| molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ... | 2016 | 27216812 |
| characterization of an epimastigote-stage-specific hemoglobin receptor of trypanosoma congolense. | since trypanosoma spp. lack a complete heme synthesis pathway, the parasites are totally dependent on their host for heme throughout all of the stages of their life-cycle. we herein report the identification and characterization of a t. congolense epimastigote form (emf)-specific hemoglobin (hb) receptor. the gene was initially reported to encode a t. congolense haptoglobin (hp)-hb complex receptor (tchphbr) based on its similarity to a gene encoding a t. brucei hp-hb complex receptor (tbhphbr). | 2016 | 27216446 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the trypanosoma genus based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. | trypanosome evolution was so far essentially studied on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu-rrna) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ggapdh) genes. we used for the first time the 70kda heat-shock protein gene (hsp70) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among 11 trypanosoma species on the basis of 1380 nucleotides from 76 sequences corresponding to 65 strains. we also constructed a phylogeny based on combined datasets of ssu-rdna, ... | 2016 | 27180897 |
| mycophenolic acid and its derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents targeting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in trypanosoma congolense. | this study aimed to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of mycophenolic acid (mpa) and its derivatives for trypanosoma congolense the proliferation of t. congolense was completely inhibited by adding <1 μm mpa and its derivatives. in addition, the imp dehydrogenase in t. congolense was molecularly characterized as the target of these compounds. the results suggest that mpa and its derivatives have the potential to be new candidates as novel trypanocidal drugs. | 2016 | 27139487 |
| an anti-proteome nanobody library approach yields a specific immunoassay for trypanosoma congolense diagnosis targeting glycosomal aldolase. | infectious diseases pose a severe worldwide threat to human and livestock health. while early diagnosis could enable prompt preventive interventions, the majority of diseases are found in rural settings where basic laboratory facilities are scarce. under such field conditions, point-of-care immunoassays provide an appropriate solution for rapid and reliable diagnosis. the limiting steps in the development of the assay are the identification of a suitable target antigen and the selection of appro ... | 2016 | 26835967 |
| correction: carbohydrate recognition specificity of trans-sialidase lectin domain from trypanosoma congolense. | | 2015 | 26727257 |
| prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of itezhi-tezhi district in central zambia. | the measure of anaemia status using packed cell volume (pcv) can be a reliable indicator of african trypanosomosis (at) in the absence of other anaemia-causing conditions. however, studies that have estimated prevalence of anaemia in cattle from at endemic areas have rarely reported the prevalence of the disease in the anaemic cattle. therefore we investigated the prevalence of at in anaemic cattle at sites that had recently reported the disease in itezhi tezhi district of central zambia. | 2015 | 26669306 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and glossina distribution in selected areas of southern part of rift valley, ethiopia. | cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 selected districts of the southern part the rift valley, ethiopia to estimate the dry period prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis as well as assessment of glossina species. from a total of 1838 cattle examined for trypanosomosis by buffy coat technique 133 (7.2%) were found infected by trypanosome species. from the total positive animals 66.9 and 33.1% of them accounted to trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax, respectively. significantly higher pre ... | 2016 | 26581831 |
| carbohydrate recognition specificity of trans-sialidase lectin domain from trypanosoma congolense. | fourteen different active trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidases (tconts), 11 variants of tconts1 besides tconts2, tconts3 and tconts4, have been described. notably, the specific transfer and sialidase activities of these tconts differ by orders of magnitude. surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the catalytic domains (cd) grouped each of the highly active tconts together with the less active enzymes. in contrast, when aligning lectin-like domains (ld), the highly active tconts grouped togethe ... | 2015 | 26474304 |
| studies of trypanosomiasis in the luangwa valley, north-eastern zambia. | the present study, conducted in zambia's luangwa valley where both animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) and human african trypanosomiasis (hat) are endemic, combined the use of microscopy and molecular techniques to determine the presence of trypanosome species in cattle, goats and tsetse flies. | 2015 | 26419347 |
