| low prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in kota bharu, malaysia. | the aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in kota bharu, malaysia. over a 19 month study period, 258 stool samples were examined from 159 children; 109 with diarrhea and 50 controls without diarrhea. modified ziehl-neelsen staining method and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay were used to detect c. parvum and the samples were also examined for the presence of other intestinal parasites. only 1 of the 109 (0.9%) chil ... | 2001 | 11556583 |
| an examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern. | the prevalence of three waterborne zoonotic pathogens (campylobacter sp., giardia sp. and cryptosporidium parvum) in rectal faecal samples from a random sample of adult beef cattle was determined. management factors that may be associated with shedding of these organisms were examined. for campylobacter sp. prevalence was 5.0%, and the number of females on the farm was positively associated with the proportion that tested positive. for giardia sp. prevalence was 6.5%, and none of the management ... | 2001 | 11561967 |
| inhibition of apoptosis by intracellular protozoan parasites. | protozoan parasites which reside inside a host cell avoid direct destruction by the immune system of the host. the infected cell, however, still has the capacity to counteract the invasive pathogen by initiating its own death, a process which is called programmed cell death or apoptosis. apoptotic cells are recognised and phagocytosed by macrophages and the parasite is potentially eliminated together with the infected cell. this potent defence mechanism of the host cell puts strong selective pre ... | 2001 | 11563357 |
| determination of pyrimidine dimers in escherichia coli and cryptosporidium parvum during uv light inactivation, photoreactivation, and dark repair. | uv inactivation, photoreactivation, and dark repair of escherichia coli and cryptosporidium parvum were investigated with the endonuclease sensitive site (ess) assay, which can determine uv-induced pyrimidine dimers in the genomic dna of microorganisms. in a 99.9% inactivation of e. coli, high correlation was observed between the dose of uv irradiation and the number of pyrimidine dimers induced in the dna of e. coli. the colony-forming ability of e. coli also correlated highly with the number o ... | 2001 | 11571166 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium isolates obtained from humans in france. | cryptosporidium parvum is usually considered the agent of human cryptosporidiosis. however, only in the last few years, molecular biology-based methods have allowed the identification of cryptosporidium species and genotypes, and only a few data are available from france. in the present work, we collected samples of whole feces from 57 patients from france (11 immunocompetent patients, 35 human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]-infected patients, 11 immunocompromised but non-hiv-infected patients) in ... | 2001 | 11574558 |
| parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. | this article updates recent advances in the body of knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of intestinal parasites. the articles focus on the manifestations of disease in the immunocompetent adult host from developed countries. specific pathogens discussed are giardia lamblia and dientamoeba fragilis, entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dipar, blastocystis hominis, cyclospora cayetanensis, and cryptosporidium parvum. | 2001 | 11586558 |
| evaluation of beta-cyclodextrin against natural infections of cryptosporidiosis in calves. | the effectiveness of beta-cyclodextrin, excipient used in pharmaceutical industry, in the treatment of natural infection by cryptosporidium parvum in suckling calves, was evaluated. administration of the drug at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for 3 consecutive days from birth (prophylactically) or following confirmation of the infection (therapeutically) decreased the severity of diarrhoea and shortened the duration of oocyst shedding. | 2001 | 11587837 |
| number of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts or giardia spp cysts shed by dairy calves after natural infection. | to determine the total number of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and giardia spp cysts shed by dairy calves during the period when they are most at risk after natural infection. | 2001 | 11592328 |
| quantitation of cryptosporidium parvum infection in cell culture using a colorimetric in situ hybridization assay. | a quantitative colorimetric in situ hybridization assay was developed for detecting cryptosporidium parvum infection in cell cultures using a digoxigenin-labeled probe targeting 18s rrna. intra-cellular developmental stages of c. parvum such as trophozoites and meronts were clearly discerned by light microscopy as localized areas of dark purple/black precipitate against a colorless background. infections developed focally and the term infectious focus was applied to each cluster of developmental ... | 2001 | 11596921 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in fecal and water samples in austria. | oocysts of cryptosporidium spp. were detected and differentiated by a modular arranged gene amplification procedure in various samples, mostly human stool, feces of herpetotaxa, and water, in different locations of south and eastern austria. cryptosporidium parvum was found in stool samples of immunocompromised persons, in reptile feces, and in water samples. the presence of cryptosporidium in an area is probably associated with high human population densities since water from protected sources ... | 2001 | 11600093 |
| [in vitro interaction between persisting oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum and murine resident peritoneal macrophages. i. effect of parasite on macrophage capability for oxidative burst]. | cryptosporidiosis in an opportunistic infection which poses a significant threat to the immunodeficient patients (including people with aids). the aim of the present work was to study whether oxidative burst, known as a nonspecific immune response of macrophages, may be modulated in vitro by persisting oocysts of a coccidian pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. live oocysts of c. parvum engulfed by murine perithoneal macrophages may persist within the phagosomes and retain their initial morphology f ... | 2001 | 11601400 |
