| a combination of tlr-4 agonist and saponin adjuvants increases antibody diversity and protective efficacy of a recombinant west nile virus antigen. | members of the flaviviridae family are the leading causes of mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. while dengue virus is the most prevalent, the recent zika virus outbreak in the americas triggered a who public health emergency, and yellow fever and west nile viruses (wnv) continue to cause regional epidemics. given the sporadic nature of flaviviral epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for vaccines that can rapidly provide effective immunity. protection from fl ... | 2018 | 30302281 |
| seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of west nile virus in jordan. | this is the first countrywide study of the seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of west nile virus (wnv) in jordan. | 2019 | 30299511 |
| larviciding culex spp. (diptera: culicidae) populations in catch basins and its impact on west nile virus transmission in urban parks in atlanta, ga. | in urban environments, road-side catch basins are common larval habitats of culex spp. (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes and important targets of larval control in areas subject to west nile virus (wnv) transmission. we quantified the impact of larviciding basins on culex spp. populations and wnv infection prevalence by treating basins in and around urban parks in atlanta, ga, using mosquito dunks and bits (active ingredient, a.i., bacillus thuringiensis subsp. isrealensis, dunks-10.31%, bits-2.86 ... | 2019 | 30295776 |
| concurrent guillain-barré syndrome, transverse myelitis and encephalitis post-zika: a case report and review of the pathogenic role of multiple arboviral immunity. | we review post-infectious and post-vaccination neurological syndromes involving peripheral and central nervous system (cns) and report an illustrative case of simultaneous occurrence of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), confirmed by nerve conduction velocities, plus mri-demonstrated transverse myelitis (tm) and acute encephalitis [acute disseminated encephalomyelitis] (adem+gbs) affecting a 24-year-old woman from cúcuta, colombia, who developed acute zika virus (zikv) infection confirmed by serum r ... | 2018 | 30292020 |
| serologic survey of selected viral pathogens in free-ranging eurasian brown bears ( ursus arctos arctos) from slovakia. | we tested sera of 24 free-ranging european brown bears ( ursus arctos) from six regions of slovakia for antibodies to 10 viral agents. we tested sera by an indirect fluorescence antibody test for antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (cpiv-2), and canine herpesvirus type 1 (chv-1). we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus, blu ... | 2019 | 30289326 |
| recent changes in infectious diseases in european wildlife. | many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. we provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in europe (from 2010-16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. these pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent europe-wide projects as important surveillance t ... | 2019 | 30284963 |
| the complete genome sequence analysis of west nile virus strains isolated in slovakia (central europe). | the present study reports the first complete genome sequence analysis of west nile virus (wnv) strains isolated from brain samples from raptors. the results prove the circulation of closely related wnv lineage ii strains in central europe and genetic analysis revealed seven amino acid substitutions in structural (prm3, e159 and e231) and in non-structural (ns1109, ns5259, ns5310 and ns5600) proteins. observed amino acid substitutions phe3 and ser231 were common only within the lineage vii koutan ... | 2019 | 30284630 |
| west nile virus induces a post-infectious pro-inflammatory state that explains transformation of stable ocular myasthenia gravis to myasthenic crises. | west nile virus (wnv) infection has been reported to promote myasthenia gravis (mg) and various other diseases that have a presumed autoimmune pathogenesis. molecular mimicry between wnv proteins and host proteins has been postulated as the major mechanism for wnv-triggered breaking of immunological self-tolerance. we present a patient with stable ocular mg and positive anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies who progressed to myasthenic crisis after wnv neuroinvasive disease. in this case of sta ... | 2018 | 30267806 |
| increase of west nile virus cases in europe for 2018. | | 2018 | 30264694 |
| attraction of culex pipiens to house sparrows is influenced by host age but not uropygial gland secretions. | culex pipiens serves as the endemic vector of west nile virus (wnv) in eastern north america, where house sparrows (hosp, passer domesticus) serve as a reservoir host. we tested the hypotheses that: (1) attraction of cx. pipiens to hosp is influenced by bird age and (2) that age-specific variation in chemical profiles of bird uropygial gland secretions informs this choice. we conducted mosquito choice trials in an olfactometer and found that cx. pipiens were more often attracted to adult sparrow ... | 2018 | 30257467 |
| emergence of human west nile virus infection among pediatric population in madhya pradesh, india. | human infections caused by west nile virus (wnv) mostly remain subclinical and self-limited. however, nearly 20% infected people suffer from febrile illness and very few of them (<1%) may get neuroinvasive illness. mortality has been reported among children. india somehow has reported very less number of wnv cases in the past. we collected cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 75 pediatric age group patients clinically suffering from acute encephalitis syndrome. three of these samples were posi ... | 2019 | 30257043 |
| dogs (canis familiaris) as sentinels for human infectious disease and application to canadian populations: a systematic review. | in a world where climate change, vector expansion, human activity, and pathogen dispersal do not respect boundaries, the human⁻animal⁻pathogen interface has become less defined. consequently, a one health approach to disease surveillance and control has generated much interest across several disciplines. this systematic review evaluates current global research on the use of domestic dogs as sentinels for human infectious disease, and critically appraises how this may be applied within canada. re ... | 2018 | 30248931 |
| peli1 facilitates virus replication and promotes neuroinflammation during west nile virus infection. | the e3 ubiquitin ligase pellino 1 (peli1) is a microglia-specific mediator of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. its role in neurotropic flavivirus infection is largely unknown. here, we report that mice deficient in peli1 (peli1-/-) were more resistant to lethal west nile virus (wnv) infection and exhibited reduced viral loads in tissues and attenuated brain inflammation. peli1 mediates chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine production in microglia and promotes t cell and macrophage infiltration int ... | 2018 | 30247157 |
