| classical complement activation and acquired immune response pathways are not essential for retinal degeneration in the rd1 mouse. | misregulation of the innate immune response and other immune-related processes have been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a number of different neurodegenerative diseases, including age related macular degeneration. in an animal model for photoreceptor degeneration, several genes of the innate and acquired immune system were found to be differentially regulated in the retina during the degenerative process. in addition to this differential regulation of individual genes, ... | 2007 | 17069800 |
| classical complement activation and acquired immune response pathways are not essential for retinal degeneration in the rd1 mouse. | misregulation of the innate immune response and other immune-related processes have been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a number of different neurodegenerative diseases, including age related macular degeneration. in an animal model for photoreceptor degeneration, several genes of the innate and acquired immune system were found to be differentially regulated in the retina during the degenerative process. in addition to this differential regulation of individual genes, ... | 2007 | 17069800 |
| transformation of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | tick-borne pathogens cause emerging zoonoses, and include fastidious organisms such as anaplasma phagocytophilum. because of their obligate intracellular nature, methods for mutagenesis and transformation have not been available. | 2006 | 17076894 |
| application of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of the agent of leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed zoonosis, endemic in tropical areas. epidemiologic investigations of leptospirosis still rely on tedious serological identification tests. recently, molecular typing systems based on variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis have been described and have been used to identify leptospira interrogans strains. although l. interrogans is the most common leptospira species encountered in human infections around the world, other pathogenic species, such as l ... | 2006 | 17088367 |
| dynamic state of dna topology is essential for genome condensation in bacteria. | in bacteria, dps is one of the critical proteins to build up a condensed nucleoid in response to the environmental stresses. in this study, we found that the expression of dps and the nucleoid condensation was not simply correlated in escherichia coli, and that fis, which is an e. coli (gamma-proteobacteria)-specific nucleoid protein, interfered with the dps-dependent nucleoid condensation. atomic force microscopy and northern blot analyses indicated that the inhibitory effect of fis was due to ... | 2006 | 17093499 |
| characterization of the outer membrane proteome of leptospira interrogans expressed during acute lethal infection. | pathogenic leptospira species adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions during disease transmission and infection. while the proteome of in vitro cultivated leptospira has been characterized in several studies to date, relatively little is known of the proteome as expressed by leptospira during disease processes. isolates of leptospira obtained from patients suffering the severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis cause acute lethal infection in guinea pigs and chronic asymptomatic infection ... | 2007 | 17101664 |
| in silico and microarray-based genomic approaches to identifying potential vaccine candidates against leptospira interrogans. | currently available vaccines against leptospirosis are of low efficacy, have an unacceptable side-effect profile, do not induce long-term protection, and provide no cross-protection against the different serovars of pathogenic leptospira. the current major focus in leptospirosis research is to discover conserved protective antigens that may elicit longer-term protection against a broad range of leptospira. there is a need to screen vaccine candidate genes in the genome of leptospira interrogans. | 2006 | 17109759 |
| insight in to the phylogeny of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis: horizontal gene transfer. | polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas) are gaining more and more importance the world over due to their structural diversity and close analogy to plastics. their biodegradability makes them extremely desirable substitutes for synthetic plastics. phas are produced in organisms under certain stress conditions. here, we investigated 253 sequenced (completely and unfinished) genomes for the diversity and phylogenetics of the pha biosynthesis. discrepancies in the phylogenetic trees for phaa, phab and phac gen ... | 2007 | 17113245 |
| a genomic island of the pathogen leptospira interrogans serovar lai can excise from its chromosome. | an examination of the two leptospira interrogans genomes sequenced so far reveals few genetic differences, including an extra dna region, 54 kb in length, in l. interrogans serovar lai. this locus contains 103 predicted coding sequences that are absent from the genome of l. interrogans serovar copenhageni, of which only 20% had significant blastp hits in genbank. by analyzing the l. interrogans serovar lai genome by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we also found that this 54-kb dna fragment exi ... | 2007 | 17118975 |
| a histopathological study of hearts and spleens of hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected with leptospira interrogans, serovar pyrogenes. | the effects of leptospira interrogans on the heart and spleen of hamsters were studied histopathologically. infected hamsters were sacrificed at 1 hour, 6 hours and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 after inoculation with leptospira interrogans serovar pyrogenes. the heart and spleen of each of the sacrificed animals were removed and processed for routine conventional light microscopy. infected hearts showed degenerative change of the cardiac muscle cells composed of cellular swelling, condensation of ... | 2006 | 17121298 |
| multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic leptospira species. | leptospira are the parasitic bacterial organisms associated with a broad range of mammalian hosts and are responsible for severe cases of human leptospirosis. the epidemiology of leptospirosis is complex and dynamic. multiple serovars have been identified, each adapted to one or more animal hosts. adaptation is a dynamic process that changes the spatial and temporal distribution of serovars and clinical manifestations in different hosts. serotyping based on repertoire of surface antigens is an a ... | 2006 | 17121682 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies on 2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactarate aldolase from leptospira interrogans. | 2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactarate (ddg) aldolase is a member of the class ii aldolase family and plays an important role in the pyruvate-metabolism pathway, catalyzing the reversible aldol cleavage of ddg to pyruvate and tartronic semialdehyde. as it is a potential novel antibiotic target, it is necessary to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of ddg aldolase. to determine the crystal structure, crystals of ddg aldolase from leptospira interrogans were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion meth ... | 2006 | 17142914 |