| cryptosporidium inactivation by low-pressure uv in a water disinfection device. | using animal infectivity tests, the authors evaluated a water disinfection device, uv waterworks (uvw), for its ability to inactivate cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. the uvw employs low-pressure, germicidal ultraviolet (uv) light, delivering a dose of approximately 120 millijoules per square centimeter (mj/cm2) under ideal water conditions at a flow rate of 4 gallons per minute (gpm). dechlorinated tap water containing live oocysts was passed through the uvw at 4 gpm. the oocysts were captured o ... | 2001 | 11605325 |
| current status of human parasitic infections in taiwan. | the eradication of the 2 mosquito-borne parasitic diseases, malaria and lymphatic filariasis, is one of the greatest achievements of the parasite control campaigns in taiwan. most of the soil-transmitted nematode infections, with the exception of pinworm infection, are currently well controlled and limited to some aboriginal areas. food-borne parasitic zoonosis such as infections with angiostrongylus cantonensis, clonorchis sinensis, and taenia saginata asiatica are not rare, but the former is s ... | 2001 | 11605804 |
| intact intestinal mrnas and intestinal epithelial cell esterase, but not cryptosporidium parvum, reach mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. | dendritic cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) contain dense esterase-positive inclusions that may originate in effete intestinal epithelial cells and reach mln without degradation. the mln esterases have the electrophoretic mobilities of both intestinal and mononuclear cells. cryptosporidium parvum (cp)-infected mice have cp ag-positive cells in mln and also increased numbers of dense esterase-positive cells, but the cp ag-positive cells do not stain for esterase. to characterize the han ... | 2001 | 11673548 |
| rapid extraction of dna from escherichia coli and cryptosporidium parvum for use in pcr. | the xtra amp tube, isocode paper, instagene matrix, and prepman matrix methods were evaluated for their ability to rapidly extract pcr-quality dnas from escherichia coli o157:h7 and cryptosporidium parvum. all methods provided satisfactory dna from e. coli, and the xtra amp and instagene reagents provided satisfactory dna from c. parvum. | 2001 | 11679362 |
| studies on the resistance/reactivation of giardia muris cysts and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation. | the ex vivo and in vivo reactivation of giardia muris cysts and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts after exposure to different doses of ultraviolet (uv) radiation was determined using animal infectivity. the infectivity of uv-treated parasites stored for 1-4 days (g. muris) or 1-17 days (c. parvum) at room temperature in the dark was similar to that of organisms administered immediately after uv treatment, indicating that the parasites did not reactivate ex vivo. in contrast, we observed in vivo rea ... | 2001 | 11682201 |
| rapid methods to isolate cryptosporidium dna from frozen feces for pcr. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) offers one of the most sensitive methods for detecting cryptosporidium parvum but its sensitivity in fecal material can be greatly reduced by a variety of poorly defined 'inhibitors'. methods that separate the parasitic oocyst from fecal material prior to dna extraction circumvent inhibitor interference but are problematic for frozen specimens since 'intact' oocysts are required for separation. we report here a relatively low-cost, rapid method for extracting ... | 2001 | 11687312 |
| a comparison of four fluorescent antibody-based methods for purifying, detecting, and confirming cryptosporidium parvum in surface waters. | cryptosporidiosis has been traced to drinking contaminated surface water, which was either not treated or was ineffectively treated. testing to detect cryptosporidium parvum in surface water has been suggested to help prevent future outbreaks. in the present study, the same sample collection and filtration methods were used to compared sample processing and detection steps from 4 testing methods: a modified information collection rule (icr) method and method 1623 (both developed by the u.s. envi ... | 2001 | 11695378 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts following cryopreservation. | this study was undertaken to investigate the cryopreservation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. oocysts purified from mouse feces were suspended in distilled water, 10% glycerin, and 2.5% potassium dichromate. they were stored at -20 c and -80 c for 2, 7, and 30 days, respectively. in addition to the purified oocysts, the feces of c. parvum-infected mice were preserved under the same conditions described above. purified and fecal oocysts were thawed at 4 c, and their viability was assessed by a ... | 2001 | 11695396 |
| the utilization of sodium taurocholate in excystation of cryptosporidium parvum and infection of tissue culture. | the present work deals with optimization of excystation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and the infection process of tissue culture cells by the parasite. it was shown that presence of the bile salt sodium taurocholate in the incubation medium expedited excystation of the tested gch1 isolate and enhanced it, as compared with bleaching of the oocysts. this bile salt had no effect on the viability of tissue culture cell lines mdbk and hct-8 at the tested concentration of 0.375% for up to 2 hr of ... | 2001 | 11695421 |
| epidemiology of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis on a dairy farm. | prevalences of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis in relation to age and season were investigated on a dairy farm in the netherlands over the course of 1year. the whole herd was sampled five times, whereas calves younger than about 2 months were sampled every 2-3 weeks. associations between diarrhoea and presence of one or more pathogens (cryptosporidium spp., g. duodenalis, rotavirus) were investigated. potential transmission routes of cryptosporidium spp. were evaluated and positive s ... | 2001 | 11705652 |
| cryptosporidium parvum and mucosal immunity in neonatal cattle. | cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic protozoan pathogen that causes acute infection and self-limiting gastrointestinal disease in neonatal calves. there are currently no consistently effective antimicrobials available to control cryptosporidiosis. therefore, immunotherapeutic and vaccination protocols offer the greatest potential for long-term control of the disease. in order to devise effective control measures, it is important to better define mucosal immunity to c. parvum in young ... | 2000 | 11706841 |
| experimental infection of a lamb with cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. | | 2001 | 11708639 |