| clinical problem-solving: fever and rapidly progressive weakness in an immunocompromised patient. | here we report the challenging case of a 41-year-old man with hiv complicated by aids and a history of prior neurologic injury from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy who presented with headache, fevers, lower extremity weakness, hyperreflexic upper extremities, and diminished lower extremity reflexes. we review the clinical decision-making and differential diagnosis for this presentation as the physical examination evolved and diagnostic testing changed over time. | 2018 | 30245771 |
| west nile virus transmission and human infection risk in veneto (italy): a modelling analysis. | an intensified and continuous west nile virus (wnv) spread across northern italy has been observed since 2008, which caused more than one hundred reported human infections until 2016. veneto is one of the italian regions where wnv is considered endemic, and the greatest intensity of circulation was observed during 2013 and 2016. by using entomological data collected across the region in those years, we calibrated a temperature-driven mathematical model through a bayesian approach that simulates ... | 2018 | 30228340 |
| surveillance for flaviviruses near the mexico-u.s. border: co-circulation of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 and west nile virus in tamaulipas, northern mexico, 2014-2016. | a clinical, serological, and molecular investigation was performed to determine the presence of dengue virus (denv) and other flaviviruses among residents of the city of reynosa, tamaulipas, on the mexico-u.s. border in 2014-2016. the sample population consisted of 2,355 patients with suspected dengue, in addition to 346 asymptomatic individuals recruited during a household-based epidemiological investigation designed to identify flavivirus seroconversions. sera were collected from patients with ... | 2018 | 30226141 |
| a crispr screen identifies ifi6 as an er-resident interferon effector that blocks flavivirus replication. | the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is an architecturally diverse organelle that serves as a membrane source for the replication of multiple viruses. flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus, west nile virus, dengue virus and zika virus, induce unique single-membrane er invaginations that house the viral replication machinery1. whether this virus-induced er remodelling is vulnerable to antiviral pathways is unknown. here, we show that flavivirus replication at the er is targeted by the interferon ( ... | 2018 | 30224801 |
| immunology of west nile virus infection and the role of alpha-synuclein as a viral restriction factor. | west nile virus (wnv) is a single-stranded rna flavivirus and is a major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. experimental models of wnv infection in mice are commonly used to define acute neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. alpha-synuclein (asyn) is a protein of primarily neuronal origin and is a major cause of parkinson's disease (pd), a disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. both wnv and pd pathologies are largely mediated by inflammation of the central nervous system ... | 2019 | 30222521 |
| the effect of the alternative prey, paramecium caudatum (peniculida: parameciidae), on the predation of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) by the copepods macrocyclops albidus and megacyclops viridis (cyclopoida: cyclopidae). | biological control can be an effective tool to combat public health risks associated with mosquito-borne disease. however, target impacts of biological control agents may be reduced by biotic contexts such as the presence of alternative prey. in turn, this can impede our ability to realistically assess biocontrol agent efficacy. here, we examine the effects of alternative ciliate prey on the predation potential of two cyclopoid copepods, macrocyclops albidus jurine (cyclopoida: cyclopidae) and m ... | 2019 | 30215748 |
| impaired heterologous protein-protein interaction is an essential cause for non-viability of wnv/denv recombinants. | flavivirus rna replication starts at 3'-end, where it folds into a highly conserved stem-loop structure. we attempted to identify the viral non-structural proteins (nsps) that might specifically interact with the 3'-stemloop (3'sl) through a genetic approach. wnv/denv2 chimeric recombinants that contain dengue2 (denv2) gene(s) in west nile virus (wnv) backbone were tested for replication competence. three of seven recombinant viruses, containing the denv2 ns1, ns2a, or ns4b gene and terminated w ... | 2018 | 30195251 |
| breathing new life into west nile virus therapeutics; discovery and study of zafirlukast as an ns2b-ns3 protease inhibitor. | the west nile virus (wnv) has spread throughout the world causing neuroinvasive diseases with no treatments available. the viral ns2b-ns3 protease is essential for wnv survival and replication in host cells and is a promising drug target. through an enzymatic screen of the national institute of health clinical compound library, we report the discovery of zafirlukast, an fda approved treatment for asthma, as an inhibitor for the wnv ns2b-ns3 protease. zafirlukast was determined to inhibit the pro ... | 2018 | 30193218 |
| methods for lipid droplet biophysical characterization in flaviviridae infections. | lipid droplets (lds) are intracellular organelles for neutral lipid storage, originated from the endoplasmic reticulum. they play an essential role in lipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis. in fact, lds are complex organelles, involved in many more cellular processes than those initially proposed. they have been extensively studied in the context of ld-associated pathologies. in particular, lds have emerged as critical for virus replication and assembly. viruses from the flaviviridae family, ... | 2018 | 30186265 |
| ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in europe. | during the last decades, arboviruses that are endemic in europe have expanded their geographic range and caused an increasing number of human outbreaks. these viruses include west nile virus, which is expanding its area of circulation in central and southern europe; usutu virus, with increasing evidence of a role in human disease; tick-borne encephalitis virus, which is being detected in northern areas and at higher altitudes as a consequence of climate warming; crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever v ... | 2018 | 30176404 |
| [ocular manifestations of emerging arboviruses: dengue fever, chikungunya, zika virus, west nile virus, and yellow fever (french translation of the article)]. | arboviruses are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and tics bites. they are a major cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality. their expansion is constant and due in part to climate change and globalization. mostly found in tropical regions, arboviruses are sometimes the source of epidemics in europe. recently, the chikungunya virus and the zika virus were responsible for very large epidemics impacting populations that had never been in contact with those viruses. there are currently no e ... | 2018 | 30173871 |
