| temporal and farm-management-associated variation in faecal pat prevalence of arcobacter spp. in ruminants. | in a 2-year longitudinal study of adult animals on 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in lancashire, uk, arcobacter spp. were isolated from all farms although not at every sampling occasion. faecal samples were collected and cultured using standard techniques for isolation of campylobacters. assignment to species was via pcr assays. apparent prevalence of arcobacter spp. was higher in dairy cattle compared to sheep (40.1% vs. 8%, p < 0.001) and in housed cattle compared to cattle at pasture (50 ... | 2014 | 23830295 |
| antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter: susceptibility testing methods and resistance trends. | most campylobacter infections are self-limiting but antimicrobial treatment (e.g., macrolides, fluoroquinolones) is necessary in severe or prolonged cases. susceptibility testing continues to play a critical role in guiding therapy and epidemiological monitoring of resistance. the methods of choice for campylobacter recommended by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) are agar dilution and broth microdilution, while a disk diffusion method was recently standardized by the europe ... | 2013 | 23827324 |
| improvement of capture efficacy of immunomagnetic beads for campylobacter jejuni using reagents that alter its motility. | previous studies using the immunomagnetic beads separation (ims) technique have shown high detection limits of live campylobacters but low detection limits of formalin-killed campylobacters. the present study investigated if the addition of various concentrations of reagents that alter the motility of live campylobacter jejuni could enhance the recovery of the organisms by ims. the addition of 5% glycerol, 0.001% formalin, 10% polyethylene glycol, or 0.001% agarose in a buffer slowed down the mo ... | 2013 | 23826961 |
| bacterial mediated gastrointestinal inflammation. | mouse models have proven to be a key approach in our understanding of the etiology and physiology underlying bacterial mediated gastrointestinal inflammation. generally, these models are based on the inoculation of genetically susceptible mice with either commensal or pathogenic bacteria to elicit an inflammatory response. here, we describe models of acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation using interleukin 10-deficient (il10 (-/-)) mice colonized with the pathogenic campylobacter jejuni ... | 2013 | 23824902 |
| myocarditis associated with campylobacter jejuni. | myocarditis is frequently associated with a multitude of different viral infections but much less commonly a bacterial source. we present the case of a 33-year-old male with campylobacter jejuni enteritis who subsequently developed myocarditis confirmed on cardiac mri. | 2013 | 23824028 |
| [accuracy of etest method to study campylobacter spp. susceptibility to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline]. | in industrialized countries campylobacter jejuni is the enteropathogen most frequently isolated from the feces of patients with gastroenteritis. the etest accuracy to categorize campylobacter spp. susceptibility to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was evaluated. | 2013 | 23817649 |
| [incidence and susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni in pediatric patients: involvement in bacteremia]. | invasive disease as a result campylobacter spp. is rarely reported. bloodstream infections have been reported in patients with immune deficiency or other serious underlying conditions. we conducted a prospective study to know the incidence of campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in pediatric patients and its susceptibility to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. | 2013 | 23817644 |
| short communication: survey of animal-borne pathogens in the farm environment of 13 dairy operations. | a survey was conducted on 13 dairies to determine the occurrence of 5 animal-borne pathogens (salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter jejuni, mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, and cryptosporidium parvum) and their distributions across farm elements (feces, bedding, milk filters, stored manure, field soil, and stream water). presence of c. parvum was measured only in feces and stored manure. all but one farm were positive for at least one pathogen species, and 5 farm ... | 2013 | 23810596 |
| a chemoenzymatic route to synthesize unnatural sugar nucleotides using a novel n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase from camphylobacter jejuni nctc 11168. | a novel n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase was identified from campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168. an unprecedented degree of substrate promiscuity has been revealed by systematic studies on its substrate specificities towards sugar-1-p and ntp. the yields of the synthetic reaction of seven kinds of sugar nucleotides catalyzed by the enzyme were up to 60%. in addition, the yields of the other nine were around 20%. with this enzyme, three novel sugar nucleotide analogs were synthesize ... | 2013 | 23800684 |
| distribution of nine virulence-associated genes in campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from broiler feces in shiraz, southern iran. | to investigate the prevalence of nine virulence and toxin genes of campylobacter, a total of 90 campylobacter strains including 48 c. jejuni and 42 c. coli were recovered from chicken feces by cultivation methods. the isolates were identified on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of 16srrna and multiplex pcr for determining two species. for confirmed strains, pcr was carried out for the presence of virulence genes using specific primers. data were analyzed by spss software, v ... | 2013 | 23789768 |
| gastrointestinal pathogens in rodents overwintering in human facilities around uppsala, sweden. | rodents often live in close association with anthropogenic environments, offering rodent-associated pathogens numerous opportunities for transmission to humans. we screened for zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens in rodents caught during autumn/winter in human dwellings in rural areas surrounding uppsala, sweden. we detected campylobacter jejuni, giardia sp., and cryptosporidium sp. in rodent intestines. | 2013 | 23778637 |
| nitric oxide reactivities of the two globins of the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni: roles in protection from nitrosative stress and analysis of potential reductants. | during infection and pathogenesis, campylobacter, the leading cause of gastroenteritis, encounters no and reactive nitrogen species (rns) derived from the host. to combat these species, campylobacter jejuni expresses two haemoglobins: the single domain haemoglobin (cgb) detoxifies no but the role of the truncated globin (ctb) is unclear. confirmation of cgb activity and more extensive exploration of ctb function(s) in vivo are restricted due to difficulties in expressing proteins in campylobacte ... | 2013 | 23764490 |
