| genetic and antigenic characterization of h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in mongolia from 2017 to 2019. | the circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of various subtypes (e.g., h5n1, h5n6, h5n8, and h7n9) in poultry remains a global concern for animal and public health. migratory waterfowls play important roles in the transmission of these viruses across countries. to monitor virus spread by wild birds, active surveillance for avian influenza in migratory waterfowl was conducted in mongolia from 2015 to 2019. in total, 5000 fecal samples were collected from lakesides in cen ... | 2020 | 32430568 |
| response to a dna vaccine against the h5n1 virus depending on the chicken line and number of doses. | avian influenza virus infections cause significant economic losses on poultry farms and pose the threat of a possible pandemic outbreak. routine vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is not recommended in europe, however it has been ordered in some other countries, and more countries are considering use of the avian influenza vaccine as a component of their control strategy. although a variety of such vaccines have been tested, most research has concentrated on specific antibodies and c ... | 2020 | 32381003 |
| baculovirus surface display of the ha protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus and its immunogenicity against a lethal challenge with h5n1 virus in chickens. | in the present study, we have generated several h5n2 ha recombinant baculoviruses for production of a ha subunit vaccine against the lethal h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). the effective display of functional ha on the cell membrane and baculoviral envelope was examined. our results reveal that chickens immunized with the chimeric aiv ha protein fused with the baculovirus gp64 cytoplasmic domain (ctd) induced higher hi titer. to further increase the expression level of the h5n2 aiv ha protein, ... | 2020 | 32273019 |
| antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidin b1 against influenza a virus. | cathelicidins (caths) are host defense peptides (hdps) that play an important role in the innate immune response against infections. although multiple functions of cathelicidins have been described, including direct antimicrobial activity and several immunomodulatory effects on the host, relatively little is known about their antiviral activity. therefore, in vitro antiviral activity of chicken cathelicidins and the underlying mechanism was investigated in this study against different influenza ... | 2020 | 32265870 |
| immunization with the h5n1 recombinant vaccine candidate induces high protection in chickens against vietnamese highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. | abstract: vietnam is one of the countries most affected worldwide by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, which caused enormous economic loss and posed threats to public health. over nearly two decades, with the antigenic changes in the diversified h5ny viruses, the limited protective efficacy of the available vaccines was encountered. therefore, it is necessary to approach a technology platform for the country to accelerate vaccine production that enables quick response to new in ... | 2020 | 32252383 |
| insertion of basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin cleavage site of h4n2 avian influenza virus (aiv)-reduced virus fitness in chickens is restored by reassortment with highly pathogenic h5n1 aiv. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) are naturally restricted to h5 and h7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (cs) in hemagglutinin (ha) and any aiv with an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) ≥ 1.2. although only a few non-h5/h7 viruses fulfill the criteria of hpaiv; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. in 2012, a unique h4n2 virus with a polybasic cs 322pekrrtr/g329 was isolated from quails in california which, however, was avirulent i ... | 2020 | 32231159 |
| coexpression of soluble and membrane-bound avian influenza virus h5 by recombinant newcastle disease virus leads to an increase in antigen levels. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) haemagglutinin (ha) of subtype h5 simultaneously protect chickens from newcastle disease (nd) as well as avian influenza (ai). the expressed, membrane-bound surface protein ha is incorporated into virions while soluble ha has been described as a potent antigen. we tested whether co-expression of both ha variants from the same ndv vector increased the overall level of ha, which could be important for optimal immunogenici ... | 2020 | 32209169 |
| structures of the mhc-i molecule bf2*1501 disclose the preferred presentation of an h5n1 virus-derived epitope. | lethal infections by strains of the highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 pose serious threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. a lack of confirmed hpaiv epitopes recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has hindered the utilization of cd8+ t-cell-mediated immunity and has precluded the development of effectively diversified epitope-based vaccination approaches. in particular, an hpaiv h5n1 ctl-recognized epitope based on the peptide mhc-i-β2m (pmhc-i) ... | 2020 | 32152225 |
| aptamer-based field-effect transistor for detection of avian influenza virus in chicken serum. | early diagnosis of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) is significant for preventing and controlling a global pandemic. however, there is no existing electrical biosensor for detecting biomarkers for aiv in clinically relevant samples such as chicken serum. herein, we report the first use of an aptamer-functionalized field-effect transistor (fet) as a label-free sensor for aiv detection in chicken serum. a dna aptamer is employed as a sensitive and selective receptor for hemag ... | 2020 | 32148026 |
| author correction: a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | an amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. | 2020 | 32139794 |
| an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ... | 2020 | 32085430 |
| the quail genome: insights into social behaviour, seasonal biology and infectious disease response. | the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) is a popular domestic poultry species and an increasingly significant model species in avian developmental, behavioural and disease research. | 2020 | 32050986 |
| a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a devastating disease of poultry and a serious threat to public health. vaccination with inactivated virus vaccines has been applied for several years as one of the major policies to control highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens. viral-vectored ha protein vaccines are a desirable alternative for inactivated vaccines. however, each viral vector possesses its own advantages and disadvantages for the development of a ha-ba ... | 2020 | 32042001 |
| quantitative evaluation of viral interference among egyptian isolates of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5n1 and h5n8) with the lentogenic and velogenic newcastle disease virus genotype vii in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs model. | mixed infections of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are considered the most distressing problem of the poultry industry. the problem arises due to the influence of a hidden virus on the replication of another suspected virus. consequently, misdiagnosis of the real cause of disease may become a source of infection for other healthy stock by transmission and dissemination of the hidden virus. this study aimed to determine the impact of hpaiv an ... | 2019 | 32009763 |