| scoping review on vector-borne diseases in urban areas: transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity and co-infection. | transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity, and co-infections have substantial impacts on vector-borne diseases (vbds) affecting urban and suburban populations. reviewing key factors can provide insight into priority research areas and offer suggestions for potential interventions. | 2018 | 30173661 |
| a discrete time west nile virus transmission model with optimal bird- and vector-specific controls. | a discrete-time model describing the west nile virus transmission among the mosquito, wild bird, and domestic bird populations is constructed. the expressions for the basic reproduction number r0 and the disease-free fixed point of the model are computed. the local stability of the disease-free fixed point is established based on r0. optimal control theory is used to devise the most effective administration profile of mosquito larvicide, mosquito adulticide and domestic bird-protection in contro ... | 2018 | 30171883 |
| zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry. | zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and was first linked to congenital microcephaly caused by a large outbreak in northeastern brazil. although the zika virus epidemic is now in decline, pregnancies in large parts of the americas remain at risk because of ongoing transmission and the potential for new outbreaks. this review presents why zika virus is still a complex and worrisome public health problem with an expanding spectrum of birth defects and how zika virus and related viruses ... | 2019 | 30171843 |
| mosquito excreta: a sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of ross river virus and west nile virus ecology. | emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. we assessed the applicability of mosquito excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of ross river and west nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. | 2018 | 30169512 |
| west nile neuroinvasive disease presenting as elsberg syndrome. | elsberg syndrome (es) is a rarely recognized cause of cauda equina syndrome and lower thoracic myelitis, mainly linked to reactivation, or occasionally primary, infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. west nile virus neuroinvasive disease is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with es. | 2018 | 30169366 |
| the vector ecology of introduced culex quinquefasciatus populations, and implications for future risk of west nile virus emergence in the galápagos archipelago. | culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), an important vector of west nile virus (wnv) in the u.s.a., was first detected on the galápagos islands (ecuador) in the 1980s. however, little is known of its ecology, distribution or capacity for arbovirus transmission in the galápagos. we characterize details of lifecycle (including gonotrophic period), temporal abundance, spatial distribution, vector competence and host-feeding behaviour. culex quinquefasciatus was detected on five islands of ... | 2019 | 30168152 |
| serological evidence of mosquito-borne flaviviruses circulation in hunting dogs in campania region, italy. | a flavivirus survey on 183 hunting dogs was conducted in campania region, southern italy. the seroprevalence value of 40.43% (74/183, 95% confidence intervals [cis] 33.37-47.49) detected in our study using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (celisa) proves a considerable level of flavivirus exposition of these animals. among the 74 celisa-positive sera, seroneutralization (sn) test showed that 24 sera resulted positive for usutu virus with an overall prevalence of 13.11% ( ... | 2019 | 30160624 |
| serological evidence of dengue and west nile virus human infection in juarez city, mexico. | arboviruses are significant causes of human and animal diseases, globally. in the rio grande valley of the united states-mexico border region, endemic transmission of dengue (denv), zika (zikv), and west nile (wnv) viruses have been documented as a cause of human disease. otherwise, very little is known about the distribution of arboviruses and their possible cause of human disease in other areas of the united states-mexico border region. therefore, a pilot serosurvey was conducted to determine ... | 2019 | 30160620 |
| west nile virus (lineage 2) in mosquitoes in southern moravia - awaiting the first autochthonous human cases. | here we report repeated detection of lineage 2 west nile virus (wnv-2) from culex modestus and cx. pipiens mosquitoes collected at fishponds in the lednice-valtice area during the mosquito seasons 2015 and 2016. the wnv strains recovered share genetic homology with wnv strains isolated during an extensive monitoring in 2013 as well as with strains circulating in southern and central europe at the same time. repeated detection of wnv indicates its establishment in the area and also warns infectio ... | 2019 | 30157657 |
| co-circulation dynamics and persistence of newly introduced clades of 2012 outbreak associated west nile virus in texas, 2012-2015. | the second largest outbreak of west nile encephalitis and west nile fever ever recorded occurred in the united states (u.s) in the summer of 2012. the outbreak was related to the widespread circulation of closely related clades, or groups, of west nile virus (wnv) into multiple states where they were not previously found. whether the invading 2012 strains were able to circulate and overwinter in states with their own endemic population of wnv is unknown and the effect of viral genetics on adapta ... | 2018 | 30153478 |
| west nile virus infection in northern italy: case-crossover study on the short-term effect of climatic parameters. | changes in climatic conditions are hypothesized to play a role in the increasing number of west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks observed in europe in recent years. | 2018 | 30145430 |
| personalized adapted locomotor training for an individual with sequelae of west nile virus infection: a mixed-method case report. | west nile virus (wnv) can have severe consequences, including encephalitis and paralysis. | 2018 | 30136877 |
| investigation of the plasma virome from cases of unexplained febrile illness in tanzania from 2013 to 2014: a comparative analysis between unbiased and vircapseq-vert high-throughput sequencing approaches. | high-throughput sequencing can provide insights into epidemiology and medicine through comprehensive surveys of viral genetic sequences in environmental and clinical samples. here, we characterize the plasma virome of tanzanian patients with unexplained febrile illness by using two high-throughput sequencing methods: unbiased sequencing and vircapseq-vert (a positive selection system). sequences from dengue virus 2, west nile virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human pegivirus, and epste ... | 2018 | 30135221 |
