| transcriptome profiling reveals pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase activation in zika virus infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | the deformities in the newborns infected with zika virus (zikv) present a new potential public health threat to the worldwide community. although zikv infection is mainly asymptomatic in healthy adults, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects and potentially death of the fetus. the detailed mechanism of zikv-associated damage is still largely unknown; however, it is apparent that the virus crosses the placental barrier to reach the fetus. endothelial cell ... | 2019 | 31249527 |
| west nile virus and usutu virus co-circulation in europe: epidemiology and implications. | west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) are neurotropic mosquito-borne flaviviruses that may infect humans. although wnv is much more widespread and plays a much larger role in human health, the two viruses are characterized by similar envelope antigens, clinical manifestations, and present overlapping in terms of geographic range of transmission, host, and vector species. this review highlights some of the most relevant aspects of wnv and usuv human infections in europe, and the possible i ... | 2019 | 31248051 |
| seroreactivity to chikungunya and west nile viruses in rwandan blood donors. | introduction: chikungunya virus (chikv) and west nile virus (wnv) have previously been reported from several african countries, including those bordering rwanda where they may have originated. however, there have been no serosurveillance reports from rwanda regarding these two viral pathogens. in this article, we present the first study of immunoglobulin g (igg) seroreactivity of chikv and wnv in rwandan blood donor samples. methods: blood donors from rwanda (n = 874) and sweden (n = 199) were t ... | 2019 | 31246538 |
| malignant glial neuronal tumors after west nile virus neuroinvasive disease: a coincidence or a clue? | following acute west nile virus (wnv) infection in humans, there is upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules that promote neuroinflammation, including s100 calcium binding protein b (s100b), high-mobility group box-1 (hmgb1), and osteopontin (opn). the effects of s100b and hmgb1 are transduced by the receptor for advanced glycation end products (rage). interestingly, the same immunoregulatory proteins that fuel neuroinflammation can also promote tumorigenesis. we present 2 cases of glial neuro ... | 2019 | 31244973 |
| endless forms: within-host variation in the structure of the west nile virus rna genome during serial passage in bird hosts. | rna viruses are infamous for their high rates of mutation, which produce swarms of genetic variants within individual hosts. to date, analyses of intrahost genetic diversity have focused on the primary genome sequence. however, virus phenotypes are shaped not only by primary sequence but also by the secondary structures into which this sequence folds. such structures enable viral replication, translation, and binding of small rnas, yet within-host variation at the structural level has not been a ... | 2019 | 31243074 |
| dendritic cell-associated mavs is required to control west nile virus replication and ensuing humoral immune responses. | mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs) is a critical innate immune signaling protein that directs the actions of the rig-i-like receptor (rlr) signaling pathway of rna virus recognition and initiation of anti-viral immunity against west nile virus (wnv). in the absence of mavs, mice die more rapidly after infection with the pathogenic wnv-texas (tx) strain, but also produce elevated wnv-specific igg concomitant with increased viral burden. here we investigated whether there was a b cel ... | 2019 | 31242236 |
| serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008. | despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ... | 2020 | 31237822 |
| t cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses. | t cells clear virus from the cns and dynamically regulate brain functions, including spatial learning, through cytokine signaling. here we determined whether hippocampal t cells that persist after recovery from infection with west nile virus (wnv) or zika virus (zikv) impact hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. using newly established models of viral encephalitis recovery in adult animals, we show that in mice that have recovered from wnv or zikv infection, t cell-derived interferon-γ (ifn ... | 2019 | 31235930 |
| lipid metabolism as a source of druggable targets for antiviral discovery against zika and other flaviviruses. | the zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can lead to birth defects (microcephaly), ocular lesions and neurological disorders (guillain-barré syndrome). there is no licensed vaccine or antiviral treatment against zikv infection. the effort to understand the complex interactions of zikv with cellular networks contributes to the identification of novel host-directed antiviral (hda) candidates. among the cellular pathways involved in infection, lipid metabolism gains attention. in z ... | 2019 | 31234348 |
| a recombinant subviral particle-based vaccine protects magpie (pica pica) against west nile virus infection. | the mosquito-borne west nile virus (wnv) is a highly neurovirulent flavivirus currently representing an emergent zoonotic concern. wnv cycles in nature between mosquito vectors and birds that act as amplifier hosts and play an essential role in virus ecology, being, thus, wnv a threat to many species. availability of an efficient avian vaccine would benefit certain avian populations, both birds grown for hunting and restocking activities, as well as endangered species in captive breeding project ... | 2019 | 31231320 |
