| analysis of the role of bacterial endospore cortex structure in resistance properties and demonstration of its conservation amongst species. | the aim of this work was to compare the chemical structure of the spore cortex of a range of species, and to determine any correlation between cortex structure and spore resistance properties. | 2001 | 11473602 |
| cloning, expression, and carbon catabolite repression of the bamm gene encoding beta-amylase of bacillus megaterium dsm319. | the bamm gene from bacillus megaterium dsm319 encoding an extracellular beta-amylase was isolated and completely sequenced. chromosomal inactivation by deletion mutagenesis resulted in total loss of amylolytic activity, indicative of a single starch-degrading enzyme. functional characterization of the expressed protein revealed a maltogenic enzyme exhibiting optimal activities at ph 7.5 and 50 degrees c. amylase expression is subject to catabolite repression by glucose. a putative cis-acting cat ... | 2001 | 11499932 |
| isolation, screening and identification of bacterial strains for degradation of predigested distillery wastewater. | three bacterial isolates from the activated sludge of a distillery wastewater treatment plant identified as xanthomonas fragariae, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus were found to remove cod and colour from anaerobically digested distillery wastewater in the range of 55 to 68% and 38 to 58% respectively. | 2001 | 11510138 |
| antimicrobial activity of trifluoromethyl ketones and their synergism with promethazine. | the antimicrobial effects of 30 trifluoromethyl ketones [1-30] were studied on various representative bacteria. of the ketones, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione [10], 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(4,5-dimethyloxazol-2-yl)-2-propanone [11] and 1-(2-benzoxazolyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-propanone [18] were found to exhibit potent antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacillus megaterium and corynebacterium michiganese, but not against gram-negative bacteria such as pseudomonas aeruginosa and ser ... | 2001 | 11516939 |
| [dynamic of the volume and structure of the soil bacterial complex in the presence of azobenzene]. | azobenzene exerted no significant effect on the dynamics and the species composition of the saprophytic soil bacterial complex, which remained almost the same as in the control and was characterized by the predominance of curtobacterium sp., arthrobacter globiformis, and bacillus megaterium in all stages of succession. some heterotrophic bacteria were found to be able to accumulate azobenzene. bac. cereus and bac. polymyxa degraded azobenzene during their cultivation in nutrient media. | 2001 | 11558283 |
| bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. | the bacterial rhizosphere communities of three host plants of the pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae, field-grown strawberry (fragaria ananassa duch.), oilseed rape (brassica napus l.), and potato (solanum tuberosum l.), were analyzed. we aimed to determine the degree to which the rhizosphere effect is plant dependent and whether this effect would be increased by growing the same crops in two consecutive years. rhizosphere or soil samples were taken five times over the vegetation periods. to ... | 2001 | 11571180 |
| agr expression precedes escape of internalized staphylococcus aureus from the host endosome. | staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of causing life-threatening infections. many of its cell wall and exoproduct virulence determinants are controlled via the accessory gene regulator (agr). although considered primarily as an extracellular pathogen, it is now recognized that s. aureus can be internalized by epithelial and endothelial cells. traditional experimental approaches to investigate bacterial internalization are extremely time-consuming and notoriously irreproducible. ... | 2001 | 11598083 |
| regulation of phenobarbital-mediated induction of cyp102 (cytochrome p450(bm-3)) in bacillus megaterium by phytochemicals from soy and green tea. | cytochrome p450 102 (cyp102 or cytochrome p450(bm)(-)(3)) is induced in bacillus megaterium by barbiturates, perioxisome proliferators, estrogen, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. we have previously demonstrated that a cyp102 construct (bmc 143) coupled with a luciferase reporter gene can be used to identify the inducers of cyp102. we now describe the effect of added phytochemicals on the induction of cyp102 by phenobarbital (pb) in b. megaterium. the isoflavones genistein, biochanin a, c ... | 2001 | 11600046 |
| cost-effective whole-cell assay for laboratory evolution of hydroxylases in escherichia coli. | cytochrome p450 bm-3 from bacillus megaterium catalyzes the subterminal hydroxylation of medium- and longchain fatty acids at the omega-1, omega-2, and omega-3 positions. a continuous spectrophotometric assay for p450 bm-3 based on the conversion of p-nitrophenoxycarboxylic acids (pnca) to omega-oxycarboxylic acids and the chromophore p-nitrophenolate was reported recently. however, this pnca assay procedure contained steps that limited its application in high throughput screening, including exp ... | 2001 | 11689105 |
| phenylalanine 393 exerts thermodynamic control over the heme of flavocytochrome p450 bm3. | site-directed mutants of the phylogenetically conserved phenylalanine residue f393 were constructed in flavocytochrome p450 bm3 from bacillus megaterium. the high degree of conservation of this residue in the p450 superfamily and its proximity to the heme (and its ligand cys400) infers an essential role in p450 activity. extensive kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of mutant enzymes f393a, f393h, and f393y highlighted significant differences from wild-type p450 bm3. all enzymes expressed ... | 2001 | 11695888 |
| production of phb by a bacillus megaterium strain using sugarcane molasses and corn steep liquor as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. | poly(hydroxybutyric acid) (phb) and other biodegradable polyesters are promising candidates for the development of environment-friendly, totally biodegradable plastics. the use of cane molasses and corn steep liquor, two of the cheapest substrates available in egypt, may help to reduce the cost of producing such biopolyesters. in this work, the effect of different carbon sources was studied. maximum production of phb was obtained with cane molasses and glucose as sole carbon sources (40.8, 39.9 ... | 2001 | 11716209 |