| a study on african animal trypanosomosis in four areas of senegal. | in senegal, several areas provide great potential for agriculture and animal production, but african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is one of the major constraints to the development of more effective livestock production systems. a study was conducted to assess the current situation of aat in this country. surveys were carried out between june 2011 and september 2012 in four different areas: dakar, sine saloum, kedougou region and basse casamance in several animal species: dogs (152), donkeys (23) ... | 2015 | 26370150 |
| in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity of dichloromethane and methanol crude leaf extracts of dovyalis abyssinica (salicaceae) against trypanosoma congolense. | african trypanosomiasis affects both humans and livestock in sub-saharan countries including ethiopia. due to limitations to current chemotherapy, there is an urgent need for the development of new, safe, cheap and effective drugs. in the present study, the leaf of dovyalis abyssinica was tested for its in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against trypanosoma congolense field isolate on mice. | 2015 | 26271481 |
| ly6c- monocytes regulate parasite-induced liver inflammation by inducing the differentiation of pathogenic ly6c+ monocytes into macrophages. | monocytes consist of two well-defined subsets, the ly6c+ and ly6c- monocytes. both cd11b+ myeloid cells populations have been proposed to infiltrate tissues during inflammation. while infiltration of ly6c+ monocytes is an established pathogenic factor during hepatic inflammation, the role of ly6c- monocytes remains elusive. mice suffering experimental african trypanosome infection die from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) that is initiated by phagocytosis of parasites by liver myel ... | 2015 | 26020782 |
| a comparison of phenotypic traits related to trypanotolerance in five west african cattle breeds highlights the value of shorthorn taurine breeds. | animal african trypanosomosis particularly affects cattle and dramatically impairs livestock development in sub-saharan africa. african zebu (afz) or european taurine breeds usually die of the disease in the absence of treatment, whereas west african taurine breeds (aft), considered trypanotolerant, are able to control the pathogenic effects of trypanosomosis. up to now, only one aft breed, the longhorn n'dama (nda), has been largely studied and is considered as the reference trypanotolerant bre ... | 2015 | 25954819 |
| the b cell adaptor molecule bam32 is critically important for optimal antibody response and resistance to trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. | bam32, a 32 kda adaptor molecule, plays important role in b cell receptor signalling, t cell receptor signalling and antibody affinity maturation in germinal centres. since antibodies against trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) are critically important for control of parasitemia, we hypothesized that bam32 deficient (bam32-/-) mice would be susceptible to t. congolense infection. | 2015 | 25875604 |
| pcr and microsatellite analysis of diminazene aceturate resistance of bovine trypanosomes correlated to knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers in south-western ethiopia. | african animal trypanosomosis is threatening the agricultural production and cattle breeding more severely than any other livestock disease in the continent, even more since the advent of drug resistance. a longitudinal study was conducted from november 2012 to may 2013 in the ghibe valley to evaluate diminazene aceturate (da) resistance and assess livestock owner's perception of trypanocidal drug use. four peasant associations (pas) were purposively selected and the cattle randomly sampled in e ... | 2015 | 25738729 |
| virulence of trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle and african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax are major species that infect cattle in north-eastern kwazulu-natal (kzn), south africa. of the two genetically distinct types of t. congolense, savannah and kilifi sub-groups, isolated from cattle and tsetse flies in kzn, the former is more prevalent and thought to be responsible for african animal trypanosomosis outbreaks in cattle. furthermore, variation in pathogenicity within the savannah sub-group is ascribed to strain differences and seems to b ... | 2014 | 25685920 |
| virulence of <i>trypanosoma congolense</i> strains isolated from cattle and african buffaloes (<i>syncerus caffer</i>) in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax are major species that infect cattle in north-eastern kwazulu-natal (kzn), south africa. of the two genetically distinct types of t. congolense, savannah and kilifi sub-groups, isolated from cattle and tsetse flies in kzn, the former is more prevalent and thought to be responsible for african animal trypanosomosis outbreaks in cattle. furthermore, variation in pathogenicity within the savannah sub-group is ascribed to strain differences and seems to b ... | 2014 | 28235282 |