| a dna microarray for the versatile diagnosis of infectious diarrhea. | several bacteria, viruses, and parasites cause diarrhea as coinfecting pathogens. we designed a dna microarray comprising 60-bp probes spotted 194 times for the multiplex detection of 33 enteropathogenic bacteria and seven enteropathogenic viruses, and the archaeon methanobrevibacter smithii was used as an internal positive control. nine pathogen-free stool specimens were used as negative controls. one of these control specimens was further spiked with salmonella enterica as a positive control. ... | 2013 | 23758523 |
| production and evaluation of chicken egg-yolk-derived antibodies against campylobacter jejuni colonization-associated proteins. | campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis. chickens are considered a reservoir host of c. jejuni, and epidemiological studies have shown that contaminated chicken meat is a primary source of human infection. the objective of this study was to produce chicken egg-yolk-derived antibody (igy) against the five c. jejuni colonization-associated proteins or caps (cadf, flaa, momp, flpa, and cmec). recombinant c. jejuni caps were expressed in escherichia coli ... | 2013 | 23742296 |
| "thermal inactivation of campylobacter jejuni in broth," a comment on: j. food prot. 75(6):1029-1035 (2012). | | 2013 | 23726185 |
| bell's palsy presenting after a case of campylobacter enteritis. | a case of unilateral facial paralysis following infection with campylobacter jejuni is presented. | 2013 | 23713220 |
| campylobacter jejuni carbon starvation protein a (csta) is involved in peptide utilization, motility and agglutination, and has a role in stimulation of dendritic cells. | campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of severe gastroenteritis in the developed world. the major symptom of campylobacteriosis is inflammatory diarrhoea. the molecular mechanisms of this infection are poorly understood compared to those of less frequent disease-causing pathogens. in a previous study, we identified c. jejuni proteins that antibodies in human campylobacteriosis patients reacted with. one of the immunogenic proteins identified (cj0917) displays homology to carbon starvat ... | 2013 | 23682166 |
| burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric multicenter study, gems): a prospective, case-control study. | diarrhoeal diseases cause illness and death among children younger than 5 years in low-income countries. we designed the global enteric multicenter study (gems) to identify the aetiology and population-based burden of paediatric diarrhoeal disease in sub-saharan africa and south asia. | 2013 | 23680352 |
| role of motab in adherence and internalization in polarized caco-2 cells and in cecal colonization of campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative motile bacterium commonly found in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. an intact and functional flagellum is important for c. jejuni virulence and colonization. to understand the role of c. jejuni motility in adherence and internalization in polarized caco-2 cells and in cecal colonization of chickens we constructed a c. jejuni nctc11168 v1 deltamotab mutant. the motab genes code ... | 2013 | 23678739 |
| [molecular analysis of fluoroquinolones and macrolides resistance in campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans, bovine and chicken meat]. | campylobacter sp.- one of the leading causes of bacterial food-borne gastrointestinal illness worldwide- is increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolone and macrolide antimicrobials, which has become a major concern for public health. | 2013 | 23677151 |
| severe guillain-barré syndrome in a patient receiving anti-tnf therapy. consequence or coincidence. a case-based review. | the adverse effects of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfα) drugs include an increase in the risk of infections, congestive heart failure, lupus-like syndrome, and the onset or worsening of various demyelinating diseases such as, multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and guillain-barrè syndrome (gbs), among others. we describe the case of a patient who developed gbs while she was on treatment with adalimumab. a 50-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) was admitted to the hospital due t ... | 2013 | 23666317 |
| immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken. | bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as salmonella and campylobacter. as such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to salmonella. in this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role ... | 2013 | 23648643 |
| occurrence and population density of campylobacter jejuni in irrigation ponds on produce farms in the suwannee river watershed. | campylobacter spp., especially campylobacter jejuni, are common causal agents of gastroenteritis globally. poultry, contaminated water, and fresh produce are considered to be the main sources for infection by this pathogen. in this study, occurrence and population density of c. jejuni from vegetable irrigation ponds in the suwannee river watershed were investigated and the relationship to environmental factors was analyzed. two water samples were collected from each of 10 ponds every month from ... | 2013 | 23647347 |
| in vivo modulation of campylobacter jejuni virulence in response to environmental stress. | campylobacters have developed a number of mechanisms for responding to environmental conditions, although the different virulence properties of these cells following exposure to stress are still poorly understood. we analyzed in vitro stress responses and the consequent in vivo modulation of campylobacter jejuni pathogenicity in balb/c mice, as a result of the exposure of the c. jejuni to environmental stress (starvation, oxidative stress, heat shock). in vitro, the influence of starvation and o ... | 2013 | 23638846 |
| investigation of virulence and cytolethal distending toxin genes in campylobacter spp. isolated from sheep in turkey. | the presence of virulence and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes was investigated in isolates of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. lanienae, and c. lari that originated from intestinal contents and gallbladders of clinically healthy sheep. these genes have important roles in the pathogenicity of campylobacters. a total of 363 campylobacter isolates (221 c. jejuni, 135 c. coli, five c. lanienae, and two c. lari) were used in this study. the frequency of racr, dnaj, ciab, plda, flaa, and cadf ... | 2013 | 23611104 |
| systematic application of multiplex pcr enhances the detection of bacteria, parasites, and viruses in stool samples. | to determine whether systematic testing of faecal samples with a broad range multiplex pcr increases the diagnostic yield in patients with diarrhoea compared with conventional methods and a clinician initiated testing strategy. | 2013 | 23603249 |
| [role of fliy gene in pathogenicity-associated chemotaxis and colonization of campylobacter jejuni]. | to construct a knockout fliy gene mutant strain of campylobacter jejuni for determining the role of fliy protein in flagellar movement related to bacterial motility, chemotaxis and colonization. | 2013 | 23584999 |