| microbial transformations of p-coumaric acid by bacillus megaterium and curvularia lunata. | p-coumaric acid (1) is an abundant phenolic natural product that exhibits both chemoprotectant and antioxidant properties. microbial transformation screening studies showed that 1 was converted to 4-vinylphenol (4), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), caffeic acid (5), protocatechuic acid (6), and other unidentified metabolites over 144 h. 4-vinylphenol (4) and its dimer, (2r,2s)-4-(2,3-dihydro-5-hyroxy-2-benzofuranyl) phenol (11), were produced by bacillus megaterium, and 5-[(e)-2-carboxyethenyl]-2,3-di ... | 2001 | 11720522 |
| engineering cytochrome p450 bm-3 for oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. | cytochrome p450 bm-3, a self-sufficient p450 enzyme from bacillus megaterium that catalyzes the subterminal hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids, has been engineered into a catalyst for the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. the activities of a triplet mutant (a74g/f87v/l188q) towards naphthalene, fluorene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and 9-methylanthracene were 160, 53, 109, 287, and 22/min, respectively. compared with the activities of the wild type towards these polycyclic ar ... | 2001 | 11722930 |
| molecular lego: design of molecular assemblies of p450 enzymes for nanobiotechnology. | this paper reports on the application of the molecular lego approach to p450 enzymes. protein domains are used as catalytic (p450 bm3 haem domain and human p450 2e1) or electron transfer (flavodoxin and p450 bm3 reductase) modules. the objectives are to build assemblies with improved electrochemical properties, to construct soluble human p450 enzymes, and to generate libraries of new p450 catalytic modules based on p450 bm3. a rationally designed, gene-fused assembly (bmp-fld) was obtained from ... | 2002 | 11742744 |
| [effect of bacillus megaterium on gluconobacter oxydans in mixed culture]. | to reveal the relationship between bacillus megaterium and gluconobacter oxydans in the mixed culture of vitamin c two-step fermentation, the effect of b. megaterium on the growth of g. oxydans and its synthesizing ability of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid(2kga) was studied. the bioactive metabolites which could enhance the synthesis of 2kga were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. both the culture supernatant and the cytosol of b. mega ... | 2000 | 11766567 |
| mbga-dependent lactose utilization by bacillus megaterium. | the beta-galactosidase-encoding mbga gene has recently been cloned from bacillus megaterium. we now report that disruption of the chromosomal mbga rendered b. megaterium unable to utilize lactose as a sole carbon source. complementation of the mbga mutant with a multicopy plasmid carrying intact mbga restored the ability to utilize lactose for cell growth. crude extracts from the wild-type b. megaterium cells grown in the presence of lactose exhibited a significant level of lactose-hydrolyzing a ... | 2002 | 11815853 |
| cloning of the l-lactate dehydrogenase gene from the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium hd4. | a clone from a selenomonas ruminantium hd4 lambda zap ii genomic library was isolated by its ability to complement the anaerobic growth deficiency of an escherichia coli (pfl, ldh) double mutant. the 1.0-kb insert from the clone was sequenced and revealed a single open reading frame (orf, 957-bp) which was preceded by a putative shine-dalgarno (sd) sequence (aggggg). the potential sd sequence corresponded to 3' 16s rrna sequences of various selenomonas strains. the orf was predicted to encode a ... | 2002 | 11821921 |
| breaking the singleton of germination protease. | germination protease (gpr) plays an important role in the germination of spores of bacillus and clostridium species. a few very similar gprs form a singleton group without significant sequence similarities to any other proteins. their active site locations and catalytic mechanisms are unclear, despite the recent 3-d structure determination of bacillus megaterium gpr. using structural comparison and sequence analysis, we show that gpr is homologous to bacterial hydrogenase maturation protease (hy ... | 2002 | 11847292 |
| antibacterial peptides in stimulated human granulocytes: characterization of ubiquitinated histone h1a. | antibacterial peptides were isolated from human peripheral granulocytes of a healthy donor who had been treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (g-csf) and cortisol. peptides were solubilized in acidified chloroform/methanol, and partitioned in chloroform/methanol/water. water- soluble polypeptides were separated by cation-exchange and reversed-phase chromatography. several previously characterized antibacterial polypeptides were identified; defensins 1-3, defensin 4, lysozyme, eosino ... | 2002 | 11856309 |
| exposure of microorganisms to simulated extraterrestrial space ecology. | spores of five test organisms, bacillus subtilis var. niger, bacillus megaterium, bacillus stearothermophilus, clostridium sporogenes and aspergillus niger and soils were exposed, while under ultra high vacuum to temperatures of from -190 degrees c to +170 degrees c for 45 days. up to a temperature of 25 degrees c no loss in viability of the test spores were noted when compared to original populations maintained at room temperature at atmospheric pressure over a desiccant. at elevated temperatur ... | 1964 | 11883445 |
| bacillus stearothermophilus neopullulanase selective hydrolysis of amylose to maltose in the presence of amylopectin. | the specificity of bacillus stearothermophilus trs40 neopullulanase toward amylose and amylopectin was analyzed. although this neopullulanase completely hydrolyzed amylose to produce maltose as the main product, it scarcely hydrolyzed amylopectin. the molecular mass of amylopectin was decreased by only one order of magnitude, from approximately 10(8) to 10(7) da. furthermore, this neopullulanase selectively hydrolyzed amylose when starch was used as a substrate. this phenomenon, efficient hydrol ... | 2002 | 11916682 |
| antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. | antibacterial activities of six chitosans and six chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights (mws) were examined against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas fluorescens, salmonella typhimurium, and vibrio parahaemolyticus) and seven gram-positive bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, bacillus megaterium, b. cereus, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, l. brevis, and l. bulgaricus). chitosans showed higher antibacterial activities than chitosan oligomers and markedly ... | 2002 | 11929171 |
