hiv-1 cells showed a low infectivity if tested with uninfected ml-1 and hl-60 cells in contrast to virus preparations from chronically infected thp-1/hiv-1 and u-937/hiv-1 with their corresponding uninfected cell l ... | 1992 | 1453315 |
| the identification and tracking of candida albicans isolates from oral lesions in hiv-seropositive individuals. | restriction fragment polymorphism analysis was used to investigate the identity and genotypic relatedness of candida albicans strains isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with or without oral candidiasis and from some of their sexual partners. use of the species-specific dna probe ca3 revealed that most subjects carried a single distinct c. albicans strain throughout the course of the study, during both symptomatic and asymptomatic periods. sexual partners were more ... | 1992 | 1453319 |
| d-xylose malabsorption: characteristic finding in patients with the aids wasting syndrome and chronic diarrhea. | the aids wasting syndrome (aws) is characterized by > 10% loss of baseline body weight during 6 months and may occur in patients with or without associated chronic diarrhea. to determine whether the presence of small-intestinal malabsorption is associated with the development of aws in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with chronic diarrhea, we retrospectively reviewed the results of d-xylose testing performed in the clinical evaluation of 21 consecutive hiv-infected patients ... | 1992 | 1453320 |
| rhodococcus equi cavitary pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: an unsuspected opportunistic pathogen. | two patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and with no previous acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining conditions developed cavitary pneumonia and pleural disease caused by rhodococcus equi. r. equi was isolated from these patients' sputum and lung biopsy specimens, respectively, but the microorganism was initially considered to be a contaminant (patient 1) or misidentified as a nontuberculous mycobacterium (patient 2). the r. equi infection was fatal in one patient, w ... | 1992 | 1453322 |
| hiv disease and aids in women: current knowledge and a research agenda. | the study of the clinical manifestations, progression, and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in women has begun in earnest. aids-defining diseases that are more common in women than in men include wasting syndrome, esophageal candidiasis, and herpes simplex virus disease, whereas kaposi's sarcoma is rare. non-aids-defining gynecological conditions such as vaginal candida infections and cervical pathology are prevalent among women at all stages of hiv infection. associations ... | 1992 | 1453325 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 rna production by the diphtheria toxin-related il-2 fusion proteins dab486il-2 and dab389il-2. | productive infection of cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is associated with the activation state of the cell and its obligatory expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (il-2r), the latter providing a new target for antiviral therapy. a quantitative rna-rna hybridization assay is employed to detect production of hiv-1 rna and to show that two il-2 diphtheria toxin-related fusion proteins (dab486il-2 and its more potent, truncated form dab389il-2) inhibit hiv-1 rna production ... | 1992 | 1453329 |
| longitudinal study of homosexual couples discordant for hiv-1 antibodies in the baltimore macs study. | thirty-six sexually active couples serologically discordant for human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1), within the baltimore multicenter aids cohort study (macs) were assessed to determine whether evidence of hiv-1 infection could be detected in the hiv-1-antibody-negative partners and whether factors associated with lack of transmission of hiv from the seropositive to the seronegative partner could be ascertained. six hiv-1 seropositive couples and 18 seronegative couples were followed co ... | 1992 | 1453331 |
| hiv neutralization assay using polymerase chain reaction-derived molecular signals. | characterization of the capacity of human polyclonal antibody to neutralize wild-type patient isolates has important implications for vaccine development. we report the development of a polymerase chain reaction-based neutralization assay that quantitatively measures each infection using hiv proviral formation. these molecular end points identified the absence or quantitative diminution of dna provirus formation as well as a delay in the kinetics of hiv dna provirus formation. using both laborat ... | 1992 | 1453333 |
| drug hypersensitivity reactions and human immunodeficiency virus disease. | drug hypersensitivity reactions are often observed by clinicians treating patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). for certain drugs, the incidence of these reactions appears to be higher than previously reported in the general population. the best example is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, associated with rash, fever, hematologic disturbances, transaminase elevation, and, less frequently, more severe reactions, including stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, ... | 1992 | 1453334 |