| population genetics of forest type of trypanosoma congolense circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. | genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. from the positive samples of trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic str ... | 2014 | 25142136 |
| establishment of atp-based luciferase viability assay in 96-well plate for trypanosoma congolense. | animal african trypanosomosis (aat), caused by trypanosoma congolense, is widespread throughout sub-saharan africa. there are significant concerns related to the current drugs available for the treatment of aat due to their limited effectiveness across species and their adverse effects. moreover, drug resistant trypanosomes have recently been reported in the field. high throughput screening (hts) of large chemical compound library collections is a promising approach for identifying novel drug ca ... | 2014 | 25056575 |
| effect of crude extracts of moringa stenopetala and artemisia absinthium on parasitaemia of mice infected with trypanosoma congolense. | treatment of trypanosomosis is currently facing a number of problems including toxicity of trypanocidal drugs and development of resistance by the parasites. these limitations have prompted the search for alternative active substances (such as of natural origin). the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of extracts of moringa stenopetala and artemisia absinthium on trypanosoma congolense in mice. | 2014 | 24962241 |
| diminazene aceturate (berenil), a new use for an old compound? | diminazene aceturate or berenil has been the drug of choice for treatment of animal trypanosomiasis. although the compound has been in the market since 1955, its mechanisms of action have remained poorly understood. while some earlier reports show that berenil possesses trypanolytic and trypanostatic properties, some studies show it may also indirectly affect the host immune system. our recent extensive studies show that treatment with berenil reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine (il-6, il-12 and t ... | 2014 | 24893117 |
| detection of african animal trypanosomes: the haematocrit centrifugation technique compared to pcr with samples stored on filter paper or in dna protecting buffer. | the present study aimed at comparing the trypanosome specific 18s-pcr-rflp using samples stored either on whatman filter papers (pcr-rflp-fp) or in a commercial cell lysis and dna protecting buffer (pcr-rflp-pb) with the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct), a method widely used for the diagnosis of african animal trypanosomosis. out of 411 head of cattle, 49 (11.92%) (ci=8.95-15.45) scored positive for the presence of trypanosomes by hct whereas 75 (18.25%) (ci=14.63-22.33) and 124 (30.17 ... | 2014 | 24836424 |
| development and evaluation of an its1 "touchdown" pcr for assessment of drug efficacy against animal african trypanosomosis. | animal african trypanosomoses (aat) are caused by flagellated protozoa of the trypanosoma genus and contribute to considerable losses in animal production in africa, latin america and south east asia. trypanosoma congolense is considered the economically most important species. drug resistant t. congolense strains present a threat to the control of aat and have triggered research into discovery of novel trypanocides. in vivo assessment of trypanocidal efficacy relies on monitoring of treated ani ... | 2014 | 24685024 |
| evaluation of in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of crude extracts of artemisia abyssinica against atrypanosoma congolense isolate. | african trypanosomiasis is a major disease of economic and public health importance affecting agricultural and human development. the search for alternative compounds against african trypanosomiasis is justified by various limitations of existing chemotherapeutic agents. this study was aimed at screening the hydromethanolic and dichloromethane (dcm) crude extracts of aerial parts of artemisia abyssinica for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against trypanosoma congolense isolate in mice. | 2014 | 24684992 |
| antitrypanosomal activity of aloin and its derivatives against trypanosoma congolense field isolate. | there is an urgent need for the development of new, cheap, safe and highly effective drugs against african trypanosomiasis that affects both man and livestock in sub-saharan africa including ethiopia. in the present study the exudate of aloe gilbertii, an endemic aloe species of ethiopia, aloin, aloe-emodin and rhein were tested for their in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activities against trypanosoma congolense field isolate. aloin was prepared from the leaf exudate of a. gilbertii by acid ... | 2014 | 24612613 |
| in vitro effect of aqueous extract and fraction iv portion of ximenia americana stem bark on trypanosoma congolense dna. | trypanosomosis is a debilitating disease affecting mainly livestock and humans in tropical africa. chemically synthesized drugs and medicinal plants have been used in the treatment and control of this disease. in this study, the in vitro effect of aqueous extracts and fraction iv extract of ximenia americana stem bark on trypanosoma congolense dna was investigated. the extracts were incubated with the parasites in vitro at 300 mg/ml aqueous extract and 25 mg/ml fraction iv portion for 30, 60, an ... | 2014 | 24587898 |