| myelopathy in west nile virus encephalitis: report of a case and review of literature. | in west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis, polio-like illness has been reported but there is no report on acute transverse myelopathy. | 2018 | 30124385 |
| the first case report of west nile virus-induced acute flaccid quadriplegia in canada. | the 1999 new york city outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) was associated with a high incidence of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease (wnvnd) where the outcomes for these patients were very poor. we describe a case of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease (wnvnd) characterized by acute flaccid quadriplegia with a favorable outcome in winnipeg, manitoba, canada. | 2018 | 30123588 |
| west nile virus season in europe. | | 2018 | 30120184 |
| seroprevalence of west nile and dengue virus in the human population of the bolivian chaco. | to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against dengue virus (denv) and west nile virus (wnv) in the human population of the bolivian chaco, we tested 256 inhabitants of two rural communities. the seroprevalence, confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test, was 7.8% and 2.7% for denv and wnv, respectively. | 2019 | 30118540 |
| an early start of west nile virus seasonal transmission: the added value of one heath surveillance in detecting early circulation and triggering timely response in italy, june to july 2018. | in italy, the 2018 west nile virus transmission season started early with a high number of cases reported. one-health surveillance, within the italian west nile national preparedness and response plan, detected viral circulation 9 days before symptom-onset of the first confirmed human case; triggering timely implementation of blood and transplant safety measures. this is an example of how functional coordination allows health authorities to use early warning triggers from surveillance systems to ... | 2018 | 30107870 |
| early start of the west nile fever transmission season 2018 in europe. | in europe, surveillance indicates that the 2018 west nile fever transmission season started earlier than in previous years and with a steeper increase of locally-acquired human infections. between 2014 and 2017, european union/european economic area (eu/eea) and eu enlargement countries notified five to 25 cases in weeks 25 to 31 compared with 168 cases in 2018. clinicians and public health authorities should be alerted to ensure timely implementation of prevention measures including blood safet ... | 2018 | 30107869 |
| mortality due to toxoplasmosis in suburban eastern fox squirrels ( sciurus niger) in michigan, usa. | three separate mortality events affecting wild eastern fox squirrels ( sciurus niger) were investigated in suburban areas within southeastern michigan, us over a 3-yr period from the summer of 2015 through the winter of 2017. a total of seven squirrels were submitted for investigation. the squirrels were generally in fair to good body condition with moderate fat deposits. the tissues that most commonly exhibited gross or histologic lesions included the lungs, liver, and heart, whereas spleen and ... | 2019 | 30096029 |
| the silent spread of west nile virus in brazil: non-human positive case in a beach tourist destination-espirito santo. | | 2018 | 30085211 |
| new snp markers to identify culex complex species (diptera: culicidae) by high-resolution dna melting analysis. | the members from culex pipiens complex are the primary vector of various arboviruses including west nile virus and eastern equine encephalitis in the united states. within cx. pipiens complex, there are three biotypes that differ largely in habitat, bloodmeal preference, mating behavior, and overwintering strategy. the three biotypes are cx. pipiens form molestus (f.) (diptera: culicidae), cx. pipiens f. pipiens (l.) (diptera: culicidae), and cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) (al ... | 2018 | 30085150 |
| uranotaenia unguiculata edwards, 1913 are attracted to sound, feed on amphibians, and are infected with multiple viruses. | uranotaenia unguiculata edwards, 1913 is a species of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) native to central europe. recently a novel lineage of the west nile virus (wnv-lineage 4c) was identified in pools of adult female ur. unguiculata. to increase the body of knowledge about this species, various trapping methods were evaluated to determine the most efficient method for capturing adult female ur. unguiculata. | 2018 | 30081963 |
| susceptibility and role as competent host of the red-legged partridge after infection with lineage 1 and 2 west nile virus isolates of mediterranean and central european origin. | west nile virus (wnv; genus flavivirus; family flaviviridae) is the aetiological agent of an emerging, mosquito-borne disease with great impact on human and animal health. over the past 15 years, wnv has been responsible for large epidemics mainly in north america but also in europe, where lineage 1 and more recently lineage 2 strains have caused an upsurge in the number of outbreaks with increased human infection and higher virulence for certain wild bird species. this study aimed to compare th ... | 2018 | 30080671 |
| emerging arboviruses of clinical importance in central asia. | arboviruses are viral pathogens that are transmitted from an animal reservoir to humans via an arthropod vector. these viruses result in a large burden of disease worldwide and show a propensity for establishing new endemic foci in geographically distant regions. the potential impact of arboviruses in central asia is unclear due to the scarcity of reports available in english; however, the collation of available data shows that numerous important human viruses are circulating in the region. path ... | 2018 | 30067170 |
| mortality of goshawks (accipiter gentilis) due to west nile virus lineage 2. | in 2017, we isolated and identified west nile virus (wnv) lineage 2 from two dead captive goshawks (accipiter gentilis), for the first time in the czech republic. goshawk might serve as an early indicator species for the ongoing wnv emergence in several european countries. | 2018 | 30063186 |
| insect-specific viruses: from discovery to potential translational applications. | over the past decade the scientific community has experienced a new age of virus discovery in arthropods in general, and in insects in particular. next generation sequencing and advanced bioinformatics tools have provided new insights about insect viromes and viral evolution. in this review, we discuss some high-throughput sequencing technologies used to discover viruses in insects and the challenges raised in data interpretations. additionally, the discovery of these novel viruses that are cons ... | 2018 | 30048906 |
