| assays for the assessment of neutralizing antibody activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus (scv). | accurate assessment of neutralizing antibody activities is important either for patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) or for animals and volunteers immunized with the experimental vaccines against the sars associated coronavirus (scv). however, the current assay based on the cytopathic effect (cpe) which has been frequently cited in literature has several limitations. the cpe assay relies on the visual observation on the damage of scv infected target cells under a micro ... | 2005 | 15894326 |
| synthesis and evaluation of isatin derivatives as effective sars coronavirus 3cl protease inhibitors. | n-substituted isatin derivatives were prepared from the reaction of isatin and various bromides via two steps. bioactivity assay results (in vitro tests) demonstrated that some of these compounds are potent and selective inhibitors against sars coronavirus 3cl protease with ic50 values ranging from 0.95 to 17.50 microm. additionally, isatin 4o exhibited more potent inhibition for sars coronavirus protease than for other proteases including papain, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. | 2005 | 15896959 |
| human coronavirus nl63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. | coronavirus (cov) infection of humans is usually not associated with severe disease. however, discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cov revealed that highly pathogenic human covs (hcovs) can evolve. the identification and characterization of new hcovs is, therefore, an important task. recently, a hcov termed nl63 was discovered in patients with respiratory tract illness. here, cell tropism and receptor usage of hcov-nl63 were analyzed. the nl63 spike (s) protein mediated infe ... | 2005 | 15897467 |
| antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | cross-reactivity between antibodies to different human coronaviruses (hcovs) has not been systematically studied. by use of western blot analysis, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and 2 hcovs (229e and oc43) was demonstrated in immunized animals and human serum. in 5 of 11 and 10 of 11 patients with sars, paired serum samples showed ... | 2005 | 15897988 |
| variation analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus putative non-structural protein 2 gene and construction of three-dimensional model. | the rapid transmission and high mortality rate made severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) a global threat for which no efficacious therapy is available now. without sufficient knowledge about the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), it is impossible to define the candidate for the anti-sars targets. the putative non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) (3cl(pro), following the nomenclature by gao et al, also known as nsp5 in snidjer et al) of sars-cov plays an important role in viral transcription and replica ... | 2005 | 15899130 |
| potent and specific inhibition of sars-cov antigen expression by rna interference. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an infectious disease caused by sars-cov. there are no effective antiviral drugs for sars although the epidemic of sars was controlled. the aim of this study was to develop an rnai (rna interference) approach that specifically targeted the n gene sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov) by synthesizing short hairpin rna (shrna) in vivo, and to assess the inhibitory effect of this shrna on sars-cov n antigen expres ... | 2005 | 15899131 |
| software for optimization of snp and pcr-rflp genotyping to discriminate many genomes with the fewest assays. | microbial forensics is important in tracking the source of a pathogen, whether the disease is a naturally occurring outbreak or part of a criminal investigation. | 2005 | 15904493 |
| [seroepidemiology of sars in taiyuan city]. | | 2004 | 15906479 |
| [characteristics and distribution of serum antibodies of sars virus in population of shanxi]. | | 2004 | 15906480 |
| a deficient public health system as a contributing cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic in mainland china. | sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is a newly emerging infectious disease which spread over 32 countries and areas, infected more than 8,000 people and causing more than 900 deaths from november 2002 to august 2003. more than 90% of the sars cases and death were reported from china. nevertheless, we still know little about this disease, particularly in etiology. sars, as an emergency of public health system (phs), alarmed health workers throughout the world proving there is still the poten ... | 2005 | 15906671 |
| human coronavirus nl63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in hong kong, china. | human coronavirus nl63 (hcov-nl63) is a recently discovered human coronavirus found to cause respiratory illness in children and adults that is distinct from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus and human coronaviruses 229e (hcov-229e) and oc43 (hcov-oc43). | 2005 | 15909257 |
| interferon alfacon1 is an inhibitor of sars-corona virus in cell-based models. | preliminary data examining interferon alfacon1 treatment of sars-cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus)-infected patients suggests this therapy is well tolerated and of therapeutic benefit. we report herein that interferon alfacon1, has potent in vitro antiviral activity against sars-cov. in a cytopathic effect protection (cpe) assay, interferon alfacon1 inhibited the generation of cpe in a dose-dependent manner with an ic50 of 0.001 microg/ml, a clinically achievable level. furthe ... | 2005 | 15911026 |
| inhibitory effect of mizoribine and ribavirin on the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus. | the activity of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) inhibitors, mizoribine and ribavirin, against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was determined by plaque reduction and yield reduction assays. mizoribine and ribavirin selectively inhibited replication of sars-cov. the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of mizoribine for sars-cov frankfurt-1 and sars-cov hku39849, as determined by plaque reduction was 3.5 microg/ml and 16 microg/ml, respectiv ... | 2005 | 15911031 |
| the design and application of dna chips for early detection of sars-cov from clinical samples. | sars coronavirus has been identified as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). few tests allow confirmation or exclusion of sars within the first few days of infection. a gene chip is a useful tool for the study of microbial infections mainly for its capability of performing multi-target analysis in a single test. | 2005 | 15911427 |