| efficacy of bivalent inactivated vaccine containing insect cell-expressed avian influenza h5 and egg-based newcastle disease virus (ndv) against dual infection with highly pathogenic h5n1 and velogenic ndv in chickens. | the genetic evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in egypt has developed a new clade h5n1 (2.2.1.2) since 2014. meanwhile, the new avian influenza virus (aiv) clade mutually with the velogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolate of genotype vii in egypt (genotype vii) has resulted in severe economic losses in the broiler industry. an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing h5 (belonging to h5n1 clade 2.3.2) recombinant baculovirus expressed by insect cell (rech5) and egg-based ... | 2019 | 31967431 |
| assessing the susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses to oseltamivir using embryonated chicken eggs. | the susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) is studied using enzyme-based assays, sequence analysis and in vitro and in vivo studies. oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) is the active prodrug of the nai oseltamivir. there is lack of information on the use of embryonated chicken eggs for studying susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses to antiviral drugs. the aim of the present study was to assess the use of 10 day old embryonated chicken eg ... | 2019 | 31939392 |
| characterization of thermostable newcastle disease virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin of h5n1 avian influenza virus as bivalent vaccine candidates. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. in the present study, we generated the thermostable recombinant ndv (rndv) expressing the different forms of hemagglutinin (ha) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 based on the full-length cdna clone of thermostable ts09-c strain. the recombinant thermostable newcastle disease viruses, rts-ha, rts-ha1 and rts-tpas/ha1, expressed the ha, ha1 or modified ha1 protein with th ... | 2020 | 31937412 |
| genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018. | since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in laos. here, we isolated h5n1 hpai viruses from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. in particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, eac ... | 2020 | 31769586 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 hemagglutinin fused with the a subunit of type iib escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin elicited protective immunity and neutralization by intranasal immunization in mouse and chicken models. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are classified by the world organization for animal health (oie) as causes of devastating avian diseases. this study aimed to develop type iib escherichiacoli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltiib) as novel mucosal adjuvants for mucosal vaccine development. the fusion protein of h5 and ltiib-a subunit was expressed and purified for mouse and chicken intranasal immunizations. intranasal immunization with the h5-ltiib-a fusion protein in mice elicited potent neut ... | 2019 | 31766677 |
| analysis of antibody response to an epitope in the haemagglutinin subunit 2 of avian influenza virus h5n1 for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. | the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in indonesia since 2003 and vaccination has been used as a strategy to eradicate the disease. however, monitoring of vaccinated poultry flocks for h5n1 infection by serological means has been difficult, as vaccine antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (diva) would be essential. currently, no sim ... | 2020 | 31738584 |
| the effect of a lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on inflammation caused by various influenza strains. | the development of a specific inflammation in mice that had been infected by two influenza virus strains, a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) and a/hamburg/2009 ma (h1n1), was studied. we investigated the effect of a non-toxic lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on the survival and body weight of the mice, production of igg antibodies, and the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum. the administration of the r. capsulatus pg lipopolysaccharide was shown to indu ... | 2020 | 31720016 |
| phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and host immune responses of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. | h5nx viruses have continuously emerged in the world, causing poultry industry losses and posing a potential public health risk. here, we studied the phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and immune response of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice, which were isolated from waterfowl between 2013 and 2014. their ha genes belong to clade 2.3.4.4, circulated in china since 2008. their na genes fall into n6-like/eurasian sublineage. their internal genes originated from different h ... | 2019 | 31717638 |
| novel mutations evading avian immunity around the receptor binding site of the clade 2.3.2.1c hemagglutinin gene reduce viral thermostability and mammalian pathogenicity. | abstract: since 2007, highly pathogenic clade 2.3.2 h5n1 avian influenza a (a(h5n1)) viruses have evolved to clade 2.3.2.1a, b, and c; currently only 2.3.2.1c a(h5n1) viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry. during antigenic evolution, clade 2.3.2.1a and c a(h5n1) viruses acquired both s144n and v223i mutations around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (ha), with s144n generating an n-glycosylation sequon. we introduced single or combined reverse mutations, n144s and/or i223v, into t ... | 2019 | 31600990 |
| insights into the acquisition of virulence of avian influenza viruses during a single passage in ferrets. | circulating avian influenza viruses pose a significant threat, with human infections occurring infrequently but with potentially severe consequences. to examine the dynamics and locale of the adaptation process of avian influenza viruses when introduced to a mammalian host, we infected ferrets with h5n1 viruses. as expected, all ferrets infected with the human h5n1 isolate a/vietnam/1203/2004 showed severe disease and virus replication outside the respiratory tract in multiple organs including t ... | 2019 | 31590265 |
| prime-boost vaccination with a novel hemagglutinin protein produced in bacteria induces neutralizing antibody responses against h5-subtype influenza viruses in commercial chickens. | the highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n1 and reassortant h5-subtype hpaivs, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8, cause high mortality in domestic birds, resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry. h5n1 and h5n6 also pose significant public health risks and h5n1 viruses are a permanent pandemic threat. to control hpaivs, eukaryotic expression systems have traditionally been exploited to produce vaccines based on hemagglutinin (ha), a protective viral antigen. in contrast, we used a ... | 2019 | 31552018 |
