| the joint allele-frequency spectrum in closely related species. | we develop the theory for computing the joint frequency spectra of alleles in two closely related species. we allow for arbitrary population growth in both species after they had a common ancestor. we focus on the case in which a single chromosome is sequenced from one of the species. we use classical diffusion theory to show that, if the ancestral species was at equilibrium under mutation and drift and a chromosome from one of the descendant species carries the derived allele, the frequency spe ... | 2007 | 17603120 |
| the use of cranial variables for the estimation of body mass in fossil hominins. | estimating body mass/size/weight remains a crucial precursor to the evaluation of relative brain size and to achieving an understanding of brain evolution in fossil species. despite the obvious close association between the metrics of postcranial elements and body mass a number of factors combine to reduce their utility. this study examines the feasibility of cranial variables for predicting body mass. the use of traditional regression procedures, independent contrasts analysis, and variance par ... | 2007 | 17568446 |
| crown-formation time in neandertal anterior teeth revisited. | | 2007 | 17493662 |
| the working memory account of neandertal cognition--how phonological storage capacity may be related to recursion and the pragmatics of modern speech. | | 2007 | 17367843 |
| modern cognition in the absence of working memory: does the working memory account of neandertal cognition work? | | 2007 | 17337039 |
| out of the veil of death rode the one million! neandertals and their genes. | two recent papers report extensive nuclear dna sequence from a 38,000-year-old neandertal fossil, comparing it to modern humans and estimating when it diverged from, and whether it contributed to, our gene pool. based on 65,250 and over a million base-pairs of sequence across the genome, respectively, the groups arrived at slightly different interpretations. the data are an exciting and interesting new contribution, but are not surprising, and a sense of history and question helps put them in pe ... | 2007 | 17226793 |
| how neanderthal molar teeth grew. | growth and development are both fundamental components of demographic structure and life history strategy. together with information about developmental timing they ultimately contribute to a better understanding of neanderthal extinction. primate molar tooth development tracks the pace of life history evolution most closely, and tooth histology reveals a record of birth as well as the timing of crown and root growth. high-resolution micro-computed tomography now allows us to image complex struc ... | 2006 | 17122777 |
| contributions of biogeochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology. | dietary ecology is one key to understanding the biology, lifeways, and evolutionary pathways of many animals. determining the diets of long-extinct hominins, however, is a considerable challenge. although archaeological evidence forms a pillar of our understanding of diet and subsistence in the more recent past, for early hominins, the most direct evidence is to be found in the fossils themselves. here we review the suite of emerging biochemical paleodietary tools based on stable isotope and tra ... | 2006 | 17103429 |
| cave smoke: air pollution poisoning involved in neanderthal extinction? | | 2007 | 17011729 |
| paleoanthropology. mild climate, lack of moderns let last neandertals linger in gibraltar. | | 2006 | 16973851 |
| palaeoanthropology: return of the last neanderthal. | | 2006 | 16971950 |
| neandertal genetic diversity: a fresh look from old samples. | the recent publication of three old neandertal mitochondrial sequences shows that the genetic diversity of the neandertals has been largely underestimated. it suggests that the neandertal population was extensively subdivided geographically, and that its genetic diversity changed markedly over time. | 2006 | 16920617 |
| a highly divergent mtdna sequence in a neandertal individual from italy. | | 2006 | 16920607 |
| mitochondrial dna of an iberian neandertal suggests a population affinity with other european neandertals. | | 2006 | 16920606 |
| cavemen, chimps and us. what can we learn from neanderthal genes? | | 2006 | 16903189 |
| revisiting neandertal diversity with a 100,000 year old mtdna sequence. | | 2006 | 16753548 |
| neanderthal dna yields to genome foray. | | 2006 | 16710377 |
| neandertals. | | 2006 | 16488856 |
| neanderthal lifecycles: developmental and social phases in the lives of the last archaics. | | 2000 | 16475295 |
| new reconstruction of krapina 5, a male neandertal cranial vault from krapina, croatia. | the neandertals from krapina, croatia represent some of the geologically oldest neandertals known, and they comprise the largest neandertal collection from a single site in the world. however, comparisons of the krapina material with other, later neandertals have been limited both because of their fragmentary condition and because the sample has a disproportionate number of females and/or young individuals. this paper presents a preliminary description of our new reconstruction of krapina 5, an ... | 2006 | 16395724 |