| substrate recognition by the hetero-octameric atp phosphoribosyltransferase from lactococcus lactis. | two families of atp phosphoribosyl transferases (atp-prt) join atp and 5-phosphoribosyl-1 pyrophosphate (prpp) in the first reaction of histidine biosynthesis. these consist of a homohexameric form found in all three kingdoms and a hetero-octameric form largely restricted to bacteria. hetero-octameric atp-prts consist of four hisgs catalytic subunits related to periplasmic binding proteins and four hisz regulatory subunits that resemble histidyl-trna synthetases. to clarify the relationship betw ... | 2006 | 17154531 |
| lipl46 is a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein expressed during leptospiral dissemination in the mammalian host. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by invasive spirochaetes belonging to the genus leptospira. pathogenic leptospires disseminate via the bloodstream to colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts. little is known about leptospiral outer-membrane proteins expressed during the dissemination stage of infection. in this study, a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein is described; it has been designated lipl46 to distinguish it from a previously described 31 kda peripheral membrane protein, ... | 2006 | 17159228 |
| characterization of the thermotoga maritima chemotaxis methylation system that lacks pentapeptide-dependent methyltransferase cher:mcp tethering. | sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis is mediated by covalent modifications of specific glutamate and glutamine residues within the cytoplasmic domains of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcps). in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, efficient methylation of mcps depends on the localization of methyltransferase cher to mcp clusters through an interaction between the cher beta-subdomain and a pentapeptide sequence (nwetf or nwesf) at the c-terminus of the mcp. in vitro methylation ... | 2007 | 17163981 |
| characterization of the thermotoga maritima chemotaxis methylation system that lacks pentapeptide-dependent methyltransferase cher:mcp tethering. | sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis is mediated by covalent modifications of specific glutamate and glutamine residues within the cytoplasmic domains of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcps). in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, efficient methylation of mcps depends on the localization of methyltransferase cher to mcp clusters through an interaction between the cher beta-subdomain and a pentapeptide sequence (nwetf or nwesf) at the c-terminus of the mcp. in vitro methylation ... | 2007 | 17163981 |
| high precision multi-genome scale reannotation of enzyme function by eficaz. | the functional annotation of most genes in newly sequenced genomes is inferred from similarity to previously characterized sequences, an annotation strategy that often leads to erroneous assignments. we have performed a reannotation of 245 genomes using an updated version of eficaz, a highly precise method for enzyme function prediction. | 2006 | 17166279 |
| vaccinia virus 4c (a26l) protein on intracellular mature virus binds to the extracellular cellular matrix laminin. | vaccinia virus intracellular mature virus (imv) binds to glycosaminoglycans (gags) on cells via three virion proteins, h3l, a27l, and d8l. in this study, we demonstrated that binding of imv to bsc40 cells was competitively inhibited by soluble laminin but not by fibronectin or collagen v, suggesting that this cell surface extracellular matrix (ecm) protein may play a role in vaccinia virus entry. moreover, imv infection of gag(-) sog9 cells was also inhibited by laminin, demonstrating that virio ... | 2007 | 17166913 |
| vaccinia virus 4c (a26l) protein on intracellular mature virus binds to the extracellular cellular matrix laminin. | vaccinia virus intracellular mature virus (imv) binds to glycosaminoglycans (gags) on cells via three virion proteins, h3l, a27l, and d8l. in this study, we demonstrated that binding of imv to bsc40 cells was competitively inhibited by soluble laminin but not by fibronectin or collagen v, suggesting that this cell surface extracellular matrix (ecm) protein may play a role in vaccinia virus entry. moreover, imv infection of gag(-) sog9 cells was also inhibited by laminin, demonstrating that virio ... | 2007 | 17166913 |
| iron limitation and expression of immunoreactive outer membrane proteins in leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae strain lai. | | 2006 | 17185872 |
| evaluation of recombinant leptospira interrogans serovar canicola outer membrane proteins as diagnostic antigen. | | 2006 | 17185875 |
| two arabidopsis genes (ipms1 and ipms2) encode isopropylmalate synthase, the branchpoint step in the biosynthesis of leucine. | heterologous expression of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ipms1 (at1g18500) and ipms2 (at1g74040) cdnas in escherichia coli yields isopropylmalate synthases (ipmss; ec 2.3.3.13). these enzymes catalyze the first dedicated step in leucine (leu) biosynthesis, an aldol-type condensation of acetyl-coenzyme a (coa) and 2-oxoisovalerate yielding isopropylmalate. most biochemical properties of ipms1 and ipms2 are similar: broad ph optimum around ph 8.5, mg2+ as cofactor, feedback inhibition by ... | 2007 | 17189332 |
| immunoreactive outer membrane proteins of leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain hond utrecht iv. | leptospirosis is a severe and complex zoonotic disease prevalent in many countries including india. current leptospiral research is focussed on the identification of the outer membrane proteins (omps) of the organism that could be used in developing diagnostic assays for leptospirosis. | 2006 | 17213526 |
| rhomboid protease aara mediates quorum-sensing in providencia stuartii by activating tata of the twin-arginine translocase. | the providencia stuartii aara protein is a member of the rhomboid family of intramembrane serine proteases and is required for the production of an unknown quorum-sensing molecule. in a screen to identify rhomboid-encoding genes from proteus mirabilis, tata was identified as a multicopy suppressor and restored extracellular signal production as well as complementing all other phenotypes of a prov. stuartii aara mutant. tata is a component of the twin-arginine translocase (tat) protein secretion ... | 2007 | 17215357 |
| cloning and sequencing of a 21 kda outer membrane protein gene of leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain hond utrecht iv. | | 2007 | 17221364 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding lipl32 of leptospira interrogans serovar sejroe. | leptospira, a member of the order spirochaetales, is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an important zoonosis encountered worldwide. the leptospira interrogans serovar sejroe was grown in emjh medium and its dna was isolated using standard techniques. the lipl32 gene was amplified using the reported primer of kirschneri of lipl32. the amplified product was found to comprise 756 base pairs. this amplified gene fragment of lipl32 lipoprotein was cloned in e. coli (dh5 alpha) cells using pdrive ... | 2007 | 17221365 |