| soluble recombinant hemagglutinin protein of h1n1pdm09 influenza virus elicits cross-protection against a lethal h5n1 challenge in mice. | currently, influenza vaccines are produced using embryonated chicken eggs. recently, recombinant influenza vaccines have been developed as a potential alternative to egg-grown vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of soluble recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) protein produced in human cell culture (expi293f cells) as an influenza vaccine against homosubtypic and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges in mice. mice were immunized intramuscularly with purified soluble ha protein of h1n ... | 2019 | 31551968 |
| active surveillance and genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses in egypt, 2016-2018. | egypt is a hotspot for avian influenza virus (aiv) due to the endemicity of h5n1 and h9n2 viruses. aivs were isolated from 329 samples collected in 2016-2018; 48% were h9n2, 37.1% were h5n8, 7.6% were h5n1, and 7.3% were co-infections with 2 of the 3 subtypes. the 32 hemagglutinin (ha) sequences of the h5n1 viruses formed a well-defined lineage within clade 2.2.1.2. the 10 ha sequences of the h5n8 viruses belonged to a subclade within 2.3.4.4. the 11 ha of h9n2 isolates showed high sequence homo ... | 2019 | 31526249 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) outbreaks in west java indonesia 2015-2016: clinical manifestation and associated risk factors. | knowledge of outbreaks and associated risk factors is helpful to improve control of the highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) virus (hpai) in indonesia. this study was conducted to detect outbreaks of hpai h5n1 in endemically infected regions by enhanced passive surveillance, to describe the clinical manifestation of these outbreaks and identify associated risk factors. from november 2015 to november 2016, hpai outbreak investigations were conducted in seven districts of west java. in total ... | 2019 | 31500141 |
| poultry trading behaviours in vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens. | vietnamese poultry are host to co-circulating subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h9n2, which pose a great risk to poultry productivity and to human health. aivs circulate throughout the poultry trade network in vietnam, with live bird markets being an integral component to this network. traders at lbms exhibit a variety of trading practices, which may influence the transmission of aivs. we identified trading practices that impacted on aiv prevalence in chickens marketed in n ... | 2019 | 31357255 |
| effective mosaic-based nanovaccines against avian influenza in poultry. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is an extraordinarily diverse pathogen that causes significant morbidity in domesticated poultry populations and threatens human life with looming pandemic potential. controlling avian influenza in susceptible populations requires highly effective, economical and broadly reactive vaccines. several aiv vaccines have proven insufficient despite their wide use, and better technologies are needed to improve their immunogenicity and broaden effectiveness. previously, we de ... | 2019 | 31300285 |
| label-free localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor composed of multi-functional dna 3 way junction on hollow au spike-like nanoparticles (hausn) for avian influenza virus detection. | in the present study, we fabricated a label-free avian influenza (aiv h5n1) detection biosensor composed of a multi-functional dna 3 way-junction (3 w j) on a hollow au spike-like nanoparticle (hausn) using a localized surface plasmon resonance (lspr) method. to construct the multi-functional dna (mf-dna) as a bioprobe, the 3 w j was introduced. the proposed aiv detection bioprobe should contain three functionalities: target recognition, signal amplification, and connection to substrate. to achi ... | 2019 | 31284148 |
| itraq-based proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of human mast cells upon infection by the influenza a virus strains h1n1 and h5n1. | mast cells can support the replication of influenza a virus, although how this occurs is poorly understood. in the present study, using quantitative ms, we analyzed the proteome of human mast cells infected with different influenza a virus strains at 12 h post-infection. forty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified in human mast cells upon infection by the virulent h5n1 (a/chicken/henan/1/04) virus compared to the seasonal h1n1 (a/wsn/33) virus. bioinformatic analyses confirmed th ... | 2019 | 31271652 |
| influenza m2 virus-like particle vaccination enhances protection in combination with avian influenza ha vlps. | despite the ability to induce a broad range of cross protection, m2e5x virus-like particles (vlps) alone provide limited vaccine efficacy and confer low efficacy of protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in chickens. avian influenza hemagglutinin (ha) has been a major antigenic target that enhances humoral immunity, but the efficacy of avian ha-based vaccines against hpaiv needs to be further improved. in this study, we evaluated the vaccine efficacy induced ... | 2019 | 31246961 |
| chinese poultry farmers' decision-making for avian influenza prevention: a qualitative analysis. | poultry farmers faced dual risk when mutant avian influenza (ai) virus showed the zoonotic characteristics. a/h5n1 and a/h7n9 were two dominant ai virus strains that have captured the attention of the public over the years for they have been reported to bring about greater loss to poultry and human, respectively. previous studies mainly used quantitative methods investigating either the means that poultry farmers adopted for protecting their poultry against a/h5n1 infection or the poultry farmer ... | 2019 | 31215154 |
| development of american-lineage influenza h5n2 reassortant vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. | novel low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 viruses hit poultry farms in taiwan in 2003, and evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in 2010. these viruses are reassortant viruses containing ha and na genes from american-lineage h5n2 and six internal genes from local h6n1 viruses. according to a serological survey, the taiwan h5n2 viruses can cause asymptomatic infections in poultry workers. therefore, a development of influenza h5n2 vaccines is desirable for pandemic ... | 2019 | 31212631 |
| a new reassortant clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing recent outbreaks in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in bangladesh. | a total of 15 dead or sick birds from 13 clinical outbreaks of avian influenza in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in 2017 in bangladesh were examined. the presence of h5n1 influenza a virus in the affected birds was detected by rt-pcr. phylogenetic analysis based on full-length gene sequences of all eight gene segments revealed that these recent outbreaks were caused by a new reassortant of clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 virus, which had been detected earlier in 2015 during surveillance in live bird mar ... | 2019 | 31168925 |
| two single incursions of h7n7 and h5n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza in u.k. broiler breeders during 2015 and 2016. | low pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a natural reservoir in wild birds. these cause few (if any) overt clinical signs, but include h5 and h7 lpaivs, which are notifiable in poultry. in the european union, notifiable avian disease (nad) demands laboratory confirmation with prompt statutory interventions to prevent dissemination of infection to multiple farms. crucially, for h5 and h7 lpaivs, movement restrictions and culling limit the further risk of mutation to the correspo ... | 2019 | 31131576 |