| esr and u-series analyses of enamel and dentine fragments of the banyoles mandible. | the banyoles mandible presents a puzzle. its anatomy has been described as pre-neandertal, but the travertine in which it was found has been dated to 45,000 +/- 4000 years. by this time, any pre-neandertals had supposedly been absent from the european fossil record for more than 100,000 years. it was therefore proposed that the age of the travertine may represent a minimum age estimate, with the mandible possibly having been reworked from older deposits. we carried out a non-destructive esr anal ... | 2006 | 16364406 |
| [a late neanderthal femur from les rochers-de-villeneuve, france]. | | 2005 | 16274633 |
| neandertal taxonomy reconsidered...again: a response to harvati et al.. | | 2005 | 15927664 |
| variation in neandertals: a response to harvati. | | 2005 | 15927663 |
| damage and repair of ancient dna. | under certain conditions small amounts of dna can survive for long periods of time and can be used as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) substrates for the study of phylogenetic relationships and population genetics of extinct plants and animals, including hominids. because of extensive dna degradation, these studies are limited to species that lived within the past 10(4)-10(5) years (late pleistocene), although dna sequences from 10(6) years have been reported. ancient dna (adna) has been used to ... | 2005 | 15748652 |
| neandertals revisited meeting. the question of sex. | | 2005 | 15705826 |
| neandertals revisited meeting. faces may lie when skulls tell tales. | | 2005 | 15705825 |
| neandertals revisited meeting. calorie count reveals neandertals out-ate hardiest modern hunters. | | 2005 | 15705824 |
| neandertal evolutionary genetics: mitochondrial dna data from the iberian peninsula. | mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was retrieved for the first time from a neandertal from the iberian peninsula, excavated from the el sidrón cave (asturias, north of spain), and dated to ca. 43,000 years ago. the sequence suggests that iberian neandertals were not genetically distinct from those of other regions. an estimate of effective population size indicates that the genetic history of the neandertals was not shaped by an extreme population bottleneck associated with the glacial maximum of 130,000 ... | 2005 | 15689531 |
| esr dating at mezmaiskaya cave, russia. | mezmaiskaya cave has yielded more than 10,000 artifacts, thousands of very well preserved faunal remains, and hominin remains, found in seven middle paleolithic (mousterian) and three upper paleolithic levels. a complete neanderthal infant skeleton was preserved in anatomical juxtaposition lying on a large limestone block, overlain by the earliest mousterian layer, layer 3. twenty-four skull fragments from a 1-2 year-old neanderthal infant, showing post-mortem deformation, occurred in a pit orig ... | 2005 | 15607452 |
| bite force production capability and efficiency in neandertals and modern humans. | although there is consensus that neandertal craniofacial morphology is unique in the genus homo, debate continues regarding the precise anatomical basis for this uniqueness and the evolutionary mechanism that produced it. in recent years, biomechanical explanations have received the most attention. some proponents of the "anterior dental loading hypothesis" (adlh) maintain that neandertal facial anatomy was an adaptive response to high-magnitude forces resulting from both masticatory and paramas ... | 2005 | 15558614 |
| geometric morphometrics and paleoneurology: brain shape evolution in the genus homo. | paleoneurology concerns the study and analysis of fossil endocasts. together with cranial capacity and discrete anatomical features, shape can be analysed to consider the spatial relationships between structures and to investigate the endocranial structural system. a sample of endocasts from fossil specimens of the genus homo has been analysed using traditional metrics and 2d geometric morphometrics based on lateral projections of endocranial shape. the maximum and frontal widths show a size-rel ... | 2004 | 15530349 |
| paleoanthropology. dressed for success: neandertal culture wins respect. | | 2004 | 15459361 |
| diagnostic differences in mandibular p4 shape between neandertals and anatomically modern humans. | this study uses elliptical fourier analysis to quantify shape differences observed in the p(4) crown of neandertals and anatomically modern humans. previously, p(4) shape was assessed qualitatively, and results suggested marked differences between neandertals and anatomically modern humans (bailey [2002] new anat. 269:148-156). the goal of this study was to investigate the p(4) shape in more detail, quantifying it in order to determine its utility for taxonomic classification and phylogenetic an ... | 2005 | 15386225 |