| isolation of leptospira noguchii from sheep. | the main goal of this study was to obtain new isolates of leptospira spp. from sheep. a total of 10 kidney samples and 44 blood samples were collected from sheep slaughtered in pelotas, southern brazil. one isolate was obtained which was identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing and serogrouping to be leptospira noguchii serogroup autumnalis. microscopic agglutination test (mat) evaluation revealed that 4.5% of the sheep sera reacted against the autumnalis serogroup. this is the first report of iso ... | 2007 | 17222993 |
| isolation of leptospira noguchii from sheep. | the main goal of this study was to obtain new isolates of leptospira spp. from sheep. a total of 10 kidney samples and 44 blood samples were collected from sheep slaughtered in pelotas, southern brazil. one isolate was obtained which was identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing and serogrouping to be leptospira noguchii serogroup autumnalis. microscopic agglutination test (mat) evaluation revealed that 4.5% of the sheep sera reacted against the autumnalis serogroup. this is the first report of iso ... | 2007 | 17222993 |
| a survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by norway rats in baltimore, maryland, usa. | norway rats (rattus norvegicus) carry several zoonotic pathogens and because rats and humans live in close proximity in urban environments, there exists potential for transmission. to identify zoonotic agents carried by rats in baltimore, maryland, usa, we live-trapped 201 rats during 2005-2006 and screened them for a panel of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. antibodies against seoul virus (57.7%), hepatitis e virus (hev, 73.5%), leptospira interrogans (65.3%), bartonella elizabethae (34.1%), a ... | 2007 | 17224086 |
| a comprehensive survey on isoleucine biosynthesis pathways in seven epidemic leptospira interrogans reference strains of china. | previous studies have indicated that different species of leptospira synthesize isoleucine via either pyruvate and/or threonine pathways. seven epidemic leptospira interrogans reference strains from china belonging to different serovars, together with three saprophytic strains of leptospira biflexa and leptospira meyeri, were analysed. the isoleucine biosynthesis properties were studied firstly by measuring the key enzymes of the two pathways, citramalate synthase (cima, ce4.1.3.-) and threonine ... | 2007 | 17227461 |
| predicted epitopes of lig a of leptospira interrogans by bioinformatics method: a clue for further vaccine development. | leptospirosis is an important tropical infection. providing sufficient antibiotic drugs and development and approval of new vaccines are the control of the possible emerging pandemic of this pathogen. for leptospira interrogans, leptospiral ig-like a (liga) liga may have value in serodiagnosis or as a protective immunogen in novel vaccines. here, the author reports the preliminary data from the computation analysis of lig a to find potential t-cell epitopes using a new bioinformatics tool. among ... | 2007 | 17239493 |
| properties of r-citramalyl-coenzyme a lyase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of chloroflexus aurantiacus. | the autotrophic co(2) fixation pathway (3-hydroxypropionate cycle) in chloroflexus aurantiacus results in the fixation of two molecules of bicarbonate into one molecule of glyoxylate. glyoxylate conversion to the co(2) acceptor molecule acetyl-coenzyme a (coa) requires condensation with propionyl-coa (derived from one molecule of acetyl-coa and one molecule of co(2)) to beta-methylmalyl-coa, which is converted to citramalyl-coa. extracts of autotrophically grown cells contained both s- and r-cit ... | 2007 | 17259315 |
| simple method for repurification of endotoxins for biological use. | a method for obtaining highly purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [lps]) in a few hours by repurification of commercial or laboratory preparations was devised. it avoids the use of phenol, which is not suitable for phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharides nor for some industrial purposes. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the integrity of the purified lpss. the purified products did not acti ... | 2007 | 17261511 |
| physiological osmotic induction of leptospira interrogans adhesion: liga and ligb bind extracellular matrix proteins and fibrinogen. | transmission of leptospirosis occurs through contact of mucous membranes and abraded skin with freshwater contaminated by pathogenic leptospira spp. exposure to physiological osmolarity induces leptospires to express high levels of the lig surface proteins containing imperfect immunoglobulin-like repeats that are shared or differ between liga and ligb. we report that osmotic induction of lig is accompanied by 1.6- to 2.5-fold increases in leptospiral adhesion to immobilized extracellular matrix ... | 2007 | 17296754 |
| diagnostic ophthalmology. anterior and posterior uveitis with inflammatory retinal detachment, most likely secondary to equine recurrent uveitis. | | 2007 | 17310629 |
| utility of phylogenetic studies in the identification of leptospira strains. | a phylogenetic tree, which distinguishes between the serovars and serogroups of leptospires common in central europe was constructed using an established rapd procedure together with digital reading and evaluation (using different computer software programs) of the generated amplified dna patterns. the application of this procedure has revealed a consistent correspondence between serogroup and genotype (position in constructed tree) in 69 cases, and serovar and genotype in 72 cases, of wild stra ... | 2007 | 17313692 |
| comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on crude and recombinant leishmanial antigens for serodiagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania infantum visceral infections in dogs. | the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis remains difficult in rural areas where the disease is endemic, and serologic methods still need assessment, as they are not very sensitive for the detection of asymptomatic infectious dogs. here we present data on the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-based methods for the detection of antibodies against recombinant leishmanial antigens (namely, the recombinant k26 [rk26] and rk39 antigens from leishmania infantum and the ra2 protein ... | 2007 | 17314229 |
| exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia. | maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) are neotropic mammals, listed as a cites appendix ii species, with a distribution south of the amazon forest from bolivia, through northern argentina and paraguay and into eastern brazil and northern uruguay. primary threats to the survival of free-ranging maned wolves include habitat loss, road kills, and shooting by farmers. an additional threat to the conservation of maned wolves is the risk of morbidity and mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseas ... | 2005 | 17323558 |