| focal spots of size lambda/23 open up far-field fluorescence microscopy at 33 nm axial resolution. | we report spots of excited molecules of 33 nm width created with focused light of lambda = 760 nm wavelength and conventional optics along the optic axis. this is accomplished by exciting the molecules with a femtosecond pulse and subsequent depletion of their excited state with red-shifted, picosecond-pulsed, counterpropagating, coherent light fields. the lambda/23 ratio constitutes what is to our knowledge the sharpest spatial definition attained with freely propagating electromagnetic radiati ... | 2002 | 11955234 |
| production of polyhydroxybutyrate by bacillus species isolated from municipal activated sludge. | plastic wastes are considered to be severe environmental contaminants causing waste disposal problems. widespread use of biodegradable plastics is one of the solutions, but it is limited by high production cost. biologic wastewater treatment generates large quantities of biomass as activated sludge. only a few reports focus on the potential of utilizing resident bacillus species from activated sludge in polyhydroxbutyrate (phb) production as well as the production of phb from food wastes. they h ... | 2001 | 11963881 |
| bacillus megaterium spore germination is influenced by inoculum size. | the effect of spore density on the germination (time-to-germination, percent germination) of bacillus megaterium spores on tryptic soy agar was determined using direct microscopic observation. | 2002 | 11972692 |
| a new syringopeptin produced by bean strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. | two strains (b728a and y37) of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from bean (phaseolus vulgaris) plants were shown to produce in culture both syringomycin, a lipodepsinonapeptide secreted by the majority of the strains of the bacterium, and a new form of syringopeptin, sp(22)phv. the structure of the latter metabolite was elucidated by the combined use of mass spectrometry (ms), nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and chemical procedures. comparati ... | 2002 | 12009406 |
| essential oil constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activity of decalepis hamiltonii roots against foodborne pathogens. | hydrodistillation of decalepis hamiltonii roots yielded an essential oil (0.33% v/w) that contained 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (37.45%), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (31.01%), 4-o-methylresorcylaldehyde (9.12%), benzyl alcohol (3.16%), and alpha-atlantone (2.06%) as major constituents, with aromatic aldehydes constituting the main fraction of this root's essential oil. the oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens responsible for food spoilage and human pathologies ... | 2002 | 12009977 |
| inoculum studies in production of penicillin g acylase by bacillus megaterium atcc 14945. | this article reports studies concerning the production of penicillin g acylase (pga) by bacillus megaterium. this enzyme has industrial use in the hydrolysis of penicillin g to obtain 6-aminopenicillanic acid, an essential intermediate for the production of semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. although most microorganisms produce the enzyme intracellularly, b. megaterium provides extracellular pga. the enzyme production by microorganisms involves several steps, resulting in a many operational ... | 2002 | 12018292 |
| use of kinetic isotope effects to delineate the role of phenylalanine 87 in p450(bm-3). | the substrate oxidation rates of p450(bm-3) are unparalleled in the cytochrome p450 (cyp) superfamily of enzymes. furthermore, the bacterial enzyme, originating from bacillus megaterium, has been used repeatedly as a model to study the metabolism of mammalian p450s. a specific example is presented where studying p450(bm-3) substrate dynamics can define important enzyme-substrate characteristics, which may be useful in modeling omega-hydroxylation seen in mammalian p450s. in addition, if the reac ... | 2002 | 12020135 |
| isolation and characterisation of a 13.8-kda bacteriolytic enzyme from house dust mite extracts: homology with prokaryotic proteins suggests that the enzyme could be bacterially derived. | bacteriolytic activity was detected in extracts of whole mite and spent growth medium (sgm) from the clinically important dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and dermatophagoides farinae mites and was most abundant in whole mite extract. gram-positive organisms micrococcus lysodeikticus, bacillus megaterium and listeria monocytogenes were preferentially lysed and the lytic activity was enhanced by thiols, destroyed by mite proteases, inhibited by hgcl2 and high concentrations of nacl but was resistan ... | 2002 | 12052562 |
| enhancing penicillin g acylase stability by site-directed mutagenesis. | to improve the stability of penicillin g acylase(pga) from bacillus megaterium, a three-dimensional model of b.megaterium pga was constructed based on crystal structure of penicillin g acylase from e.coli using pmodeling program. the mutation of lys at beta427 and 430 to ala was predicted to enhance the stability of pga in acidic or organic solvent environment. the results showed that 2 mutant pga had similar specific activity and km as the parent pga. their optimum ph dropped 0.5 ph units. the ... | 2000 | 12058168 |
| characterization of bacillus strains from apple and pear trees in south africa antagonistic to erwinia amylovora. | in order to find reasons for the absence of fire blight in most countries of the southern hemisphere, bark samples from apple and pear trees in orchards of the western cape region in south africa were extracted for bacteria which could be antagonistic to erwinia amylovora. screening was done in the late growth season and mainly gram-positive bacteria were isolated. approximately half of them produced growth inhibition zones on a lawn of e. amylovora. most isolates were classified as bacillus meg ... | 2002 | 12076820 |
| construction of self-disruptive bacillus megaterium in response to substrate exhaustion for polyhydroxybutyrate production. | in order to establish a novel recovery system for polyhydroxyalkanoates, a self-disruptive strain of bacillus megaterium that responds to substrate exhaustion was constructed. a gene cassette carrying the lysis system of bacillus amyloliquefaciens phage - holin and endolysin - was inserted into the escherichia coli- bacillus subtilis shuttle vector px under the control of a xylose-inducible expression system, xylr-xyla '. in this system, the expression of a target gene is induced by xylose but i ... | 2002 | 12111148 |