| lack of phylogeography in european mammals before the last glaciation. | in many extant animal and plant species in europe and north america a correlation exists between the geographical location of individuals and the genetic relatedness of the mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences that they carry. here, we analyze mtdna sequences from cave bears, brown bears, cave hyenas, and neandertals in europe before the last glacial maximum and fail to detect any phylogeographic patterns similar to those observed in extant species. we suggest that at the beginning of the last glaci ... | 2004 | 15317936 |
| kinematics of cranial ontogeny: heterotopy, heterochrony, and geometric morphometric analysis of growth models. | in this paper, we examine the relationship between the classical concepts of heterotopy, heterochrony and ontogenetic allometry as descriptive and as explanatory categories in the investigation of evolutionary developmental novelty in the hominid skull. we use concepts of kinematic analysis of locomotion to propose a methodological framework for the kinematic analysis of cranial form change during ontogeny. we argue that a combination of geometric-morphometric methods with graphics visualization ... | 2004 | 15211689 |
| hominins do not share a common postnatal facial ontogenetic shape trajectory. | this paper examines the hypothesis raised by recent studies that postnatal trajectories of shape change in the facial skeleton are parallel between, at least, chimpanzees, modern humans and also fossil hominins, specifically australopithecines and possibly neanderthals. in contrast, other studies point to divergences in postnatal shape trajectories within diverse groups of primates. as such there is some debate regarding the relative contributions of pre and postnatal ontogeny to adult morpholog ... | 2004 | 15211688 |
| ancient dna: would the real neandertal please stand up? | mitochondrial dna sequences recovered from eight neandertal specimens cannot be detected in either early fossil europeans or in modern populations. this indicates that, if neandertals made any genetic contribution at all to modern humans, it must have been limited, though the extent of the contribution cannot be resolved at present. | 2004 | 15182692 |
| palaeoanthropology: neanderthal teeth lined up. | | 2004 | 15118713 |
| eyasi 1 and the suprainiac fossa. | a reexamination of eyasi 1, a later middle pleistocene east african neurocranium, reveals the presence of a suite of midoccipital features, including a modest nuchal torus that is limited to the middle half of the bone, the absence of an external occipital protuberance, and a distinct transversely oval suprainiac fossa. these features, and especially the suprainiac fossa, were considered to be uniquely derived for the european and western asian neandertals. these observations therefore indicate ... | 2004 | 15085545 |
| the expert neandertal mind. | cognitive neuropsychology, cognitive anthropology, and cognitive archaeology are combined to yield a picture of neandertal cognition in which expert performance via long-term working memory is the centerpiece of problem solving. this component of neandertal cognition appears to have been modern in scope. however, neandertals' working memory capacity, which is the ability to hold a variety of information in active attention, may not have been as large as that of modern humans. this characteristic ... | 2004 | 15066380 |
| new discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from vindija cave, croatia. | beginning with excavations during the 1970s, vindija cave (croatia) has yielded significant middle and upper paleolithic fossil and archaeological finds. we report on seven recently identified hominid fossils, a newly associated partial hominid cranial vault from level g(3), nine possible bone retouchers, and a revised interpretation of the mousterian artifact assemblage from the site. this new information reinforces our knowledge of the complex biocultural phenomena revealed in unit g and earli ... | 2004 | 14698684 |
| encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus homo: evidence from the neandertal and modern lineages. | the term "encephalization" is commonly used to describe an enlargement in brain size, considered as either absolute endocranial volumes or relative values in relation to body size. it is widely recognized that a considerable endocranial expansion occurred throughout the evolution of the genus homo. this article aims to evaluate whether this phenomenon was the outcome of distinct evolutionary lineages, reaching similar brain expansions but through different trajectories. endocranial morphology wa ... | 2003 | 14673084 |
| first neanderthal remains from greece: the evidence from lakonis. | | 2003 | 14643674 |
| reassessment of tl age estimates of burnt flints from the paleolithic site of tabun cave, israel. | the stratigraphy of tabun cave (mt. carmel), which comprises one of the longest sequences of lower and middle paleolithic of the near east, is widely used as a reference in debates on the evolution of paleolithic industries and on the origin of modern humans and their relationship to the neandertals. considering the methodological improvements during the last ten years, the thermoluminescence (tl) dates of heated flints frequently quoted in the literature require an update. new tl results are di ... | 2003 | 14624750 |