| clinicopathologic features and outcome predictors of leptospira interrogans australis serogroup infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2001-2004). | we retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathologic findings and outcome predictors in dogs with leptospira interrogans australis serogroup infections. | 2007 | 17338143 |
| plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from rickettsia felis. | the genome sequence of rickettsia felis revealed a number of rickettsial genetic anomalies that likely contribute not only to a large genome size relative to other rickettsiae, but also to phenotypic oddities that have confounded the categorization of r. felis as either typhus group (tg) or spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. most intriguing was the first report from rickettsiae of a conjugative plasmid (prf) that contains 68 putative open reading frames, several of which are predicted to enc ... | 2007 | 17342200 |
| does human proximity affect antibody prevalence in marine-foraging river otters (lontra canadensis)? | the investigation of diseases of free-ranging river otters (lontra canadensis) is a primary conservation priority for this species; however, very little is known about diseases of river otters that forage in marine environments. to identify and better understand pathogens that could be important to marine-foraging river otters, other wildlife species, domestic animals, and humans and to determine if proximity to human population could be a factor in disease exposure, serum samples from 55 free-r ... | 2007 | 17347401 |
| surprising arginine biosynthesis: a reappraisal of the enzymology and evolution of the pathway in microorganisms. | major aspects of the pathway of de novo arginine biosynthesis via acetylated intermediates in microorganisms must be revised in light of recent enzymatic and genomic investigations. the enzyme n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags), which used to be considered responsible for the first committed step of the pathway, is present in a limited number of bacterial phyla only and is absent from archaea. in many bacteria, shorter proteins related to the gcn5-related n-acetyltransferase family appear to acet ... | 2007 | 17347518 |
| a canonical ftsz protein in verrucomicrobium spinosum, a member of the bacterial phylum verrucomicrobia that also includes tubulin-producing prosthecobacter species. | the origin and evolution of the homologous gtp-binding cytoskeletal proteins ftsz typical of bacteria and tubulin characteristic of eukaryotes is a major question in molecular evolutionary biology. both ftsz and tubulin are central to key cell biology processes--bacterial septation and cell division in the case of ftsz and in the case of tubulins the function of microtubules necessary for mitosis and other key cytoskeleton-dependent processes in eukaryotes. the origin of tubulin in particular is ... | 2007 | 17349062 |
| safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneous or intramuscular administration of a monovalent inactivated vaccine against leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in healthy volunteers. | the safety and immunogenicity of a monovalent inactivated vaccine against leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae was evaluated in 84 volunteers according to the route of administration, i.e., subcutaneous (sc) or intramuscular (im), in a double-blind randomised trial. the volunteers were randomised into four groups: sc vaccine; im vaccine; sc placebo; and im placebo. primary vaccination comprised two injections on day 0 and day 14, with a booster after 6 months. a second booster wa ... | 2007 | 17359323 |
| attenuated virulence of a francisella mutant lacking the lipid a 4'-phosphatase. | francisella tularensis causes tularemia, a highly contagious disease of animals and humans, but the virulence features of f. tularensis are poorly defined. f. tularensis and the related mouse pathogen francisella novicida synthesize unusual lipid a molecules lacking the 4'-monophosphate group typically found in the lipid a of gram-negative bacteria. lpxf, a selective phosphatase located on the periplasmic surface of the inner membrane, removes the 4'-phosphate moiety in the late stages of f. nov ... | 2007 | 17360489 |
| lipid a modification systems in gram-negative bacteria. | the lipid a moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. escherichia coli lipid a is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascent core-lipid a is flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the abc transporter msba, where the o-antigen polymer is attached. diverse covalent modifications of the lipi ... | 2007 | 17362200 |
| seroprevalence of leptospirosis in domesticated asian elephants (elephas maximus) in north and west thailand in 2004. | serum samples from asian elephants (elephas maximus) in the kanchanaburi, chiang mai and lampang provinces of thailand were tested using the microscopic agglutination test against 22 serovars of leptospira interrogans. a titre of more than 1:100 was used as evidence of infection. in northern thailand, the seroprevalence was 58 per cent and the prevalent serovars were leptospira interrogans serovar sejroe, leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi, leptospira interrogans serovar ranarum and leptos ... | 2007 | 17369477 |
| response of leptospira interrogans to physiologic osmolarity: relevance in signaling the environment-to-host transition. | transmission of pathogenic leptospira between mammalian hosts usually involves dissemination via soil or water contaminated by the urine of carrier animals. the ability of leptospira to adapt to the diverse conditions found inside and outside the host is reflected in its relatively large genome size and high percentage of signal transduction genes. an exception is leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo, which is transmitted by direct contact and appears to have lost genes necessary for surviva ... | 2007 | 17371863 |
| seroprevalence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in free-ranging european bison from the białowieza primeval forest (poland). | blood was collected from bison that were selected between 1991 and 2001 for poor body condition, cachexia, lameness and balanoposthitis. sera were tested for antibodies to bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi-3), brucella abortus, chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetti, and leptospira interrogans. the results of serological tests showed a prevalence of low titers of a serological reaction to ... | 2007 | 17388020 |
| a detailed analysis of 16s ribosomal rna gene segments for the diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria. | bacterial 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) genes contain nine "hypervariable regions" (v1-v9) that demonstrate considerable sequence diversity among different bacteria. species-specific sequences within a given hypervariable region constitute useful targets for diagnostic assays and other scientific investigations. no single region can differentiate among all bacteria; therefore, systematic studies that compare the relative advantage of each region for specific diagnostic goals are needed. we characteri ... | 2007 | 17391789 |