| high expression of penicillin g acylase gene from bacillus megaterium in bacillus subtilis. | the penicillin g acylase gene (pga) amplified by pcr from bacillus megaterium was subcloned into an expressing vector ppzw103 (p43 as promoter). the recombinant plasmid was transferred into bacillus subtilis db104. penicillin g acylase production in the b. subtilis transformant was 3-6 u/ml, higher than that of published recombinant strains. penicillin g acylase production was induced by phenylacetic acid in b. megaterium, whereas the enzyme was produced constitutively in the b. subtilis transfo ... | 1999 | 12114980 |
| mass spectrometric methods for generation of protein mass database used for bacterial identification. | the availability of a suitable database is critical in a proteomic approach for bacterial identification by mass spectrometry (ms). the major limitation of the present public proteome database is the lack of extensive low-mass bacterial protein entries with masses experimentally verified for most bacteria. here, we present a method based on mass spectrometry to create protein mass tables specifically tailored for bacterial identification. several issues related to the detection of bacterial prot ... | 2002 | 12141680 |
| biomineralization of an organophosphorus pesticide, monocrotophos, by soil bacteria. | to study biomineralization of monocrotophos (mcp) and identify the metabolites formed during biodegradation. | 2002 | 12147070 |
| chlorxanthomycin, a fluorescent, chlorinated, pentacyclic pyrene from a bacillus sp. | a gram-positive bacillus sp. that fluoresces yellow under long-wavelength uv light on several common culture media was isolated from soil samples. on the basis of carbon source utilization studies, fatty acid methyl ester analysis, and 16s ribosomal dna analysis, this bacterium was most similar to bacillus megaterium. chemical extraction yielded a yellow-orange fluorescent pigment, which was characterized by x-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. t ... | 2002 | 12147512 |
| large-scale screening of nasal swabs for bacillus anthracis: descriptive summary and discussion of the national institutes of health's experience. | in october 2001, a letter containing a large number of anthrax spores was sent through the brentwood post office in washington, d.c., to a united states senate office on capitol hill, resulting in contamination in both places. several thousand people who worked at these sites were screened for spore exposure by collecting nasal swab samples. we describe here a screening protocol which we, as a level a laboratory, used on very short notice to process a large number of specimens (3,936 swabs) in o ... | 2002 | 12149367 |
| high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (hmgb1) is an antibacterial factor produced by the human adenoid. | antibacterial factors were purified from human adenoid glands by tissue extraction and consecutive steps of reversed-phase chromatography and assayed for bactericidal activity against the airway pathogen moraxella catarrhalis and also escherichia coli and bacillus megaterium. one of the most active components isolated from adenoids was identified by n-terminal sequence analysis and mass spectrometry as high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (hmgb1). this novel finding was further substant ... | 2002 | 12149489 |
| chromium (vi) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. | in this study, strains that are capable of bioaccumulating cr(vi) were isolated from treated tannery effluent of a common effluent treatment plant. the cr(vi) concentration in this treated effluent was 0.96 mg/l, much above the statutory limit of 0.1 mg/l for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters in india. in addition to the bioaccumulation, biosorption capabilities of living and dead cells were analysed. two strains, identified as bacillus circulans and bacillus megateriu ... | 2002 | 12152745 |
| cloning and expression of the pga gene of bacillus megaterium in e. coli. | the pga gene was amplified by pcr from bacillus megaterium ca4098, cloned into pkk223-3 vector and expressed in e. coli hb101. the pga sequence was also determined. the deduced amino acids sequence was compared with those of pgas from other bacteria and showed that they were similar, especially the active sites were strongly conserved. | 1998 | 12174269 |
| cloning, sequencing and expression of an alpha-amylase gene, amya, from the thermophilic halophile halothermothrix orenii and purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. | a recombinant clone expressing an amylase was identified from an escherichia coli generated genomic library of the thermophilic, moderately halophilic, anaerobic bacterium halothermothrix orenii by activity screening, and the gene encoding the enzyme was designated amya. the amya gene was 1545 bp long, and encoded a 515 residue protein composed of a 25 amino acid putative signal peptide and a 490 amino acid mature protein. it possessed the five consensus regions characteristic of the alpha-amyla ... | 2002 | 12177328 |
| production of cobalamin and sirohaem in bacillus megaterium: an investigation into the role of the branchpoint chelatases sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase (sirb) and sirohydrochlorin cobalt chelatase (cbix). | one of the four operons required for cobalamin biosynthesis in bacillus megaterium is also associated with sirohaem synthesis, and contains three genes, sira, sirb and sirc. by undertaking functional complementation experiments and in vitro assays using recombinantly produced enzymes, we have been able to demonstrate that (1) sira acts as a uroporphyrinogen iii methyltransferase, transforming uroporphyrinogen iii into precorrin-2, (2) sirc acts as an nad(+) dehydrogenase, responsible for the oxi ... | 2002 | 12196147 |
| bacillus species are present in chewing tobacco sold in the united states and evoke plasma exudation from the oral mucosa. | five bacillus species, predominantly bacillus megaterium and bacillus pumilus, were isolated from two popular brands of commercially available chewing tobacco [(5.0 +/- 1) x 10(6) cfu/ml of supernatant; results for four experiments]. moreover, the supernatant of the bacillus culture evoked plasma exudation from postcapillary venules in the intact hamster cheek pouch, exudation that was mediated by the kallikrein/kinin metabolic pathway. taken together, these data indicate that bacillus species c ... | 2002 | 12204959 |