| the experience of sars-related stigma at amoy gardens. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) possesses characteristics that render it particularly prone to stigmatization. sars-related stigma, despite its salience for public health and stigma research, has had little examination. this study combines survey and case study methods to examine subjective stigma among residents of amoy gardens (ag), the first officially recognized site of community outbreak of sars in hong kong. a total of 903 residents of ag completed a self-report questionnaire deri ... | 2005 | 15913861 |
| molecular identification and characterization of novel coronaviruses infecting graylag geese (anser anser), feral pigeons (columbia livia) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | in light of the finding of a previously unknown coronavirus as the aetiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), it is probable that other coronaviruses, than those recognized to date, are circulating in animal populations. here, the results of a screening for coronavirus are presented, using a universal coronavirus rt-pcr, of the bird species graylag goose (anser anser), feral pigeon (columbia livia) and mallard (anas platyrhynchos). coronaviruses were found in cloacal swab samples ... | 2005 | 15914837 |
| molecular identification and characterization of novel coronaviruses infecting graylag geese (anser anser), feral pigeons (columbia livia) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | in light of the finding of a previously unknown coronavirus as the aetiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), it is probable that other coronaviruses, than those recognized to date, are circulating in animal populations. here, the results of a screening for coronavirus are presented, using a universal coronavirus rt-pcr, of the bird species graylag goose (anser anser), feral pigeon (columbia livia) and mallard (anas platyrhynchos). coronaviruses were found in cloacal swab samples ... | 2005 | 15914837 |
| [emerging respiratory infections caused by pneumotropic viruses]. | | 2005 | 15915382 |
| jnk and pi3k/akt signaling pathways are required for establishing persistent sars-cov infection in vero e6 cells. | persistence was established after most of the sars-cov-infected vero e6 cells died. rna of the defective interfering virus was not observed in the persistently infected cells by northern blot analysis. sars-cov diluted to 2 pfu failed to establish persistence, suggesting that some particular viruses in the seed virus did not induce persistent infection. interestingly, a viral receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ace)-2, was down-regulated in persistently infected cells. g418-selected clones ... | 2005 | 15916886 |
| synthetic peptides outside the spike protein heptad repeat regions as potent inhibitors of sars-associated coronavirus. | a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) has been identified as the aetiological agent of sars. we previously isolated and characterized sars-cov and sars-cov-like viruses from human and animals, respectively, suggesting that sars could be transmitted from wild/farmed animals to humans. comparison of the viral genomes indicated that sequence variation between animal and human isolates existed mainly in the spike (s) gene. we hypothesized that these varia ... | 2005 | 15918330 |
| cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) remains unclear. macrophages are key sentinel cells in the respiratory system, and it is therefore relevant to compare the responses of human macrophages to infections with the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and other respiratory viruses. primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with sars-cov in vitro. virus replication was monitored by measuring the levels of positive- and negative-strand rna, by immunofluorescence detect ... | 2005 | 15919935 |
| coronaviral hypothetical and structural proteins were found in the intestinal surface enterocytes and pneumocytes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerging infectious disease that haunted the world from november 2002 to july 2003. little is known about the biology and pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus that causes sars. the tissue and cellular distributions of coronaviral hypothetical and structural proteins in sars were investigated. antibodies against the hypothetical (sars 3a, 3b, 6, 7a and 9b) and structural proteins (envelope, membrane, nucleocapsid and spike) of the coronaviru ... | 2005 | 15920543 |
| [the effects of 4 laboratory test kits in early detecting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus]. | to compare the 4 test kits on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) gene, antigen and antibody for early diagnose of sars patients. | 2005 | 15921587 |
| [hypothesis on generating and tracer gas study regarding transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome through ventilation system in a general hospital]. | by measuring airflow and ventilation distribution of ward building, to explore and verify the hypothesis of airborne transmission and risk factor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) nosocomial infection. | 2005 | 15921591 |
| [surveillance on severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus in animals at a live animal market of guangzhou in 2004]. | to study the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) like virus in animals at a live animal market of guanzhou in 2004 before and after culling of wild animal action taken by the local authority, in order to predict the re-emerging of sars from animal originals in this region. | 2005 | 15921605 |
| [surveillance on severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus in animals at a live animal market of guangzhou in 2004]. | to study the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) like virus in animals at a live animal market of guanzhou in 2004 before and after culling of wild animal action taken by the local authority, in order to predict the re-emerging of sars from animal originals in this region. | 2005 | 15921605 |
| efficacy of various disinfectants against sars coronavirus. | the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic in asia and northern america led to broad use of various types of disinfectant in order to control the public spread of the highly contagious virus. however, only limited data were available to demonstrate their efficacy against sars coronavirus (sars-cov). we therefore investigated eight disinfectants for their activity against sars-cov according to pren 14476. four hand rubs were tested at 30s (sterillium, based on 45% iso-propanol, ... | 2005 | 15923059 |