| molecular typing of leptospira spp. based on putative o-antigen polymerase gene (wzy), the benefit over 16s rrna gene sequence. | molecular typing of leptospiral strains based on variation within putative o-antigen polymerase gene (wzy) was determined among reference strains and those isolated from patients. using the pcr primers designed from the flanking gene of wzy derived from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, all l. interrogans serovars as well as human and rodent leptospiral isolates from thailand could be amplified. the size of pcr product ranged from 1 to 1.5 kb. the limitation of these primer pairs was t ... | 2007 | 17403048 |
| [study on the immunogenicity of major leptospiral genus-specific protein antigens and the distribution of antigens in different serogroups of leptospira interrogans]. | the determination of antigenicity and immunogenicity of leptospira interrogans genus-specific outer envelope proteins (oeps) will offer evidence for developing universal leptospiral genetic engineering vaccine and detection kit. | 2006 | 17415989 |
| genome-wide identification of francisella tularensis virulence determinants. | francisella tularensis is a gram-negative pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in humans and has potential for use as a biological weapon. the genetic basis of the f. tularensis virulence is poorly understood. this study screened a total of 3,936 transposon mutants of the live vaccine strain for infection in a mouse model of respiratory tularemia by signature-tagged mutagenesis. we identified 341 mutants attenuated for infection in the lungs. the transposon disruptions were mapped to ... | 2007 | 17420240 |
| leptospirosis in sheep in western canada. | a survey of 930 ovine sera and kidneys from 33 sheep was conducted to assess the rate of leptospiral infection in sheep slaughtered in alberta. sera were tested for the presence of agglutinins to indigenous serovars of leptospira interrogans. kidneys with gross lesions were examined for the presence of leptospires by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (fat) and by culture. antibodies to serovars pomona and hardjo were present at rates of 1.0% and 0.4%, respectively, in sheep from sas ... | 1985 | 17422531 |
| diagnosis of leptospira serovar hardjo infection in cattle in canada. | the investigations described were designed to identify the cause of serological reactions to leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and sejroe in canadian cattle, and to confirm by culture a diagnosis of leptospirosis in cases of reproductive failure and atypical mastitis.leptospires were detected in ten of 64 urine cultures, nine of 18 kidney cultures, and one of nine cerebrospinal fluid cultures. twelve strains were purified. all were placed in the serogroup which contains serovars hardjo and ... | 1985 | 17422570 |
| leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in cattle in the south okanagan district of british columbia. | an outbreak of leptospirosis due to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the south okanagan district of british columbia was investigated. the infection was associated primarily with bulls, but serovar hardjo was isolated from both bulls and cows at slaughter. kidney and cerebrospinal fluid were found to contain leptospires, independently of the presence and level of serum agglutinins. treatment of a bull twice in six months with dihydrostreptomycin failed to diminish an agglutinin titer (1/ ... | 1985 | 17422584 |
| leptospirosis: an occupational hazard to veterinarians. | leptospirosis occurred in two veterinarians in alberta, following their exposure to leptospires of domestic animal origin. the disease at onset resembled "flu" with fever, muscle and joint pain, and lassitude. it progressed through an extremely debilitating period with mild to severe hepatic and renal dysfunction, icterus and hemorrhage in one case, and cerebral meningitis in the other. both patients were hospitalized for 11 to 14 days, where they responded to supportive and specific antibiotic ... | 1986 | 17422627 |
| leptospirosis outbreak in a piggery in southern alberta. | fourteen abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurred over an interval of one month in crated sows in a farrow-to-finish swine operation. leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (kennewicki by dna analysis) was demonstrated by culture and fluorescent antibody test to be present in sows, piglets, boars, feeders, drinking water and skunks on the premises.antibody was found in all clinically affected sows, at serum dilutions ranging from 1/800 to 1/25,600, and in all breeding boars at titers f ... | 1986 | 17422651 |
| the successful management of leptospirosa hardjo infection in a beef herd in northern ontario. | abortion, premature calving, hemolytic anemia and fatal hematuria were associated with high levels (titer > 10(-4)) of antibody to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and with isolation of hardjo in a herd of 265 beef cattle in the great clay belt of northern ontario. this herd was bred by artificial insemination, after heat detection by vasectomized bulls. the antibody prevalence rate in the herd was 54 to 60% over a five year period. the rate tended to reach 100% by age three years and to be ... | 1986 | 17422716 |
| leptospirosa pomona abortion storm in a cattle herd in saskatchewan. | abortions occurred in 18% of 131 beef cows and heifers during two months, on a farm in southern saskatchewan. the losses began two weeks after acute febrile illness and agalactia in a dairy cow to which the beef herd had been exposed. a diagnosis of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection was made on the basis of serology in cows and the finding of leptospires in fetal tissues by fluorescent antibody test. tentative diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis delayed treatment and pro ... | 1986 | 17422717 |
| leptospiral antibodies in cattle in alberta and evidence of an emerging serovar. | antibodies to leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona were present in 8.3% and 0.5% of sera respectively, from adult female cattle in alberta surveyed in 1984-85. criterion for a positive serum sample was 50% agglutination at 1/100 dilution in the microscopic agglutination test. a positive herd contained one or more cows with positive serum. prevalences were calculated on sample sizes that would give 80-95% reliability. hardjo antibody prevalences and hardjo-positive herd prevalences w ... | 1988 | 17423101 |
| failure of a seropositive bull to transmit leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection to heifers. | | 1989 | 17423215 |
| a survey of house mice from iowa swine farms for infection with leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava. | | 1992 | 17424117 |
| epidemiology and control of neosporosis and neospora caninum. | neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals. until 1988, it was misidentified as toxoplasma gondii. since its first recognition in dogs in 1984 and the description of the new genus and species neospora caninum in 1988, neosporosis has emerged as a serious disease of cattle and dogs worldwide. abortions and neonatal mortality are a major problem in livestock operations, and neosporosis is a major cause of abortion in cattle. although antibodies to n. caninum have been reported, the parasi ... | 2007 | 17428888 |