| tumor necrosis factor-alpha in advanced hiv infection in the absence of aids-related secondary infections. | the effect of hiv infection on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) was examined in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the absence of aids-related secondary infections. serum tnf-alpha and tnf-alpha production in vitro were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 26 male homosexuals with cdc stage iv hiv infection without active aids-related secondary infections. in vitro tnf-alpha production was assayed from cultured peripheral b ... | 1992 | 1453335 |
| aids (hiv) risk assessment in an inner-city women's clinic. | risk assessment and antibody testing are potential modalities through which interventions to reduce heterosexual and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can occur. more than 98% of women attending inner-city adult gynecology, adult contraception and teen family planning clinics successfully completed self-administered hiv (aids) risk assessment questionnaires and received individual counseling, risk-reduction education and referral for antibody testing. fourteen percent ... | 1992 | 1453406 |
| confidential hiv testing and condom promotion in africa. impact on hiv and gonorrhea rates. | we evaluated the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing and counseling on self-reported condom and spermicide use and on corresponding hiv seroconversion and gonorrhea rates in urban rwandan women. | 1992 | 1453526 |
| invasive haemophilus influenzae infections in men with hiv infection. | to determine the incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and the proportion of disease due to serotype b. | 1992 | 1453528 |
| pathology of the central nervous system in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv): a report of 252 autopsy cases from brazil. | the central nervous system (cns) was studied in 252 hiv-infected patients from the states of rio de janeiro and são paulo in brazil, the regions with the highest incidence of aids in the country. we compared the frequency and morphology of opportunistic infections and cns changes caused by the hiv, with those described in other series and briefly analysed the risk factors involved in our cases. there were cns lesions in 230 cases (91.3%), 30 (11.9%) with multiple infections and/or tumours. most ... | 1992 | 1454138 |
| literature review of hepatitis b: should eye care practitioners receive a hepatitis b vaccine? | the incidence of hepatitis b infection has been steadily increasing over the last 5 years. the current literature has established that eye care practitioners are in the high risk category for contracting and transmitting this serious viral infection. hepatitis b virus (hbv) is present in all bodily fluids including tears and is considered to be more easily transmitted with a higher degree of infectiousness than human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). fortunately, unlike acquired immune deficiency sy ... | 1992 | 1454308 |
| perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection: extent of clinical recognition in a population-based cohort. massachusetts pediatric hiv surveillance working group. | to evaluate factors that may affect the timely diagnosis of children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, we compared data derived from two population-based pediatric hiv studies. data from anonymous newborn hiv serosurveys were used to estimate the number of children born to hiv-seropositive mothers. a statewide active surveillance project determined the number of hiv-exposed children who had been clinically recognized. of 88,732 massachusetts newborn specimens tested anonymously ... | 1992 | 1454436 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. | a retrospective study was conducted at the childrens hospital center at jackson memorial hospital in miami, fl, to evaluate the natural history of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in nine children with vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. the patients' ages ranged from 6 months to 7 years (median age, 42 months). common presenting symptoms included prolonged fever, cough and anorexia. only one patient had a positive tuberculin test. five patients evidenced only ... | 1992 | 1454438 |
| resumption of breast-feeding in later childhood: a risk factor for mother to child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. | | 1992 | 1454445 |
| specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by antisense oligonucleotides: an in vitro model for treatment. | we have developed a culture system, simulating in vivo conditions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection, to evaluate the long-term efficacy of antisense oligonucleotide treatment. five oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (28-mers), complementary to different regions of hiv-1 rna, blocked replication of the virus in a sequence-specific manner at 1 microm concentration. variations in antiviral activity were seen among the different oligonucleotides, revealing an effect of target s ... | 1992 | 1454800 |
| needle sharing and participation in the amsterdam syringe exchange program among hiv-seronegative injecting drug users. | to enhance the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection, factors related to regular participation in the amsterdam syringe exchange and the borrowing of syringes were studied in 131 hiv-seronegative injecting drug users in a 1989-90 survey. a total of 29 percent of the users reported borrowing syringes, that is injecting drugs at least once in the past 4-6 months with a needle or syringe previously used by someone else. users at increased risk of borrowing are previous borrowers, lon ... | 1992 | 1454980 |