| clinical, virologic and immunologic profiles of a young infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the clinical findings, plasma viral load, cytokines and chemokines of a 4-month-old infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) were assessed at different phases of the disease. ribavirin failed to inhibit sars coronavirus (sars-cov) replication. one-step real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for plasma sars-cov rna quantification was useful for early diagnosis and monitoring viremia. | 2005 | 15933575 |
| the interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3c-like proteinase and a dimeric inhibitor by capillary electrophoresis. | 3c-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus has been demonstrated to be a key target for drug design against sars. the interaction between sars coronavirus 3c-like (3cl) proteinase and an octapeptide interface inhibitor was studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis (ace). the binding constants were estimated by the change of migration time of the analytes in the buffer solution containing different concentrations of sars 3cl proteinase. the results showed that ... | 2005 | 15935325 |
| sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) and the safety of a solvent/detergent (s/d) treated immunoglobulin preparation. | sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) is a newly emerged, highly pathogenic agent that caused over 8000 human infections with nearly 800 deaths between november 2002 and september 2003. while direct person-to-person transmission via respiratory droplets accounted for most cases, other modes have not been ruled out. sars-cov viraemia does not seem to reach high titres, however, it has to be excluded that virus transmission may occur via blood transfusion or application of therapeutic plasma products, e.g. ... | 2005 | 15939287 |
| expression and purification of sars coronavirus proteins using sumo-fusions. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) proteins belong to a large group of proteins that is difficult to express in traditional expression systems. the ability to express and purify sars-cov proteins in large quantities is critical for basic research and for development of pharmaceutical agents. the work reported here demonstrates: (1) fusion of sumo (small ubiquitin-related modifier), a 100 amino acid polypeptide, to the n-termini of sars-cov proteins dramatically enhances exp ... | 2005 | 15939295 |
| a human sars-cov neutralizing antibody against epitope on s2 protein. | an immune antibody phage-display library was constructed from b cells of sars convalescent patients. more than 80 clones were selected from the library by using the whole inactivated sars-cov virions as target. one human scfv, b1, was characterized extensively. the b1 recognized sars pseudovirus in vivo and competed with sars sera for binding to sars-cov with high affinity (equilibrium dissociation constant, k(d) = 105 nm). the b1 also has potent neutralizing activities against infection by pseu ... | 2005 | 15939399 |
| pseudoknots: rna structures with diverse functions. | | 2005 | 15941360 |
| [study on the dynamics of igg antibody in 311 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome]. | to detect the level and dynamic change of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus-specific igg antibody in conavalescent sars patients, and to provide information for prevention and vaccine development. | 2005 | 15941507 |
| [study on the rna of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus in the blood and excretion of convalescent patients with sars]. | to examine the rna of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in the blood and excretion of convalescent patient with sars for prevention and treatment of the disease. | 2005 | 15941510 |
| [development and application of triple antibodies-based sandwich elisa for detecting nucleocapsid protein of sars-associated coronavirus]. | to prepare and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mab) and polyclonal antibodies against nucleocapsid (n) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and to establish antibodies-based sandwich elisa for detecting n protein of sars-cov, which might apply to early diagnosis of patients with sars-cov infection. | 2005 | 15941537 |
| antibody avidity maturation during severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. | the maturation of virus-specific immunoglobulin g avidity during severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection was examined. the avidity indices were low (mean +/- sd, 30.8% +/- 11.6%) among serum samples collected < or =50 days after fever onset, intermediate (mean +/- sd, 52.1% +/- 14.1%) among samples collected between days 51 and 90, and high (mean +/- sd, 78.1% +/- 8.0%) among samples collected after day 90. avidity indices of 40% and 55% could be considered as cutoff v ... | 2005 | 15942907 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome and the innate immune responses: modulation of effector cell function without productive infection. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by a novel human coronavirus (cov), designated sars-cov, is a highly contagious respiratory disease with the lungs as a major target. although the exact mechanism of sars-cov pathogenesis remains unknown, an intense, ill-regulated local inflammatory response has been suggested as partially responsible for the devastating lung pathology. we investigated the interaction of sars-cov with human macrophages (mphi) and dendritic cells (dc), two key innat ... | 2005 | 15944304 |
| leadership in research: organizing genius. | science has become complex. its success is increasingly becoming a matter of collaboration based on established infrastructures and professional norms in response to environmental challenges. leadership in such situations means organizing the genius inherent in great groups. three examples--the manhattan project, mapping the human genome, and rapidly understanding the nature of the sars virus--are analyzed, showing a trend away from the individual scientist to a model based on simultaneous compe ... | 2004 | 15948492 |
| [specific antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein and s1 domain of spike glycoprotein in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome]. | to explore the laws of the appearance of the specific serum antibodies against the nucleocapsid (n) protein and the s1 domain of spike (s) glycoprotein in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and to evaluate the value of these two proteins to be used as diagnostic makers for sars. | 2005 | 15949331 |
| [an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of sars associated coronavirus antibody based on recombinant nucleocapsid antigen and its application]. | to establish a new technique for sars-cov antibody test to detect infection of severer acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | 2005 | 15949361 |