| campylobacter jejuni infections associated with unpasteurized milk--multiple states, 2012. | in 2012, a multistate outbreak of campylobacter infections associated with unpasteurized milk resulted in 148 illnesses. a dairy with a pennsylvania department of agriculture unpasteurized milk permit and minimal deficiencies identified during inspection was the outbreak source, demonstrating the ongoing hazards of unpasteurized dairy products. | 2013 | 23575199 |
| antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken carcasses in the federal district, brazil. | the aim of the present study was to perform microbiological isolation of campylobacter jejuni from chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the federal district of brazil and to subject the strains to an antibiogram. a total of 92 samples from chilled chicken carcasses were acquired, 18 of which (19.56%) tested positive for c. jejuni. a total of 16 strains were tested for susceptibility to eight antimicrobial drugs. all 16 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 15 strains to nalidixic acid, strep ... | 2013 | 23575135 |
| lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of inoculated bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork. | lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork were investigated under laboratory conditions. in the first experiment, a pork loin was surface inoculated with escherichia coli biotype i and moisture enhanced with brine to 10%. after the inoculated loin had been injected, four uninoculated loins were processed in the same manner, without cleaning or sanitizing the injector equipment. samples were collected from both the surface and the inter ... | 2013 | 23575120 |
| effects of decontamination at varying contamination levels of campylobacter jejuni on broiler meat. | when assessing effects of decontamination techniques on counts of campylobacter spp. on broiler meat, it is essential that the results reflect the variations that may exist. decontamination studies often use high inoculation levels (10(7) to 10(8) cfu) and one or few strains of campylobacter jejuni, thereby restricting the results to reflect only a limited part of the true situation. this study presents results from physical and chemical decontamination of broiler meat medallions using different ... | 2013 | 23571355 |
| is allicin able to reduce campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers when added to drinking water? | reducing campylobacter shedding on the farm could result in a reduction of the number of human campylobacteriosis cases. in this study, we first investigated if allicin, allyl disulfide, and garlic oil extract were able to either prevent c. jejuni growth or kill c. jejuni in vitro. allyl disulfide and garlic oil extract reduced c. jejuni numbers in vitro below a detectable level at a concentration of 50 mg/kg (no lower concentrations were tested), whereas allicin reduced c. jejuni numbers below ... | 2013 | 23571353 |
| inverse metabolic engineering to improve escherichia coli as an n-glycosylation host. | an inverse metabolic engineering strategy was used to select for escherichia coli cells with an increased capability to n-glycosylate a specific target protein. we developed a screen for e. coli cells containing extra-chromosomal dna fragments for improved ability to add precise sugar groups onto the acra protein using the glycosylation system from campylobacter jejuni. four different sized (1, 2, 4, and 8 kb) genomic dna libraries were screened, and the sequences that conferred a yield advantag ... | 2013 | 23568537 |
| unusual features in organisation of capsular polysaccharide-related genes of c. jejuni strain x. | pcr probing of the genome of campylobacter jejuni strain x using conserved capsular polysaccharide (cps)-related genes allowed elucidation of a complete sequence of the respective gene cluster (cps). this is the largest known campylobacter cps cluster (38 kb excluding flanking kps regions), which includes a number of genes not detected in other campylobacter strains. sequence analysis suggests genetic rearrangements both within and outside the cps gene cluster, a mechanism which may be responsib ... | 2013 | 23562723 |
| inactivation of the lysr regulator cj1000 of campylobacter jejuni affects host colonization and respiration. | transcriptional regulation mediates adaptation of pathogens to environmental stimuli and is important for host colonization. the campylobacter jejuni genome sequence reveals a surprisingly small set of regulators, mostly of unknown function, suggesting an intricate regulatory network. interestingly, c. jejuni lacks the homologues of ubiquitous regulators involved in stress response found in many other gram-negative bacteria. nonetheless, cj1000 is predicted to encode the sole lysr-type regulator ... | 2013 | 23558264 |
| production and evaluation of the utility of novel phage display-derived peptide ligands to salmonella spp. for magnetic separation. | the objectives of this study were to produce salmonella-specific peptide ligands by phage display biopanning and evaluate their use for magnetic separation (ms). | 2013 | 23551658 |
| roles of the superoxide dismutase sodb and the catalase kata in the antibiotic resistance of campylobacter jejuni. | | 2013 | 23549350 |
| increased detection of invasive enteropathogenic bacteria in pre-incubated blood culture materials by real-time pcr in comparison with automated incubation in sub-saharan africa. | invasive enteropathogenic bacteria can cause systemic infections. data from studies with pcr detection suggest, at least for salmonella enterica, that blood culture may lead to underestimation in the tropics. corresponding data are lacking for other invasive enteropathogenic bacteria. we compared classical blood culture and molecular methods for the diagnosis of blood infections. | 2013 | 23547567 |
| increasing antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni isolated from paediatric diarrhea cases in a tertiary care hospital of new delhi, india. | the resistance to the clinically important antimicrobial agents, particularly the fluoroquinolones and the macrolides, is increasing among the campylobacter isolates. only limited data is available regarding the changing antimicrobial resistance pattern in the indian scenario. | 2013 | 23543776 |
| air samplings in a campylobacter jejuni positive laying hen flock. | the air in laying hen houses contains high concentrations of airborne bacteria. the numbers of these bacteria can be influenced by the efficiency of the chosen sampling method. in the presented study, agi-30 impingers and the coriolis(®)µ air sampler were compared in terms of their efficiency in sampling aerobic mesophilic bacteria in a laying hen house. measurements were conducted in a laying hen flock with high prevalences of c. jejuni in order to investigate if culturable cells of this organi ... | 2013 | 23540207 |
| role of capsular polysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides in campylobacter surface properties, autoagglutination, and attachment to abiotic surfaces. | the role of capsular polysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides in cell surface hydrophobicity, surface charge, autoagglutination (aag), and attachment to abiotic surfaces of three strains of campylobacter jejuni and one strain of c. coli were investigated. this was achieved by removal of capsular polysaccharides and truncation of lipooligosaccharides core oligosaccharides by inactivation of the kpse and waaf genes, respectively. the mutants and the wild-type strains were compared after growth und ... | 2013 | 23536985 |