| bioremediation of an industrial effluent containing monocrotophos. | almost 30% of the precious agricultural output of india is lost owing to pest infestation. in india, pesticide consumption for protecting crops is about 3% of the total world consumption. monocrotophos (mcp), an organophosphorus insecticide, is widely used to control insects on crops. being readily water soluble and highly toxic, its removal from wastewater generated during manufacture becomes inevitable. bioremediation of wastewater containing mcp by arthrobacter atrocyaneus, bacillus megateriu ... | 2002 | 12232665 |
| pathogenic effects of bacteria isolated from larvae of hylesia metabus crammer (lepidoptera: saturniidae). | hylesia metabus larvae are susceptible to several pathogens indigenous to the area in which they are found. some larvae show symptoms characteristic of bacterial infection; they become flaccid and lethargic, and show a marked loss of appetite. we isolated and identified 29 bacterial strains from live, dead and experimentally infected h. metabus larvae, and evaluated their pathogenic activity. the bacteria which caused mortality in the larvae were: pseudomonas aeruginosa (60-93.3%), proteus vulga ... | 2002 | 12234536 |
| multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials. | plant antimicrobials are not used as systemic antibiotics at present. the main reason for this is their low level of activity, especially against gram-negative bacteria. the reported mic is often in the range of 100 to 1,000 micro g/ml, orders of magnitude higher than those of common broad-spectrum antibiotics from bacteria or fungi. major plant pathogens belong to the gram-negative bacteria, which makes the low level of activity of plant antimicrobials against this group of microorganisms puzzl ... | 2002 | 12234835 |
| conversion of pyrrole to pyrrole-2-carboxylate by cells of bacillus megaterium in supercritical co2. | pyrrole was converted to pyrrole-2-carboxylate in supercritical co2 using cells of bacillus megaterium pyr 2910, and the yield of the carboxylation reaction in supercritical co2 was 12 times higher than that under atmospheric pressure. | 2001 | 12240107 |
| laboratory evolution of a soluble, self-sufficient, highly active alkane hydroxylase. | we have converted cytochrome p450 bm-3 from bacillus megaterium (p450 bm-3), a medium-chain (c12-c18) fatty acid monooxygenase, into a highly efficient catalyst for the conversion of alkanes to alcohols. the evolved p450 bm-3 exhibits higher turnover rates than any reported biocatalyst for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons of small to medium chain length (c3-c8). unlike naturally occurring alkane hydroxylases, the best known of which are the large complexes of methane monooxygenase (mmo) a ... | 2002 | 12368811 |
| screening and simple purification of alanine dehydrogenase in bacillus strains. | alanine dehydrogenase (ec 1.4.1.1), in the presence of nad+, catalyzes the reversible deamination of l-alanine. screening of alanine dehydrogenase in bacillus strains was carried out to develop its utilization as an industrial and analytical catalyst. eight bacillus strains were used, including bacillus megaterium la 199 which abundantly produces enzymes. alanine dehydrogenase was purified simply from bacillus megaterium la 199 by heat treatment at ph 5.4, followed by deae-sepharose cl-6b and se ... | 2002 | 12375815 |
| identification and characterization of the non-pts fru locus of bacillus megaterium atcc 14581. | a genetic locus that is adjacent to the gene encoding the small acid-soluble protein sasp c-4 of bacillus megaterium has been identified. this locus, designated fru, contains a beta-fructosidase gene (frua), a gene encoding a hydrophobic protein that is closely related to non-pts sugar permeases of the proton symport type (frup), and a gene coding for a transcriptional regulator of the laci/galr family (frur). the frua protein can hydrolyze sucrose and raffinose, but not maltose, isomaltose, tre ... | 2002 | 12395198 |
| identification and functional analysis of enzymes required for precorrin-2 dehydrogenation and metal ion insertion in the biosynthesis of sirohaem and cobalamin in bacillus megaterium. | in bacillus megaterium, the hemaxbcdl genes were isolated and were found to be highly similar to the genes from bacillus subtilis that are required for the conversion of glutamyl-trna into uroporphyrinogen iii. overproduction and purification of hemc (porphobilinogen deaminase) and -d (uroporphyrinogen iii synthase) allowed these enzymes to be used for the in vitro synthesis of uroporphyrinogen iii from porphobilinogen. a second smaller cluster of three genes (termed sirabc) was also isolated an ... | 2003 | 12408752 |
| the synthesis of l-aminosugar and the studies of l-pyranoses on the ring iii of pyranmycins. | the synthesis of a novel class of aminoglycoside, pyranmycin, and a convenient method for the preparation of 6-amino-l-idopyranosides were reported. one of the members in the reported pyranmycin families, tc010, has prominent activity against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and bacillus megaterium. we also discovered that the (4)c(1) chair conformation on ring iii of pyranmycin is essential for the antibacterial activity. [reaction: see text] | 2002 | 12423070 |
| cross communication between components of carbon catabolite repression of lactobacillus casei and bacillus megaterium. | in low-gc gram-positive bacteria, carbon catabolite repression (ccr) is exerted by transcriptional regulation through a protein complex consisting of catabolite control protein ccpa and serine phosphorylated phosphocarrier protein hpr (hpr-ser-p). we investigated the interaction between these components of lactobacillus casei and bacillus megaterium. ccpa of l. casei could not complement a b. megaterium ccpa mutant strain, whereas it was found to be functional in bacillus subtilis. to explore th ... | 2002 | 12432959 |
| analysis of bacillus megaterium lipolytic system and cloning of lipa, a novel subfamily i.4 bacterial lipase. | the lipolytic system of bacillus megaterium 370 was investigated, showing the existence of at least two secreted lipases and a cell-bound esterase. a gene coding for an extracellular lipase was isolated and cloned in escherichia coli. the cloned enzyme displayed high activity on short to medium chain length (c(4)-c(8)) substrates, and poor activity on c(18) substrates. on the basis of amino acid sequence homology, the cloned lipase was classified into subfamily i.4 of bacterial lipases. | 2002 | 12480114 |
| differential expression of cyp102 in bacillus megaterium by 17-beta-estradiol and 4-sec-butylphenol. | previously we have reported the induction of cyp102 in bacillus megaterium by 17beta-estradiol (e2) and 4-sec-butylphenol (4-sbp). electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses demonstrated that e2 and 4-sbp both cause a dose-dependent disassociation of the bm3r1 repressor protein from its binding site on the operator sequence of the cyp102 gene. equimolar combinations of e2 and 4-sbp demonstrated additive induction of cyp102 compared to equivalent samples of e2 and 4-sbp added alone. two gene c ... | 2003 | 12480527 |