| screening of drugs by fret analysis identifies inhibitors of sars-cov 3cl protease. | sars-cov 3cl protease is essential for viral protein processing and is regarded as a good drug target to prevent sars-cov replication. in the present study, we established a high-throughput fret technique for screening for anti-sars-cov 3cl protease drugs. of a thousand existing drugs examined, hexachlorophene was identified as the most potent in inhibiting sars-cov 3cl protease. further characterization showed that it was effective at micromolar concentrations (k(i) = 4 microm). the binding mod ... | 2005 | 15950190 |
| pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (cov). the tissue tropism of sars-cov includes not only the lung, but also the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and liver. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), the c-type lectin cd209l (also known l-sign), and dc-sign bind sars-cov, but ace2 appears to be the key functional receptor for the virus. there is a prominent innate immune response to sars-cov infection, including acute-phase protein ... | 2005 | 15950449 |
| multiplexed detection of pathogen dna with dna-based fluorescence nanobarcodes. | rapid, multiplexed, sensitive and specific molecular detection is of great demand in gene profiling, drug screening, clinical diagnostics and environmental analysis. one of the major challenges in multiplexed analysis is to identify each specific reaction with a distinct label or 'code'. two encoding strategies are currently used: positional encoding, in which every potential reaction is preassigned a particular position on a solid-phase support such as a dna microarray, and reaction encoding, w ... | 2005 | 15951805 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) s protein production in plants: development of recombinant vaccine. | in view of a recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), there is a high demand for production of a vaccine to prevent this disease. recent studies indicate that sars-coronavirus (cov) spike protein (s protein) and its truncated fragments are considered the best candidates for generation of the recombinant vaccine. toward the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine candidate, we have expressed the n-terminal fragment of sars-cov s protein (s1) in tomato and low-n ... | 2005 | 15956182 |
| the 3a protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus induces apoptosis in vero e6 cells. | an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) occurred in china and the first case emerged in mid-november 2002. the aetiological agent of this disease was found to be a previously unknown coronavirus, sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). the detailed pathology of sars-cov infection and the host response to the viral infection are still not known. the 3a gene encodes a non-structural viral protein, which is predicted to be a transmembrane protein. in this study, it was shown that th ... | 2005 | 15958670 |
| development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | the severity and global spread of the 2003 outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) highlighted the risks to human health posed by emerging viral diseases and emphasized the need for specific therapeutic agents instead of relying on existing broadly active antiviral compounds. the development of rapid screening assays is essential for antiviral drug discovery. thus, a screening system for anti-sars-cov agents was developed, which evaluated compound pote ... | 2005 | 15961169 |
| appropriate use of personal protective equipment among healthcare workers in public sector hospitals and primary healthcare polyclinics during the sars outbreak in singapore. | singapore was affected by an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) from 25 february to 31 may 2003, with 238 probable cases and 33 deaths. | 2005 | 15961624 |
| genetic lesions within the 3a gene of sars-cov. | a series of frameshift mutations within the 3a gene has been observed in culture-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). we report here that viral rna from clinical samples obtained from sars-cov infected patients also contains a heterogeneous population of wild-type and mutant 3a transcripts. | 2005 | 15963240 |
| concentration and detection of sars coronavirus in sewage from xiao tang shan hospital and the 309th hospital. | the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is associated with close contact to sars patients and droplet secretions of those patients. the finding of positive rt-pcr results from stools of sars patients suggests that stools of sars patients or sewage containing stools of patients could transmit sars-cov. we used a novel style of electropositive filter media particle to concentrate the sars-cov from the sewage of two hospitals receiving sars patients i ... | 2005 | 15964082 |
| longitudinal alteration of circulating dendritic cell subsets and its correlation with steroid treatment in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | in this study, we found that 74 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) exhibited a rapid, dramatic decrease in numbers of circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mdcs and pdcs) during the first 2 weeks of illness (5.3- and 28.4-fold reductions for mdcs and pdcs compared with 25 healthy individuals, respectively), with slow return to normal cell numbers during convalescence (weeks 5-7 of illness on average). in addition, numbers of circulating cd4 and cd8 t cells exh ... | 2005 | 15964242 |
| [rnase iii-prepared short interfering rnas induce degradation of sars-coronavirus mrnas in human cells]. | sars-associated coronavirus has been identified for the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome, for which there is no efficacious drugs or vaccines. rna interference (rnai) is a process in cell to degradation specific target mrna by double-stranded rna. in mammalian cells, rnai can be triggered by short interfering rna (sirna). rna interference of virus-specific genes has emerged as a potential antiviral mechanism. this work evaluated if rnase iii-prepared short interfering rnas can induce s ... | 2004 | 15968975 |
| [over-expression in escherichia coli and purification of nucleocaspid and membrane protein of sars coronavirus]. | genes encoding nucleocaspid (n) and membrane (m) protein of sars coronavirus were obtained by rt-pcr and were cloned into expression vector pet22b and pbv222. dna sequencing showed that the genes cloned from a patient in beijing were identical to the gene sequences from reported toronto strain. the genes were over-expressed in e. coli either as inclusion body or as soluble form. the recombinant proteins were purified by ion-exchange, or ion-exchange followed by metal chelate affinity chromatogra ... | 2003 | 15969052 |