| neuroinvasive west nile virus disease in an elderly patient with diffuse large b-cell lymphoma treated with r-chop therapy: a case report | west nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and emerging cause of significant illness in european and mediterranean countries. west nile virus infection can cause severe and potentially fatal neurological illnesses, including encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. additionally, immunosuppression, alcohol abuse, old age, and diabetes mellitus are common factors associated with west nile neuroinvasive disease. | 2019 | 31218878 |
| west nile virus encephalitis in haematological setting: report of two cases and a brief review of the literature. | west nile virus is a zoonotic agent causing life-threatening encephalitis in a proportion of infected patients. older age, immunosuppression, and mutations in specific host genes (e.g., ccr5 delta-32 mutation) predispose to neuroinvasive infection. we report on two cases of severe west nile encephalitis in recently-treated, different-aged, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. both patients developed high-grade fever associated with severe neurological impairment. the younger one harboured germ ... | 2019 | 31205637 |
| a pcr-based ngs protocol for whole genome sequencing of west nile virus lineage 2 directly from biological specimens. | lineage 2 west nile virus (wnv) strains have been implicated in severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and equines residing in europe. wnv molecular characterization is important for the development of diagnostic assays, as well as for obtaining molecular information, which is necessary for epidemiological investigations of virus transmission in areas at risk. for whole genome sequencing of lineage 2 wnv strains, directly from biological specimens, a pcr-based ngs protocol was developed. the me ... | 2019 | 31201852 |
| towards harmonisation of entomological surveillance in the mediterranean area. | the mediterranean basin is historically a hotspot for trade, transport, and migration. as a result, countries surrounding the mediterranean sea share common public health threats. among them are vector-borne diseases, and in particular, mosquito-borne viral diseases are prime candidates as (re)emerging diseases and are likely to spread across the area. improving preparedness and response capacities to these threats at the regional level is therefore a major issue. the implementation of entomolog ... | 2019 | 31194743 |
| west nile virus infection in a renal transplant recipient resulting in polioencephalomylelitis, quadriplegia, and global brain atrophy. | an immunosuppressed man developed rapidly progressive neurologic symptoms resulting in quadriplegia. on magnetic resonance imaging multiple areas of abnormal enhancement were observed in the brain, and spinal cord. serologic evidence of west nile virus (wnv) was discovered in the cerebrospinal fluid. this report highlights the catastrophic complications of wnv in an immunocompromised host. | 2019 | 31193054 |
| history and future of nucleic acid amplification technology blood donor testing. | the introduction of blood donor screening by virus nucleic acid amplification technology (nat) in the mid to late 1990s was driven by the so-called aids and hepatitis c virus (hcv) epidemic, with thousands of recipients of infected blood products and components. plasma fractionators were the first to introduce nat testing besides pathogen reduction procedures, to reduce the virus transmission risk through their products. to achieve a similar safety standard, nat was then also introduced for labi ... | 2019 | 31191192 |
| replication-defective west nile virus with ns1 deletion as a new vaccine platform for flavivirus. | we previously produced a replication-defective west nile virus (wnv) lacking ns1 (wnv-δns1) that could propagate at low levels (105 infectious units [iu]/ml) in a 293t cell line expressing wild-type (wt) ns1. this finding indicates the potential of developing wnv-δns1 as a noninfectious vaccine. to explore this idea, we developed an ns1-expressing vero cell line (verons1) that significantly improved the yield of wnv-δns1 (108 iu/ml). we evaluated the safety and efficacy of wnv-δns1 in mice. wnv- ... | 2019 | 31189715 |
| west nile virus seroprevalence among blood donors in hungary. | background and objectives: west nile virus (wnv) is one of the most important viral zoonotic infections in hungary; however, no transfusion-transmitted wnv infections have been confirmed so far. in 2016, the number of clinical cases of wnv reported was 44, but the seasonal wnv screening of whole-blood donors has not yet been implemented. our aims were to assess the wnv rna reactivity and the prevalence of wnv-specific antibodies in the samples of blood donors collected in 2016. materials and met ... | 2019 | 31184991 |
| west nile virus infection and interferon alpha treatment alter the spectrum and the levels of coding and noncoding host rnas secreted in extracellular vesicles. | extracellular vesicles (evs) are small membrane vesicles secreted by the cells that mediate intercellular transfer of molecules and contribute to transduction of various signals. viral infection and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to alter molecular composition of ev content. transfer of antiviral proteins by evs is thought to contribute to the development of inflammation and antiviral state. altered incorporation of selected host rnas into evs in response to infection has al ... | 2019 | 31182021 |