| dicyclic and tricyclic diaminopyrimidine derivatives as potent inhibitors of cryptosporidium parvum dihydrofolate reductase: structure-activity and structure-selectivity correlations. | a structurally diverse library of 93 lipophilic di- and tricyclic diaminopyrimidine derivatives was tested for the ability to inhibit recombinant dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) cloned from human and bovine isolates of cryptosporidium parvum (j. r. vásquez et al., mol. biochem. parasitol. 79:153-165, 1996). in parallel, the library was also tested against human dhfr and, for comparison, the enzyme from escherichia coli. fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)s) were determined by means of ... | 2001 | 11709300 |
| real-time pcr for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum. | real time, taqman pcr assays were developed for the cp11 and 18s rrna genes of the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum. the taqman probes were specific for the genus cryptosporidium, but could not hybridize exclusively with human-infectious c. parvum species and genotypes. in conjunction with development of the taqman assays, two commercial kits, the mo bio ultraclean soil dna kit, and the qiagen qiaamp dna stool kit, were evaluated for dna extraction from calf diarrhea and manure, and pot ... | 2001 | 11714523 |
| high prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the republic of korea. | the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum infection and its seasonality were studied in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in hwasun-gun, chollanam-do, republic of korea. fecal samples were collected monthly from november 1996 to october 1997 and examined for enteric parasites. to detect oocysts of c. parvum, the modified acid-fast stain was applied. to determine effects of climatic factors, local weather reports were collected. the overall oocyst prevalence during 1 year ... | 2001 | 11716107 |
| occurrence and molecular genotyping of cryptosporidium spp. in surface waters in northern ireland. | to investigate the incidence and genotype of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water sources in northern ireland for the period 1996-1999, and to compare conventional and molecular methods of detection. | 2001 | 11722653 |
| effects of combined water potential and temperature stresses on cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | hosts infected with the parasite cryptosporidium parvum may excrete oocysts on soils in watersheds that supply public drinking water. environmental stresses decrease the numbers of oocysts after deposition on soils. however, the rates and effects of combined stresses have not been well characterized, especially for the purposes of estimating decrease in numbers. we subjected oocysts to combined stresses of water potential (-4, -12, and -33 bars), above-freezing temperatures (4 and 30 degrees c), ... | 2001 | 11722902 |
| modification of a rapid method for the identification of gene-specific polymorphisms in cryptosporidium parvum and its application to clinical and epidemiological investigations. | the application of genotyping to clinical isolates of cryptosporidium has increased significantly our knowledge and understanding of the distribution and epidemiology of this parasite. however, some methods can be laborious and demand specialist technical expertise. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) techniques represent a more rapid and simple method of genotyping to support epidemiological and clinical investigations than conventional dna analytical techniques. we describe a n ... | 2001 | 11722909 |
| evaluation of colorpac giardia/cryptosporidium rapid assay and prospect giardia/cryptosporidium microplate assay for detection of giardia and cryptosporidium in fecal specimens. | detection of giardia and cryptosporidium in clinical stool specimens using the colorpac and prospect enzyme immunoassays revealed 98.7% agreement for giardia detection and 98.1% agreement for cryptosporidium detection. sensitivities were uniformly 100%. the specificities of the colorpac immunoassay for giardia and cryptosporidium detection were 100 and 99.5%, respectively, and those for the prospect assay were 98.4 and 98.6%, respectively. the false-positive reactions with the prospect assay occ ... | 2001 | 11724874 |
| impairment of amino-acid absorption in suckling rats infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | in the present study. we explored the nutritional consequences of cryptosporidiosis. in order to ascertain the direct responsibility of c. parvum for impairment of staturoponderal development observed during the infection in neonatal animals, we investigated the absorption of two major components of the total amino acids in dam's milk (leucine and glutamate) across the ileal mucosa. the infection resulted in significant (47% and 34%, respectively) reductions in leucine and glutamate fluxes (p<0. ... | 2001 | 11728011 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human and bovine infections in japan. | cryptosporidium oocysts, morphologically identified as cryptosporidium parvum, were isolated from 22 human and 14 bovine cases in japan, and were genotyped by means of a pcr/rflp analysis of the polythreonine gene. dna profiles of human isolates gave three distinct genotypes, namely an anthroponotic genotype 1, zoonotic genotype 2 and a new genotype. isolates from bovine samples gave zoonotic genotype 2. the unusual genotype of cryptosporidium was isolated from the feces of three immunologically ... | 2001 | 11728022 |
| waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak, north battleford, saskatchewan, spring 2001. | | 2001 | 11729455 |
| evaluation of in vitro activity of aurones and related compounds against cryptosporidium parvum. | the efficacy of a series of aurones, auronols and 4-methoxy-alpha-pyrones has been screened for the ability to inhibit the intracellular growth of the parasitic protist cryptosporidium parvum using an in vitro enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). all aurones of this series were active at 25 to 100 microm. 10 of 19 aurones inhibited the intracellular growth of c. parvum by > 90 % with moderate to no toxicity. the most active of these was 3',4',6-trihydroxy-2-[phenylmethylene]-3(2h)-benzofur ... | 2001 | 11731913 |
| seven years' experience with cryptosporidium parvum in guinea-bissau, west africa. | in community-based studies conducted from 1991 to 1997 in guinea-bissau, west africa, stool specimens from children aged less than 5 years with diarrhoea were routinely examined for enteric parasites. cryptosporidium parvum, found in 7.7% of 4,922 samples, was the second most common parasite, exceeded only by giardia lamblia which was found in 14.8% of the samples. the highest prevalence of cryptosporidium was found in children aged 6-11 months, whereas the prevalence of other enteric parasites ... | 2001 | 11732149 |