| [study of laboratory characteristic of 4 patients with sporadic severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2004]. | to analyze the laboratory characteristics of patients with sporadic severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in china. | 2005 | 15970094 |
| a case-control study of sars versus community acquired pneumonia. | the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features at presentation of 16 children (<12 years) with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and pneumonia were compared with 32 age matched patients with community acquired pneumonia for determination of predictive factors that could allow early differentiation of the two conditions. a definitive contact history was the most important predictor for sars. raised serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration in the presence of low neutrophil count and s ... | 2005 | 15970619 |
| response of memory cd8+ t cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus in recovered sars patients and healthy individuals. | to date, the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in humans is still not well understood. sars coronavirus (sars-cov)-specific ctl responses, in particular their magnitude and duration of postinfection immunity, have not been extensively studied. in this study, we found that heat-inactivated sars-cov elicited recall ctl responses to newly identified spike protein-derived epitopes (ssp-1, s978, and s1202) in peripheral blood of all hla-a*0201(+) recovered sars patients over 1 ... | 2005 | 15972696 |
| discovery of potent anilide inhibitors against the severe acute respiratory syndrome 3cl protease. | a diversified library of peptide anilides was prepared, and their inhibition activities against the sars-cov 3cl protease were examined by a fluorogenic tetradecapeptide substrate. the most potent inhibitor is an anilide derived from 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, l-phenylalanine and 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid. this anilide is a competitive inhibitor of the sars-cov 3cl protease with k(i) = 0.03 mum. the molecular docking experiment indicates that the p1 residue of this anilide inhibitor is distant ... | 2005 | 15974598 |
| comprehensive antibody epitope mapping of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus: insight into the humoral immunity of sars. | the epidemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) posed a worldwide threat to public health and economic stability. although the pandemic has been contained, concerns over its recurrence remain. it is essential to identify specific diagnostic agents and antiviral vaccine candidates to fight this highly contagious disease. | 2005 | 15976093 |
| recurrent mutations associated with isolation and passage of sars coronavirus in cells from non-human primates. | four clinical isolates of sars coronavirus were serially passaged in two primate cell lines (frhk4 and vero e6). viral genetic sequences encoding for structural proteins and open reading frames 6--8 were determined in the original clinical specimen, the initial virus isolate (passage 0) and at passages 5, 10, and 15. after 15 passages, a total of 15 different mutations were identified and 12 of them were non-synonymous mutations. seven of these mutations were recurrent mutation and all located a ... | 2005 | 15977248 |
| the probability of failing in detecting an infectious disease at entry points into a country. | in a group of n individuals, carrying an infection with prevalence pi, the exact probability p of failing in detecting the infection is evaluated when a diagnostic test of sensitivity s and specificity s' is carried out on a sample of n individuals extracted without replacement from the group. furthermore, the minimal number of individuals that must be tested if the probability p has to be lower than a fixed value is determined as a function of pi. if all n tests result negative, confidence inte ... | 2005 | 15977301 |
| structural analysis of inhibition mechanisms of aurintricarboxylic acid on sars-cov polymerase and other proteins. | we recently published experimental results that indicated aurintricarboxylic acid (ata) could selectively inhibit sars-cov replication inside host cells by greater than 1000 times. this inhibition suggested that ata could be developed as potent anti-viral drug. here, to extend our experimental observation, we have incorporated protein structural studies (with positive/negative controls) to investigate the potential binding modes/sites of ata onto rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) from sars-cov ... | 2005 | 15979041 |
| a molecular docking model of sars-cov s1 protein in complex with its receptor, human ace2. | the exact residues within severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) s1 protein and its receptor, human ace2, involved in their interaction still remain largely undetermined. identification of exact amino acid residues that are crucial for the interaction of s1 with ace2 could provide working hypotheses for experimental studies and might be helpful for the development of antiviral inhibitor. in this paper, a molecular docking model of sars-cov s1 protein in complex with human ace2 ... | 2005 | 15979045 |
| identification of two critical amino acid residues of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for its variation in zoonotic tropism transition via a double substitution strategy. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a recently identified human coronavirus. the extremely high homology of the viral genomic sequences between the viruses isolated from human (husars-cov) and those of palm civet origin (pcsars-cov) suggested possible palm civet-to-human transmission. genetic analysis revealed that the spike (s) protein of pcsars-cov and husars-cov was subjected to the strongest positive selection pressure during transmission, and there were six amino aci ... | 2005 | 15980414 |
| tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (adam17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2). | angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2) is a critical regulator of heart function and a cellular receptor for the causative agent of severe-acute respiratory syndrome (sars), sars-cov (coronavirus). ace2 is a type i transmembrane protein, with an extracellular n-terminal domain containing the active site and a short intracellular c-terminal tail. a soluble form of ace2, lacking its cytosolic and transmembrane domains, has been shown to block binding of the sars-cov spike protein to its receptor. ... | 2005 | 15983030 |