| aubesier 11 is not evidence of neanderthal conspecific care. | | 2003 | 12890447 |
| physical anthropology and paleoanthropology meeting. a miss for moderns and neandertals. | | 2003 | 12738830 |
| digital analysis: manual dexterity in neanderthals. | | 2003 | 12660770 |
| radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in europe: new results and new challenges. | new radiocarbon dates from the sites of bockstein-törle, geissenklösterle, hohle fels, hohlenstein-stadel, sirgenstein, and vogelherd in the swabian jura of southwestern germany indicate that the aurignacian of the region spans the period from ca. 40-30ka bp. if the situation at vogelherd, in which skeletal remains from modern humans underlie an entire aurignacian sequence, is viewed as representative for the region, the dates from the swabian jura support the hypothesis that populations of mode ... | 2003 | 12657520 |
| paleoanthropology. whither the neanderthals? | | 2003 | 12624250 |
| the late neandertal supraorbital fossils from vindija cave, croatia: a biased sample? | the late neandertal sample from vindija (croatia) has been described as transitional between the earlier central european neandertals from krapina (croatia) and modern humans. however, the morphological differences indicating this transition may rather be the result of different sex and/or age compositions between the samples. this study tests the hypothesis that the metric differences between the krapina and vindija supraorbital samples are due to sampling bias. we focus upon the supraorbital r ... | 2002 | 12234551 |
| neandertal cold adaptation: physiological and energetic factors. | european neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. while neandertal morphological patterns, such as foreshortened extremities and low relative surface-area, may have explained some of the variance in cold resistance, it is suggested the adaptive package was strongly dependent on a rich array of physiological defenses. a summary of the environmental cold conditions in which the neandertals lived is pre ... | 2010 | 12203812 |
| a closer look at neanderthal postcanine dental morphology: the mandibular dentition. | neanderthals are known to exhibit unique incisor morphology as well as enlarged pulp chambers in postcanine teeth (taurodontism). recent studies suggest that their overall dental pattern (i.e., in morphologic trait frequencies) is also unique. however, what this means in a phylogenetic sense is not known. although exploring the polarity of dental morphologic characters is essential to understanding the phylogenetic implications of unique patterns of variation, few have undertaken this task. this ... | 2002 | 12124901 |
| evidence for interpersonal violence in the st. cesaire neanderthal. | the st. césaire 1 neanderthal skeleton of a young adult individual is unique in its association with châtelperronian artifacts from a level dated to ca. 36,000 years ago. computer-tomographic imaging and computer-assisted reconstruction of the skull revealed a healed fracture in the cranial vault. when paleopathological and forensic diagnostic standards are applied, the bony scar bears direct evidence for the impact of a sharp implement, which was presumably directed toward the individual during ... | 2002 | 11972028 |
| archaeology. those elusive neanderthals. | | 2001 | 11677590 |
| paleoanthropology. what--or who--did in the neandertals? | | 2001 | 11557859 |
| nonhuman primate hybridization and the taxonomic status of neanderthals. | the present study examines the taxonomic status of middle paleolithic neanderthals by comparing their observed minimum genetic divergence from upper paleolithic modern humans in europe with that observed between macaque species from sulawesi that are known to hybridize and fully intergrade in the wild. the genetic divergence, and differentiation between neanderthals and upper paleolithic modern humans, as indicated by pairwise minimum genetic distances and f(st) values calculated from the estima ... | 2001 | 11385602 |
| new isotopic evidence for dietary habits of neandertals from belgium. | | 2001 | 11371152 |
| neanderthal dna. not just old but old and cold? | | 2001 | 11298436 |
| hand morphology, manipulation, and tool use in neandertals and early modern humans of the near east. | | 2001 | 11248011 |
| occurrence of neanderthal features in mandibles from the atapuerca-sh site. | analysis of variation and distribution of evolutionary novelties is meaningful in understanding evolutionary processes. the mandible, as a morphological complex, comprises a large number of derived neanderthal features. the present study investigates whether the features usually considered as european lineage apomorphies evolved independently; the occurrence of these features is studied in the mandibles from the sima de los huesos (sh) site (atapuerca, spain). for comparative purposes, a large s ... | 2001 | 11150054 |