| prevalence and risk assessment of campylobacter jejuni in chicken in china. | to understand the occurrence and distribution of campylobacter jejuni in chicken in china, assess its health risk to the chinese population, and provide recommendations for effective risk control. | 2013 | 23534464 |
| characterization of water and wildlife strains as a subgroup of campylobacter jejuni using dna microarrays. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, but source attribution of the organism is difficult. previously, dna microarrays were used to investigate isolate source, which suggested a non-livestock source of infection. in this study we analysed the genome content of 162 clinical, livestock and water and wildlife (ww) associated isolates combined with the previous study. isolates were grouped by genotypes into nine clusters (c1 to c9). multilocus sequen ... | 2013 | 23530835 |
| characterization of clinical campylobacter jejuni isolates with special emphasis on lipooligosaccharide locus class, putative virulence factors and host response. | recent studies have indicated a role of the lipooligosaccharide (los) of campylobacter jejuni in the severe neurological guillain barré syndrome, as well as in development of more severe symptoms of acute enteritis. we evaluated the role of the los locus class in c. jejuni infection among 163 enteritis patients. the prevalence of los locus classes differed according to the origin of the isolates. furthermore, los locus classes a and b were significantly associated with susceptibility or resistan ... | 2013 | 23528202 |
| genetic heterogeneity of campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 upon human infection. | campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 variants before and after accidental human infection were sequenced with illumina technology and mapped against the isogenic reference genome applying the breseq pipeline. only the frequencies of length variations of homopolymeric tracts in the contingency genes cj0045c, cj0456c, cj1139c, cj1145c, and cj1306c and a deletion in cj0184c were significantly different after human passage (p<0.01). our results highlight differences in the selection of c. jejuni variants ... | 2013 | 23523819 |
| effect of repeated campylobacter jejuni infection on gut flora and mucosal defense in a rat model of post infectious functional and microbial bowel changes. | campylobacter jejuni infection is a leading cause of gastroenteritis and post infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). unanswered questions include the role of cytokines, effects on gut flora, and why ibs is not more prevalent in countries with higher gastroenteritis rates. therefore, we determined the effects of early and repeat c. jejuni infections on post infectious phenotypes, gut flora, and cytokine levels in a rat model of functional bowel and microbial changes. | 2013 | 23521493 |
| computationally identifying virulence factors based on kegg pathways. | virulence factors are molecules that play very important roles in enhancing the pathogen's capability in causing diseases. many efforts were made to investigate the mechanism of virulence factors using in silico methods. in this study, we present a novel computational method to predict virulence factors by integrating protein-protein interactions in a string database and biological pathways in the kegg. three specific species were studied according to their records in the vfdb. they are campylob ... | 2013 | 23519087 |
| prevalence of campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, and hepatitis e virus in swine livers collected at an abattoir. | we investigated the prevalence of campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, and hepatitis e virus (hev) in swine liver. we collected swine livers from 110 pigs at an abattoir from september 2011 to march 2012 [corrected] . pathogens were detected in the liver samples of 19 (17.3%) pigs. campylobacter spp. were isolated from the liver samples of 14 (12.7%) pigs. in 10 of the 14 campylobacter-positive pigs, bacteria were present in the internal regions of the liver. salmonella s ... | 2013 | 23514917 |
| the demyelination neurophysiological criteria can be misleading in campylobacter jejuni-related guillain-barré syndrome. | the exclusive association of campylobacter jejuni infection with the axonal variant of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is debatable. the current study aims to elucidate the gbs subtypes of patients with an antecedent c. jejuni infection. | 2013 | 23514735 |
| interactions of a periplasmic binding protein with a tetradentate siderophore mimic. | iron-bound structure: the ferric complex of a tetradentate siderophore mimic was synthesized and co-crystallized with the periplasmic binding protein ceue of campylobacter jejuni. in addition to electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the binding pocket and the substrate, the structure showed direct coordination of two amino acid side chains to the fe(iii) center (orange, see figure). | 2013 | 23512642 |
| distribution of colonization and antimicrobial resistance genes in campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken. | campylobacter jejuni is an important worldwide foodborne pathogen commonly found as a commensal organism in poultry that can reach high numbers within the gut after colonization. although information regarding some genes involved in colonization is available, little is known about their distribution in strains isolated specifically from chickens and whether there is a linkage between antimicrobial resistance (amr) and colonization genes. to assess the distribution and relevance of genes associat ... | 2013 | 23510494 |
| complicated acute motor axonal neuropathy with delayed acute respiratory distress syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: a case report. | acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman), a variant of guillain barre syndrome (gbs), is frequently induced by the antecedent infection of some atypical pathogen, such as campylobacter jejuni, mycoplasma pneumonia and some virus. it is generally accepted that corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are not recommended in patients with gbs including aman. however, if systemic autoimmune reaction developed, the principle of management might be changed. | 2013 | 23479243 |
| induction of chicken cytokine responses in vivo and in vitro by lipooligosaccharide of campylobacter jejuni hs:10. | campylobacter jejuni is a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but colonizes chickens for prolonged periods without causing disease. it is unclear what host and bacterial mechanisms maintain a non-inflammatory state in chickens. the present work was undertaken to characterize cytokine responses of chickens to purified lipooligosaccharide (los) of c. jejuni hs:10. chickens were injected with purified los, and expression of interleukin (il)-1β (pro-inflammatory cytokine), il-8 (pro-in ... | 2013 | 23473646 |
| antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of isoprenylated coumarin mammea a/aa isolated from mammea africana. | the stem bark of mammea africana is widely distributed in tropical africa and commonly used in traditional medicine. this study aims to identify the active compound in mammea africana and to evaluate its antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. | 2013 | 23466248 |
| drinking water for dairy cattle: always a benefit or a microbiological risk? | drinking water can be considered an essential nutrient for dairy cattle. however, because it comes from different sources, its chemical and microbiological quality does not always reach accepted standards. moreover, water quality is not routinely assessed on dairy farms. the microecology of drinking water sources and distribution systems is rather complex and still not fully understood. water quality is adversely affected by the formation of biofilms in distribution systems, which form a persist ... | 2013 | 23457917 |
| effect of steam and lactic acid treatments on the survival of salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni inoculated on chicken skin. | campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the most frequently reported zoonotic infectious diseases. the present work evaluated the effectiveness of steam treatment at 100 °c for 8s, a 5% lactic acid treatment for 1 min and their combination for inactivating salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni inoculated on chicken skin. the impact of each treatment on the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and the effect of rinsing after contact with lactic acid were also evaluated. residual bacteria ... | 2013 | 23454819 |
| campylobacter contamination and the relative risk of illness from organic broiler meat in comparison with conventional broiler meat. | danish organic broiler meat, represented by carcasses sampled at the end of processing after chilling, was more frequently contaminated with thermotolerant campylobacter spp. than conventional broiler carcasses; the yearly mean prevalence being 54.2% (ci: 40.9-67.5) for organic and 19.7% (ci: 14.8-24.7) for conventional carcasses. campylobacter jejuni was the most frequently isolated species. the difference in prevalence was obvious in all quarters of the year. contamination of organic and conve ... | 2013 | 23454812 |
| increased risk for campylobacter jejuni and c. coli infection of pet origin in dog owners and evidence for genetic association between strains causing infection in humans and their pets. | we compared campylobacter jejuni/coli multilocus sequence types (sts) from pets (dogs/cats) and their owners and investigated risk factors for pet-associated human campylobacteriosis using a combined source-attribution and case-control analysis. in total, 132/687 pet stools were campylobacter-positive, resulting in 499 strains isolated (320 c. upsaliensis/helveticus, 100 c. jejuni, 33 c. hyointestinalis/fetus, 10 c. lari, 4 c. coli, 32 unidentified). there were 737 human and 104 pet c. jejuni/co ... | 2013 | 23445833 |
| phenotypic and genetic analyses of campylobacter jejuni lior serotype 76 isolated from chicken meat and clinical specimens. | the aim of this study was to examine the link between campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from chicken meat (n = 7) and gastroenteritis patients (n = 744). in total, 751 isolates were subjected to lior serotyping. all the isolates from chicken meats were serotyped as lior serotype 76 (lio76). among 23 of the identified lio76 strains, 13 strains (6 from chicken meat and 7 from clinical specimens) were indistinguishable by penner serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and pulsed-fiel ... | 2013 | 23429091 |
| tetrathionate stimulated growth of campylobacter jejuni identifies a new type of bi-functional tetrathionate reductase (tsda) that is widely distributed in bacteria. | tetrathionate (s4 o6 (2-) ) is used by some bacteria as an electron acceptor and can be produced in the vertebrate intestinal mucosa from the oxidation of thiosulphate (s2 o3 (2-) ) by reactive oxygen species during inflammation. surprisingly, growth of the microaerophilic mucosal pathogen campylobacter jejuni under oxygen-limited conditions was stimulated by tetrathionate, although it does not possess any known type of tetrathionate reductase. here, we identify a dihaem cytochrome c (c8j_0815; ... | 2013 | 23421726 |
| macrophage migration inhibitory factor is necessary for the lipo-oligosaccharide-induced response by modulation of toll-like receptor 4 in monocytes from gbs patients. | previous studies have suggested that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of guillain-barre syndrome (gbs); however, its definite mechanism remains unknown. in this study, we prepared the monocytes from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) of gbs patients and the controls. lipo-oligosaccharide (los) from campylobacter jejuni was used as the stimulus of the monocytes in vitro and sirna-mif was used to explore the roles of mif in los-i ... | 2013 | 23411097 |
| sialyltransferase inhibitors: consideration of molecular shape and charge/hydrophobic interactions. | in order to evaluate the importance of molecular shape of inhibitor molecules and the charge/h-bond and hydrophobic interactions, we synthesized three types of molecules and tested them against a sialyltransferase. the first type of compounds were designed as substrate mimics in which the phosphate in cmp-neu5nac was replaced by a non-hydrolysable, uncharged 1,2,3-triazole moiety. the second type of compound contained a 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-acetylneuraminic moiety which was linked to cytidine thr ... | 2013 | 23374752 |
| continued widespread dissemination and increased poultry host fitness of campylobacter jejuni st-4526 and st-4253 in japan. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. we previously reported the widespread camp. jejuni sequence type (st)-4526 in japan from 2005 to 2006. this study assesses the potential for this genotype to thrive thereafter. | 2013 | 23351059 |
| in vitro characterization of aggregation and adhesion properties of viable and heat-killed forms of two probiotic lactobacillus strains and interaction with foodborne zoonotic bacteria, especially campylobacter jejuni. | bacterial aggregation and/or adhesion are key factors for colonization of the digestive ecosystem and the ability of probiotic strains to exclude pathogens. in the present study, two probiotic strains, lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm-i-3698 and lactobacillus farciminis cncm-i-3699, were evaluated as viable or heat-killed forms and compared with probiotic reference lactobacillus strains (lb. rhamnosus gg and lb. farciminis cip 103136). the autoaggregation potential of both forms was higher than that ... | 2013 | 23329323 |
| cadf expression in campylobacter jejuni strains incubated under low-temperature water microcosm conditions which induce the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state. | campylobacter jejuni is a major gastrointestinal pathogen that colonizes host mucosa via interactions with extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. the aim of this work was to study in vitro the adhesive properties of c. jejuni atcc 33291 and c. jejuni 241 strains, in both culturable and viable but non-culturable (vbnc) forms. to this end, the expression of the outer-membrane protein cadf, which mediates c. jejuni binding to fibronectin, was evaluated. vbnc bacteria were obtained after ... | 2013 | 23314927 |