| understanding hiv protease: can it be translated into effective therapy against aids? | the protease of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been extensively studied. the structure and function relationships of this protease and its role in hiv life cycle is well known. we have use recombinant hiv protease and mutagenesis technology to study hiv protease and compare it to the eukaryotic aspartic proteases. when putative active-site hydrogen bonds are placed in the hiv protease, the pka values of two active-site groups are only slightly downshifted. corresponding removal of these ... | 1992 | 1455175 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-infection among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria. | a seroepidemiological survey conducted among 1,059 pregnant women in maiduguri, north-eastern nigeria from september, 1988 to april, 1990 showed that 5 women or 0.47% were positive for hiv antibodies. three of the women (0.28%) were positive for hiv-1 while 2 others (0.19%) were positive for hiv-2; this is consistent with the known fact that both viruses are active in west africa, a sub-region of which nigeria is part. detailed information available on 4 of the 5 seropositive women and their hus ... | 1992 | 1455529 |
| aids and women's health care in developing countries. | infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in sub-saharan africa affects the whole population of reproductive age. women are affected as frequently as men, and children born of hiv-positive women are at great risk of contracting aids or becoming orphans in early life. the risk of aids infection is higher in persons having other sexually transmitted diseases (stds), especially genital ulceration. effective prevention and management of all stds would contribute to fighting the hiv epide ... | 1992 | 1455539 |
| impaired response to hepatitis b vaccine in hiv infected children. | eighteen human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vertically infected children (hiv group) and 33 seroreverted children (sr group), who had completed hepatitis b vaccination (engerix b, 20 micrograms dose) were studied. four out of 18 (22%) hiv children failed to develop protective antibody levels (anti-hbs titres less than 10 miu ml-1) compared with 1 out of 33 (3%) sr children (p less than 0.05). magnitude of response among hiv children was significantly lower than among sr children. in hiv children ... | 1992 | 1455911 |
| cognitive assessment of human immunodeficiency virus-exposed children. | to determine (1) the level of impairment in cognitive and motor functioning in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-exposed and hiv-infected preschool and school-age children; (2) cognitive strengths and weaknesses that characterize hiv-infected children; and (3) potential contributions of serostatus, neurologic impairment, and prenatal drug-exposure to cognitive functioning. | 1992 | 1456264 |
| men's disclosure of hiv test results to male primary sex partners. | we evaluated disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody status to a main sex partner and the impact on the relationship in men who have sex with men and who are enrolled in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) community demonstration projects cohorts. eighty-nine percent of both seronegative and seropositive men disclosed the results to their main sex partner. seventy percent of the seronegative men and 82% of the seropositive men who did so reported that the relationship ... | 1992 | 1456347 |
| skeletal muscle toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. | the present article describes the clinical and pathological findings in 5 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with muscle toxoplasmosis. the patients had marked lymphopenia (5/5), with less than five cd4+ cells/mm3 (3/3), when they developed fever (5/5), and multiorgan failure (5/5), including diffuse encephalitis, pneumonia, pancytopenia, and myopathy. muscle involvement included weakness and wasting (4/5), myalgias (3/5), and high serum creatine kinase levels (3/3). serology f ... | 1992 | 1456737 |
| studies on processing, particle formation, and immunogenicity of the hiv-1 gag gene product: a possible component of a hiv vaccine. | antigens in a particulate conformation were shown to be highly immunogenic in mammals. for this reason, the particle forming capacity of derivatives of the hiv-1 group specific core antigen p55 gag was assayed and compared dependent on various expression systems: recombinant bacteria, vaccinia- and baculoviruses were established encoding the entire core protein p55 either in its authentic sequence or lacking the myristylation consensus signal. moreover, p55 gag was expressed in combination with ... | 1992 | 1456888 |
| immunological reactivity of a human immunodeficiency virus type i derived peptide representing a consensus sequence of the gp120 major neutralizing region v3. | to reduce the opportunities for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) to evade vaccine induced immunity, the development of subunit vaccines must focus on the characterization of immunogenic epitopes, which are major targets for the immune system. the most dominant site for elicitation of neutralising immune response is located on the external envelope glycoprotein gp120 within the third variable domain (v3). to overcome virus type specificity of antibodies directed to the v3-domain we des ... | 1992 | 1456889 |