| pathogenesis of leptospirosis: interaction of leptospira interrogans with in vitro cultured mammalian cells. | interactions of virulent leptospira interrogans with murine monocyte-macrophage-like j774a.1 cells and vero (african green monkey kidney fibroblasts) cells from attachment to internalization were investigated by a series of morphological analysis. fontana silver staining revealed that only the pathogenic leptospires were able to attach to host cells and the attachment pattern varied depending on cell types that they interacted with. transmission electron microscopy (tem) analysis confirmed the f ... | 2007 | 17429690 |
| enzymology and evolution of the pyruvate pathway to 2-oxobutyrate in methanocaldococcus jannaschii. | the archaeon methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses three different 2-oxoacid elongation pathways, which extend the chain length of precursors in leucine, isoleucine, and coenzyme b biosyntheses. in each of these pathways an aconitase-type hydrolyase catalyzes an hydroxyacid isomerization reaction. the genome sequence of m. jannaschii encodes two homologs of each large and small subunit that forms the hydrolyase, but the genes are not cotranscribed. the genes are more similar to each other than to p ... | 2007 | 17449626 |
| a serologic assessment of exposure to viral pathogens and leptospira in an urban raccoon (procyon lotor) population inhabiting a large zoological park. | in urban environments, raccoons (procyon lotor) may act as reservoirs for an array of pathogenic organisms, presenting spillover risks for human, domestic animal, and captive (zoo) animal populations. over 5 yr, 159 raccoons from a high-density raccoon population in st. louis, missouri (usa), were surveyed for exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus 1 (cav-1); feline parvovirus (fpv; =feline panleukopenia), and several serovars of leptospira interrogans. exposure to each of t ... | 2007 | 17469271 |
| efficacy of fluoroquinolones against leptospira interrogans in a hamster model. | ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and levofloxacin were evaluated for their abilities to prevent mortality in hamsters infected with a lethal inoculum of leptospira interrogans serovar portlandvere. each agent produced a statistically significant survival advantage compared to no treatment and demonstrated survival similar to that seen with doxycycline therapy. | 2007 | 17470646 |
| transferable resistance to aminoglycosides by methylation of g1405 in 16s rrna and to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones by qepa-mediated efflux in escherichia coli. | plasmid pip1206 was detected in escherichia coli strain 1540 during the screening of clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae for high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. the sequence of this incfi conjugative plasmid of ca. 100 kb was partially determined. pip1206 carried the rmtb gene for a ribosome methyltransferase that was shown to modify the n7 position of nucleotide g1405, located in the a site of 16s rrna. it also contained the qepa (quinolone efflux pump) gene that encodes a 14-transmem ... | 2007 | 17470656 |
| vapc-1 of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae is a ribonuclease. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) organisms are obligate parasites of the human upper respiratory tract that can exist as commensals or pathogens. toxin-antitoxin (ta) loci are highly conserved gene pairs that encode both a toxin and antitoxin moiety. seven ta gene families have been identified to date, and nthi carries two alleles of the vapbc family. here, we have characterized the function of one of the nthi alleles, vapbc-1. the gene pair is transcribed as an operon in two nthi clini ... | 2007 | 17496075 |
| multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona from argentina reveals four new genotypes. | outbreaks of leptospirosis occur regularly in argentina, but little is known about their epidemiological relationships. we have analyzed the genetic diversity of a collection of 16 strains of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona isolated from animals and humans in argentina during the past 45 years. genotyping was performed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) using the loci vntr4, vntr7, vntr9, vntr10, vntr19, vntr23 and vntr31, as described by majed et al. [identifi ... | 2008 | 17531318 |
| leptospirosis in farmed deer in new zealand : a review. | current knowledge of leptospirosis in farmed deer in new zealand is reviewed. over the past 25 years, leptospirosis has been reported to occur in individual cases as well as in herd outbreaks in farmed deer and in human cases linked to farmed deer. serological studies and evidence from bacterial culture suggest infection is widespread. mixing of young stock from several sources appears to be a significant risk factor for outbreaks. the culture of leptospira interrogans serovars hardjobovis, pomo ... | 2007 | 17534410 |
| use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in bulk milk to estimate the prevalence of neospora caninum on dairy farms in prince edward island, canada. | this study evaluated the use of bulk milk as a diagnostic tool for estimation of herd-level neospora caninum exposure in atlantic canada; it was used to estimate the prevalence of dairy farms with a within-herd n. caninum-seroprevalence > or = 15% in prince edward island (pei). the variation over time of n. caninum antibodies in bulk milk is also reported. skimmed bulk milk and individual serum samples were analyzed for n. caninum antibodies by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). ... | 2007 | 17542367 |
| [membrane location and naturally antibody responses of genus-specific antigen ompl1s of leptospira interrogans]. | the major aim of this study is to determine the location on outer envelope of the genus-specific antigen ompl1s of leptospira interrogans, and the inducement of naturally antibody response and types of the antigen, which will offer the evidences to use ompl1s as the antigen candidate for developing universal genetic engineering vaccine and detection kit. the serum samples from 156 leptospirosis patients in sichuan area were detected using microscope agglutination test (mat). by using pcr plus nu ... | 2007 | 17552244 |
| leptospirosis in urban wild boars, berlin, germany. | we found antibodies to leptospires in 25 (18%) of 141 wild boars from berlin (95% confidence interval 12-25). seropositivity was associated with chronic interstitial nephritis (odds ratio 10.5; p=0.01), and leptospires were detected in kidney tissues. wild boars represent a potential source for human leptospirosis in urban environments. | 2007 | 17553254 |
| crystal structure of sam-dependent o-methyltransferase from pathogenic bacterium leptospira interrogans. | the s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-dependent o-methyltransferase from leptospira interrogans (liomt) expressed by gene la0415 belongs to the methyltransf_3 family (pfam pf01596). in this family all of the five bacterial homologues with known function are reported as sam-dependent o-methylstransferases involved in antibiotic production. the crystal structure of liomt in complex with s-adenosylhomocysteine reported here is the first bacterial protein structure in this family. the liomt structure shows ... | 2007 | 17561415 |