| [notification according to the law for protection against infections]. | since january 1st 2001, the law for protection against infections decrees the duty of notification along two tracks, on the one hand by notification of infectious diseases and on the other hand by reporting the pathogens. however, the names of pathogens change due to scientific progress. furthermore, these names include in some cases not only harmful agents of infectious diseases but also inoffensive organisms, i. e. giardia lamblia. there are also problems in the notification of other pathogens ... | 2001 | 11735068 |
| performances of the immunomagnetic separation method for cryptosporidium in water under various operation conditions. | immunomagnetic separation (ims) has been specified as a standard method for the measurement of cryptosporidium in some countries. in this study, the ims method was evaluated on the basis of the recovery efficiencies of cryptosporidium oocysts at various ims operation conditions. the average recovery for different cryptosporidium concentrations in deionized water was 82.6 +/- 18.2% (n = 52). no significant change in recovery was observed by altering the debris ratio of the water samples. the effi ... | 2001 | 11735449 |
| diarrhea and gallbladder hydrops in an immunocompetent child with cryptosporidium infection. | we report a case of an immunocompetent child who developed gallbladder hydrops during a concurrent diarrheal illness caused by cryptosporidium parvum. hepatobiliary disease and chronic cryptosporidial diarrhea is an accepted association in adults with hiv infection but has only once previously been reported in a child, also with hiv. | 2001 | 11740331 |
| the serologic response to cryptosporidium in hiv-infected persons: implications for epidemiologic research. | advances in serologic assays for cryptosporidium parvum have made serology an attractive surveillance tool. the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of these new assays for surveillance of immunocompromised populations, however, have not been reported. using stored serum specimens collected for the san francisco men's health study, we conducted a case-control study with 11 clinically confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis. based on assays using a 27-kda antigen (cp23), the serum specimen ... | 2001 | 11747729 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids. | an experimental study was carried out in neonatal goat kids to examine the infectivity of cryptosporidium oocysts, pattern of oocyst shedding and morphological changes in the intestine during the infection. cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from adult asymptomatic goats, and identified as c. parvum by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used in this study. of three 4-day-old goat kids, two were orally infected with c. parvum oocysts (10(5) oocysts in 10 ml pbs/kid). one goat kid given 10 ml pbs ... | 2002 | 11750115 |
| experimental evidence for genetic recombination in the opportunistic pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite causing intestinal malabsorption and diarrhea in humans. the infection is usually self-limiting, although persistent cryptosporidosis is observed in immunocompromised and malnourished individuals. as with other apicomplexa, the life cycle of cryptosporidium is thought to comprise a sexual phase, during which a motile microgamont fuses with a sessile macrogamont. the four sporozoites found within each oocyst (the infectious form excret ... | 2002 | 11755186 |
| successful pcr amplification of genomic dna from cryptosporidium parvum oocysts extracted from a human faecal sample: a rapid and simple method suited for outbreak analysis. | a method to extract genomic dna from oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in human faecal material was developed and consisted of a simple alkali wash, freeze/boil technique. this method was simple, quick, sensitive, inexpensive and resulted in the production of genomic dna which was free of pcr inhibitors and as such was a suitable template for the detection of c. parvum by various pcr amplification targets. | 2001 | 11759164 |
| essentials of environmental health. enhancing your occupational health nursing practice (part ii). | 1. in the united states, approximately 24 million people use water daily from unregulated water supplies. agents of water pollution can be categorized as biological (e.g., cryptosporidium parvum), chemical (e.g., industrial solvents), or radionuclide (e.g., radon). 2. more than 600 chemicals are registered with the environmental protection agency as pesticides in the united states. human exposure occurs through direct contact or dermal absorption, inhalation, and ingestion of food, water, and br ... | 2001 | 11760524 |
| contribution of european research to risk analysis. | the european commission's, quality of life research programme, key action 1-health, food & nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety, of european food. its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the european food supply. key action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of european collaborative projects in the area of risk ... | 2001 | 11761126 |
| sequential inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum using ozone and chlorine. | inactivation of bovine-derived c. parvum oocysts was studied at bench-scale in oxidant demand free 0.05 m phosphate buffer using free chlorine alone or ozone followed by free chlorine at temperatures of 1 degrees c, 10 degrees c and 22 degrees c at ph 6. animal infectivity using neonatal cd-1 mice was used for evaluation of oocyst viability after treatment. kinetic models based on the linear chick-watson model were developed for free chlorine inactivation and ozone/free chlorine sequential inact ... | 2001 | 11763036 |
| transport and fate of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in intermittent sand filters. | the transport potential of cryptosporidiim parvum (c. parvum) through intermittent. unsaturated, sand filters used for water and wastewater treatment was investigated using a duplicated. 2(3) factorial design experiment performed in bench-scale, sand columns. sixteen columns (dia = 15 cm, l = 61 cm) were dosed eight times daily for up to 61 days with 65,000 c. parvum oocysts per liter at 15 degrees c. the effects of water quality, media grain size, and hydraulic loading rates were examined. effl ... | 2001 | 11763038 |
| pcr-elisa: a new simplified tool for tracing the source of cryptosporidiosis in hiv-positive patients. | cryptosporidium parvum is a major parasitic cause of death in end-stage aids patients that results from both zoonotic and person-to-person transmission. recent studies have provided evidence that parasites causing zoonotic disease and those causing anthroponotic infection are genetically distinct. isolates carrying "animal"-type genetic markers were presumed to be the result of zoonotic spread, either directly or through contaminated food and water. the need for a genotype-specific diagnostic to ... | 2001 | 11763435 |