| structure-based prediction of west nile virus-human protein-protein interactions. | in recent years, west nile virus (wnv) has posed a great threat to global human health due to its explosive spread. studying the protein-protein interactions (ppis) between wnv and human is beneficial for understanding the pathogenesis of wnv and the immune response mechanism of human against wnv infection at the molecular level. in this study, we identified the human target proteins which interact with wnv based on protein structure similarity, and then the interacting pairs were filtered by th ... | 2019 | 30044201 |
| evidence of chikungunya virus disease in pakistan since 2015 with patients demonstrating involvement of the central nervous system. | several arboviruses are endemic to and co-circulate in pakistan. in recent years, pakistan has observed a rise in arboviral infections. a cross-sectional study for arboviral diseases, which included screening for chikungunya virus (chikv), was initiated in 2015 to determine which pathogens were causing disease in patients presenting to health care services. exposure to chikv was verified via detection of viral nucleic acids or virus-specific igm with virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. out o ... | 2018 | 30042937 |
| an immunopharmacoinformatics approach in development of vaccine and drug candidates for west nile virus. | an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) like the recent ebola can be more epidemic and fatal to public health throughout the world. wnv possesses utmost threat as no vaccine or drug is currently available for its treatment except mosquito control. the current study applied the combined approach of immunoinformatics and pharmacoinformatics to design potential epitope-based vaccines and drug candidates against wnv. by analyzing the whole proteome of 2994 proteins, the wnv envelope glycoprotein was se ... | 2018 | 30035107 |
| high resistance of vector of west nile virus, culex pipiens linnaeus (diptera: culicidae) to different insecticides recommended by who in northern iran. | culex pipiens is a mosquito species distributed in different parts of iran. it is known as vector of some diseases as well as a nuisance insect. a successful control campaign needs to study the biology, ecology and susceptibility status of the target pest. the aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility status of culex pipiens to some insecticides recommended by who in north of iran. | 2018 | 30018991 |
| correction for kumar et al., "inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing card (asc) is critical for the immune response and survival in west nile virus encephalitis". | | 2018 | 30018145 |
| outbreak of west nile virus disease in israel (2015): a retrospective analysis of notified cases. | west nile virus (wnv) is mosquito-borne virus that is endemic in israel. in 2015, national disease surveillance demonstrated a sharp increase in disease cases, with 149 cases diagnosed. | 2019 | 30016649 |
| epidemiology and ecology of west nile virus in sub-saharan africa. | west nile virus (wnv) is the aetiological agent of the mosquito-borne zoonotic disease west nile fever. the virus, first isolated in uganda in 1937, evolved into two distinct lineages in sub-saharan africa (ssa) that subsequently spread to most continents where the virus has evolved further as evident through phylogenetic analysis of extant genomes. numerous published reports from the past 70 years from countries in ssa indicate that the virus is endemic across the region. however, due in part t ... | 2018 | 30005653 |
| gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during west nile virus infection: a critical meta-analysis. | infections with the west nile virus (wnv) can attack neurological tissues in the host and alter gene expression levels therein. several individual studies have analyzed these changes in the transcriptome based on measurements with dna microarrays. individual microarray studies produce a high-dimensional data structure with the number of studied genes exceeding the available sample size by far. therefore, the level of scientific evidence of these studies is rather low and results can remain uncer ... | 2018 | 30001706 |
| how small-molecule inhibitors of dengue-virus infection interfere with viral membrane fusion. | dengue virus (dv) is a compact, icosahedrally symmetric, enveloped particle, covered by 90 dimers of envelope protein (e), which mediates viral attachment and membrane fusion. fusion requires a dimer-to-trimer transition and membrane engagement of hydrophobic 'fusion loops'. we previously characterized the steps in membrane fusion for the related west nile virus (wnv), using recombinant, wnv virus-like particles (vlps) for single-particle experiments (chao et al., 2014). trimerization and membra ... | 2018 | 29999491 |
| prevalence of chronic comorbidities in dengue fever and west nile virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | flavivirus diseases such as dengue fever (denv), west nile virus (wnv), zika and yellow fever represent a substantial global public health concern. preexisting chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and asthma were thought to predict risk of progression to severe infections. | 2018 | 29990356 |
| lethal disseminated dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor following west nile virus: report of a very unusual combination. | dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (dnets) are typically benign world health organization (who) grade i tumors of the cortical or deep gray matter with a favorable prognosis. we encountered a patient with dnet who has been evaluated and treated for west nile encephalitis 7 months before presentation. over the course of 2 years, the patient developed diffuse leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. as the disease burden increased, the patient eventually became quadriparetic. the patient elected for ho ... | 2018 | 29988761 |
| confirmation of zika virus infection through hospital-based sentinel surveillance of acute febrile illness in uganda, 2014-2017. | zika virus (zikv), transmitted by aedes species mosquitoes, was first isolated in uganda in 1947. from february 2014 to october 2017, the uganda virus research institute, in collaboration with the us centers for diseases control and prevention, conducted arbovirus surveillance in acute febrile illness (afi) patients at st francis hospital in nkonkonjeru. three hundred and eighty-four serum samples were collected and tested for igm antibodies to yellow fever virus (yfv), west nile virus (wnv), de ... | 2018 | 29975185 |
| a monoclonal antibody to diii e protein allowing the differentiation of west nile virus from other flaviviruses by a lateral flow assay. | west nile virus (wnv) belongs to the flaviviridae family, genus flavivirus, which includes other emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pathogenic for animals and/or humans. west nile virus is a genetically diverse rna virus with at least 7 different recognized lineages. following its recent introduction and subsequent expansion to the americas, wnv is currently one of the most widely spread arboviruses in the world having recently re-emerged in the mediterranean basin, central and easte ... | 2018 | 29958922 |