| a view of neandertal genetic diversity. | | 2000 | 11017066 |
| neanderthals, doctors, and computers. | | 2000 | 10954948 |
| neanderthal diet at vindija and neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes. | archeological analysis of faunal remains and of lithic and bone tools has suggested that hunting of medium to large mammals was a major element of neanderthal subsistence. plant foods are almost invisible in the archeological record, and it is impossible to estimate accurately their dietary importance. however, stable isotope (delta(13)c and delta(15)n) analysis of mammal bone collagen provides a direct measure of diet and has been applied to two neanderthals and various faunal species from vind ... | 2000 | 10852955 |
| who were the neandertals? | | 2000 | 10789253 |
| neanderthal population genetics. | | 2000 | 10761902 |
| the song of the neanderthal | | 2000 | 10724146 |
| estimation of stature from the skeletal reconstruction of an immature neandertal from dederiyeh cave, syria. | skeletal reconstruction of a child neandertal unearthed at dederiyeh cave, syria in 1993, is undertaken and the acquired stature discussed. although the skeletal remains were well preserved, the reconstruction required several assumptions to be made because of the immature status of the specimen. the assumptions were mainly concerned with distances between bones in the inter-vertebral spaces and in the joints of the hip, knee, and ankle. these were estimated from x-ray films of modern children a ... | 2000 | 10715192 |
| krapina 1: a juvenile neandertal from the early late pleistocene of croatia. | the juvenile a skull from krapina, croatia (krapina 1) has been the subject of considerable debate since b. skerlj first suggested that it might not be a neandertal. although widely known by its original designation, the krapina a skull was recatalogued, along with all of the krapina hominids, in the 1980's (radovcic, et al., [1988]. the krapina hominids: an illustrated catalog of skeletal collection. zagreb; mladost). it is now catalogued as krapina 1 in the archives of the hrvatski prirodoslov ... | 2000 | 10685039 |
| cranial discrete traits in the middle pleistocene humans from sima de los huesos (sierra de atapuerca, spain). does hypostosis represent any increase in "ontogenetic stress" along the neanderthal lineage? | cranial discrete traits may be regarded as markers of dynamic responses to general and local perturbations of the morphogenetic pattern, particularly when they are viewed and examined in terms of hypostosis vs. hyperostosis. there are indications, in fact, that the variation between these two opposite conditions relates to mechanical stress suffered by the bony structures during early stages of growth and development. in a previous comparison between neanderthals and modern humans, variable degr ... | 2000 | 10683308 |
| re-evaluation of the endocranial volume of the guattari 1 neandertal specimen (monte circeo). | the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 originally was estimated by sergi as approximately 1.550 cm3. using three different approaches, a physical endocast, a stereolithographic model, and a virtual endocast, we have estimated the endocranial capacity of guattari 1 as approximately 1.350 cm3. this paper explains our revision of the estimated endocranial volume of guattari 1, provides a cautionary case concerning other estimates of endocranial volume, and demonstrates and encourages the use of rec ... | 1999 | 10646215 |
| brief communication: bilateral aplasia of the condyles in a 1,400-year-old mandible from israel. | a rare pathological mandible, manifesting bilateral absence of the condyles, is discussed. the pathology was identified as hemifacial microsomia. the mandible, dated to the byzantine period in israel, manifests bilateral aplasia of the condyles and extreme shortness, but normal width, of the body. the extremely well-developed coronoid process, the grooved masseter insertion area, and the manifestation of a medial pterygoid tubercle (mpt) suggest hypertrophy of the occlusal muscles. the presence ... | 2000 | 10618592 |
| neanderthals were cannibals, bone show. | | 1999 | 10532879 |
| neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy, ardèche, france. | the cave site of moula-guercy, 80 meters above the modern rhone river, was occupied by neanderthals approximately 100,000 years ago. excavations since 1991 have yielded rich paleontological, paleobotanical, and archaeological assemblages, including parts of six neanderthals. the neanderthals are contemporary with stone tools and faunal remains in the same tightly controlled stratigraphic and spatial contexts. the inference of neanderthal cannibalism at moula-guercy is based on comparative analys ... | 1999 | 10506562 |