| investigation of flexibility of neuraminidase 150-loop using tamiflu derivatives in influenza a viruses h1n1 and h5n1. | this study focuses on design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potency of two series of sialylmimetic that target an exosite ("150-cavity") adjacent to the active site of influenza neuraminidases from a/california/07/2009 (h1n1) pandemic strain and a/chicken/nakorn-patom/thailand/cu-k2-2004 (h5n1). the structure-activity analysis as well as 3-d structure of the complex of parental compound with the pandemic neuraminidase p09n1 revealed high flexibility of the 150-cavity towards va ... | 2019 | 31128993 |
| spatiotemporal and risk analysis of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in vietnam, 2014-2017. | the aim of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of h5 hpai outbreak reports for the period 2014-2017 and to identify factors associated with h5 hpai outbreak reports. throughout the study period, a total of 139 outbreaks of h5 hpai in poultry were reported, due to either h5n1 (96 outbreaks) or h5n6 (43 outbreaks) subtype viruses. h5n1 hpai outbreaks occurred in all areas of vietnam while h5n6 hpai outbreaks were only reported in the northern and central provinces. we counte ... | 2020 | 31113666 |
| opening pandora's box at the roof of the world: landscape, climate and avian influenza (h5n1). | the purpose of this case study is to examine how environmental disruption and agricultural practices act synergistically to create a perfect storm for the spread of avian influenza. actors in this case study include the vast permafrost landscape of the qinghai-tibet plateau; a wild goose that migrates over the himalayas; the highest altitude railway in the world that traverses the plateau into tibet; and an avian virus (h5n1). commencing in 2001, tens of thousands of railway workers travelled to ... | 2019 | 31063711 |
| combined h5nd inactivated vaccine protects chickens against challenge by different clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype h5 and virulent newcastle disease virus. | the aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses including hpai-h5n8 and the virulent genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) (vndv). | 2019 | 30936661 |
| fabrication of electrochemical biosensor consisted of multi-functional dna structure/porous au nanoparticle for avian influenza virus (h5n1) in chicken serum. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most harmful pathogens to living things due to its fast infection, various mutations, and dangerous symptoms. in this study, we fabricated a label-free aiv h5n1 biosensor composed of multi-functional dna structure on a porous au nanoparticles (paunps) fabricated electrode using the electrochemical (ec) technique. as a multi-functional bioprobe, the dna 3 way-junction (3wj) was introduced. each fragment of dna 3wj was rolled to recognition part (hemagglut ... | 2019 | 30889726 |
| epidemiological features of highly pathogenic avian influenza in cameroon. | the epidemiology of avian influenza is unknown in cameroon despite the two outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2016-2017, respectively. in order to fill the gap, an attempt was made to provide some basic information on the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in cameroon. thus, data were collected from follow-up reports of the second hpai outbreaks prepared by the veterinary health officials of cameroon and sent to the world organisation for animal health (oie). two hpai virus strai ... | 2019 | 30834103 |
| host cell interactome of pb1 n40 protein of h5n1 influenza a virus in chicken cells. | h5n1 influenza a virus (iav) causes seasonal epidemics that represent a worldwide threat to public health. iav relies on host factors for viral replication. pb1 n40 is translated from the fifth starting code (aug) of pb1 mrna, which is the product of the ribosomal scan omission. here, we report the interactome landscape of h5n1 iav pb1 n40 protein in chicken cells. the interacting complexes were captured by co-immunoprecipitation and analyzed by mass spectrometry. we identified 135 proteins as p ... | 2019 | 30790688 |
| reassortments among avian influenza a(h5n1) viruses circulating in indonesia, 2015-2016. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses have been circulating since 2003 in indonesia, with major impacts on poultry health, severe economic losses, and 168 fatal laboratory-confirmed human cases. we performed phylogenetic analysis on 39 full-genome h5n1 virus samples collected during outbreaks among poultry in 2015-2016 in west java and compared them with recently published sequences from indonesia. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belon ... | 2019 | 30789142 |
| [high expression and immunogenicity analysis of ha globular head domain of h5 subtype avian influenza virus produced in pichia pastoris]. | to evaluate the immunogenicity of ha globular head domain of h5 subtype influenza virus (h5ha), the gene of h5ha was optimized and the recombinant ppiczaa-h5ha expressing vector was constructed and transfected into pichia pastoris. the expression of the recombinant h5ha was confirmed by sds-page and western blotting and the results demonstrated that the recombinant h5ha (37 kda) was highly expressed in pichia pastoris with concentration of 0.2 mg/ml in medium. the recombinant h5ha was concentrat ... | 2019 | 30756534 |
| the cellular localization of avian influenza virus pb1-f2 protein alters the magnitude of ifn2 promoter and nfκb-dependent promoter antagonism in chicken cells. | the accessory protein, pb1-f2, of influenza a virus (iav) functions in a chicken host to prolong infectious virus shedding and thus the transmission window. here we show that this delay in virus clearance by pb1-f2 in chickens is accompanied by reduced transcript levels of type 1 interferon (ifn)-induced genes and nfκb-activated pro-inflammation cytokines. in vitro, two avian influenza isolate-derived pb1-f2 proteins, h9n2 udl01 and h5n1 5092, exhibited the same antagonism of the ifn and pro-inf ... | 2019 | 30672726 |
| developing farm-level post-vaccination sero-monitoring systems for h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in an endemically infected country. | whilst the serological responses of poultry following vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 has been extensively investigated under laboratory conditions, there have been fewer studies conducted in the field. this applies particularly to the endemically infected countries routinely practicing vaccination, where the combination of multiple circulating clades and/or the use of vaccines with different seed strains makes the design and interpretation of field studies especially ... | 2018 | 30671438 |
| co-infections, genetic, and antigenic relatedness of avian influenza h5n8 and h5n1 viruses in domestic and wild birds in egypt. | a total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (n = 39) and commercial layers (n = 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from january 2016 to december 2017 were investigated. also, samples were collected from quail (n = 4), bluebird (sialis, n = 1), and greenfinch (chloris chloris, n = 1) for analysis. respiratory viral pathogens were screened by pcr and positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and genetic identification. antigenic relatedness of is ... | 2019 | 30668795 |