| construction, expression, purification and antigenicity of recombinant campylobacter jejuni flagellar proteins. | campylobacter jejuni, a flagellated, spiral-rod gram-negative bacterium, is the leading etiologic agent of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. the source of this microorganism for human infection has been implicated as consumption and handling of poultry meat where this microorganism is a commensal in the gut. because the genomes of many c. jejuni isolates have been sequenced, our ultimate goal is to develop protein arrays for exploring this microorganism and host interactions. in t ... | 2013 | 23312848 |
| evaluation of whole-genome sequencing as a genotyping tool for campylobacter jejuni in comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaa typing. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illness, with poultry and poultry products being leading sources of infection. epidemiological efforts to trace campylobacter can be challenging because of the extreme genetic diversity of this bacterium relative to other foodborne pathogens. to enhance tracking and epidemiological efforts, whole-genome sequencing has been used for other foodborne pathogens but not yet been evaluated for practicality with campylobacter. thus, the purpose of th ... | 2013 | 23300325 |
| use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products. | salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni are the 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. chickens are the reservoir hosts of these pathogens, with their intestinal colonization being the most significant factor causing contamination of meat and eggs. effective preslaughter strategies for reducing the colonization of birds with these pathogens are critical to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products. an antimicrobial treatment that can be applied thr ... | 2013 | 23300319 |
| colonization of chicken flocks by campylobacter jejuni in multiple farms in japan. | campylobacter jejuni was monitored in 4 chicken farms during the period 2003 to 2006 to elucidate the mechanisms of transmission. three farms (1 to 3), located at least 14 km from each other, belonged to an integrated poultry company, which also provided the farms with day-old chicks from several hatcheries as well as chicken feed. another farm (4), which belonged to a different company, was located 270 m from farm 1. a total of 206 c. jejuni isolates obtained from the 4 farms were classified in ... | 2013 | 23300304 |
| survival of campylobacter jejuni in naturally and artificially contaminated laying hen feces. | infected laying hens regularly excrete large amounts of campylobacter jejuni with their feces, which represent a reservoir of infection within the flock and for animals in the region. however, the knowledge about survival times of c. jejuni in these feces is still scarce. therefore, orienting laboratory experiments were carried out under controlled conditions to estimate the survival times of c. jejuni both in artificially and naturally contaminated laying hen feces. in 6 different laying hen fl ... | 2013 | 23300302 |
| in vitro protein expression profile of campylobacter jejuni strain nctc11168 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. | to investigate the protein expression profiles of the major food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni nctc11168. | 2013 | 23294615 |
| hcp and vgrg1 are secreted components of the helicobacter hepaticus type vi secretion system and vgrg1 increases the bacterial colitogenic potential. | the enterohepatic epsilonproteobacterium helicobacter hepaticus persistently colonizes the intestine of mice and causes chronic inflammatory symptoms in susceptible mouse strains. the bacterial factors causing intestinal inflammation are poorly characterized. a large genomic pathogenicity island, hhgi1, which encodes components of a type vi secretion system (t6ss), was previously shown to contribute to the colitogenic potential of h. hepaticus. we have now characterized the t6ss components hcp, ... | 2013 | 23278999 |
| the design of a capsule polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against campylobacter jejuni serotype hs15. | campylobacter jejuni infection is now the main cause of diarrhea-related illnesses in humans. an efficacious vaccine for the traveler and developing world market would be welcomed. we are engaged in the discovery and characterization of serotype-specific c. jejuni capsule polysaccharides (cpss) to study their role in virulence and as protective vaccine antigens. our prototype conjugate vaccine with serotype hs23 cps (strain 81-176) has been shown to fully protect non-human primates against diarr ... | 2013 | 23261782 |
| prevalence and risk factors for shedding of thermophilic campylobacter in calves with and without diarrhea in austrian dairy herds. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of thermophilic campylobacter in feces of calves with and without diarrhea on dairy farms and to survey farm characteristics and management practices to define risk factors for the presence of campylobacter. fifty dairy farms were chosen based on the presence of calf diarrhea, and 50 farms in which calves were free from diarrhea served as a standard of comparison. in total, fecal samples were taken from 382 calves. farm data and manageme ... | 2013 | 23261381 |
| zoonotic fecal pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in county fair animals. | livestock fairs present a unique opportunity for the public to experience close contact with animals, but may also expose people to zoonotic pathogens through contact with animal feces. the goal of this study was to screen cattle, sheep, goat, chicken, rabbit and horse feces from a livestock fair in california for the potentially zoonotic pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, campylobacter, vibrio, cryptosporidium and giardia spp., as well as determining the level of antimicrobial resi ... | 2013 | 23260373 |
| in vivo broiler experiments to assess anti-campylobacter jejuni activity of a live enterococcus faecalis strain. | bacterial gastroenteritis caused by thermotolerant campylobacter species, mainly campylobacter jejuni, has been the most reported zoonotic disease in many developed countries in recent years. reducing campylobacter shedding on the farm could result in a reduction of the number of campylobacteriosis cases. in 2 independent broiler seeder experiments, in which broiler chickens were orally inoculated with 2 amounts of enterococcus faecalis mb 5259, we established whether a live e. faecalis strain w ... | 2013 | 23243257 |
| effect of selected types of beer on bacteria of the genus arcobacter. | the genus arcobacter is related to the well-known human pathogen, campylobacter jejuni, and has been linked to human diseases. in this study, the survival of arcobacter spp. in various concentrations of ethanol, in various samples of beers, and in a model stomach has been investigated. for most of these bacteria, a concentration of 10 % ethanol was determined to be the minimum inhibitory concentration. the fact that these organisms are able to survive under these conditions may have an impact in ... | 2013 | 23238953 |