| characterization of two regulatory genes of the mercury resistance determinants from tnmeri1 by luciferase-based examination. | the broad-spectrum mercury resistance transposon, tnmeri1, of bacillus megaterium strain mb1, contains three proposed operator/promoter (o/p) transcriptional start sites and two regulatory genes (merr1 and merr2). a series of luciferase (lux)-based transcriptional fusion plasmids were studied in escherichia coli to show that both merr1 and merr2 gene products repressed transcription from o/pmerb3, o/pmerr1, and o/pmerr2 under uninduced conditions. derepression occurred when the merr1 gene was pr ... | 2002 | 12490319 |
| molecular characterization of the operon comprising the spoiv gene of bacillus megaterium dsm319 and generation of a deletion mutant. | according to sequence analysis, the spoiv-locus of bacillus megaterium dsm 319 is 1,185 bp long; it is the second gene of a sporulation operon, which altogether contains three open reading frames. the orf preceding spoiv encodes a putative polypeptide with 94 amino acids; the 3rd orf of the operon has 972 bp corresponding to 324 amino acids. the operon is flanked on both sides by palindromic sequences, probably representing rho-independent terminators. a primer extension analysis revealed that m ... | 1998 | 12501411 |
| l-amino acid oxidase from trimeresurus jerdonii snake venom: purification, characterization, platelet aggregation-inducing and antibacterial effects. | an l-amino acid oxidase (lao), designated as tj-lao, was purified to homogeneity from the venom of trimeresurus jerdonii by sephadex g-100 and q sepharose hp chromatography. the molecular weight of this enzyme was 110 kd as estimated by analytical gel filtration and was 55 kd by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of two subunits. the enzyme has an absorption spectrum characteristic of flavoproteins, containing 2 moles of fmn per mole of enzyme. the n-t ... | 2002 | 12503878 |
| on the multiplication of xerophilic micro-organisms under simulated martian conditions. | the environmental conditions prevailing on mars would supposedly favour the existence there of micro-organisms belonging to xerophiles, anaerobes, or micro-aerophiles, oligonitrophiles, which are able to grow in wide temperature intervals. from soil samples taken in deserts and tundra, antarctic halophilic bacteria, able to grow in liquid media containing 20-25% of sodium chloride, were isolated. some of these cultures appeared to be also osmophilic (growth on media with 50% glucose); they grew ... | 1973 | 12523381 |
| antimicrobial polypeptides of human vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid: implications for newborn innate defense. | antimicrobial peptides/proteins are widespread in nature and play a critical role in host defense. to investigate whether these components contribute to surface protection of newborns at birth, we have characterized antimicrobial polypeptides in vernix caseosa (vernix) and amniotic fluid (af). concentrated peptide/protein extracts were obtained from 11 samples of vernix and six samples of af and analyzed for antimicrobial activity using an inhibition zone assay. proteins/peptides in all vernix e ... | 2003 | 12538777 |
| characteristics of human prostasomes isolated from three different sources. | prostasomes are organelles secreted by human prostate epithelial cells and appear freely in semen. most prostasomal functional and biochemical characteristics have been settled on basis of seminal prostasomes (sp). | 2003 | 12539232 |
| [studies on biosorption of au3+ by bacillus megaterium]. | some characteristics of au3+ biosorption and bioreduction by bacillus megaterium d01 biomass were reported. the optimum ph value of au3+ biosorption by strain d01 was 3.0. the biosorption was a rapid process, reaching 95% of the maximal capacity within the first 5 min of contact. temperature did not affect the biosorption. the biosorptive efficiency(99.1%) and capacity (302.0 mg au3+/g dry weight biomass) were achieved under the conditions of ph 3.0 and 30 degrees c, both concentration with an i ... | 2000 | 12548966 |
| [studies on the immobilized penicillin acylase on polymer beads]. | the extracellular penicillin acylase from bacillus megaterium was immobilized on oxirane group of eupergit c beads. the apparent activity of the immobilized enzyme was about 1400 u.g-1 (dry weight). the optimal ph and temperature were 8.0 and 55 degrees c for hydrolytic reaction of penicillin g, respectively. the immobilized enzyme was stable in the ph range of 6.0-8.5 and at temperature below 45 degrees c. the apparent michaelis constant for penicillin g was inhibition constant of phenylacetic ... | 2001 | 12549027 |
| [composition and structure of bioflocculant bp25]. | a strain of bacillus megaterium screened from activated sludge could produce exocellular flocculant. the flocculant was purified through ethanol precipitation and sephadex s-500 column chromatography. the purified flocculant bp25 was assayed by bradford reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis and sulfate-phenol method. the results showed that bp25 was a kind of polysaccharide which contains 36.97% o, 6.28% h, 47.00% c, 0% no nmr assay showed bp-25 contains no uronic acid. gas-chromatography assay ... | 2001 | 12549090 |
| [studies on some properties of the immobilized penicillin acylase by polyacrylonitrile fibres]. | the extracellular penicillin acylase from bacillus megaterium was immobilized by coupling to derivatives of polyacrylonitrile fibres. the apparent activity of the immobilized penicillin acylase was about 2,000 u/g (dry weight). the optimal ph and temperature were 9.0 and 50 degrees c for hydrolysis of penicillin g, respectively. the immobilized enzyme was stable in the ph range of 5.5-10.3, and at the temperature below 50 degrees c. the apparent michaelis constant ka and vm of the immobilization ... | 1998 | 12549333 |
| [enzymatic synthesis of cephradine]. | cephradine was synthesized by gamma-alumina-immobilized form of the penicillin g acylase of bacillus megaterium with d-phenyglycine methylester hydrochloride (ch dgme.hcl) as acyl donor and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-adca) as acyl acceptor. 0.1 g of 7-adca was dissolved by adding 2.5 ml of distilled water and about 0.25 ml of 2 mol/l naoh in a 25 ml flask. to the solution, after 0.25 g of chdgme.hcl was added, 0.1 mol/l phosphate-0.05 mol/l citric acid buffer, ph 7.5 was added to re ... | 1998 | 12549419 |