| the atd6-5 mandibular specimen from gran dolina (atapuerca, spain). morphological study and phylogenetic implications. | metric and shape features of the lower pleistocene mandibular specimen atd605 from the level 6 of gran dolina site (atapuerca, spain) are compared with a large sample of fossil hominid mandibles. the analysis shows that atd6-5 displays a generalized morphology largely shared with both african and european lower and middle pleistocene samples. however, distinctive african traits, such as corpus robustness and strong alveolar prominence, are absent in the gran dolina specimen. at the same time, no ... | 2006 | 10497000 |
| history of migraine treatment. | the history of the treatment of headache in general, and migraine in particular, spans the millennia, from the neanderthal era to the space age. beginning with a magical hypothesis of the cause of headache, which spawned a magical therapy, rational treatment for this ancient complaint evolved slowly and tortuously. now, in the age of molecular medicine, a knowledge of where headache treatment began, and how it got to its current stage, aids in the continuing quest for the safe, effective treatme ... | 1999 | 10494005 |
| the premaxilla in neandertal and early modern children: ontogeny and morphology. | this comparative study of maxillae in neandertals, qafzeh, and extant children examines two specific traits: the premaxillary suture (sutura incisiva) and the interincisive sinuses, proposing a new hypothesis about some features of the neandertal mid-face. morphologic study of the premaxillary suture at its different borders (i.e. the nasal aspect of the frontal process, nasal and palatal aspects of the palatal process of the maxilla) indicates a persistence of the suture among very young neande ... | 1999 | 10444349 |
| a new look into neandertals' noses. | | 1999 | 10428696 |
| protein preservation and dna retrieval from ancient tissues. | the retrieval of dna from fossils remains controversial. to substantiate claims of dna recovery, one needs additional information on the preservation of other molecules within the same sample. flash pyrolysis with gc and ms was used to assess the quality of protein preservation in 11 archaeological and paleontological remains, some of which have yielded ancient dna sequences authenticated via a number of criteria and some of which have consistently failed to yield any meaningful dna. several sam ... | 1999 | 10411891 |
| neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross. | | 1999 | 10400365 |
| dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii from the neandertal type specimen. | the dna sequence of the second hypervariable region of the mitochondrial control region of the neandertal type specimen, found in 1856 in central europe, has been determined from 92 clones derived from eight overlapping amplifications performed from four independent extracts. when the reconstructed sequence is analyzed together with the previously determined dna sequence from the first hypervariable region, the neandertal mtdna is found to fall outside a phylogenetic tree relating the mtdnas of ... | 1999 | 10318927 |
| uranium-series dating of the tabun neanderthal: a cautionary note. | | 1999 | 10222173 |
| gibraltar and the neanderthals 1848-1998. | | 1999 | 10068069 |
| neandertal knees and ankles: a comment on miller and gross. | | 1999 | 10052921 |
| neandertal nasal structures and upper respiratory tract "specialization". | schwartz and tattersall [schwartz, j. h. & tattersall, i. (1996) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93, 10852-10854] have argued for a previously unrecognized suite of autapomorphies in the internal nasal region of neandertals that make them unique, not only among hominids, but possibly among all other terrestrial mammals. these purported autapomorphies include (i) the development of an internal nasal margin bearing a well developed and vertically oriented medial projection; (ii) a pronounced medial swe ... | 1999 | 9990106 |
| a new reconstruction of the le moustier 1 skull and investigation of internal structures using 3-d-muct data. | using the non-destructive technique of 3-d micro computed tomography (3-d-microct), we present a new, virtual reconstruction of the le moustier 1 neandertal skull. this new reconstruction corrects defects found in earlier reconstruction attempts by repositioning misaligned cranial fragments, addressing the problem of asymmetry caused by pressure during the fossilization process, and placing the basioccipital in its proper anatomical position. metric comparisons between le moustier 1 and juvenile ... | 1998 | 9929174 |
| neanderthal skeleton from tabun: u-series data by gamma-ray spectrometry. | the neanderthal hominid tabun c1, found in israel by garrod & bate, was attributed to either layer b or c of their stratigraphic sequence. we have used gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the 230th/234u and 231pa/235u ratios of two bones from this skeleton, the mandible and a femur. the ages calculated from these ratios depend on the uranium uptake history of the bones. assuming a model of early u (eu) uptake the age of the tabun c1 mandible is 34+/-5 ka. the eu age of the femur is 19+/-2 ka. th ... | 1998 | 9929173 |