| backbone modifications in peptidic inhibitors of flaviviral proteases. | the ns2b-ns3 protease is a promising target for the development of drugs against dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv) and related flaviviruses. we report the systematic variation of the peptide backbone of the two lead compounds bz-arg-lys-d-phg-nh2 and bz-arg-lys-d-phg(obn)-nh2. while inhibitory activity against wnv protease was generally decreased, the inhibitory potency against denv protease could be conserved and increased in several peptidomimetics, particularly in those containing a ... | 2019 | 31176698 |
| associations between the presence of specific antibodies to the west nile virus infection and candidate genes in romanian horses from the danube delta. | the west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. due to their particular susceptibility to wnv infection, horses serve as a sentinel species. in a population of romanian semi-feral horses living in the danube delta region, we have analyzed the distribution of candidate polymorphic genetic markers between anti wnv-igg seropositive and seronegative horses. thirty-six snps located in 28 immunity-related genes and 26 microsatellites located ... | 2019 | 31175514 |
| west nile virus infection in brazil. | | 2019 | 31166492 |
| west nile virus retinitis in a patient with neuroinvasive disease. | | 2019 | 31166490 |
| seasonal temperatures and hydrological conditions improve the prediction of west nile virus infection rates in culex mosquitoes and human case counts in new york and connecticut. | west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae: flavivirus) is a widely distributed arthropod-borne virus that has negatively affected human health and animal populations. wnv infection rates of mosquitoes and human cases have been shown to be correlated with climate. however, previous studies have been conducted at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and the scale-dependence of these relationships has been understudied. we tested the hypothesis that climate variables are important to understand these ... | 2019 | 31158250 |
| influence of flavivirus co-circulation in serological diagnostics and surveillance: a model of study using west nile, usutu and bagaza viruses. | this study aims at assessing the serological cross-reactions existing between three mosquito-borne flaviviruses with avian reservoirs co-circulating in europe: west nile (wnv), usutu (usuv) and bagaza (bagv). the study is useful for a better interpretation of serological results in diagnostics and surveillance. serum samples obtained from a natural host, the red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), experimentally infected with wnv, usuv or bagv were analysed using two commercially available wnv co ... | 2019 | 31150146 |
| culex torrentium: a potent vector for the transmission of west nile virus in central europe. | the continuous circulation of west nile virus (wnv) in central, south and east europe and its recent detection in several dead birds and two horses in germany highlights the need for information on wnv vector competence of mosquitoes from central europe. therefore, three common culex species (culex pipiens biotype pipiens, culex pipiens biotype molestus and culex torrentium) from germany were orally infected with wnv and kept at 18 °c, 21 °c, 24 °c or 27 °c for 14 or 21 days post infection (dpi) ... | 2019 | 31146418 |
| west nile virus infection in individuals with pre-existing usutu virus immunity, northern italy, 2018. | in 2018, there was a large west nile virus (wnv) outbreak in northern italy. we observed five atypical cases of wnv infection that were characterised by the presence of wnv rna and wnv igg at the time of diagnosis, but no igm response during follow-up. neutralisation assays demonstrated pre-existing usutu virus immunity in all patients. besides challenging diagnosis, the immunological crosstalk between the two viruses warrants further investigation on possible cross-protection or infection enhan ... | 2019 | 31138361 |
| naturally avian influenza virus-infected wild birds are more likely to test positive for mycobacterium spp. and salmonella spp. | wild birds often harbor infectious microorganisms. some of these infectious microorganisms may present a risk to domestic animals and humans through spillover events. detections of certain microorganisms have been shown to increase host susceptibility to infections by other microorganisms, leading to coinfections and altered host-to-host transmission patterns. however, little is known about the frequency of coinfections and its impact on wild bird populations. in order to verify whether avian in ... | 2019 | 31131569 |
| schlafen 11 restricts flavivirus replication. | schlafen 11 (slfn11) is an interferon-stimulated gene that controls the synthesis of proteins by regulating trna abundance. likely through this mechanism, slfn11 has previously been shown to impair human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and the expression of codon-biased open reading frames. because replication of positive-sense single-stranded rna [(+)ssrna] viruses requires the immediate translation of the incoming viral genome, whereas negative-sense single-stranded rna [(-)ssr ... | 2019 | 31118262 |
| west nile virus associations in wild mammals: an update. | although west nile virus (wnv) is generally thought to circulate among mosquitoes and birds, several historic and recent works providing evidence of wnv activity in wild mammals have been published. indeed, a previous review tabulated evidence of wnv exposure in at least 100 mammalian species. herein, we provide an update on wnv activity in wild and select other mammals that have been reported since the last major review article on this subject was published in early 2013. of interest, new speci ... | 2019 | 31117189 |