| [immobilization of penicilin g acylase on polyacrylonitrile fiber]. | the immobilization of penicillin g acylase from bacillus megaterium by glutaraldehyde crosslinking on the partially acid-hydrolyed polyacrylonitrile fiber was studied. when the amount of--nh2 on fiber were 690 mumol/g and the moisture in the fiber was 64%, and the content of enzyme protein immobilized on fiber was more than 100 mg/g. the activity of 2300 iu/g was obtained with 30% of overall yield and 56% of binding efficiency. the immobilization yield was markedly influenced by ratio of the amo ... | 2001 | 12552915 |
| [studies on enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin by immobilized penicillin acylase by polyacrylonitrile fibres]. | the extracellular penicillin acylase from bacillus megaterium was immobilized by coupling to derivatives of polyacrylonitrile fibres. the apparent activity of the immobilized enzyme was about 153 u/g (wet weight). the optimal ph and temperature were 6.5 and 40 degrees c for synthesis of cephalexin by penicillin acylase, respectively. whe the concentration of 7-adca was 4% and the ratio of pgme and 7-adca and 1:2, the average velocity of synthesis reaction was highest. the optimal supplied amount ... | 2002 | 12557352 |
| degradation of predigested distillery effluent by isolated bacterial strains. | batch studies were conducted on degradation of anaerobically digested distillery wastewater by three bacterial strains, viz. xanthomonas fragariae, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus in free and immobilized form, isolated from the activated sludge of a distillery wastewater treatment plant. the removal of cod and colour with all the three strains increased with time up to 48 hr and only marginal increase in cod and colour removal efficiency was observed beyond this period up to 72 hr. after ... | 2002 | 12561978 |
| identification of polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha)-producing bacillus spp. using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | the aim of the work was to develop efficient method to identify polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha)-producing species of bacillus from numerous soil isolates of bacteria. identification of the isolates and characterization of the pha produced by strains positive on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was envisaged. | 2003 | 12588544 |
| physiology of xerophytic micro-organisms growing under martian conditions. | the main factor limiting growth of terrestrial organisms under martian conditions is the low humidity; therefore the biology of xerophytic micro-organisms has been studied. we found earlier that bacillus megaterium var. halotolerant and mycococcus ruber could survive and grow under martian conditions. in this work, we studied the zone of tolerance of these and some other micro-organisms towards various levels of water activity, and the toxicity of substances which were used to control this activ ... | 1977 | 12596805 |
| [microbiological eco-regulation in vc two-step fermentation]. | the growth and interaction of gluconobacter axydans and bacillus megaterium in vc two step fermentation have been studied. the results showed that there is a kind of coordinate symbiosis between g. axydans and b. megaterium during the fermentation, which could promoted 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2kga) synthesis. the efficiency on the synbiosis would vary as the conditions of fermentation were different and were improved by the environmental factors. | 2002 | 12625006 |
| [physiological activity of mixed cultures of methylcoccus capsulatus ukm b-3030 with bacillus megaterium ukm b-5723t and bacillus subtilis vkpm b-1489 on solid surface colonization]. | physiological activity of monoculture of methylococcus capsulatus ucm b-3030 and its mixed cultures with two bacilli species distinguished by proteolytical properties--bacillus megaterium ucm b-5723t and bacillus subtilis bk[symbol: see text]m b-4189 in terms of long-duration cultivation is investigated. it is shown, that the most active methane consumption by methanotrophic bacteria and their mixed cultures with bacilli under solid surface colonization occurred on the second-eighth day of culti ... | 2002 | 12664554 |
| improved catalytic performance of bacillus megaterium epoxide hydrolase in a medium containing tween-80. | a new epoxide hydrolase with high enantioselectivity toward (r)-glycidyl phenyl ether (r-gpe) was partially purified from bacillus megaterium strain ecu1001. the maximum activity of the isolated enzyme was observed at 30 degrees c and ph 6.5 in a buffer system with 5% (v/v) of dmso as a cosolvent. the enzyme was quite stable at ph 7.5 and retained full activity after incubation at 40 degrees c for 6 h. interestingly, when the cosolvent dmso was replaced by an emulsifier (tween-80, 0.5% w/v) as a ... | 2003 | 12675611 |
| spatial and temporal analysis of the microbial community in slow sand filters used for treating horticultural irrigation water. | an experimental slow sand filter (ssf) was constructed to study the spatial and temporal structure of a bacterial community suppressive to an oomycete plant pathogen, phytophthora cryptogea. passage of water through the mature sand column resulted in complete removal of zoospores of the plant pathogen. to monitor global changes in the microbial community, bacterial and fungal numbers were estimated on selective media, direct viable counts of fungal spores were made, and the atp content was measu ... | 2003 | 12676691 |
| a story of chelatase evolution: identification and characterization of a small 13-15-kda "ancestral" cobaltochelatase (cbixs) in the archaea. | the cobaltochelatase required for the synthesis of vitamin b12 (cobalamin) in the archaeal kingdom has been identified as cbix through similarity searching with the cbix from bacillus megaterium. however, the cbix proteins in the archaea are much shorter than the cbix proteins found in eubacteria, typically containing less than half the number of amino acids in their primary structure. for this reason the shorter cbix proteins have been termed cbixs and the longer versions cbixl. the cbixs prote ... | 2003 | 12686546 |
| significantly enhanced stability of glucose dehydrogenase by directed evolution. | an nacl-independent stability-enhanced mutant of glucose dehydrogenase (glcdh) was obtained by using in vitro directed evolution. the family shuffling method was applied for in vitro directed evolution to construct a mutant library of glcdh genes. three glcdh-coding genes from bacillus licheniformis ifo 12200, bacillus megaterium ifo 15308 and bacillus subtilis ifo 13719 were each cloned by direct pcr amplification into the p trc99a expression vector and expressed in the host, escherichia coli. ... | 2003 | 12743762 |