| lumbar anomalies in the shanidar 3 neandertal. | recent examination of the shanidar 3 remains revealed the presence of anomalous bilateral arthroses in the lumbar region. this paper describes this developmental anomaly, as well as several degenerative changes and offers potential etiologies. the shanidar 3 remains represent an adult male neandertal, approximately 35-50 years of age, dating to the last glacial. although the partial skeleton is fragmentary, preserved elements include an almost complete set of ribs, portions of all thoracic verte ... | 1998 | 9929171 |
| silver-tongued neandertals? | | 1999 | 9925475 |
| neandertals: not so fast. | | 1998 | 9874646 |
| body height, body mass and surface area of the neanderthals. | body size, expressed as height or stature, is an important determinant of many other biological variables. thus, it is surprising that many textbooks portray a wrong picture of neanderthal height as being "very short" or "just over 5 feet". based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). this height is indeed 12-14 cm lower than the height of post-wwii europeans, but compared to europeans some ... | 1998 | 9850627 |
| the fate of the neanderthals. | | 1998 | 9783574 |
| on the probability of neanderthal ancestry. | | 1998 | 9758610 |
| neanderthals emancipated. | | 1998 | 9723611 |
| a critique of the evidence for scavenging by neanderthals and early modern humans: new data from kobeh cave (zagros mountains, iran) and die kelders cave 1 layer 10 (south africa). | the primary mode of faunal exploitation by neandertals and early modern humans remains a debated topic. binford (1981, 1984, 1985, 1988) has argued for an obligate scavenging mode, stiner (1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1993, 1994) for a more opportunistic scavenging mode, while other researchers (chase, 1986, 1988, 1989; klein, 1989, 1994, 1995; klein & cruz-uribe, 1996) deny the importance of scavenging as a faunal exploitation tactic. the scavenging interpretations rely primarily on several patterns in ... | 1998 | 9719992 |
| a mathematical model for neanderthal extinction. | a simple mathematical homogeneous model of competition is used to describe neanderthal extinction in europe. it considers two interacting species, neanderthals and early modern men, in the same ecological niche. using paleontological data we claim that the parameter of similarity, between both species, fluctuates between 0.992 and 0.997. an extension of the model including migration (diffusion) is also discussed; nevertheless, extinction of neanderthal seems unavoidable. numerical analysis of tr ... | 1998 | 9631569 |
| locomotion and body proportions of the saint-césaire 1 châtelperronian neandertal. | the initial upper paleolithic (châtelperronian) of western europe was associated with late european neandertals, best known through the saint-césaire 1 partial skeleton. biomechanical cross-sectional analysis of the saint-césaire 1 femoral diaphysis at the subtrochanteric and midshaft levels, given the plasticity of mammalian diaphyseal cortical bone, provides insights into the habitual levels and patterns of loading on the lower limbs from body mass, proportions, and locomotion. the overall rob ... | 1998 | 9576971 |
| the middle/upper paleolithic interface and the relationship of neanderthals and early modern humans in the hrvatsko zagorje, croatia. | this paper presents the first detailed analysis of the artefacts from the mousterian level g3 at vindija cave and a revision of the artefact analysis for the early upper paleolithic levels (j, i) at velika pećina, both in croatia. combined with an assessment of the artefacts from the crucial g1 level at vindija, results of these analyses are used to argue that the combination of middle and upper paleolithic elements in the upper g complex at vindija is not necessarily the result of geological mi ... | 1998 | 9547456 |
| out of africa? what do genes tell us? | genetic diversity patterns in nuclear versus mitochondrial systems and in low versus high mutation rate systems do not support the hypothesis of a recent african origin for all of humanity following a split between africans and non-africans 100,000 years ago, nor do genetic distance data. geographical analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees do not support the hypothesis of a recent global replacement of humans coming out of africa, although a local replacement event in europe is indicat ... | 1997 | 9468796 |
| a comparative study of stereolithographically modelled skulls of petralona and broken hill: implications for future studies of middle pleistocene hominid evolution. | computer generated three-dimensional stereolithographic models of middle pleistocene skulls from petralona and broken hill are described and compared. the anterior cranial fossae of these models are also compared with that of another middle pleistocene skull, arago 21. stereolithographic modelling reproduces not only the outer surfaces of skulls, but also features within the substance of the bones, and details of the internal braincase. the skulls of petralona and, to a somewhat lesser degree, b ... | 1997 | 9467776 |