| human infection with schineria iarvae. | | 2007 | 17561570 |
| expression and characterization of an iron-regulated hemin-binding protein, hbpa, from leptospira interrogans serovar lai. | in an earlier study, based on the ferric enterobactin receptor fepa of escherichia coli, we identified and modeled a tonb-dependent outer membrane receptor protein (lb191) from the genome of leptospira interrogans serovar lai. based on in silico analysis, we hypothesized that this protein was an iron-dependent hemin-binding protein. in this study, we provide experimental evidence to prove that this protein, termed hbpa (hemin-binding protein a), is indeed an iron-regulated hemin-binding protein. ... | 2007 | 17576761 |
| serological evidence of leptospiral infection in pig populations in different districts in japan. | serum samples were collected from 938 pigs of 24 farms in hokkaido, kagoshima, and okinawa prefectures in japan in 2001-2005. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used for the detection of antibodies to lipl32 antigen which is common to leptospira interrogans. samples positive in elisa were then investigated by microscopic agglutination test for the identification of causal leptospires. antibodies specific to leptospires of serovars copenhageni, bratislava, australis and javanica were d ... | 2007 | 17579270 |
| agonistic and antagonistic properties of a rhizobium sin-1 lipid a modified by an ether-linked lipid. | lps from rhizobium sin-1 (r. sin-1) can antagonize the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) by e. coli lps in human monocytic cells. therefore these compounds provide interesting leads for the development of therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of septic shock. detailed structure activity relationship studies have, however, been hampered by the propensity of these compounds to undergo beta-elimination to give biological inactive enone derivatives. to address this problem ... | 2007 | 17581652 |
| modeling of phosphomethyl pyrimidine kinase from leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain 56601. | many microorganisms, as well as plants and fungi, synthesize thiamin, but vertebrates do not produce it. phosphomethyl pyrimidine kinase is an enzyme involved in an intermediary step of thiamin biosynthesis from purine molecules. this enzyme is absent in humans. thus, it is a potential chemotherapeutic target for antileptospiral treatment. structure of this enzyme from leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain 56601 has not yet been elucidated. we used the structural template of phosphomethyl py ... | 2006 | 17597880 |
| genetic diversity among major endemic strains of leptospira interrogans in china. | leptospirosis is a world-widely distributed zoonosis. humans become infected via exposure to pathogenic leptospira spp. from contaminated water or soil. the availability of genomic sequences of leptospira interrogans serovar lai and serovar copenhageni opened up opportunities to identify genetic diversity among different pathogenic strains of l. interrogans representing various kinds of serotypes (serogroups and serovars). | 2007 | 17603913 |
| parallel dimerization of a prrc-anticodon nuclease region implicated in trnalys recognition. | the optional escherichia coli restriction trnase prrc represents a family of potential antiviral devices widespread among bacteria. prrc comprises a functional c-domain of unknown structure and regulatory abc/atpase-like n-domain. the possible involvement of a c-domain sequence in trna(lys) recognition was investigated using a matching end-protected 11-meric peptide. this mimic, termed here larp (lys-anticodon recognizing peptide) uv-cross-linked trna(lys) anticodon stem-loop (asl) analogs and i ... | 2007 | 17604307 |
| bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide is a natural antagonist of toll-like receptor 4. | bartonella quintana is a gram-negative microorganism that causes trench fever and chronic bacteremia. b. quintana lipopolysaccharide (lps) was unable to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. interestingly, b. quintana lps is a potent antagonist of toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), as it inhibited both mrna transcription and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta (il-1beta), and il-6 by escherichia coli lps in human monocytes, at ratios ranging f ... | 2007 | 17606598 |
| identification of a novel potential antigen for early-phase serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. | this study examined four genes encoding for predicted membrane proteins selected from the genome sequences of leptospira interrogans. genes were cloned and the proteins expressed in e. coli. immunoblotting analysis of the recombinants with sera from early and convalescent phases of a leptospirosis patient showed that two proteins, namely lp29 and lp49, were reactive with serum from both phases of the illness. these data were further confirmed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using sera from ... | 2007 | 17609931 |
| comparison of invasion of fibroblasts and macrophages by high- and low-virulence leptospira strains: colonization of the host-cell nucleus and induction of necrosis by the virulent strain. | the infection cycle of low- and high-virulence strains of leptospira interrogans was compared in fibroblasts and macrophages. l. interrogans serovar lai strain lai was used as a representative high-virulence strain, while l. interrogans serovars pomona strain luo was used as a low-virulence strain. l. biflexa serovar patoc strain patoc i, a nonparasitic strain of leptospira, was used as a control. both the high- and low-virulence strains could adhere to fibroblasts and macrophages using one or b ... | 2007 | 17622516 |
| pathology and pathophysiology of pulmonary manifestations in leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis occurring as large outbreaks throughout the world caused by leptospira interrogans. the incidence of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis has been reported to be increasing in the last years, affecting up to 70% of the patients. alveolar hemorrhage presented as dyspnea and hemoptysis is the main pulmonary manifestation. the emergence of massive hemoptysis and acute respiratory distress syndrome has characterized the recent changes reported in the clinica ... | 2007 | 17625743 |
| increased prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi infections in bernese mountain dogs: a possible breed predisposition. | glomerulonephritis in dogs has been associated with b. burgdorferi infections. in bernese mountain dogs with glomerulonephritis antibodies against b. burgdorferi have been found in most dogs, raising the question if the breed is predisposed to infections with b. burgdorferi. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against b. burgdorferi sensu lato in a well defined population of bernese mountain dogs and to compare this prevalence with data from dogs of other breeds. | 2007 | 17626630 |