| [three mutations in the stalk region of hemagglutinin affect the ph of fusion and pathogenicity of h5n1 influenza virus]. | previously, an attenuated variant ku/at was obtained from the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005 (h5n1) by a reverse selection method aimed at increasing the virus resistance to a proteolytic cleavage and acidic ph values. in the ku/at, 10 mutations in proteins pb2, pb1, ha, na, and ns1 occurred. in comparison with the parental strain, the ph of the conformational transition of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) and virulence for mice and chickens have decreas ... | 2019 | 30633245 |
| crude inactivated influenza a virus adjuvated with a bispecific antibody complex targeting chicken cd40 and aiv m2e confers protection against lethal hpai challenge in chickens. | in vivo targeting an immunogen to the cd40 receptor expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (apcs) dramatically enhances speed, magnitude, and quality of the immune response. our previous evaluation of this strategy in poultry was limited to immunogenicity studies using cd40-targeted synthetic peptides, which demonstrated significant antigen-specific serum igg and tracheal iga levels <1 week after primary administration. in this study, this antibody-guided immunization strategy was mo ... | 2018 | 30592705 |
| glycosylation and an amino acid insertion in the head of hemagglutinin independently affect the antigenic properties of h5n1 avian influenza viruses. | antigenic drift forces us to frequently update influenza vaccines; however, the genetic basis for antigenic variation remains largely unknown. in this study, we used clade 7.2 h5 viruses as models to explore the molecular determinants of influenza virus antigenic variation. we generated eight monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeted to the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the index virus a/chicken/shanxi/2/2006 and found that two representative antigenically drifted clade 7.2 viruses did not react wit ... | 2019 | 30515728 |
| intravenous pathogenicity of influenza virus a/h5n1/2014 isolated from pig in ogbomoso, nigeria. | understanding the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses in poultry is an important scientific and public health challenge because of antigenic shift/drift and a source of novel, potentially human-pathogenic strains. we have previously isolated an influenza a strain (h5n1/2014/ogbomoso) from an outbreak among pig and have now aimed to assess its pathogenicity in an avian host and to categorize it as a low or high pathogenic strain. intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolated virus was assa ... | 2018 | 30483460 |
| full sequence analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and proteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus detected in iran, 2015. | over the last two decades, the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has gained a lot of attention due to its zoonotic and mutative nature. iran is among the countries significantly affected by the virus as it hosts migratory birds during seasonal migration. in this study, the molecular characterizations of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes and proteins of h5n1 strain a/chicken/iran/8/2015 detected in backyard poultry, mazandaran province, were investigated. phylogenetic ana ... | 2019 | 30368763 |
| protective efficacy of an inactivated chimeric h5 avian influenza vaccine against h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clades 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1. | the h5 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses pose a serious challenge to public health and the poultry industry in china. in this study, we generated a chimeric qh/kj recombinant virus expressing the entire haemagglutinin (ha)-1 region of the hpai virus a/chicken/china/qh/2017(h5n6) (clade 2.3.4.4) and the ha2 region of the hpai virus a/chicken/china/kj/2017(h5n1) (clade 2.3.2.1). the resulting chimeric pr8-qh/kj virus exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics as the paren ... | 2018 | 30358528 |
| the culture of primary duck endothelial cells for the study of avian influenza. | endothelial cells play a major role in highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus pathogenesis in gallinaceous poultry species (e.g. chicken, turkey and quail). upon infection of gallinaceous poultry with hpai viruses, endothelial cells throughout the body become rapidly infected, leading to systemic dissemination of the virus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oedema and haemorrhaging. in contrast, the pathogenesis of hpai viruses in most wild bird species (e.g. duck, goose and gull s ... | 2018 | 30340527 |
| role of c-jun terminal kinase (jnk) activation in influenza a virus-induced autophagy and replication. | the non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of different influenza a virus (iav) strains can differentially regulate the activity of c-jun terminal kinase (jnk) and pi-3 kinase (pi3k). whether varying jnk and pi3k activation impacts autophagy and iav replication differently remains uncertain. here we report that h5n1 (a/mallard/huadong/s/2005) influenza a virus induced functional autophagy, as evidenced by increased lc3 lipidation and decreased p62 levels, and the presence of autolysosomes in chicken fib ... | 2019 | 30316042 |
| passive inhalation of dry powder influenza vaccine formulations completely protects chickens against h5n1 lethal viral challenge. | bird to human transmission of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) poses a significant risk of triggering a flu pandemic in the human population. therefore, vaccination of susceptible poultry during an hpaiv outbreak might be the best remedy to prevent such transmissions. to this end, suitable formulations and an effective mass vaccination method that can be translated to field settings needs to be developed. our previous study in chickens has shown that inhalation of a non-adjuvante ... | 2018 | 30312742 |
| prime-boost vaccination strategy against avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses reduces shedding of the challenge viruses. | in the present study, we carried-out assessment of efficacy of different immunization strategies using two bivalent vaccine formulations containing antigens of inactivated newcastle disease virus (ndv-genotype viid) and reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1-hpaiv) mixed with montanide isa71 and montanide gel02 as adjuvants. the efficacy of the prepared vaccines was evaluated by determining the cellular and humoral immune responses. in addition, protection against h5n1-aiv and ... | 2018 | 30159367 |
| international chicken trade and increased risk for introducing or reintroducing highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) to uninfected countries. | every year billions of chickens are shipped thousands of miles around the globe in order to meet the ever increasing demands for this cheap and nutritious protein source. unfortunately, transporting chickens internationally can also increase the chance for introducing zoonotic viruses, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) to new countries. our study used a retrospective analysis of poultry trading data from 2003 through 2011 to assess the risk of h5n1 poultry infection in an import ... | 2017 | 30137719 |
| influenza a(h5n1) viruses with a(h9n2) single gene (matrix or pb1) reassortment isolated from cambodian live bird markets. | live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. these reassortant strains, designated a/duck/cambodia/z564w35m1/2015 and a/chicken/cambodia/z850w49m1/2015, both contained a single gene (pb1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating a(h9n2) influenza viruses. all other viral genes from both isolates clustered with a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. continued and p ... | 2018 | 30075357 |