| bovine torovirus (breda virus) revisited. | bovine torovirus (botv) is a pleomorphic virus with a spike-bearing envelope and a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. this kidney-shaped virus is associated with diarrhea in calves and apparently has a worldwide distribution. this review provides details of the history and taxonomy of botv since its discovery in 1979. information about virion morphology and architecture, antigenic and biological properties, viral genome, protein composition, thermal and chemical st ... | 2004 | 15984322 |
| purification of severe acute respiratory syndrome hyperimmune globulins for intravenous injection from convalescent plasma. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a new infectious disease caused by the sars virus. current first-line treatments are experimental, and their effectiveness remains open to question. for more effective treatment and prevention of sars, human sars hyperimmune globulins for intravenous (iv) injection were purified in this study. | 2005 | 15987362 |
| immune response in balb/c mice induced by recombinant spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | | 2005 | 15989769 |
| [construction of a large human scfv library against sars virus]. | to construct a large human scfv library against sars virus by using in vivo recombination. | 2005 | 15989788 |
| susceptibility of human and rat neural cell lines to infection by sars-coronavirus. | pathological characterization of autopsied tissues from patients with sars revealed severe damage in restricted tissues, such as lung, with no apparent cell damage in other tissues, such as intestine and brain. here, we examined the susceptibility of neural cell lines of human (ol) and rat (c6) origins to sars-associated coronavirus. both of the neural cell lines showed no apparent cytopathic effects (cpe) by infection but produced virus with infectivity of 10(2-5) per ml, in sharp contrast to t ... | 2005 | 15992768 |
| nuclear/nucleolar localization properties of c-terminal nucleocapsid protein of sars coronavirus. | a novel coronavirus (cov) has recently been identified as the aetiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). nucleocapsid (n) proteins of the coronaviridae family have no discernable homology, but they share a common nucleolar-cytoplasmic distribution pattern. there are three putative nuclear localization signal (nls) motifs present in the n. to determine the role of these putative nlss in the intracellular localization of the sars-cov n, we performed a confocal microscopy analy ... | 2005 | 15992957 |
| reduced bone mineral density in male severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients in hong kong. | during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak in hong kong in 2003, patients were treated with very high doses of corticosteroid and ribavirin. the detrimental effects of such treatment on the bone mineral density (bmd) of sars patients are unknown. to compare the bmd of sars patients with normal range data, a cross-sectional survey was conducted. the bone mineral density of 224 patients with sars, who were treated with an average of 2753 mg (sd = 2152 mg) prednisolone and 29,344 ... | 2005 | 15993669 |
| sars coronavirus spike polypeptide dna vaccine priming with recombinant spike polypeptide from escherichia coli as booster induces high titer of neutralizing antibody against sars coronavirus. | different forms of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike protein-based vaccines for generation of neutralizing antibody response against sars-cov were compared using a mouse model. high igg levels were detected in mice immunized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) recombinant spike polypeptide generated by escherichia coli (s-peptide), mice primed with intramuscular (i.m.) tpa-optimize800 dna vaccine (tpa-s-dna) and boosted with i.p. s-peptide, mice primed with i.m. ctla4hingesars800 dna vaccine (ctla4-s-dn ... | 2005 | 15993989 |
| comparison of 9 different pcr primers for the rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus using 2 rna extraction methods. | the sensitivity and specificity of various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) pcr primer and probe sets were evaluated through the use of commercial kits and in-house amplification formats. conventional and real-time pcr assays were performed using a heat-block thermocycler abi 9600, the roche lightcycler version 1.2, or the abi 7000 sequence detection system. the sensitivity of all primers was between 0.0004 and 0.04 pfu with viral cell lysate and between 0.004 and 0.4 pfu ... | 2005 | 15994050 |
| inhibition of the severe acute respiratory syndrome 3cl protease by peptidomimetic alpha,beta-unsaturated esters. | the proteolytic processing of polyproteins by the 3cl protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is essential for the viral propagation. a series of tripeptide alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and ketomethylene isosteres, including ag7088, are synthesized and assayed to target the 3cl protease. though ag7088 is inactive (ic50 > 100 microm), the ketomethylene isosteres and tripeptide alpha,beta-unsaturated esters containing both p1 and p2 phenylalanine residues show modest inhibitory ... | 2005 | 15994085 |
| sequence analysis and structural prediction of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp5. | the non-structural proteins (nsp or replicase proteins) of coronaviruses are relatively conserved and can be effective targets for drugs. few studies have been conducted into the function of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) nsp5. in this study, bioinformatics methods were employed to predict the secondary structure and construct 3-d models of the sars-cov gd strain nsp5. sequencing and sequential comparison was performed to analyze the mutation trend of the polymerase ... | 2005 | 15999208 |
| differential sensitivities of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus spike polypeptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein elisa for serodiagnosis of sars coronavirus pneumonia. | the use of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein (n) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-based antibody and antigen tests for diagnosis of sars-cov infections have been widely reported. however, no recombinant sars-cov spike protein (s)-based elisa is currently available. in this article, we describe the problems and solutions of setting up the recombinant sars-cov s-based elisa for antibody detection. the sars-cov s-based immunoglobulin ... | 2005 | 16000415 |