| surveillance for enteric pathogens in a case-control study of acute diarrhea in western kenya. | acute diarrhea remains a major public health problem in east african nations such as kenya. surveillance for a broad range of enteric pathogens is necessary to accurately predict the frequency of pathogens and potential changes in antibiotic resistance patterns. | 2013 | 23222955 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter isolates from beef cattle and pigs in japan. | rectal contents of beef cattle and pigs were collected between october 2010 and february 2011 in japan. campylobacter jejuni were isolated from 36.0% (90/250) of beef cattle from 88.0% (22/25) of beef farms. c. coli were isolated from 3.6% (9/250) of beef cattle from 16.0% (4/25) of beef farms and from 42.4% (106/250) of pigs from all 25 pig farms. as to enrofloxacin, 40.0% (36/90) of c. jejuni isolates and 66.7% (6/9) of c. coli isolates from beef cattle and 44.3% (47/106) of c. coli isolates f ... | 2013 | 23220905 |
| prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens in dairy cattle in the eastern part of japan. | to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens [campylobacter spp., shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp.] in dairy cows, rectal content grab samples were collected from 250 dairy cows reared on 25 dairy farms in eastern japan from december 2010 through february 2011. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 106 (42%) cows on 23 (92%) farms, stec o157 from three cows on one farm, l. monocytogenes from three cows on anot ... | 2013 | 23208291 |
| prevalence of the main food-borne pathogens in retail food under the national food surveillance system in japan. | the national food surveillance system in japan was formed in 1998 to monitor the contamination of retail foods with bacterial pathogens. approximately 2000-3000 samples were tested annually, and the data from food categories that had more than 400 samples collected during 1998-2008 were analysed. with regard to meat, the frequency of positive samples for salmonella in chicken for raw consumption and ground chicken was 12.7% and 33.5%, respectively. moreover, shiga toxin-producing escherichia col ... | 2013 | 23199079 |
| management of acute diarrhea in emergency room. | acute diarrhea is the second leading cause of under-five mortality in india. it is defined as the passage of frequent watery stools (>3/24 h). recent change in consistency of stools is more important than frequency. acute diarrhea is caused by variety of viral, bacterial and parasitic agents. the common ones are: rotavirus, e. coli, shigella, cholera, and salmonella. campylobacter jejuni, giardia and e. histolytica are also not uncommon. the most important concern in management of acute diarrhea ... | 2013 | 23192407 |
| a mutagenesis method for the addition and deletion of highly repetitive dna regions: the paradigm of epiya motifs in the caga gene of helicobacter pylori. | caga protein of western origin helicobacter pylori isolates contains at its carboxyl-terminal end repeating types of epiya motifs, depending on the surrounding sequence, which dictate hierarchic tyrosine phosphorylation. to produce, in an isogenic background, mutant strains expressing caga protein with variable numbers of epiya-c terminal motifs, we have adopted a mutagenesis assay using a megaprimer approach. | 2013 | 23190444 |
| design and data analysis of experimental trials to test vaccine candidates against zoonotic pathogens in animals: the case of a clinical trial against campylobacter in broilers. | the development of effective vaccines against zoonotic pathogens represents a priority in public health protection programs. the design of clinical trials and appropriate data analysis of the experiments results are crucial for the assessment of vaccine effectiveness. this manuscript reviews important issues related to the assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines designed to obtain a quantitative reduction of the pathogen in animals or animal products. an effective vaccine will reduce the ris ... | 2012 | 23176651 |
| siglec-7 specifically recognizes campylobacter jejuni strains associated with oculomotor weakness in guillain-barré syndrome and miller fisher syndrome. | due to molecular mimicry, campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides can induce a cross-reactive antibody response to nerve gangliosides, which leads to guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). cross-reactive antibodies to ganglioside gq1b are strongly associated with oculomotor weakness in gbs and its variant, miller fisher syndrome (mfs). antigen recognition is a crucial first step in the induction of a cross-reactive antibody response, and it has been shown that gq1b-like epitopes expressed on the surf ... | 2013 | 23173866 |
| structural characterization of the highly cyclized lantibiotic paenicidin a via a partial desulfurization/reduction strategy. | lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria that are increasingly of interest for food preservation and possible therapeutic uses. these peptides are extensively post-translationally modified, and are characterized by lanthionine and methyllanthionine thioether cross-links. paenibacillus polymyxa nrrl b-30509 was found to produce polymyxins and tridecaptins, in addition to a novel lantibiotic termed paenicidin a. a bacteriocin termed srcam 602 previously ... | 2012 | 23167271 |
| research considerations for more effective groundwater monitoring. | since numerous pathogens occur in feces, water is monitored for fecal contamination using indicator organisms rather than individual pathogens. although this approach is supported by health effects data in recreational waters, it is questionable when used for drinking water. most outbreaks in groundwater occur in systems that have not violated the us epa's maximum contaminant limit (mcl) for total coliforms within 12 months before the outbreak. additionally, environmentally stable viruses and pa ... | 2012 | 23165708 |
| application of ozonated dry ice (aligal™ blue ice) for packaging and transport in the food industry. | dry ice is used by meat and poultry processors for temperature reduction during processing and for temperature maintenance during transportation. aligal™ blue ice (abi), which combines the antimicrobial effect of ozone (o(3)) along with the high cooling capacity of dry ice, was investigated for its effect on bacterial reduction in air, in liquid, and on food and glass surfaces. through proprietary means, o(3) was introduced to produce dry ice pellets to a concentration of 20 parts per million (p ... | 2012 | 23163945 |
| quantitative risk assessment of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 and campylobacter jejuni related to consumption of raw milk in a province in northern italy. | a quantitative risk assessment was developed to describe the risk of campylobacteriosis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) linked to consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in northern italy. exposure assessment considered the microbiological status of dairy farms, expected milk contamination, storage conditions from bulk tank to home storage, microbial growth during storage, destruction experiments, consumption frequency of raw milk, age of consumers, serving size, and consumption pre ... | 2012 | 23127713 |