| the control of the antibody isotype response to recombinant human immunodeficiency virus gp120 antigen by adjuvants. | both saponin and muramyl dipeptide (mdp) formulated with a squalane-in-water emulsion of large particle size prepared with a vortex mixer were superior to al(oh)3 as adjuvants for hiv gp120 in mice. all the adjuvants induced igg1 antibody, but saponin elicited the highest titers of igg2a. the secretion of interleukin-5 (il-5) and interferon gamma (ifn gamma) by lymph node cells cultured in vitro with gp120 was studied. all the cultures secreted il-5, but only those from saponin-immunized mice pr ... | 1992 | 1457190 |
| hiv-1 matrix protein p17 resides in cell nuclei in association with genomic rna. | we have shown previously that hiv-1 matrix protein p17 is transported to the nucleus of jurkat-tat and h9 cells soon after infection. as shown in this combination, gag polyprotein p55 synthesized 48 h after cell infection is cleaved in cytosol rapidly after its synthesis, and nascent p17 enters the nuclei and gradually accumulates there. uncleaved p55 molecules and intermediate precursors are rapidly transported to the membranes and are also found in nuclei. mature gag proteins are seen in membr ... | 1992 | 1457192 |
| properties of hiv membrane reconstituted from its recombinant gp160 envelope glycoprotein. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) membrane has been reconstituted from the recombinant envelope glycoprotein precursor (gp160) by a detergent dialysis technique. electron microscopy shows that gp160-virosomes are spherical vesicles with a mean diameter identical to that of viral particles. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunogold labeling demonstrate efficient association of gp160 with lipid vesicles and proteolysis treatment reveals an asymmetric insertion with about 90% of glycoprotei ... | 1992 | 1457195 |
| signature pattern analysis: a method for assessing viral sequence relatedness. | signature pattern analysis identifies particular sites in amino acid or nucleic acid alignments of variable sequences that are distinctly representative of a query set of sequences relative to a background set. we explore the merits of using signature patterns for analysis of hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) sequences in cases of epidemiological linkage and potential superinfection. for these purposes, query sets are viral sequences that are all derived from one hiv-1 infected individ ... | 1992 | 1457200 |
| interaction of human immunodeficiency virus with human macrovascular endothelial cells in vitro. | | 1992 | 1457202 |
| lfa-1 adhesion molecules are not involved in the early stages of hiv-1 env-mediated cell membrane fusion. | a recently developed sensitive assay to examine the early stages of hiv-1 env-mediated cell fusion is based on the redistribution of fluorescent dyes between membranes and cytoplasm of adjacent cells, monitored by fluorescence video microscopy. this assay demonstrated that membrane fusion can occur under conditions where no syncytia are formed. fusion started earlier than syncytia formation and was not very sensitive to hiv-1 env+/cd4+ cell ratios. in the current study, this assay was used to de ... | 1992 | 1457205 |
| studies on the role of the v3 loop in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein function. | mutations within the principal neutralizing determinant (the v3 loop) of the hiv-1 surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 block or greatly reduce the ability of the hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein to induce cell fusion in cd4+ hela t4 cells while keeping its cd4 binding ability. however, when either cysteine or both cysteines forming the v3 disulfide bridge were mutated, the resultant glycoprotein could not mediate cell fusion, undergo proteolytic processing, or bind cd4. to investigate the role that t ... | 1992 | 1457207 |
| dendritic cells from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis are infected with htlv-1 and stimulate autologous lymphocyte proliferation. | dendritic cells (dc), important antigen-presenting cells for recruiting t cells into immune responses, are susceptible to infection with hiv-1 and this can cause either stimulatory or suppressive effects on t cells. we examined another human retrovirus, htlv-1, to determine whether dc were infected and caused any changes in t-cell function. patients infected with htlv-1 who have tropical spastic paraparesis (tsp) show high 'spontaneous' lymphocyte proliferation. we studied the basis for this by ... | 1992 | 1457215 |
| human immunodeficiency virus as a risk factor in miscellaneous cancers. | the association of malignancies, such as non-hodgkin's lymphoma and kaposi's sarcoma, with human immunodeficiency virus infection has been recognized since the beginning of the epidemic. however, an increasing number of tumors not diagnostic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been described in this setting. taking into consideration that survival of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection is increasing because of improvement of supportive care and better control of human immu ... | 1992 | 1457506 |
| rhabdomyolysis, infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus, and staphylococcal bacteremia. | | 1992 | 1457644 |
| candidal mitral endocarditis and long-term treatment with fluconazole in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | | 1992 | 1457652 |
| cryptosporidiosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | infection caused by cryptosporidium species has proved to be one of the most taxing and frustrating conditions faced by clinicians caring for patients with aids. unfortunately, this unique organism, which was identified as a human pathogen only shortly before the aids epidemic began to manifest itself, has received only minimal attention during the past decade. dr. carolyn petersen, an assistant professor of medicine at the university of california, san francisco, and a member of the division of ... | 1992 | 1457661 |
| genital herpes and prevention of hiv infection: the report of a study in progress. | although genital herpes is not a reportable disease, research has shown that about one in five women and one in eight men carry the antibody. the chronic ulcerative disease may place affected individuals at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this article directs attention to a study-in-progress of adaptation in young adults with genital herpes. the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches in the study of adaptation will increase knowledge of adaptation regarding both pr ... | 1992 | 1457782 |
| bacterial expression, purification, and in vitro n-myristoylation of hiv-1 p17gag. | the coding region of the n-terminal 17-kda portion of hiv-1 pr55gag (p17gag) was cloned into the pet-3c expression vector and was used to overexpress hiv-1 p17gag in escherichia coli. induction of the transformed bacteria caused the accumulation of a 17-kda polypeptide in the soluble cell fraction which was released by sonication in hypotonic nondetergent buffer. the 17-kda polypeptide was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive chromatography on g-75 sephadex, deae-sephacel, a ... | 1992 | 1458053 |
| regulatory genes of human immunodeficiency viruses. | | 1992 | 1458225 |
| ultrastructural localization of hiv-1 rna and core proteins. simultaneous visualization using double immunogold labelling after in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. | the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna sequences in cem and jurkat lymphoid cells infected with the virus has been performed at the subcellular level. using a biotinylated dna probe specific for hiv-1, virus rna sequences were detected on lowicryl thin sections after immunogold cytochemistry. the labelling observed on the cytoplasm was localized near the plasma membrane connected with extracellular cluster of virions. on free immature and nascent form of the virus the de ... | 1992 | 1458433 |
| application of capillary electrophoresis in peptide research. | comparison of high performance liquid chromatograms (hplc) with capillary electrophoresis shows the latter to be superior in many cases owing to rapid separation, high resolution and high sensitivity. this is demonstrated with two examples (i) the isolation of natural peptides from bovine tissue and (ii) characterization of a synthetic peptide mixture with the natural sequence (fragment) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmembrane glycoprotein gp 41 env. | 1992 | 1459092 |
| antibody mediated enhancement of hiv-1 infection of an ebv transformed b cell line is cd4 dependent. | low levels of anti-viral antibodies may facilitate virus infection of fc-receptor bearing cells. for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) it has been reported that antibodies can enhance infection of phagocytic cells. we show that hiv-1 can infect an epstein-barr virus transformed b cell line and that low levels of anti-hiv antibodies enhance infection. the enhanced infection was characterized by an increase in viral dna and increased hiv p24 protein production. detection of cell surface antigen e ... | 1992 | 1459171 |
| reactive oxygen intermediates and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | hiv infection affects various parts of the immune system, including the cd4+ lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, and causes a progressive immunodeficiency. this renders the patient susceptible to various opportunistic infections and neoplasms. reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) are important for the intracellular killing of microorganisms by mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils. although data are discrepant, several studies suggest that the generation of roi is impaired in mononuclear pha ... | 1992 | 1459484 |
| managing a patient with progressive hiv disease. | this monthly series was developed from the aoa task force on aids writers' workshop, held august 16 to 18, 1991, in new york. the workshop was sponsored by an education grant from burroughs wellcome. it will provide brief clinical updates and perspectives on the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). readers may request tear sheets from the aoa editorial offices. | 1992 | 1459873 |
| characterization and purification of a novel transcriptional repressor from hela cell nuclear extracts recognizing the negative regulatory element region of human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat. | cellular transcription factors play critical roles in regulating human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gene transcription, although the precise mechanism(s) defining their roles are not well established. primarily it has been suggested that sequence-specific interaction of trans-activating proteins with cis-acting dna elements plays a crucial role in regulating the target genes. the negative regulatory element (nre) of hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr) is one such defined region that has been report ... | 1992 | 1459999 |