| evolution of high pathogenicity of h5 avian influenza virus: haemagglutinin cleavage site selection of reverse-genetics mutants during passage in chickens. | low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) are generally asymptomatic in their natural avian hosts. lpaivs can evolve into highly pathogenic forms, which can affect avian and human populations with devastating consequences. the switch to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) from lpaiv precursors requires the acquisition of multiple basic amino acids in the haemagglutinin cleavage site (hacs) motif. through reverse genetics of an h5n1 hpaiv, and experimental infection of chicke ... | 2018 | 30068964 |
| deep sequencing of the mouse lung transcriptome reveals distinct long non-coding rnas expression associated with the high virulence of h5n1 avian influenza virus in mice. | long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) play multiple key regulatory roles in various biological processes. however, their function in influenza a virus (iav) pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. here, using next generation sequencing, we systemically compared the whole-transcriptome response of the mouse lung infected with either the highly pathogenic (a/chicken/jiangsu/k0402/2010, ck10) or the nonpathogenic (a/goose/jiangsu/k0403/2010, gs10) h5n1 virus. a total of 126 significantly differentially ... | 2018 | 30052469 |
| compatibility between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase drives the recent emergence of novel clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx avian influenza viruses in china. | genetic reassortments between highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5 subtype viruses with different neuraminidase (na) subtypes have increased in prevalence since 2010 in wild birds and poultry from china. the ha gene slightly evolved from clade 2.3.4 to clade 2.3.4.4, raising the question of whether novel clade 2.3.4.4 ha broke the balance with n1 but is matched well with nax to drive viral epidemics. to clarify the role of compatibility between ha and na on the prevalence of h5nx subtypes ... | 2018 | 29999588 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1c virus in poultry in cameroon, 2016-2017. | in may 2016, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the subtype a/h5n1 was detected in cameroon in an industrial poultry farm at mvog-betsi, yaoundé (centre region), with a recorded sudden increase of deaths among chickens, and an overall mortality rate of 75%. the virus spread further and caused new outbreaks in some parts of the country. in total, 21 outbreaks were confirmed from may 2016 to march 2017 (six in the centre, six in the west, eight in the south and one in the adamaoua regions) ... | 2018 | 29985640 |
| genetic and biological characterization of h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in china from 2011 to 2014. | the genotypes of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses have changed since 2013 when almost all h9n2 viruses circulating in chickens in china were genotype 57 (g57) with the fittest lineage of each gene. to characterize the h9n2 variant viruses from 2011 to 2014, 28 h9n2 influenza viruses were isolated from live poultry markets in china from 2011-2014 and were analyzed by genetic and biological characterization. our findings showed that 16 residues that changed antigenicity, two potential n-linked gly ... | 2018 | 29969454 |
| avian influenza a (h5n1) outbreaks in different poultry farm types in egypt: the effect of vaccination, closing status and farm size. | the avian influenza a (h5n1) virus is endemic in poultry in egypt. the winter of 2014/2015 was particularly worrying as new clusters of hpai a (h5n1) virus emerged, leading to an important number of ai a (h5n1) outbreaks in poultry farms and sporadic human cases. to date, few studies have investigated the distribution of hpai a (h5n1) outbreaks in egypt in relation to protective / risk factors at the farm level, a gap we intend to fill. the aim of the study was to analyse passive surveillance da ... | 2018 | 29914481 |
| a dual motif in the hemagglutinin of h5n1 goose/guangdong-like highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains is conserved from their early evolution and increases both membrane fusion ph and virulence. | zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have raised serious public health concerns of a novel pandemic. these strains emerge from low-pathogenic precursors by the acquisition of a polybasic hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site, the prime virulence determinant. however, required coadaptations of the ha early in hpaiv evolution remained uncertain. to address this question, we generated several ha1/ha2 chimeras and point mutants of an h5n1 clade 2.2.2 hpaiv and an h5n1 low-pathogenic ... | 2018 | 29899102 |
| exploring contacts facilitating transmission of influenza a(h5n1) virus between poultry farms in west java, indonesia: a major role for backyard farms? | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 has been reported in asia, including indonesia since 2003. although several risk factors related to the hpaiv outbreaks in poultry in indonesia have been identified, little is known of the contact structure of farms of different poultry production types (backyard chickens, broilers, layers, and ducks). this study aims to quantify the contact rates associated with the movement of people, and movements of live birds and products and equipment th ... | 2018 | 29891149 |
| characterisation of the antigenic epitopes in the subunit 2 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus h5n1. | monitoring avian influenza (ai) infection and detecting silent infection in vaccinated chickens has been challenging due to the lack of effective serological diagnostic assays to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals. very few studies have identified suitable proteins in ai virus that can be used in successfully differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (diva). an ha2 peptide: ha2 position 197-201 (ha position 488-516) described by khurana et al. (j virol 85(23):12455-1246 ... | 2018 | 29869036 |
| host interaction analysis of pa-n155 and pa-n182 in chicken cells reveals an essential role of uba52 for replication of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | pa-n155 and pa-n182 proteins were translated from the 11th and 13th start codon aug of the rna polymerase acidic protein (pa) mrna of h5n1 influenza a virus (iav), which plays an important role in viral replication. little is known about the interactions between pa-n155 and pa-n182 and the host proteins. this study investigated the interaction landscape of pa-n155 and pa-n182 of h5n1 iav in chicken cells while their interacting complexes were captured by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by mass ... | 2018 | 29867845 |
| antigenic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) viruses with chicken and ferret antisera reveals clade-dependent variation in hemagglutination inhibition profiles. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses pose a significant economic burden to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. poultry vaccination against hpai a(h5n1) viruses has been an important component of hpai control measures and has been performed in vietnam since 2005. to systematically assess antigenic matching of current vaccines to circulating field variants, we produced a panel of chicken and ferret antisera raised against historical and contemporary viet ... | 2018 | 29855467 |