| congopain genes diverged to become specific to savannah, forest and kilifi subgroups of trypanosoma congolense, and are valuable for diagnosis, genotyping and phylogenetic inferences. | trypanosoma congolense is the most important agent of nagana, a wasting livestock trypanosomosis in sub-saharan africa. this species is a complex of three subgroups (savannah, forest and kilifi) that differ in virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance, vectors, and geographical distribution. congopain, the major cathepsin l-like cysteine protease (cp2) of t. congolense, has been extensively investigated as a pathogenic factor and target for drugs and vaccines, but knowledge about this enzyme is ... | 2014 | 24480052 |
| chronic trypanosoma congolense infections in mice cause a sustained disruption of the b-cell homeostasis in the bone marrow and spleen. | trypanosoma congolense is one of the main species responsible for animal african trypanosomosis (aat). as preventive vaccination strategies for aat have been unsuccessful so far, investigating the mechanisms underlying vaccine failure has to be prioritized. in t. brucei and t. vivax infections, recent studies revealed a rapid onset of destruction of the host b-cell compartment, resulting in the loss of memory recall capacity. to assess such effect in experimental t. congolense trypanosomosis, we ... | 2014 | 24451010 |
| trypanosomosis, its risk factors, and anaemia in cattle population of dale wabera district of kellem wollega zone, western ethiopia. | cross-sectional study was conducted in dale wabera district of kellem wollega zone, western ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to evaluate association of bovine trypanosomosis to anaemia. blood samples collected from 384 randomly selected cattle were subjected to parasitological and haematological analysis. for the parasitological survey, blood samples were examined using a buffy coat technique. the packed cell volume (pcv) value of each animal was also measured u ... | 2014 | 26464928 |
| low-dose intradermal infection with trypanosoma congolense leads to expansion of regulatory t cells and enhanced susceptibility to reinfection. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible to experimental intraperitoneal trypanosoma congolense infection. however, a recent report showed that these mice are relatively resistant to primary intradermal low-dose infection. paradoxically, repeated low-dose intradermal infections predispose mice to enhanced susceptibility to an otherwise noninfectious dose challenge. here, we explored the mechanisms responsible for this low-dose-induced susceptibility to subsequent low-dose challenge infection. we found ... | 2014 | 24343657 |
| biochemical diversity in the trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidase family. | trans-sialidases are key enzymes in the life cycle of african trypanosomes in both, mammalian host and insect vector and have been associated with the disease trypanosomiasis, namely sleeping sickness and nagana. besides the previously reported tconts1, we have identified three additional active trans-sialidases, tconts2, tconts3 and tconts4, and three trans-sialidase like genes in trypanosoma congolense. at least tconts1, tconts2 and tconts4 are found in the bloodstream of infected animals. we ... | 2013 | 24340108 |
| anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation. | african trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as african trypanosomes. these parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsrbcs) by macrophages. lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at dela ... | 2014 | 24238624 |
| diminazene aceturate (berenil) modulates lps induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting phosphorylation of mapks and stat proteins. | although diminazene aceturate (berenil) is widely used as a trypanolytic agent in livestock, its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. we previously showed that berenil treatment suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production by splenic and liver macrophages leading to a concomitant reduction in serum cytokine levels in mice infected with trypanosoma congolense or challenged with lps. here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which berenil alters pro-inflammatory cytokine ... | 2014 | 24179040 |
| adenosine-uridine-rich element is one of the required cis-elements for epimastigote form stage-specific gene expression of the congolense epimastigote specific protein. | it is known that gene expression in kinetoplastida is regulated post-transcriptionally. several previous studies have shown that stage-specific gene expression in trypanosomes is regulated by cis-elements located in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of each mrna and also by rna binding proteins. our previous study revealed that gene expression of congolense epimastigote specific protein (cesp) was regulated by cis-elements located in the 3'utr. in the present study, we identified the adenosine an ... | 2013 | 24041588 |