| evaluation of real-time reverse transcriptase pcr and real-time loop-mediated amplification assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus detection. | we compared the performance of a recently established real-time loop-mediated amplification (lamp) assay with the one from a highly sensitive quantitative pcr assay. none of these assays produced false-positive results in this study. for samples isolated from patients within the first 3 days of disease onset, the detection rate of the quantitative pcr assay was higher (14 of 15 were positive) than the lamp assay (9 of 15 were positive). by contrast, the detection rates of these assays toward spe ... | 2005 | 16000477 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. | acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), the most severe form of acute lung injury, is a devastating clinical syndrome with a high mortality rate (30-60%) (refs 1-3). predisposing factors for ards are diverse and include sepsis, aspiration, pneumonias and infections with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. at present, there are no effective drugs for improving the clinical outcome of ards. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) and ace2 are homologues with different key fun ... | 2005 | 16001071 |
| evaluation of inapparent nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in vietnam by use of highly specific recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. inapparent infection with sars coronavirus (cov) is not well characterized. to develop a safe, simple, and reliable screening method for sars diagnosis and epidemiological study, two recombinant sars-cov nucleocapsid proteins (n' protein and (n)delta(121) protein) were expressed in escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens for indirect, immunoglobulin g enzyme ... | 2005 | 16002634 |
| adverse effects of ribavirin and outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome: experience in two medical centers. | to assess the effect of ribavirin-induced anemia on the outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | 2005 | 16002945 |
| augmentation of immune responses to sars coronavirus by a combination of dna and whole killed virus vaccines. | we studied the immunogenicity of a dna sars-vaccine, a whole killed virus, or a whole killed and dna vaccine combination. the dna vaccine contained a plasmid encoding the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) s protein under the control of the human cmv promoter and intron a. the whole killed virus vaccine was comprised of sars-cov, propagated in vero-e6 cells, with subsequent beta-propilactone inactivation and formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. mice immunized twice with the dna vaccine and once ... | 2005 | 16005746 |
| a crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) in sars coronavirus-induced lung injury. | during several months of 2003, a newly identified illness termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) spread rapidly through the world. a new coronavirus (sars-cov) was identified as the sars pathogen, which triggered severe pneumonia and acute, often lethal, lung failure. moreover, among infected individuals influenza such as the spanish flu and the emergence of new respiratory disease viruses have caused high lethality resulting from acute lung failure. in cell lines, angiotensin-convertin ... | 2005 | 16007097 |
| protecting human and ecological health under viral threats in asia. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbroke in 2003, and the avian influenza a (h5n1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. these pandemic viral diseases originated in south east asia. many human and animal lives were lost. economic damages due to the pandemics were also very large. the question arises of why did the pandemics originate from south east asian areas. human influenza a consists of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the sars virus and the avian influenza (h5n1) t ... | 2005 | 16007933 |
| protecting human and ecological health under viral threats in asia. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbroke in 2003, and the avian influenza a (h5n1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. these pandemic viral diseases originated in south east asia. many human and animal lives were lost. economic damages due to the pandemics were also very large. the question arises of why did the pandemics originate from south east asian areas. human influenza a consists of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the sars virus and the avian influenza (h5n1) t ... | 2005 | 16007933 |
| identification of critical active-site residues in angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2) by site-directed mutagenesis. | angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2) may play an important role in cardiorenal disease and it has also been implicated as a cellular receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus. the ace2 active-site model and its crystal structure, which was solved recently, highlighted key differences between ace2 and its counterpart angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace), which are responsible for their differing substrate and inhibitor sensitivities. in this study the role of ace2 active-si ... | 2005 | 16008552 |
| the estimation of sars incubation distribution from serial interval data using a convolution likelihood. | the incubation period of sars is the time between infection of disease and onset of symptoms. knowledge about the distribution of incubation times is crucial in determining the length of quarantine period and is an important parameter in modelling the spread and control of sars. as the exact time of infection is unknown for most patients, the incubation time cannot be determined. what is observable is the serial interval which is the time from the onset of symptoms in an index case to the onset ... | 2005 | 16013037 |
| [development of monoclonal antibodies against sars-cov and identification of antigenic epitopes]. | based on the genomic sequence of sars-cov strain bj101, antigenic immunodominant genes coding for the structure proteins of sars-cov were predicted by bio-informatics methods, and two chimeric genes a and b with multi-immunodominants lined up by gly-pro-gly linker were synthesized. the chimeric genes were cloned into plasmid pgex-6p-1 and expressed in e. coli with ipgt inducing. balb/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant fusion protein. the specificity of monoclonal antibodies were ... | 2005 | 16013477 |
| rapid awareness and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome in hanoi french hospital, vietnam. | a case-control study was conducted to examine the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and the time-dependent precautionary behaviors taken during an outbreak of sars in hanoi french hospital (hfh), vietnam. masks (odds ratio [or] = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [ci]: 0.1, 0.7) and gowns (or = 0.2; 95% ci: 0.0, 0.8) appeared to prevent sars transmission. the proportion of doctors and nurses who undertook each measure significantly improved (chi(2) = 9.8551, p = 0.043) aft ... | 2005 | 16014825 |