| diversity of mercury resistance determinants among bacillus strains isolated from sediment of minamata bay. | thirty mercury-resistant (hg r) bacillus strains were isolated from mercury-polluted sediment of minamata bay, japan. mercury resistance phenotypes were classified into broad-spectrum (resistant to inorganic hg(2+) and organomercurials) and narrow-spectrum (resistant to inorganic hg(2+) and sensitive to organomercurials) groups. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) product sizes and the restriction nuclease site maps of mer operon regions from all broad-spectrum hg r bacillus were identical to that o ... | 2003 | 12799003 |
| bacillus barbaricus sp. nov., isolated from an experimental wall painting. | in a project concerning bacterial colonization of experimental wall paintings, a large number of isolates have been acquired with high similarities in their whole-cell protein patterns obtained after sds-page. of this group, four strains, designated v2-biii-a2(t), v2-bi-a9, v2-bi-04 and v2-bii-a8, were chosen for further characterization. banding patterns obtained after eric-pcr were barely distinguishable among these four strains, indicating their affiliation within a single species. the isolat ... | 2003 | 12807193 |
| evidence of an association between poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) accumulation and phosphotransbutyrylase expression in bacillus megaterium. | molecular analysis of a genomic region of bacillus megaterium, a polyhydroxybutyrate (phb)-producing microorganism, revealed the presence of a gene coding for the enzyme phosphotransbutyrylase (ptb). enzyme activity was measured throughout the different growth phases of b. megaterium and was found to correlate with phb accumulation during the late-exponential growth phase. ptb expression was repressed by glucose and activated by the branched amino acids isoleucine and valine. overexpression of a ... | 2003 | 12827525 |
| characterization of uv-peroxide killing of bacterial spores. | advantage is taken in many sterilization processes, especially for food packaging materials, of the synergy between h2o2 and uv irradiation for spore killing. the nature of the synergy is currently not well defined in terms of targets and mechanisms. we found that under some experimental conditions, the synergistic killing of spores of bacillus megaterium atcc 19213 appeared to be mainly uv-enhanced peroxide killing, while under other conditions, it appeared to be mainly peroxide-enhanced uv kil ... | 2003 | 12870758 |
| expression of recombinant clostridium difficile toxin a using the bacillus megaterium system. | pathogenic clostridium difficile produces two major protein toxins, toxin a and toxin b. we used the bacillus megaterium expression system for expression of recombinant toxin a. the construct for the toxin a gene was obtained by the following cloning strategy: the gene for toxin a was generated in three parts, each of them ligated into a cloning vector. the three parts were sequentially fused to the complete gene. the holotoxin gene was ligated into the expression vector pwh1520. this vector was ... | 2003 | 12893263 |
| chloride dependence of growth in bacteria. | chloride is an abundant anion on earth but studies analyzing a possible function of chloride in prokaryotes are scarce. to address the question, we have tested 44 different gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria for a chloride dependence or chloride stimulation of growth. none required chloride for growth at their optimal growth (salt) conditions. however, in hyperosmotic media containing high concentrations of na+, 11 bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus megaterium, bacillus subtilis, cor ... | 2003 | 12900036 |
| characterization of the cobaltochelatase cbixl: evidence for a 4fe-4s center housed within an mxcxxc motif. | cbix is a cobaltochelatase required for the biosynthesis of vitamin b12 and is found in archaea as a short form (cbixs containing 120-145 amino acids) and in some bacteria as a longer version (cbixl containing 300-350 amino acids). purification of either recombinant bacillus megaterium or synechocystis cbixl in escherichia coli, which is facilitated by the presence of a naturally occurring histidine-rich region of the protein, results in the isolation of a dark brown protein solution. the uv/vis ... | 2003 | 12917443 |
| angiotensin i-converting-enzyme-inhibitory and antibacterial peptides from lactobacillus helveticus pr4 proteinase-hydrolyzed caseins of milk from six species. | sodium caseinates prepared from bovine, sheep, goat, pig, buffalo or human milk were hydrolyzed by a partially purified proteinase of lactobacillus helveticus pr4. peptides in each hydrolysate were fractionated by reversed-phase fast-protein liquid chromatography. the fractions which showed the highest angiotensin i-converting-enzyme (ace)-inhibitory or antibacterial activity were sequenced by mass spectrum and edman degradation analyses. various ace-inhibitory peptides were found in the hydroly ... | 2003 | 12957917 |
| lysogenicity of bacillus megaterium. | | 1953 | 13022629 |
| observations on the nucleus of resting and germinating spores of bacillus megaterium. | | 1953 | 13069390 |
| the occurrence of mitosis in bacillus megaterium and its relation to the growth cycle. | | 1953 | 13069433 |
| preliminary studies into the conditions controlling cellular fusion and secondary colony formation in bacillus megaterium. | | 1953 | 13069448 |
| observations on the staining of bacillus megaterium with triphenyltetrazolium. | | 1953 | 13084548 |
| a probable growth cycle in bacillus megaterium. | | 1953 | 13084874 |
| the bacteriophages of bacillus megaterium. i. serological, physical, and biological properties. | | 1953 | 13096491 |
| the bacteriophages of bacillus megaterium. ii. stability in mono- and divalent ions. | | 1953 | 13096513 |
| the isolation of protoplasts from bacillus megaterium by controlled treatment with lysozyme. | | 1953 | 13117795 |
| characterization of the protoplasmic constituents of bacillus megaterium. | | 1953 | 13117796 |
| [properties of bacillus megaterium in the presence of prophage]. | | 1953 | 13127243 |
| comparative studies on the toxicity of washed cells of bacillus megaterium and brewers' yeast. | | 1954 | 13142944 |
| genetic studies on microbial cross resistance to toxic agents. iv. cross resistance of bacillus megaterium to forty-four antimicrobial drugs. | | 1954 | 13149144 |
| [not available]. | | 1954 | 13161238 |