| identification and genetic characterization of trypanosoma congolense in domestic animals of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. | to understand the circulation and the spread of trypanosoma congolense genotypes in animals of fontem in the southwest region of cameroon, t. congolense forest and t. congolense savannah were investigated in 397 domestic animals in eight villages. out of the 397 domestic animals, 86 (21.7%) were found infected by trypanosomes, using the capillary tube centrifugation test. the pcr with specific primers identified 163 (41.1%) and 81 (20.4%) animals infected by t. congolense forest and t. congolens ... | 2013 | 23624186 |
| molecular regulation of trypanosoma congolense-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible while c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. several reports show that an early interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) response in infected mice is critically important for resistance via the activation of macrophages and production of nitric oxide (no). no is a pivotal effector molecule and possesses both cytostatic and cytolytic properties for the parasite. however, the molecular mechanisms leading to t. congolense (tc)-indu ... | 2013 | 23536884 |
| chemoprophylaxis and treatment of african canine trypanosomosis in french military working dogs: a retrospective study. | african trypanosomosis is a major threat to livestock production in sub-saharan africa. although the disease mainly concerns cattle, dogs can also be infected by trypanosoma spp. transmitted by tsetse flies. between 1997 and 2003, the parasite trypanosoma congolense was identified in french military dogs sent to africa. on infected dogs, the diagnosis was made during the mission or just after the return to france, depending on when the symptoms appeared. the high incidence and mortality rate amo ... | 2013 | 23452503 |
| baseline survey of animal trypanosomosis in the region of the boucle du mouhoun, burkina faso. | in view of gathering baseline information about the prevalence of animal trypanosomosis, the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec) funded a cross sectional survey in the region of the boucle du mouhoun which constitutes the northern limit of the tsetse distribution in burkina. this cross sectional study was carried out in 53 villages located in the six provinces of the region. a total of 2002 cattle, 1466 small ruminants and 481 donkeys were sampled. this survey sh ... | 2013 | 23337746 |
| diminazene aceturate (berenil) modulates the host cellular and inflammatory responses to trypanosoma congolense infection. | trypanosoma congolense are extracellular and intravascular blood parasites that cause debilitating acute or chronic disease in cattle and other domestic animals. diminazene aceturate (berenil) has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for trypanosomiasis in livestock since 1955. as in livestock, treatment of infected highly susceptible balb/c mice with berenil leads to rapid control of parasitemia and survival from an otherwise lethal infection. the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of ... | 2012 | 23144931 |
| the epimastigote stage-specific gene expression of cesp is tightly regulated by its 3' utr. | it is known that gene expression in kinetoplastids is regulated post-transcriptionally. although previous studies have shown that stage-specific gene expression in trypanosomes is regulated by cis-elements located in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of mrna and also by rna binding proteins that use bloodstream and procyclic forms, no studies have been performed in the epimastigote form (emf) of african trypanosomes. this study shows that the cis-elements of the congolense epimastigote-specific p ... | 2012 | 23058928 |
| shifting from wild to domestic hosts: the effect on the transmission of trypanosoma congolense to tsetse flies. | the epidemiology and impact of animal african trypanosomosis are influenced by the transmissibility and the pathogenicity of the circulating trypanosome strains in a particular biotope. the transmissibility of 22 trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from domestic and wild animals was evaluated in a total of 1213 flies. multivariate mixed models were used to compare infection and maturation rates in function of trypanosome origin (domestic or sylvatic) and pathogenicity. both trypanosome patho ... | 2013 | 23000543 |
| atypical hyperpachymorph trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense forest-type in a dog returning from senegal. | trypanosoma congolense forest-type was identified by pcr in france, in a dog returning from senegal. this paper describes the morphological features of the parasite on giemsa-stained smears. slender forms and "latent bodies" represent 30.4% and 20.4%, respectively. some rosettes have been observed (0.8%). the predominant form (48.4%) is stumpy, close to "montgomeryi-form", but it is unusually broad, with a width/length ratio (wlr) of 0.40-0.55, while that of "montgomeryi-forms" is close to 0.3. ... | 2012 | 22910666 |