| sequential inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine or monochloramine. | the main objective of this study was to assess the effect of temperature (4-30 degrees c) on the inactivation kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with sequential disinfection schemes involving the use of chlorine dioxide as the primary disinfectant and free or combined chlorine as the secondary disinfectant in synthetic water. the synergy previously reported for sequential inactivation of c. parvum oocysts with ozone/free chlorine or ozone/combined chlorine did not occur when chlorine dio ... | 2002 | 11766793 |
| zoonotic diseases: health aspects of canadian geese. | review zoonotic diseases associated with canadian geese. | 2001 | 11768449 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium and giardia in wild ducks along the rio grande river valley in southern new mexico. | fecal samples were taken from wild ducks on the lower rio grande river around las cruces, n. mex., from september 2000 to january 2001. giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts were purified from 69 samples by sucrose enrichment followed by cesium chloride (cscl) gradient centrifugation and were viewed via fluorescent-antibody (fa) staining. for some samples, recovered cysts and oocysts were further screened via pcr to determine the presence of giardia lamblia and crytosporidium parvum. the res ... | 2002 | 11772622 |
| cryptosporidium parvum mixed genotypes detected by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. | combinations of 10 cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, with various ratios of genotype i to genotype ii, were isolated and subjected to pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. amplification of both genotypes in these samples ranged from 31 to 74% and yielded no information about the genotype proportions. in addition, since both genotypes were not always detected, amplification of a single genotype is not conclusive evidence that the sample contains only a single genotype. | 2002 | 11772657 |
| cryptosporidium parvum in intestinal mucosal biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | | 2001 | 11774987 |
| genetical and electron microscopical studies on cryptosporidia. | the present work was to clarify whether c. parvum oocysts have different strains in human patients by using different staining, electron microscopical and genetical techniques. a trial to induce a vaccine against cryptosporidial infection in mice was carried out using killed autoclaved cryptosporidial oocysts. the results obtained were satisfactory. two genotypes of c. parvum, viz: human and zoonotic genotypes were detected and described. the killed vaccine used orally gave a promising results. | 2001 | 11775106 |
| coccidiosis among malnourished children in mansoura, dakahlia governorate, egypt. | stool samples of 36 malnourished and 36 healthy control children were examined for oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum, cyclospora cayetanensis, isospora belli and microsporidium. c. parvum infection (single and mixed) was detected in 13.9% and 5.6% in malnourished and control children respectively. c. cayetanensis oocysts were detected in 5.6% malnourished children and in 2.8% of control group. i. belli oocysts were detected only in malnourished children 2.8%. on the other hand, no microsporidium ... | 2001 | 11775113 |
| cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs. | oocysts of cryptosporidium, from the feces of a naturally infected dog and from an hiv-infected human, were identified as the previously reported canine genotype of cryptosporidium parvum, hereafter referred to as cryptosporidium canis n. sp. also among the oocysts from the dog, a trace amount of c. parvum bovine genotype was detected. cryptosporidium canis oocysts from both the dog and human were infectious for calves. oocysts excreted by calf 1 (dog source) were approximately 90% c. canis and ... | 2001 | 11780831 |
| improving the rate of infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cell culture using centrifugation. | centrifugation was evaluated as a method to improve infectivity assays of cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture using the focus detection method, an immunofluorescence-based method for detecting infectious c. parvum oocysts in vitro. human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (hct-8) cells were grown for 48 hr on 13-mm cover slips in 24-well microtiter plates and infected with bleach-treated c. parvum oocysts. plates were centrifuged at 228 g for 10 min and incubated at 37 c for 5, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hr. f ... | 2001 | 11780852 |
| [cryptosporidium parvum: functional study of the intestinal malabsorption syndrome]. | cryptosporidiosis is an important cause of diarrhea associated with growth retardation in children and severe malnutrition in immunocompromised patients. the pathophysiology is poorly understood. in the suckling rat model, we show that c. parvum infection impairs net electrogenic transport across the ileal mucosa without involvement of prostaglandins, as well as trans- and paracellular permeability and leucine and glutamate absorption. these results provide evidence for the development of an int ... | 2001 | 11787423 |
| effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | the treatment of cryptosporidiosis using pine bark extract (pycnogenol) in immunosuppressed adult c57bl/6n mice infected with cryptosporidium parvum was investigated. five groups of 10 mice/group were used. groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 served as normal, toxicity, placebo, and positive controls, respectively. mice in groups 2-5 were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone phosphate administered ad libitum in drinking water at a dosage level of 12 microg/ml. mice in groups 3-5 were inoculated per os with 10( ... | 2001 | 11789589 |
| a microscope system with a dual-band filter for the simultaneous enumeration of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and sporozoites. | a dual band filter set was designed to allow the simultaneous viewing of two fluorochromes (fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi)) so that cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites can be viewed together. simultaneous viewing increases accuracy and decreases examination time as compared to current environmental protection agency (epa) method 1623 for the detection of cryptosporidium and giardia in water by filtration/ims/fa (immunomagnetic separation/fluorescen ... | 2001 | 11791854 |