| proposing drug fragments for dengue virus ns5 protein. | dengue fever is a febrile illness caused by dengue virus, which belongs to the flaviviridae family. among its proteome, the nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) is the biggest and most conserved. it has a primer-independent rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domain at its c-terminus. zou et al. studied the biological relevance of the two conserved cavities (named a and b) within the ns5 proteins of dengue virus (denv) and west nile virus (wnv) using mutagenesis and revertant analysis and found four mu ... | 2018 | 29945503 |
| selective constraint and adaptive potential of west nile virus within and among naturally infected avian hosts and mosquito vectors. | arthropod-borne viruses are among the most genetically constrained rna viruses, yet they have a remarkable propensity to adapt and emerge. we studied wild birds and mosquitoes naturally infected with west nile virus (wnv) in a 'hot spot' of virus transmission in chicago, il, usa. we generated full coding wnv genome sequences from spatiotemporally matched bird and mosquito samples using high-throughput sequencing, allowing a molecular evolutionary assessment with deep coverage. mean fst among sam ... | 2018 | 29942654 |
| [prevention of vector-borne diseases in italy]. | in recent years, a constant increase of vector-borne diseases has been seen in italy, due to various conditions including climate change, trade and international travel. these factors contribute to the diffusion on the italian territory of newly introduced carriers and pathogens. these new pathogens can be an emerging cause of epidemics, as in the case of the chikungunya virus in 2007 and in 2017, or can establish a true endemic disease, as in the case of the west nile virus. it is even possible ... | 2019 | 29936525 |
| ocular manifestations of emerging arboviruses: dengue fever, chikungunya, zika virus, west nile virus, and yellow fever. | arboviruses are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and tick bites. they are a major cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality. their expansion is constant and due in part to climate change and globalization. mostly found in tropical regions, arboviruses are sometimes the source of epidemics in europe. recently, the chikungunya virus and the zika virus were responsible for very large epidemics impacting populations that had never been in contact with those viruses. there are currently no e ... | 2018 | 29929827 |
| identification of genetic variants associated with dengue or west nile virus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | dengue and west nile viruses are highly cross-reactive and have numerous parallels in geography, potential vector host (aedes family of mosquitoes), and initial symptoms of infection. while the vast majority (> 80%) of both dengue and west nile virus infections result in asymptomatic infections, a minority of individuals experience symptomatic infection and an even smaller proportion develop severe disease. the mechanisms by which these infections lead to severe disease in a subset of infected i ... | 2018 | 29929468 |
| reproduction numbers of infectious disease models. | this primer article focuses on the basic reproduction number, ℛ0 , for infectious diseases, and other reproduction numbers related to ℛ0 that are useful in guiding control strategies. beginning with a simple population model, the concept is developed for a threshold value of ℛ0 determining whether or not the disease dies out. the next generation matrix method of calculating ℛ0 in a compartmental model is described and illustrated. to address control strategies, type and target reproduction numbe ... | 2017 | 29928743 |
| a naturally occurring antiviral ribonucleotide encoded by the human genome. | viral infections continue to represent major challenges to public health, and an enhanced mechanistic understanding of the processes that contribute to viral life cycles is necessary for the development of new therapeutic strategies 1 . viperin, a member of the radical s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) superfamily of enzymes, is an interferon-inducible protein implicated in the inhibition of replication of a broad range of rna and dna viruses, including dengue virus, west nile virus, hepatitis c vir ... | 2018 | 29925952 |
| evaluation of real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for clinical diagnosis of west nile virus in patients. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus. the disease can be diagnosed by isolation followed by fluorescent antibody tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. these diagnostic methods are laborious and time-consuming. the present study was aimed to evaluate the real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method for rapid, early and accurate diagnosis of wnv. | 2018 | 29923519 |
| forage ratio analysis of the southern house mosquito in college station, texas. | culex quinquefasciatus is the principal vector of west nile virus (wnv) in the south central united states, yet limited data on host utilization are available. we evaluated host utilization over a 3-month period in 2013 in a residential landscape in college station, texas. pcr sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene permitted molecular identification of vertebrate bloodmeals to the species level. forage ratio analysis identified bird species that were overutilized and underutil ... | 2018 | 29920164 |
| antibodies to west nile virus in mexican pigs. | | 2019 | 29916452 |
| identification of a 3-alkylpyridinium compound from the red sea sponge amphimedon chloros with in vitro inhibitory activity against the west nile virus ns3 protease. | viruses are underrepresented as targets in pharmacological screening efforts, given the difficulties of devising suitable cell-based and biochemical assays. in this study we found that a pre-fractionated organic extract of the red sea sponge amphimedon chloros was able to inhibit the west nile virus ns3 protease (wnv ns3). using liquid chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (lc-ms) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy, the identity of the bioactive compound was determined as a 3-alkylpyri ... | 2018 | 29912151 |
| did zika virus mutate to cause severe outbreaks? | zika virus (zikv) has challenged the assumed knowledge regarding the pathobiology of flaviviruses. despite causing sporadic and mild disease in the 50 years since its discovery, zika virus has now caused multiple outbreaks in dozens of countries worldwide. moreover, the disease severity in recent outbreaks, with neurological disease in adult and devastating congenital malformations in fetuses, was not previously seen. one hypothesis is that the virus has acquired mutations that have increased it ... | 2018 | 29903417 |
| translational model of zika virus disease in baboons. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus with devastating outcomes seen recently in the americas due to the association of maternal zikv infection with fetal microcephaly and other fetal malformations not previously associated with flavivirus infections. here, we have developed the olive baboon (papio anubis) as a nonhuman primate (nhp) translational model for the study of zikv pathogenesis and associated disease outcomes to contrast and compare with humans and other major nhps ... | 2018 | 29875247 |