| quantitative elisa sandwich for a new vaccine against avian influenza virus h5n1. | analytical techniques are essential in the process of standardizing and validating vaccines. in this study we described a methodology to establish an elisa sandwich for the quantification of a new vaccine against avian influenza virus h5n1 based on the main antigenic determinant of the virus, the extracellular domain of the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha), fused to the extracellular domain of the chicken cd154 glycoprotein (hacd). the chimerical proteins ha and hacd were produced in siha cells a ... | 2018 | 29803776 |
| genetic analysis and biological characteristics of different internal gene origin h5n6 reassortment avian influenza virus in china in 2016. | clade 2.3.4.4 of h5n6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) has become dominant clade in south-east asia. so far, a total of 16 cases of human infection, including 6 deaths, have been confirmed since 2014. in this study, we systematically investigated the genetic evolution and biological characteristics of these viruses. we first carried out phylogenetic and statistical analysis of all h5n6 viruses that were downloaded from influenza research database, gisaid and isolates from our lab. we found ... | 2018 | 29778197 |
| h7n9 avian influenza virus is efficiently transmissible and induces an antibody response in chickens. | h7n9 viruses pose a threat to human health and they are no less harmful to the poultry industry than the h5n1 avian influenza viruses. however, the pathogenesis, transmissibility, and the host immune response of the h7n9 virus in chickens and mice remain unclear. in this study, we found that h7n9 viruses replicated in multiple organs of the chicken and viral shedding persisted up to 30 days postinoculation (dpi). the viruses were efficiently transmitted between chickens through direct contact. n ... | 2018 | 29706970 |
| phylogeography of h5n1 avian influenza virus in indonesia. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype are a major concern to human and animal health in indonesia. this study aimed to characterize transmission dynamics of h5n1 over time using novel bayesian phylogeography methods to identify factors which have influenced the spread of h5n1 in indonesia. we used publicly available hemagglutinin sequence data sampled between 2003 and 2016 to model ancestral state reconstruction of hpai h5n1 evolution. we found strong support for h ... | 2018 | 29691995 |
| intranasal administration of inactivated avian influenza virus of h5n1 subtype vaccine-induced systemic immune response in chicken and mice. | the need for non-parenteral administration of inactivated avian influenza virus of h5n1 subtype (aiv-h5n1) vaccine is paramount. here, we provide preliminary data on the immune response of chicken and mice after intranasal administration of aiv-h5n1-inactivated vaccine with iscoms, inmunair (inm), and combined iscoms and inm as an adjuvant. | 2018 | 29657407 |
| therapeutic effect of duck interferon-alpha against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in peking ducks. | the antiviral cytokine interferon-alpha (ifn-α) plays a critical role in the innate immune system. previous studies have shown that recombinant chicken ifn-α inhibits avian influenza virus (aiv) replication in vivo; however, the antiviral effect of recombinant duck ifn-α (rduifn-α) on highly pathogenic aiv remains unknown. in this study, the duck ifn-α gene was cloned, expressed, and purified. the antiviral effects of the resulting rduifn-α were further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. our result ... | 2018 | 29638205 |
| effectiveness of different avian influenza (h5) vaccination regimens in layer chickens on the humoral immune response and interferon-alpha signalling immune marker. | avian influenza (ai) vaccines are widely used to control and eliminate the ongoing avian influenza virus epidemic in egypt. a strict vaccination policy with inactivated ai vaccines has been widely applied, however the virus still circulating, evolving and causing great negative impact to the poultry sector in egypt. therefore, an updated poultry vaccination policy using different vaccine technologies might be valuable as an innovative additional control strategy of aiv in egypt. in the present s ... | 2018 | 29619666 |
| screening efficient sirnas in vitro as the candidate genes for chicken anti-avian influenza virus h5n1 breeding. | the frequent disease outbreaks caused by avian influenza virus (aiv) not only affect the poultry industry but also pose a threat to human safety. to address the problem, rna interference (rnai) has recently been widely used as a potential antiviral approach. transgenesis, in combination with rnai to specifically inhibit aiv gene expression, has been proposed to make chickens resistant to avian influenza. for the transgenic breeding, screening the efficient sirnas in vitro as the candidate genes ... | 2010 | 32214469 |
| surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both h5 and h9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of bangladesh. | poultry production in bangladesh has been experiencing h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) for the last 14 years. vaccination of chickens against h5 hpai is in practice since the end of 2012. subsequently, the official reporting of hpai outbreaks gradually decreased. however, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial poultry production is not clear. to explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 ... | 2021 | 34219385 |
| bird flu outbreak amidst covid-19 pandemic in south africa: efforts and challenges at hand. | over the months of april and may 2021, south africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (h5n1) in different poultry farms. this came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly covid-19 pandemic. the emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. employees have also been encouraged t ... | 2021 | 34081338 |
| self-amplifying pestivirus replicon rna encoding influenza virus nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin promote humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs. | self-amplifying replicon rna (reprna) promotes expansion of mrna templates encoding genes of interest through their replicative nature, thus providing increased antigen payloads. reprna derived from the non-cytopathogenic classical swine fever virus (csfv) targets monocytes and dendritic cells (dcs), potentially promoting prolonged antigen expression in the dcs, contrasting with cytopathogenic reprna. we engineered pestivirus reprna constructs encoding influenza virus h5n1 (a/chicken/yamaguchi/7 ... | 2021 | 33584723 |
| efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bangladesh. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in bangladesh since 2007. while clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two h5 vaccines licensed in bangladesh, re-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an h5 insert (rhvt-h5), for protection against recent ... | 2021 | 33910774 |
| a broad spectrum hvt-h5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity. | current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from hpai infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. current conventional inactivated ai vaccin ... | 2021 | 33483211 |
| comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens. | despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ... | 2020 | 33271478 |
| genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh. | asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ... | 2020 | 34127940 |
| gross pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 and h5n1 in naturally infected birds in the uk (2020-2021). | multiple outbreaks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including h5n8 and h5n1, have occurred in the united kingdom, as well as in other european countries, since late 2020. | 2021 | 34310721 |
| evaluation of protective efficacy of influenza virus like particles prepared from h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses continue to cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. hpai virus of subtype h5n1 was reported in egypt in 2006, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. the current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (vlp) based vaccine in vivo using specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. the vaccine was prepared from the hpai h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 using the baculovirus expression system. the v ... | 2021 | 34358131 |
| dynamics of influenza a (avian influenza) virus in poultry in the greater accra region of ghana amongst the production levels. | this research explores, through active surveillance, influenza a prevalence at different production levels in the greater accra region of ghana, a study area with previous outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. the prevalence of influenza a was determined by rtrtpcr. this was achieved by screening 2040 samples comprising tracheal and cloacal swabs from chicken, ducks, pigeons, guinea fowls, and turkeys. influenza a prevalence by production levels and species was computed at 95 ... | 2021 | 34355640 |
| site-specific glycan-masking/unmasking hemagglutinin antigen design to elicit broadly neutralizing and stem-binding antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus infections. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses with the capability of transmission from birds to humans have a serious impact on public health. to date, hpai h5n1 viruses have evolved into ten antigenically distinct clades that could cause a mismatch of vaccine strains and reduce vaccine efficacy. in this study, the glycan masking and unmasking strategies on hemagglutinin antigen were used for designing two antigens: h5-dm/st2 and h5-tm/st2, and investigated for their elicited immunit ... | 2021 | 34335603 |
| cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions in the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus-infected lungs of genetically disparate ri chicken lines. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for hpaiv resistance. therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection. | 2021 | 34289580 |
| primary chicken and duck endothelial cells display a differential response to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) in gallinaceous poultry are associated with viral infection of the endothelium, the induction of a 'cytokine storm, and severe disease. in contrast, in pekin ducks, hpaivs are rarely endothelial tropic, and a cytokine storm is not observed. to date, understanding these species-dependent differences in pathogenesis has been hampered by the absence of a pure culture of duck and chicken endothelial cells. here, we use our recently established in vi ... | 2021 | 34200798 |
| molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus during co-circulation with newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus in iran. | identification of molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus provides insights into the evolution of this subtype due to the modulation of genomic characteristics in co-circulation with another subtype. the present study aimed to analyze the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the current lpai h9n2 virus in characteristics of internal proteins are crucial for the adaptations of aivs viruses to a new host. since h9n2 is indigenous among poultry, contin ... | 2021 | 34130471 |
| h5n1 avian flu infection in hubbard broiler chicken can be prevented or cured by methylated soy protein during 42 days rearing. | methylated soy protein (msp) which is positively charged with enhanced hydrophobicity may have antiviral action. this study is verifying if msp can act inhibit h5n1 inside an animal model. five groups of hubbard chicks were challenged at the 25th day of the experiment with aiv virus (h5n1; 0.1 × 105 eid50/ml); 1 group did not receive any treatment (positive control), 2 groups (protective) received treatments before and after the challenge (0.1-0.2 g/l in drinking water ad libitum), and 2 groups ... | 2021 | 34110560 |
| a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n1 (hpai h5n1) in the menoufia governorate, egypt. | the poultry industry in egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, subtype h5n1 since 2006. however, the emergence of h9n2, h5n8, and h5n2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a quantitative risk assessment (qra) model which used daily outbreak data of hpai-h5n1 subtype in egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016. | 2021 | 34098961 |
| genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern china, october 2019. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of h5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. in recent years, h5n6 subtype has rapidly replaced h5n1 as the most predominate hpaiv subtype circulating in domestic poultry in china. in this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent h5n6 strain in guangdong, china. | 2021 | 34049549 |
| viral-host interactome analysis reveals chicken stau2 interacts with non-structural protein 1 and promotes the replication of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | as a highly pathogenic influenza virus, h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to poultry production and public health. h5n1 aiv has a small genome and, therefore, relies heavily on its host cellular machinery to replicate. to develop a comprehensive understanding of how h5n1 aiv rewires host cellular machinery during the course of infection, it is crucial to identify which host proteins and complexes come into physical contact with the viral proteins. here, we utilized affinity p ... | 2021 | 33968009 |
| a novel epitope-blocking elisa for specific and sensitive detection of antibodies against h5-subtype influenza virus hemagglutinin. | h5-subtype highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause high mortality in domestic birds and sporadic infections in humans with a frequently fatal outcome, while h5n1 viruses have pandemic potential. due to veterinary and public health significance, these hpaivs, as well as low pathogenicity (lp) h5-subtype aivs having a propensity to mutate into hp viruses, are under epidemiologic surveillance and must be reported to the world organization for animal health (oie). our previous wo ... | 2021 | 33931074 |
| high immune efficacy against different avian influenza h5n1 viruses due to oral administration of a saccharomyces cerevisiae-based vaccine in chickens. | a safe and effective vaccine is the best way to control large-scale highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) a (h5n1) outbreaks. saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae) is an ideal mucosal delivery vector for vaccine development, and we have previously shown that conventional administration of a s. cerevisiae-based vaccine (eby100/pyd1-ha) via injection led to protection against the homologous h5n1 virus in a mouse model. because the diameter of s. cerevisiae is approximately 10 μm, which ... | 2021 | 33903693 |