| characterization of a major sporozoite surface glycoprotein of cryptosporidum parvum. | we have identified s60, a new cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite surface glycoprotein. s60 was cleaved into two subunits, s16 and s45, approximately 16-18 and 45-47 kda respectively, with cleavage occurring at an srsrr motif likely to be sensitive to trypsin in vivo. analysis by surface biotinylation, lectins and monoclonal antibodies suggests s60 is an abundant sporozoite surface glycoprotein that is shed by migrating sporozoites. the major glycosylation on s60 was identified as single o-linked ... | 2000 | 11793239 |
| cryptosporidium in farmed animals: the detection of a novel isolate in sheep. | we describe the discovery of polymorphisms in the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene conferring a novel restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pattern in 26/60 (43%) isolates from a flock of sheep sampled following a waterborne outbreak of human cryptosporidiosis. the sheep isolates showed identical pcr-rflp patterns to each other by cowp genotyping but different from those of most currently recognised genotypes, including the major cryptosporidium parvum genotypes 1 and 2. ... | 2002 | 11796119 |
| efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against defined antigens for passive immunotherapy of chronic gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis. | cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in humans and calves and can persistently infect immunocompromised hosts. presently, there are no consistently effective parasite-specific drugs for cryptosporidiosis. we hypothesized that neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting the apical complex and surface antigens csl, gp25-200, and p23 could passively immunize against cryptosporidiosis. we recently reported that a formulation of mabs 3e2 (anti-csl), 3h2 (anti-gp25-200), an ... | 2002 | 11796330 |
| removal of bacterial indicators and pathogens from dairy wastewater by a multi-component treatment system. | microbial removal by a multi-component treatment system for dairy and municipal wastewater is being studied in arizona, usa. the system consists of paired solids separators, anaerobic lagoons, aerobic ponds and constructed wetlands cells. the organisms under study include: total coliform, fecal coliform, enterovirus, listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, coliphage, giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum. organism removal rates from dairy wastewater varied from 13.2 per cent for fe ... | 2001 | 11804092 |
| protozoan predation as a mechanism for the removal of cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewaters in constructed wetlands. | the removal of the protozoan parasite, cryptosporidium parvum, from wastewaters is becoming of increasing importance in the uk, especially since contamination of raw waters by sewage effluents has been implicated in major waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in recent years. compared to conventional wastewater-treatment processes, constructed wetlands have demonstrated favourable removal rates for cryptosporidium oocysts. the removal mechanisms, however, remain unknown. predation by free-li ... | 2001 | 11804094 |
| pcr-ims detection and molecular typing of cryptosporidium parvum recovered from a recreational river source and an associated mussel (mytilus edulis) bed in northern ireland. | pcr-ims was used to detect cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water samples in northern ireland which had previously tested negative by a conventional ifa staining method. oocysts of c. parvum detected in river water and final treated sewage effluent collected from various sites along the river lagan were identified as genotype 2 (animal origin) based on polymorphisms observed at the thrombospondin related adhesion protein gene locus. similarly, genotype 1 (human origin) oocysts of c. parvum ... | 2001 | 11811889 |
| molecular cloning and analysis of the cryptosporidium parvum aminopeptidase n gene. | cryptosporidium parvum proteases have been associated with release of infective sporozoites from oocysts, and their specific inhibition blocks parasite excystation in vitro. additionally, proteases have been implicated in the processing of parasite adhesion molecules found on the surface of sporozoites and merozoites. in this study, we cloned and expressed the c. parvum aminopeptidase n gene by screening a large insert, p1 artificial chromosome library with a probe identified from a cryptosporid ... | 2002 | 11812496 |
| serum antibody response and cryptosporidium parvum oocyst antigens recognized by sera from naturally infected sheep. | the response of specific serum immunoglobulins (igg, igm and iga) and the major antigens of cryptosporidium parvum recognized by these isotypes were investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot techniques in lambs and ewes naturally infected throughout an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. serum samples were collected from 20 lambs the first day they showed diarrhoea (d1), and days 11 and 22, in addition to single serum samples from 17 of their dams. serum anti-c. parvum ig ... | 2002 | 11812617 |
| expression of the highly polymorphic cryptosporidium parvum cpgp40/15 gene in genotype i and ii isolates. | the enteric protozoan cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells in a wide range of hosts, causing severe gastrointestinal disease. the invasive sporozoite stage most likely attaches to and invades host cells through multiple host receptor/parasite ligand interactions. preliminary evidence suggests that the glycoprotein products of the cpgp40/15 gene, gp40 and gp15, are involved in these interactions. in addition, the cpgp40/15 gene that encodes these glycopeptides is highly poly ... | 2002 | 11814572 |
| meeting report: anaerobic protozoan parasites, prague, czech republic, july 15-19, 2001. | | 2001 | 11822654 |
| sources and species of cryptosporidium oocysts in the wachusett reservoir watershed. | understanding the behavior of cryptosporidium oocysts in the environment is critical to developing improved watershed management practices for protection of the public from waterborne cryptosporidiosis. analytical methods of improved specificity and sensitivity are essential to this task. we developed a nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay that allows detection of a single oocyst in environmental samples and differentiates the human pathogen cryptosporidium parvum from other ... | 2002 | 11823192 |