| the terminal portion of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein liga confers protective immunity against lethal infection in the hamster model of leptospirosis. | subunit vaccines are a potential intervention strategy against leptospirosis, which is a major public health problem in developing countries and a veterinary disease in livestock and companion animals worldwide. leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) proteins are a family of surface-exposed determinants that have ig-like repeat domains found in virulence factors such as intimin and invasin. we expressed fragments of the repeat domain regions of liga and ligb from leptospira interrogans serovar co ... | 2007 | 17629368 |
| the ompa-like protein loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence. | pathogenic mechanisms of leptospira interrogans, the causal agent of leptospirosis, remain largely unknown. this is mainly due to the lack of tools for genetic manipulations of pathogenic species. in this study, we characterized a mutant obtained by insertion of the transposon himar1 into a gene encoding a putative lipoprotein, loa22, which has a predicted ompa domain based on sequence identity. the resulting mutant did not express loa22 and was attenuated in virulence in the guinea pig and hams ... | 2007 | 17630832 |
| human pathogenic borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. resists complement-mediated killing by direct binding of immune regulators factor h and factor h-like protein 1. | borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. has recently been shown to be a novel human pathogenic genospecies that causes lyme disease in europe. in order to elucidate the immune evasion mechanisms of b. spielmanii, we compared the abilities of isolates obtained from lyme disease patients and tick isolate pc-eq17 to escape from complement-mediated bacteriolysis. using a growth inhibition assay, we show that four b. spielmanii isolates, including pc-eq17, are serum resistant, whereas a single isolate, pmew, wa ... | 2007 | 17635869 |
| identification of leptospiral isolates by bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (brenda). | dna samples from 19 reference serovars belonging to 19 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans and two serovars belonging to leptospira biflexa were examined by bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis using ecor i and hae iii enzymes. all the serovars gave unique restriction patterns that differed from each other. dna from 10 local isolates digested with these enzymes produced patterns which on comparison with the standard patterns produced by reference strains could be identified to ... | 2001 | 17664802 |
| rasta-bacteria: a web-based tool for identifying toxin-antitoxin loci in prokaryotes. | toxin/antitoxin (ta) systems, viewed as essential regulators of growth arrest and programmed cell death, are widespread among prokaryotes, but remain sparsely annotated. we present rasta-bacteria, an automated method allowing quick and reliable identification of ta loci in sequenced prokaryotic genomes, whether they are annotated open reading frames or not. the tool successfully confirmed all reported ta systems, and spotted new putative loci upon screening of sequenced genomes. rasta-bacteria i ... | 2007 | 17678530 |
| seroepidemiological survey of rodents collected at a u.s. military installation, yongsan garrison, seoul, republic of korea. | a seroepidemiological study of selected rodent-borne diseases (hantavirus [seoul [seo] virus], scrub typhus [orientia tsutsugamushi], murine typhus [rickettsia typhi], and leptospirosis [leptospira interrogans]), as part of the u.s. military rodent surveillance and control program, was conducted from 2001 through 2005 at yongsan garrison, seoul, republic of korea. rodents were collected to determine the prevalence of rodent-borne diseases at a u.s. military installation in an urban environment. ... | 2007 | 17691691 |
| structural basis for the acyl chain selectivity and mechanism of udp-n-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase. | udp-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-glcnac) acyltransferase (lpxa) catalyzes the first step of lipid a biosynthesis, the reversible transfer of the r-3-hydroxyacyl chain from r-3-hydroxyacyl acyl carrier protein to the glucosamine 3-oh group of udp-glcnac. escherichia coli lpxa is highly selective for r-3-hydroxymyristate. the crystal structure of the e. coli lpxa homotrimer, determined previously in the absence of lipid substrates or products, revealed that lpxa contains an unusual, left-handed parall ... | 2007 | 17698807 |
| leptospirosis serology in the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) from urban sydney, australia. | the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) is indeed a common marsupial in major cities of australia. this species is known to be susceptible to leptospirosis and often lives in close contact with humans, raising concerns about the potential for transmission of this disease in urban areas. a total of 192 brushtail possum blood samples were collected from 136 individuals in suburban areas of metropolitan sydney from november 2002 to november 2004. sera were screened against a reference p ... | 2007 | 17699087 |
| bilateral acute keratouveitis in leptospirosis: a new entity. | | 2007 | 17699963 |
| structure and biological activities of beta toxin from staphylococcus aureus. | beta toxin is a neutral sphingomyelinase secreted by certain strains of staphylococcus aureus. this virulence factor lyses erythrocytes in order to evade the host immune system as well as scavenge nutrients. the structure of beta toxin was determined at 2.4-a resolution using crystals that were merohedrally twinned. this structure is similar to that of the sphingomyelinases of listeria ivanovii and bacillus cereus. beta toxin belongs to the dnase i folding superfamily; in addition to sphingomyel ... | 2007 | 17873030 |
| ompl1 dna vaccine cross-protects against heterologous leptospira spp. challenge. | available leptospirosis vaccines made up of inactivated bacteria or their membrane components elicit immunity which is serovar specific and unsatisfactory immunological memory. a vaccine that protects across leptospira serogroups/serovars, i.e. broad spectrum, and induces long-lasting memory is needed for both human and veterinary uses. in this study, a plasmid dna vaccine was constructed from cloning gene encoding a transmembrane porin protein, ompl1, of pathogenic leptospira interrogans, serog ... | 2007 | 17891923 |
| osmotic regulation of expression of two extracellular matrix-binding proteins and a haemolysin of leptospira interrogans: differential effects on liga and sph2 extracellular release. | the life cycle of the pathogen leptospira interrogans involves stages outside and inside the host. entry of l. interrogans from moist environments into the host is likely to be accompanied by the induction of genes encoding virulence determinants and the concomitant repression of genes encoding products required for survival outside of the host. the expression of the adhesin liga, the haemolysin sph2 (lk73.5) and the outer-membrane lipoprotein lipl36 of pathogenic leptospira species have been re ... | 2007 | 17906138 |