| microglial cell upregulation of hiv-1 expression in the chronically infected promonocytic cell line u1: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | culture supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-treated murine microglial cells were found to markedly induce the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 in the chronically infected human promonocytic cell line u1 as detected by measurements of hiv-1 p24 antigen release into u1 culture supernatants. antibody to tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha had an inhibitory effect on the induction of virus by microglial cell supernatants. also, treatment of microglia with pentoxifylline, an in ... | 1992 | 1460095 |
| human immunodeficiency virus and opportunistic ocular infections. | opportunistic ocular infections are a common and important complication of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. cytomegalovirus retinitis is by far the most frequent infection, but other viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections of the posterior segment of the eye may be seen. infections of the anterior segment are less common but may cause visual loss if not treated. prompt recognition of these diseases is essential because ocular involvement may be an early sign of systemic dissemination. | 1992 | 1460270 |
| comparative clonal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-specific cd4+ and cd8+ cytolytic t lymphocytes isolated from seronegative humans immunized with candidate hiv-1 vaccines. | the lysis of infected host cells by virus-specific cytolytic t lymphocytes (ctl) is an important factor in host resistance to viral infection. an optimal vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) would elicit virus-specific ctl as well as neutralizing antibodies. the induction by a vaccine of hiv-1-specific cd8+ ctl in humans has not been previously reported. in this study, ctl responses were evaluated in hiv-1-seronegative human volunteers participating in a phase i acquired i ... | 1992 | 1460417 |
| cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of hiv disease. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection of brain macrophages and astroglial proliferation are central features of hiv-induced central nervous system (cns) disorders. these observations suggest that glial cellular interactions participate in disease. in an experimental system to examine this process, we found that cocultures of hiv-infected monocytes and astroglia release high levels of cytokines and arachidonate metabolites leading to neuronotoxicity. hiv-1ada-infected monocytes cocultured ... | 1992 | 1460427 |
| karyotypic derivation of h9 cell line expressing human immunodeficiency virus susceptibility. | the t-cell lymphoma hut78 cell line and the h9 clone of the cd4-positive ht cell line, derived from hut78, are known to be genetically identical on the basis of allozyme (allelic isozyme) patterns and dna fingerprinting, but the chromosome compositions of these cell lines have not been determined. the ht cell line and its h9 clone carry susceptibility to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 1992 | 1460674 |
| the influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and intravenous drug abuse on complications of hemodialysis access surgery. | to examine the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection on complications in dialysis access surgery, a review was performed on patients undergoing hemodialysis at two major metropolitan medical centers over a 30-month period. one hundred eight patients underwent a total of 169 graft procedures; mean follow-up was 14 1/2 months. there were 18 (17%) patients who were hiv-positive who had no symptoms, 11 (10%) patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and 79 (73%) pa ... | 1992 | 1460717 |
| estimates of the number of motherless youth orphaned by aids in the united states. | to estimate the number of youth in the united states who have been or will be left motherless by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) epidemic, in order to project the need for family supports, age-appropriate foster and congregate care, and mental health and social services. | 1992 | 1460736 |
| [epidemiology, clinical course++, prognosis and treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: analysis of 41 cases]. | thrombocytopenia is one of the manifestations of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1). a series of 41 patients were studied over a period of 2 years. | 1992 | 1460879 |
| [low risk of acquiring the hepatitis c virus for the health personnel]. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) is transmitted by the same routes as that of hepatitis b (hbv) and that of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). health care workers have been considered at risk although of different intensity for acquiring the hbv and hiv with the risk of acquiring the hcv being ignored. | 1992 | 1460924 |
| [oral candidiasis as the first manifestation of hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. an analysis of 2 cases]. | the authors report two cases in which unexplained oral candidiasis led to the diagnosis of hiv infection with clinical form of aids-related complex (arc). it is highlighted that the dentist showed investigate the causes of every unexplained oral candidiasis in adult because this opportunist infection may be the first sign of immunosuppression associated with aids and aids-related syndromes. | 1992 | 1461247 |