| apical entry and release of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in polarized calu-3 lung epithelial cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by a novel coronavirus (cov) known as sars-cov, is a contagious and life-threatening respiratory illness with pneumocytes as its main target. a full understanding of how sars-cov would interact with lung epithelial cells will be vital for advancing our knowledge of sars pathogenesis. however, an in vitro model of sars-cov infection using relevant lung epithelial cells is not yet available, making it difficult to dissect the pathogenesis of sars-co ... | 2005 | 16014910 |
| inhibition, escape, and attenuated growth of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus treated with antisense morpholino oligomers. | the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a potent pathogen of humans and is capable of rapid global spread. peptide-conjugated antisense morpholino oligomers (p-pmo) were designed to bind by base pairing to specific sequences in the sars-cov (tor2 strain) genome. the p-pmo were tested for their capacity to inhibit production of infectious virus as well as to probe the function of conserved viral rna motifs and secondary structures. several virus-targeted p ... | 2005 | 16014928 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein up-regulates expression of fibrinogen in lung epithelial cells. | here we analyzed the gene expression profile of cells that stably express the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) 3a protein to determine its effects on host functions. a lung epithelial cell-line, a549, was chosen for this study because the lung is the primary organ infected by sars-cov and fatalities resulted mainly from pulmonary complications. our results showed that the expression of 3a up-regulates the mrna levels of all three subunits, aalpha, bbeta, and gamma, of fib ... | 2005 | 16014971 |
| thrombocytopenia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (review). | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been recognized as a new human infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). hematological changes in patients with sars were common, including notably lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. while the former is the result of decreases in cd4+ or cd8+ t-lymphocytes related to the onset of disease or use of glucocorticoids, the latter may involve a number of potential mechanisms. although the development of autoimmune antibodies or immune comp ... | 2005 | 16019455 |
| sars vaccine development. | developing effective and safe vaccines is urgently needed to prevent infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). the inactivated sars-cov vaccine may be the first one available for clinical use because it is easy to generate; however, safety is the main concern. the spike (s) protein of sars-cov is the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies, and the receptor-binding domain (rbd) in the s1 subunit of s protein contains multiple conformational neutral ... | 2005 | 16022774 |
| sars coronavirus detection methods. | using clinical samples from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, we showed that the sensitivities of a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (80% for fecal samples and 25% for urine samples) were higher than those of the polyclonal (50% and 5%) and monoclonal (35% and 8%) antibody-based nucleocapsid antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | 2005 | 16022791 |
| asymptomatic sars coronavirus infection among healthcare workers, singapore. | we conducted a study among healthcare workers (hcws) exposed to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) before infection control measures were instituted. of all exposed hcws, 7.5% had asymptomatic sars-positive cases. asymptomatic sars was associated with lower sars antibody titers and higher use of masks when compared to pneumonic sars. | 2005 | 16022801 |
| adenoviral expression of a truncated s1 subunit of sars-cov spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against sars-cov in rats. | the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been identified as sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), but the prophylactic treatment of sars-cov is still under investigation. we constructed a recombinant adenovirus containing a truncated n-terminal fragment of the sars-cov spike (s) gene (from--45 to 1469, designated ad-s(n)), which encoded a truncated s protein (490 amino-acid residues, a part of 672 amino-acid s1 subunit), and investigated whether this construct could ... | 2005 | 16022898 |
| thermal aggregation of sars-cov membrane protein. | sars-cov membrane protein could be detected easily using western blotting in non-denaturing condition but not regular denaturing treatment. boiling treatment, causing the aggregation of sars-cov membrane protein in the stacking gels, results in the failure to detect the membrane protein in the separating gels. aggregated membrane proteins could not be dissociated by 1% triton-x 100, 6m urea, or 2% sds. the region with amino acid residues from 51 to 170 is responsible for thermal aggregation of s ... | 2005 | 16023741 |
| viral load quantitation of sars-coronavirus rna using a one-step real-time rt-pcr. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease that first occurred in humans in the people's republic of china in november 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide. a novel virus belonging to the coronaviridae family has been identified as the cause of this pulmonary disease. the severity of the disease combined with its rapid spread requires the development of fast and sensitive diagnostic assays. | 2006 | 16023880 |
| detection of the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in serum: comparison with results of other viral markers. | a capture enzyme-enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (eclia) based on three specific monoclonal antibodies to detect the nucleocapsid (n) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in the serial serum samples from sars patients was developed. the anti-sars-cov igg and the viral rna were also detected in the sera by elisa and rt-pcr, respectively. during the first 10 days after onset, anti-sars-cov igg, sars-cov rna and the n protein were detected in ... | 2005 | 16024098 |
| [detection of autoimmune parameter of sars patients]. | to explore whether autoimmune phenomena exist in sars patients, and to seek for unusual autoimmune antibodies in sars patients. | 2005 | 16027775 |