| regulatory t cells enhance susceptibility to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection independent of mouse genetic background. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible while c57bl/6 are relatively resistant to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. although regulatory t cells (tregs) have been shown to regulate the pathogenesis of experimental t. congolense infection, their exact role remains controversial. we wished to determine whether tregs contribute to distinct phenotypic outcomes in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice and if so how they operate with respect to control of parasitemia and production of disease-exacerbating pr ... | 2012 | 22860150 |
| detection of multiple drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east mali. | tsetse fly-transmitted african animal trypanosomosis causes annual losses that run into billions of dollars. the disease is assumed to cause hunger and poverty in most sub-saharan countries since it represents a serious impediment to sustainable livestock production. both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were carried out from november to december 2007 to evaluate trypanosomosis risk and susceptibility of trypanosomes to trypanocidal drug treatment in village cattle populations in south ... | 2012 | 22852796 |
| effect of adjuvants on the humoral immune response to congopain in mice and cattle. | we investigated several adjuvants for their effects on the humoral immune response in both mice and cattle using the central domain of congopain (c2), the major cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense, as a model for developing a vaccine against animal trypanosomosis. the magnitude and sustainability of the immune response against c2 and the occurrence of a booster effect of infection, an indirect measure of the presence of memory cells, were determined by elisa, while spectrofluorometry was ... | 2012 | 22621378 |
| ghibe river basin in ethiopia: present situation of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosoma congolense using tests in mice and pcr-rflp. | a cross-sectional study was carried out in the ghibe valley from august to october 2010. 411 head of cattle were sampled in eight villages for buffy coat examination (bce) and blood spots were collected from each animal for trypanosomose diagnosis by 18s-pcr-rflp and diminazene aceturate (da) resistance by ade2-pcr-rflp. three villages were selected in a zone where trypanosomosis control operations are currently on-going whereas the other 5 villages were located outside these control operations. ... | 2012 | 22579499 |
| oral administration of azithromycin ameliorates trypanosomosis in trypanosoma congolense-infected mice. | animal trypanosomosis is a devastating parasitic disease that is of economic importance to livestock production. the infection includes animal african trypanosomosis, surra, and dourine. the treatment is based solely on few compounds that were discovered decades ago and which are associated with severe toxicity. furthermore, it is likely that the parasite has developed resistance towards them. thus, there is an urgent need for new, accessible, and less toxic drugs. azithromycin is an antibiotic ... | 2017 | 28674747 |
| characterization of tabanid flies (diptera: tabanidae) in south africa and zambia and detection of protozoan parasites they are harbouring. | tabanids are haematophagous flies feeding on livestock and wildlife. in the absence of information on the relationship of tabanid flies and protozoan parasites in south africa and zambia, the current study was aimed at characterizing tabanid flies collected in these two countries as well as detecting protozoan parasites they are harbouring. a total of 527 tabanid flies were collected whereby 70·2% were from south africa and 29·8% were from zambia. morphological analysis revealed a total of five ... | 2017 | 28502276 |
| intestinal bacterial communities of trypanosome-infected and uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis from three human african trypanomiasis foci in cameroon. | glossina sp. the tsetse fly that transmits trypanosomes causing the human or the animal african trypanosomiasis (hat or aat) can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are known to play a crucial role in the fly's vector competence. we hypothesized that other bacteria could be present, and that some of them could also influence the fly's vector competence. in this context the objectives of our work were: (a) to characterize the bacteria that compose the g. palpalis palpalis midgut bacteriome, (b) to evi ... | 2017 | 28824591 |
| differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of <i>trypanosoma congolense</i> and <i>trypanosoma brucei</i> strains. | african animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-saharan african countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (glossina spp.). in the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of swiss white mice (n = 6). we further determined the vectorial capacity of glossina pallidipes, for ... | 2017 | 28697609 |