| experimental models to study cholangiocyte biology. | cholangiocytes-the epithelial cells which line the bile ducts-are increasingly recognized as important transporting epithelia actively involved in the absorption and secretion of water, ions, and solutes. this recognition is due in part to the recent development of new experimental models. new biologic concepts have emerged including the identification and topography of receptors and flux proteins on the apical and/or basolateral membrane which are involved in the molecular mechanisms of ductal ... | 2002 | 11833061 |
| prevalence and analysis of potential risk factors for cryptosporidium parvum infection in lambs in zaragoza (northeastern spain). | an epidemiologic study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of and to identify factors associated with the risk of cryptosporidium infection in sheep in zaragoza (northeastern spain). faecal samples from 583 lambs aged from 1 day to 3 months and 205 ewes older than 1 year were collected at 89 farms in the two regions of the province of zaragoza with the highest sheep population (zaragoza and ejea de los caballeros). in every sheep farm, data of the factors potentially associated with th ... | 2002 | 11836029 |
| [oocyst structure and problem of coccidian taxonomy]. | a comparative ultrastructural study was made of both thin- and thick-walled oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum. according to the authors' findings, all the oocysts in c. parvum should be considered as thin-walled, since their walls have been composed of a single membrane or of two, closely apposed membranes without any additional substance in between. despite the presence of two types of wall-forming bodies (wfb) in the maturing macrogamete or zygote, there is no evidence of their involvement in ... | 2001 | 11840774 |
| the cryptosporidium parvum abc protein family. | | 2002 | 11849715 |
| antileishmanial activities of several classes of aromatic dications. | aromatic dicationic molecules possess impressive activity against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens, including pneumocystis carinii, cryptosporidium parvum, and candida albicans. in this work, 58 aromatic cations were examined for inhibitory activity against axenic amastigote-like leishmania donovani parasites. in general, the most potent of the compounds were substituted diphenyl furan and thiophene dications. 2,5-bis-(4-amidinophenyl)thiophene was the most active compound. this agent dis ... | 2002 | 11850264 |
| x-linked hyper-igm syndrome associated with cryptosporidium parvum and cryptococcus neoformans infections: the first case with molecular diagnosis in korea. | x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (xhim) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder, caused by mutations of the gene encoding cd40 ligand (cd40l; cd154). we report the clinical manifestations and mutational analysis of the cd40l gene observed in a male patient from a xhim family. having hypogammaglobulinemia and elevated igm, the 3-yr-old boy exhibited the characteristic clinical features of xhim. the patient suffered from frequent respiratory infections, and chronic enteritis caused by cryptosporidi ... | 2002 | 11850600 |
| simultaneous detection of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia in sewage sludge by ic-pcr. | the aim of this study was to develop a method based on immunomagnetic capture and polymerase chain reaction (ic-pcr assay) for detection of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia intestinalis in sewage sludge. | 2001 | 11851810 |
| oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves. | cryptosporidium parvum produces a prolonged watery diarrhea unresponsive to conventional antimicrobials. because of reported efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy, we studied the effect of inexpensive, commercially available oral bovine serum concentrate (bsc) in experimental cryptosporidiosis. twenty-four calves were treated with 57 g/d bsc (n = 12) or soy protein (n = 12) added to their standard whey protein-based milk replacer (227 g/2 l twice daily). of the 24, 9 were also treated with l- ... | 2002 | 11861944 |
| the shikimate pathway and its branches in apicomplexan parasites. | the shikimate pathway is essential for production of a plethora of aromatic compounds in plants, bacteria, and fungi. seven enzymes of the shikimate pathway catalyze sequential conversion of erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenol pyruvate to chorismate. chorismate is then used as a substrate for other pathways that culminate in production of folates, ubiquinone, napthoquinones, and the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. the shikimate pathway is absent from animals and p ... | 2002 | 11865437 |
| effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. | chronic malnutrition during infancy, marked by stunting, has been associated with poor cognitive function. we assessed the effect of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infections during infancy on cognitive function in late childhood. | 2002 | 11867110 |
| cryptosporidium parvum and cyclospora cayetanensis: a review of laboratory methods for detection of these waterborne parasites. | cryptosporidium and cyclospora are obligate, intracellular, coccidian protozoan parasites that infest the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals causing severe diarrhea illness. in this paper, we present an overview of the conventional and more novel techniques that are currently available to detect cryptosporidium and cyclospora in water. conventional techniques and new immunological and genetic/molecular methods make it possible to assess the occurrence, prevalence, virulence (to a lesse ... | 2002 | 11869786 |
| examples of the role of analytical chemistry in environmental risk management research. | analytical chemistry is an important tier of environmental protection and has been traditionally linked to compliance and/or exposure monitoring activities for environmental contaminants. the adoption of the risk management paradigm has led to special challenges for analytical chemistry applied to environmental risk analysis. namely, methods developed for regulated contaminants may not be appropriate and/or applicable to risk management scenarios. this paper contains examples of analytical chemi ... | 2002 | 11871689 |
| identification of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by an artificial neural network approach. | microscopic detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is time-consuming, requires trained analysts, and is frequently subject to significant human errors. artificial neural networks (ann) were developed to help identify immunofluorescently labeled c. parvum oocysts. a total of 525 digitized images of immunofluorescently labeled oocysts, fluorescent microspheres, and other miscellaneous nonoocyst images were employed in the training of the ann. the images were cropped to a 36- by 36-pixel image ... | 2002 | 11872458 |