| inhibition of west nile virus replication by bifunctional sirna targeting the ns2a and ns5 conserved region. | the west nile virus (wnv) has emerged as one of the most significant arboviral infection in many parts of the world and is associated with the encephalitis affecting mainly human and horses. in spite of the fact that the wnv is threat for the public health, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for the treatment of wnv. | 2018 | 29874999 |
| powassan virus and other arthropod-borne viruses in wildlife and ticks in ontario, canada. | powassan virus (powv) is a tick-borne zoonosis maintained in natural enzootic cycles between ixodid ticks and wild mammals. reported human cases have increased in recent years; these infections can be fatal or lead to long-term neurologic sequelae. however, both the geographic distribution and the role of common, potential mammalian hosts in powv transmission are poorly understood, creating challenges to public health surveillance. we looked for evidence of powv infection among candidate wildlif ... | 2018 | 29869604 |
| arboviral surveillance among pediatric patients with acute febrile illness in houston, texas. | we instituted active surveillance among febrile patients presenting to the largest houston-area pediatric emergency department to identify acute infections of dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv), and chikungunya virus (chikv). in 2014, 1,063 children were enrolled, and 1,015 (95%) had blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid specimens available for denv, wnv, and chikv testing. almost half (49%) reported recent mosquito bites, and 6% (n = 60) reported either recent international travel or contact ... | 2018 | 29869599 |
| a disconnect between precursor frequency, expansion potential, and site-specific cd4+ t cell responses in aged mice. | t cell recognition of peptides presented within self-major histocompatibility complex (pmhc) molecules is essential for long-lived protective immunity. as mice age the number of naïve cd4+ and cd8+ t cells declines. however, unlike for cd8+ t cells, there are more naïve and memory phenotype cd4+ t cells that bind foreign pmhcii in old mice (18-22 months) than adults (12-15 weeks), suggesting increased promiscuity of pmhcii recognition with aging. here we asked if cd4+ t cell responses to immuniz ... | 2018 | 29864157 |
| nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of dengue non-structural protein 5 as a target for antivirals. | signal-dependent movement of proteins into and out of the nucleus through the importin superfamily of transporters is central to the replication of many viruses in infected cells, including rna viruses such as the flavivirus dengue virus (denv). denv non-structural protein 5 (ns5) traffics into and out of the host cell nucleus/nucleolus, being observed in the nucleus, although to differing extents, very early in infection in the case of all 4 denv serotypes; with results from both reverse geneti ... | 2018 | 29845535 |
| arboviruses: a family on the move. | arboviruses are a diverse group of vector-borne viruses, many of whose members are the cause of significant human morbidity and mortality. over the last 30 years, the emergence and/or resurgence of arboviruses have posed a considerable global health threat. the ongoing geographical expansion of the dengue viruses (denv), along with the explosive outbreaks of west nile virus (wnv), chikungunya virus (chikv) and more recently, zika virus (zikv) have all served as reminders that new epidemics may e ... | 2018 | 29845521 |
| assessment of risk for transplant-transmissible infectious encephalitis among deceased organ donors. | there were 13 documented clusters of infectious encephalitis transmission via organ transplant from deceased donors to recipients during 2002-2013. hence, organs from donors diagnosed with encephalitis are often declined because of concerns about the possibility of infection, given that there is no quick and simple test to detect causes of infectious encephalitis. | 2018 | 29809311 |
| prevalence of usutu and west nile virus antibodies in human sera, modena, italy, 2012. | a collection of 3069 human sera collected in the area of the municipality of modena, emilia romagna, italy, was retrospectively investigated for specific antibodies against usutu (usuv) and west nile viruses (wnv). all the samples resulting positive using a preliminary screening test were analyzed with the plaque reduction neutralization test. overall, 24 sera were confirmed as positive for usuv (0.78%) and 13 for wnv (0.42%). the results suggest that in 2012, usuv was circulating more than wnv ... | 2018 | 29797606 |
| development of an electrochemical paper-based analytical device for trace detection of virus particles. | viral pathogens are a serious health threat around the world, particularly in resource limited settings, where current sensing approaches are often insufficient and slow, compounding the spread and burden of these pathogens. here, we describe a label-free, point-of-care approach toward detection of virus particles, based on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device with integrated microwire au electrodes. the device is initially characterized through capturing of streptavidin modified nanopar ... | 2018 | 29790331 |
| serosurvey of west nile virus in household-reared pigeons in bauchi metropolis, nigeria. | in nigeria not much is known about west nile virus (wnv) in pigeons. this study determined the involvement of household-reared pigeons in the circulation of wnv in nigeria. | 2018 | 29788268 |
| generation of a lineage ii powassan virus (deer tick virus) cdna clone: assessment of flaviviral genetic determinants of tick and mosquito vector competence. | the flavivirus genus comprises a diverse group of viruses that utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. the genus includes viruses that are transmitted solely by mosquitoes or vertebrate hosts as well as viruses that alternate transmission between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrates. nevertheless, the viral genetic determinants that dictate these unique flaviviral host and vector specificities have been poorly characterized. in this report, a cdna clone of a flavivirus tha ... | 2018 | 29782238 |
| emerging infectious diseases: prediction and detection. | emerging infectious diseases (eids), including west nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and lyme disease, have had a direct effect within canada, while many more eids such as zika, chikungunya and ebola are a threat to canadians while travelling. over 75% of eids affecting humans are, or were originally, zoonoses (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans). there are two main ways by which infectious diseases can emerge: by changes in their geographical ranges and b ... | 2017 | 29770047 |