| selected behaviors that increase risk for hiv infection, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy among high school students--united states, 1991. | since the 1970s, sexual activity has increased among adolescents in the united states (1); at the same time, rates of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) (1), unintended pregnancy (2), and--beginning in the 1980s--human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (3,4) also have increased among adolescents. this report presents 1991 self-reported data from students in grades 9-12 about behaviors that can result in hiv infection, other stds, or unintended pregnancy. | 1992 | 1461252 |
| hiv-related cachexia: potential mechanisms and treatment. | involuntary weight loss or wasting indicative of severe protein energy malnutrition is a frequent complication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). malnutrition, with its associated adverse effects on immunocompetence, may contribute to the progression of aids itself. since death from wasting is ultimately related to the magnitude of tissue depletion, restoration of body cell mass may enhance survival. the mechanism of weight loss in aids has not been clearly elucidated. the etiology i ... | 1992 | 1461629 |
| population-based study of measles and measles immunization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | this study reports the course of measles and results of measles immunization in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. six cases of measles were identified. all had typical clinical manifestations, 5 of 6 developed pneumonia and 3 of 6 died. a measles intervention program consisting of serologic screening and active immunization (measles-mumps-rubella (mmr)) was instituted in 1990. among 127 children with data available for analysis (mean age, 6.7 years), only 35% had docume ... | 1992 | 1461690 |
| diarrhea among african children born to human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected mothers: clinical, microbiologic and epidemiologic features. | diarrhea and weight loss are common features of pediatric and adult human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) infection, particularly in developing countries. we studied prospectively episodes of diarrhea in 559 children, ages 10 to 15 months, participating in a longitudinal study of perinatal hiv-1 infection in kinshasa, zaire. children with hiv-1 infection had more frequent episodes of diarrhea and were more likely to present with fever or moderate or severe dehydration and to have persistent or f ... | 1992 | 1461710 |
| physical symptoms and depressive symptoms among individuals with hiv infection. | the authors investigate the importance of physical symptoms as a correlate of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in a large (n = 881) community-based sample of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. the study overcomes limitations of prior research by minimizing overlap in measures of affective and physical symptoms, studying a more diverse population, and including correlates such as measures of social support, function, employment, insurance coverage, and cognitive impairme ... | 1992 | 1461967 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in hospitalized adults at a teaching hospital in west texas. | the prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among hospitalized adults at a teaching hospital in west texas was estimated by conducting a serological survey. of the 2,458 patients tested, 12 (0.5%) were seropositive. all 12 were men of ages 28 through 50 years; 11 were white and 1 was hispanic. eleven were previously known to be hiv positive and were hospitalized for illnesses related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). all seropositive patients were hospitalized ... | 1992 | 1462260 |
| risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among low-income women undergoing voluntary sterilization. | data regarding risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were collected from 486 women who presented in 1989 for tubal sterilization through a clinic operated by a medical school. this clinic was participating in a blind surveillance project administered by the local health department. the project was designed to estimate the prevalence of seropositivity for hiv among women seeking family planning services within the department's catchment area. the expectation was that the popu ... | 1992 | 1462262 |
| women, hiv infection, and aids: tapestries of life, death, and empowerment. | women, the minority population in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pandemic, are fast becoming one of the highest subgroups to be infected and affected by the disease. in the united states, most of these women are black or hispanic, poor and urban dwellers, and addicted to drugs. this paper discusses the physical, psychological, and social manifestations of hiv disease in women, such as diminished activity tolerance, neurologic or cognitive changes, occupational and social role imbalance, ... | 1992 | 1463074 |
| nih conference. gastrointestinal infections in aids. | as the largest lymphoid organ in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is a potential reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and it is an important site for hiv-induced immunodeficiency. the resulting defects in cellular and humoral defense mechanisms predispose the gastrointestinal tract to a spectrum of viral, fungal, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens that cause relentless morbidity and, in some cases, death. with ... | 1992 | 1463471 |