| polymerase chain reaction identification of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in wild tsetse flies from nkhotakota wildlife reserve, malawi. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human african trypanosomiasis. identification of t. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. for the first time in malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in ... | 2017 | 28567189 |
| the incrimination of three trypanosome species in clinically affected german shepherd dogs in sudan. | canine trypanosomosisis (ct) is a common disease caused by tsetse- and non-tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes worldwide. the severity of the disease varies from acute, sub-acute to chronic with non-specific clinical signs. here, we attempt in a cross-sectional study to assess the current situation of ct and the role of dogs in transmitting trypanosomes to other domesticated animals. the study was carried out during july 2016 on 50 caged german shepherd dogs in khartoum state to investigate the prev ... | 2017 | 28856450 |
| thymic stromal lymphopoietin is critical for regulation of proinflammatory cytokine response and resistance to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. | african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) poses serious threat to human and animal health in sub-saharan africa. because there is currently no vaccine for preventing this disease and available drugs are not safe, understanding the mechanisms that regulate resistance and/or susceptibility to the disease could reveal novel targets for effective disease therapy and prevention. thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) plays a critical role in driving th2 immune response. although susceptibility to expe ... | 2017 | 28769924 |
| discovery and genomic analyses of hybridization between divergent lineages of trypanosoma congolense, causative agent of animal african trypanosomiasis. | hybrid populations and introgressive hybridization remain poorly documented in pathogenic micro-organisms, as such that genetic exchange has been argued to play a minor role in their evolution. recent work demonstrated the existence of hybrid microsatellite profiles in trypanosoma congolense, a parasitic protozoan with detrimental effects on livestock productivity in sub-saharan africa. here, we present the first population genomic study of t. congolense, revealing a remarkable number of single ... | 2017 | 28752916 |
| remarkable richness of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) from the gorongosa national park and niassa national reserve of mozambique revealed by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb). | trypanosomes of african wild ungulates transmitted by tsetse flies can cause human and livestock diseases. however, trypanosome diversity in wild tsetse flies remains greatly underestimated. we employed fflb (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) for surveys of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (3086) from the gorongosa national park (gnp) and niassa national reserve (nnr) in mozambique (mz), identified as glossina morsitans morsitans (gnp/nnr=77.6%/90.5%) and glossina pallidipes (22.4%/9.5%). trypa ... | 2017 | 28688979 |
| molecular occurrence of trypanosomes, erythrocyte and serum sialic acid concentrations of muturu and bunaji cattle in benue state, nigeria. | one hundred each, of muturu and bunaji cattle were screened, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for trypanosomes in makurdi and gboko local government areas of benue state, nigeria. erythrocyte surface sialic acid (essa) and free serum sialic acid (fssa) concentrations were determined and compared in both breeds with the aim of providing baseline data for research and diagnostic purposes. five per cent (5%) and 23% of the muturu and bunaji cattle, respectively, were positive for trypanosomes ... | 2017 | 28606317 |
| trypanosuppresive effects of ellagic acid and amelioration of the trypanosome-associated pathological features coupled with inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. | the search for novel antitrypanosomal agents had previously led to the isolation of ellagic acid as a bioactive antitrypanosomal compound using in vitro studies. however, it is not known whether this compound will elicit antitrypanosomal activity in in vivo condition which is usually the next step in the drug discovery process. | 2017 | 28545671 |
| in vivo effect of commiphora swynnertonii ethanolic extracts on trypanosoma congolense and selected immunological components in mice. | the search for alternative trypanocidal compounds which can be available at affordable price is of paramount importance for control of trypanosomosis in human and animals. the current study evaluates the in vivo activity of ethanolic stem bark extracts on trypanosoma congolense and selected immunological components in an inbred swiss albino mouse model. | 2017 | 28535783 |