| enhanced production and immunological characterization of recombinant west nile virus envelope domain iii protein. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus which is responsible for severe and fatal encephalitis in humans and for which there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic available to prevent infection. the envelope domain iii protein (ediii) of wnv was over-expressed in escherichia coli and purified using a two-step chromatography process which included immobilized metal affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. e. coli cells were grown in a bioreactor to high density u ... | 2018 | 29768182 |
| survey of uk horse owners' knowledge of equine arboviruses and disease vectors. | increased globalisation and climate change have led to concern about the increasing risk of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) outbreaks globally. an outbreak of equine arboviral disease in northern europe could impact significantly on equine welfare, and result in economic losses. early identification of arboviral disease by horse owners may help limit disease spread. in order to determine what horse owners understand about arboviral diseases of horses and their vectors, the authors undertook an ... | 2018 | 29764954 |
| evidence of natural wolbachia infections and molecular identification of field populations of culex pipiens complex (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in western turkey. | establishing reliable risk projection information about the distribution pattern of members of the culex pipiens complex is of particular interest, as these mosquitoes are competent vectors for certain disease-causing pathogens. wolbachia, a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont, are distributed in various arthropod species and can induce cytoplasmic incompatibility, i.e., reduced egg hatch, in certain crosses. it is being considered as a tool for population control of mosquito disease vectors ... | 2018 | 29757522 |
| attraction of culex pipiens to uropygial gland secretions does not explain feeding preference for american robins. | culex pipiens, the endemic mosquito vector of west nile virus in eastern north america, is responsible for maintenance of the virus in avian reservoir hosts, the most important of which appears to be the american robin. one reason for the greater involvement of robins is believed to be the feeding preference of cx. pipiens, however, the basis of this preference is not understood. we tested the hypothesis that the species-specific chemical profile of avian uropygial gland secretions are used by c ... | 2018 | 29757510 |
| detection of multiple pathogens in serum using silica-encapsulated nanotags in a surface-enhanced raman scattering-based immunoassay. | a robust immunoassay based on surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) has been developed to simultaneously detect trace quantities of multiple pathogenic antigens from west nile virus, rift valley fever virus, and yersinia pestis in fetal bovine serum. antigens were detected by capture with silica-encapsulated nanotags and magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with polyclonal antibodies. the magnetic pull-down resulted in aggregation of the immune complexes, and the silica-encapsulated nanotags pro ... | 2018 | 29733579 |
| improving the prediction of arbovirus outbreaks: a comparison of climate-driven models for west nile virus in an endemic region of the united states. | models that forecast the timing and location of human arboviral disease have the potential to make mosquito control and disease prevention more effective. a common approach is to use statistical time-series models that predict disease cases as lagged functions of environmental variables. however, the simplifying assumptions required for standard modeling approaches may not capture important aspects of complex, non-linear transmission cycles. here, we compared a set of alternative models of human ... | 2018 | 29727611 |
| vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases - united states and territories, 2004-2016. | vectorborne diseases are major causes of death and illness worldwide. in the united states, the most common vectorborne pathogens are transmitted by ticks or mosquitoes, including those causing lyme disease; rocky mountain spotted fever; and west nile, dengue, and zika virus diseases. this report examines trends in occurrence of nationally reportable vectorborne diseases during 2004-2016. | 2018 | 29723166 |
| first isolation of west nile virus in zambia from mosquitoes. | mosquito surveillance studies to identify mosquito-borne flaviviruses have identified west nile virus (wnv) for the first time in zambia. the zambian wnv isolate from culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the western province was closely related genetically to wnv lineage 2 south african strains which have been previously shown to be highly neuroinvasive. these data provide the first evidence of the circulation of wnv in zambia and suggest there should be an increased awareness of possi ... | 2018 | 29722174 |
| ovicidal and larvicidal effects of garlic and asafoetida essential oils against west nile virus vectors. | we examined the chemical composition of garlic and asafoetida essential oils and their individual and combined toxicity against larvae of culex pipiens linnaeus and culex restuans theobald (diptera: culicidae). the effect of the two essential oils on egg hatch was also examined. ten and 12 compounds, respectively, were identified in garlic and asafoetida essential oils. allyl disulfide (49.13%) and diallyl trisulfide (31.08%) were the most abundant compounds in garlic essential oil accounting fo ... | 2018 | 29718505 |
| functional analysis of duck, goose, and ostrich 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. | up-to-date the flavivirus infection in avian taxa is not clearly defined. several reports have demonstrated that many viruses belonging to flaviviridae may cause diseases in poultry species; however, the susceptibility of other avian species is variable and still unclear. in human and mice, the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (oas) proteins are associated with resistance to the flavivirus infection as well as other virus infections. however, the avian oas proteins are rarely studied. in our prev ... | 2018 | 29715528 |
| direct activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (ampk) by pf-06409577 inhibits flavivirus infection through modification of host cell lipid metabolism. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a group of rna viruses that constitute global threats for human and animal health. replication of these pathogens is strictly dependent on cellular lipid metabolism. we have evaluated the effect of the pharmacological activation of amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), a master regulator of lipid metabolism, on the infection of three medically relevant flaviviruses, namely, west nile virus (wnv), zika virus (zikv), and dengue virus (denv). wnv is responsible for re ... | 2018 | 29712653 |