| west nile virus vaccines - current situation and future directions. | west nile virus (wnv) is a widely spread human pathogenic arthropod-borne virus. it can lead to severe, sometimes fatal, neurological disease. over the last two decades, several vaccine candidates for the protection of humans from wnv have been developed. some technologies were transferred into clinical testing, but these approaches have not yet led to a licensed product. this review summarizes the current status of a human wnv vaccine and discusses reasons for the lack of clinically advanced pr ... | 2019 | 31116691 |
| pathogen prevalance in american black bears (ursus americanus amblyceps) of the jemez mountains, new mexico, usa. | informed management of american black bears (ursus americanus) requires knowledge of the distribution and pathology of diseases affecting the species. little information is available on pathogen prevalence from black bear populations in the southwest, us, and it is unknown how these infections may influence black bear populations or disease transmission. we captured new mexico black bears (ursus americanus amblyceps) during 2016-17 as part of a long-term monitoring project and opportunistically ... | 2019 | 31112469 |
| west nile and usutu virus infections and challenges to blood safety in the european union. | west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) circulate in several european union (eu) countries. the risk of transfusion-transmitted west nile virus (tt-wnv) has been recognized, and preventive blood safety measures have been implemented. we summarized the applied interventions in the eu countries and assessed the safety of the blood supply by compiling data on wnv positivity among blood donors and on reported tt-wnv cases. the paucity of reported tt-wnv infections and the screening results sugg ... | 2019 | 31107223 |
| the causes of canine myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis are elusive by targeted molecular testing: retrospective analysis and literature review. | myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage. as epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking, we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived (2007 to 2015) tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions. heart tissue from pediatric/juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays targeting recognized agents of canine my ... | 2019 | 31106678 |
| lazarus effect of high dose corticosteroids in a patient with west nile virus encephalitis: a coincidence or a clue? | west nile virus (wnv) causes severe neuroinvasive disease in humans characterized by meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis (poliomyelitis variant). in neuroinvasive disease, wnv infection of neurons resulting in neuronal loss is generally presumed to be the anatomical substrate for the high morbidity and mortality. however, on a molecular level, wnv infection also results in a significant upregulation of important proinflammatory molecules that have been reported to promote neuro ... | 2019 | 31106205 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of small-molecular di-basic esters, amides and carbamates as flaviviral protease inhibitors. | inhibitors of the flaviviral serine proteases, which are crucial for the replication of dengue and west-nile virus, have attracted much attention over the last years. a dibasic 4-guanidinobenzoate was previously reported as inhibitor of the dengue protease with potency in the low-micromolar range. in the present study, this lead structure was modified with the intent to explore structure-activity relationships and obtain compounds with increased drug-likeness. substitutions of the guanidine moie ... | 2019 | 31103899 |
| serological evidence of flavivirus circulation in human populations in northern kenya: an assessment of disease risk 2016-2017. | yellow fever, dengue, west nile and zika viruses are re-emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses of public health concern. however, the extent of human exposure to these viruses and associated disease burden in kenya and africa at large remains unknown. we assessed the seroprevalence of yellow fever and other flaviviruses in human populations in west pokot and turkana counties of kenya. these areas border uganda, south sudan and ethiopia where recent outbreaks of yellow fever and dengue have been re ... | 2019 | 31101058 |
| flaviviruses in migratory passerines during spring stopover in a desert oasis. | bird migration has long been hypothesized as the main mechanism for long-distance dispersal of flaviviruses, but the role of migratory birds in flaviviruses spillover is not well documented. in this study, we investigated the eco-epidemiology of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) in trans-saharan passerines during their spring stopover in southern tunisian oases. to do, we combined oral swab analysis and serological tools to assess whether migratory birds could be reaching these stopov ... | 2019 | 31090178 |
| expanded molecular testing on patients with suspected west nile virus disease. | most diagnostic testing for west nile virus (wnv) disease is accomplished using serologic testing, which is subject to cross-reactivity, may require cumbersome confirmatory testing, and may fail to detect infection in specimens collected early in the course of illness. the objective of this project was to determine whether a combination of molecular and serologic testing would increase detection of wnv disease cases in acute serum samples. a total of 380 serum specimens collected ≤7 days after o ... | 2019 | 31081745 |