| treatment with neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist reduces severity of inflammatory bowel disease induced by cryptosporidium parvum. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic, debilitating disorder of uncertain and perhaps multiple etiologies. it is believed to be due in part to disregulation of the immune system. neuroimmune interactions may be involved in induction or maintenance of ibd. in the present study, we examined the potential role of a neurotransmitter, substance p, in a mouse model of ibd. we found that binding sites for substance p, and more specifically, neurokinin-1 receptors, were upregulated in intestinal ... | 2002 | 11874873 |
| cytoskeleton of apicomplexan parasites. | the apicomplexa are a phylum of diverse obligate intracellular parasites including plasmodium spp., the cause of malaria; toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium parvum, opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals; and eimeria spp. and theileria spp., parasites of considerable agricultural importance. these protozoan parasites share distinctive morphological features, cytoskeletal organization, and modes of replication, motility, and invasion. this review summarizes our current unders ... | 2002 | 11875126 |
| role of gamma interferon in chemokine expression in the ileum of mice and in a murine intestinal epithelial cell line after cryptosporidium parvum infection. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells and induces inflammation of the intestine. to better understand the inflammatory process occurring during cryptosporidiosis, we investigated in this study the kinetics of chemokine expression in the mucosa of mice by quantitative reverse transcription-pcr. our results demonstrate that among the chemokine mrnas studied, gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (ip-10), monokine induced by ifn-gamma (m ... | 2002 | 11895975 |
| [effects of ultraviolet radiation on cryptosporidium oocysts and lamblia cysts in drinking water]. | | 2002 | 11899867 |
| cryptosporidium research 2001: workshop summary. | | 2001 | 11906042 |
| a population genetic study of the cryptosporidium parvum human genotype parasites. | | 2001 | 11906066 |
| genetic characterization of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from cattle in portugal: animal and human implications. | | 2001 | 11906068 |
| seasonal shift in cryptosporidium parvum transmission cycles in new zealand. | | 2001 | 11906069 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by bacterial strains. | | 2001 | 11906071 |
| immunohistochemistry based assay to determine the effects of treatments on cryptosporidium parvum viability. | cell culture infectivity assays can provide an accurate means of detecting viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples or to test the effects of various treatments on oocyst infectivity. cell culture assays can also be used to test candidate chemotherapeutic agents. the use of a human cell line provides a situation close to human infection. the present assay uses an anti-cryptospordium primary antibody, combined with a biotinylated secondary antibody, and an immunoperoxidase ... | 2001 | 11906073 |
| microarray-based expression analysis of human epithelial cell response to cryptosporidium parvum infection. | | 2001 | 11906074 |
| targeted disruption of csl ligand-host cell receptor interaction in treatment of cryptosporidium parvum infection. | | 2001 | 11906075 |
| identification of genotypes of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from a patient and a dog in japan. | cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum) is recognized as a significant pathogen in humans and animals, primarily as a cause of diarrheal illness. recent genetic and biological studies indicate that c. parvum is not a single species but composed of genetically distinct multiple genotypes. thus, it is valuable to distinguish between genotypes in the epidemiology of cryptosporidium infection in humans and animals. although c. parvum has been detected in humans and animals in japan, the genotype of isola ... | 2002 | 11913556 |
| genotyping cryptosporidium parvum with an hsp70 single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray. | we investigated the application of an oligonucleotide microarray to (i) specifically detect cryptosporidium spp., (ii) differentiate between closely related c. parvum isolates and cryptosporidium species, and (iii) differentiate between principle genotypes known to infect humans. a microarray of 68 capture probes targeting seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) within a 190-bp region of the hsp70 gene of cryptosporidium parvum was constructed. labeled hsp70 targets were generated by pcr wi ... | 2002 | 11916701 |
| effects of ph and magnetic material on immunomagnetic separation of cryptosporidium oocysts from concentrated water samples. | in this study, we examined the effect that magnetic materials and ph have on the recoveries of cryptosporidium oocysts by immunomagnetic separation (ims). we determined that particles that were concentrated on a magnet during bead separation have no influence on oocyst recovery; however, removal of these particles did influence ph values. the optimal ph of the ims was determined to be 7.0. the numbers of oocysts recovered from deionized water at ph 7.0 were 26.3% higher than those recovered from ... | 2002 | 11916735 |
| pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a diagnostic 452-base-pair dna fragment discriminates between cryptosporidium parvum and c. meleagridis and between c. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. | genomic dnas from human cryptosporidium isolates previously typed by analysis of the 18s ribosomal dna locus (cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype, c. parvum human genotype, cryptosporidium meleagridis, and cryptosporidium felis) were used to amplify the diagnostic fragment described by laxer et al. (m. a. laxer, b. k. timblin, and r. j. patel, am. j. trop. med. hyg., 45:688-694, 1991). the obtained 452-bp amplified fragments were sequenced and aligned with the homologous cryptosporidium wrair ... | 2002 | 11916736 |
| molecular genotyping of human cryptosporidiosis in northern ireland: epidemiological aspects and review. | cryptosporidium parvum is the most common of the protozoal pathogens associated with gastrointestinal disease in northern ireland. genotyping techniques are valuable in helping to elucidate sources and modes of transmission of this parasite. there have been no reports on the prevalence of genotypes in northern ireland, mainly due to a lack of discriminatory genotyping techniques, which recently have become available. | 2001 | 11918331 |