| comparison of multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and repetitive sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) fingerprinting for differentiation of campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler in chiang mai, thailand. | we compared rapid fingerprinting using repetitive sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) for subtyping campylobacter jejuni isolates to the widely used multilocus sequence typing (mlst). representative c. jejuni isolates (n = 16) from broilers were analyzed using mlst and rep-pcr. both techniques demonstrated an equal discriminatory power of 0.8917, and 9 subgroups were identified. clonal identification of all 16 isolates was identical for both techniques. the rep-pcr as described in this study may be use ... | 2012 | 23124335 |
| in vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of lactobacillus salivarius smxd51. | lactobacillus salivarius smxd51 was previously isolated from the cecum of a tunisian poultry and found to produce a bacteriocin-like substance highly active against the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni. the aim of this study was to examine some probiotic properties of the strain: acid and bile tolerance, capacity of adhesion, stimulation of immune defences (il-6, il-8, il-10 and β-defensin 2), and modulation of the barrier integrity. the results showed that l. salivarius smxd51 can tolera ... | 2012 | 23122647 |
| gangliosides and sialic acid effects upon newborn pathogenic bacteria adhesion: an in vitro study. | the effect of the main gangliosides (gm(1), gm(3), gd(3)) and free sialic acid (neu5ac) upon the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria implicated in infant diarrhoea is assessed in vitro using the caco-2 cell line. concentrations of the bioactive compounds found in the bioaccessible (soluble) fraction of infant formula and human milk are employed. bacterial adhesion behaviour included enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), enteropathogenic e.coli (epec), listeria monocytogenes, salmonella entericase ... | 2013 | 23122120 |
| development of a feed additive to reduce caecal campylobacter jejuni in broilers at slaughter age: from in vitro to in vivo, a proof of concept. | in vitro and in vivo challenge studies were undertaken to develop an in-feed additive of microencapsulated propionic, sorbic acids and pure botanicals to control campylobacter jejuni in broilers at slaughter age. | 2013 | 23110383 |
| antimicrobial resistance patterns and corresponding multilocus sequence types of the campylobacter jejuni isolates from human diarrheal samples. | a total of 121 campylobacter isolates from 4,788 humans with gastroenteritis were identified and characterized by biochemical detection methods, polymerase chain reaction, and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). these samples were obtained during a 3-year period, from january 2007 to december 2009, using the national notifiable diseases surveillance system at the research institute of public health and environment in seoul metropolitan, korea. antimicrobial susceptibilities of the bacterium were ... | 2013 | 23098555 |
| abdominal ultrasonographic findings in typhoid fever: a comparison between typhoid patients and those with non-typhoidal salmonella and campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis. | typhoid fever is a major health problem in many developing countries and its clinical features are similar to other types of bacterial enterocolitis. definitive diagnosis by blood culture requires several days and is often unfeasible to perform in developing countries. more efficient and rapid diagnostic methods for typhoid are needed. we compared the pathological changes in the bowel and adjacent tissues of patients having typhoid fever with those having bacterial enterocolitis using ultrasonog ... | 2012 | 23082592 |
| engineering, conjugation, and immunogenicity assessment of escherichia coli o121 o antigen for its potential use as a typhoid vaccine component. | state-of-the-art production technologies for conjugate vaccines are complex, multi-step processes. an alternative approach to produce glycoconjugates is based on the bacterial n-linked protein glycosylation system first described in campylobacter jejuni. the c. jejuni n-glycosylation system has been successfully transferred into escherichia coli, enabling in vivo production of customized recombinant glycoproteins. however, some antigenic bacterial cell surface polysaccharides, like the vi antige ... | 2013 | 23053636 |
| re-sequencing of a virulent strain of campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 reveals potential virulence factors. | in vitro passage of campylobacter jejuni strains results in phenotypic changes and a general loss of virulence, as is the case with the genome-sequenced strain c. jejuni nctc11168. re-sequencing of a virulent strain of nctc11168 identified 41 snps or indels involving 20 genes, four intergenic regions and three pseudogenes. the genes include six motility genes, two chemotaxis genes, three hypothetical genes and a capsule biosynthesis gene, which might have a critical role in c. jejuni virulence. ... | 2013 | 23046762 |
| control of campylobacter jejuni in chicken breast meat by irradiation combined with modified atmosphere packaging including carbon monoxide. | campylobacter is one of the leading causes of human foodborne illnesses originating from meat and poultry products. cross-contamination of this organism occurs in many poultry processing plants, and can occur in the kitchens and refrigerators of consumers. therefore, new intervention strategies are needed for meat and poultry products to better protect consumers from this pathogen. vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging is a common packaging technique used by the meat and poultry industry to ex ... | 2012 | 23043819 |
| the isolation and characterization of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages from free range and indoor poultry. | six hundred and sixty one samples - primarily fresh chicken faeces - were processed to isolate wild type campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages, via overlay agar methods using c. jejuni nctc 12662. the aims of this study were to isolate and purify bacteriophages and then test for their ability to lyse field strains of c. jejuni in vitro. of all samples processed, 130 were positive for bacteriophages. a distinct difference was observed between samples from different poultry enterprises. no bacteriop ... | 2013 | 22980913 |
| survival of escherichia coli, enterococci and campylobacter jejuni in canada goose faeces on pasture. | freshly excreted canada goose faeces pose a public health risk as they contain pathogenic microorganisms. accordingly, a study was carried out on the growth and survival of resident indicator bacteria (enterococci and escherichia coli) and inoculated campylobacter jejuni in freshly excreted faeces over summer and winter. canada goose faeces were collected, mixed thoroughly and inoculated with 10⁸ g⁻¹ c. jejuni. the faeces were mixed again before making the canada goose dropping. the simulated go ... | 2012 | 22963647 |