| functional improvement of upper and lower extremity after decompression and neurolysis and nerve transfer in a pediatric patient with acute flaccid myelitis. | background acute flaccid myelitis is an emerging polio-like illness mostly affecting young children, characterized by rapid onset of extremity weakness and paralysis in 1 or more limbs. certain viruses, including enteroviruses such as ev-68, ev-71, poliovirus, and west nile virus, can cause this disorder. the largest known outbreak of evd68 in the united states was in the summer of 2014, causing severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis, mainly in young children. furthermore, the us ... | 2019 | 31073115 |
| do cytomegalovirus-specific memory t cells interfere with new immune responses in lymphoid tissues? | in both mice and humans, the cd8 t cell compartment is expanded with age in the presence of a cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection due to an absolute increase in the cd8+ t cell effector memory (tem) cells. it has been hypothesized that in cmv+ subjects, such accumulated tem cells could interfere with responses to new infection by competing for space/resources or could inhibit new responses by other, undefined, means. here we present evidence against this hypothesis. we show that mcmv-specific cd8 t ... | 2019 | 31069636 |
| prevalence and molecular epidemiology of west nile and usutu virus infections in croatia in the 'one health' context, 2018. | in 2018, croatia reported the largest outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) infections as well as the re-occurrence of human usutu virus (usuv) infections. for the first time, fatal wnv and usuv infections were detected in wild birds. we analysed epidemiological characteristics and molecular epidemiology of wnv and usuv infections detected during 2018 transmission season. from april to november, 178 patients with neuroinvasive disease and 68 patients with febrile disease were tested for wnv and usuv ... | 2019 | 31067011 |
| facial diplegia in neuroinvasive west nile virus infection. | | 2019 | 31060643 |
| the influence of weather and weather variability on mosquito abundance and infection with west nile virus in harris county, texas, usa. | early warning systems for vector-borne diseases (vbds) prediction are an ecological application where data from the interface of several environmental components can be used to predict future vbd transmission. in general, models for early warning systems only consider average environmental conditions ignoring variation in weather variables, despite the prediction from schmalhausen's law about the importance of environmental variability for biological systems. we present results from a long-term ... | 2019 | 31030133 |
| modeling and surveillance of reporting delays of mosquitoes and humans infected with west nile virus and associations with accuracy of west nile virus forecasts. | west nile virus (wnv) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease. | 2019 | 31026036 |
| in this issue - may 2019: west nile virus in horses · treating horses with dexamethasone via nebulisation · animal hoarding in nsw · dangers of powdered washing soda for emesis in dogs · pneumocystis in a dog following toceranib phosphate · oxalate nephrosis in koalas. | | 2019 | 31025324 |
| arenaviruses and west nile virus in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the american society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. | these updated guidelines from the infectious diseases community of practice of the american society of transplantation review the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of infection due to arenaviruses and west nile virus (wnv) in the pre- and post-transplant period. arenaviruses and wnv have been identified as causes of both donor-derived and post-transplant infection. most data related to these infections have been published in case reports and case series. transplant recipients m ... | 2019 | 31022306 |
| comparative analysis of african and asian lineage-derived zika virus strains reveals differences in activation of and sensitivity to antiviral innate immunity. | in recent years, asian lineage zika virus (zikv) strains emerged to cause pandemic outbreaks associated with a high rate of congenital zikv syndrome (czvs). the reasons for the enhanced spread and severe disease caused by newly emerging strains are not fully understood. here we compared viral sequences, viral replication, and innate immune signaling induction of three different zikv strains derived from african and asian lineages and west nile virus, another flavivirus. we found pronounced diffe ... | 2019 | 31019057 |
| spreading speed for a west nile virus model with free boundary. | the purpose of this paper is to determine the precise asymptotic spreading speed of the virus for a west nile virus model with free boundary, introduced recently in lin and zhu (j math biol 75:1381-1409, 2017), based on a model of lewis et al. (bull math biol 68:3-23, 2006). we show that this speed is uniquely defined by a semiwave solution associated with the west nile virus model. to find such a semiwave solution, we firstly consider a general cooperative system over the half-line [formula: se ... | 2019 | 31016334 |
| west nile virus illness in ontario, canada: 2017. | in canada, the annual incidence rates of west nile virus (wnv) illness have fluctuated over the last 15 years. ontario is one of the provinces in canada most affected by wnv and, as a result, has implemented robust mosquito and human surveillance programs. | 2019 | 31015803 |
| towards high quality real-time whole genome sequencing during outbreaks using usutu virus as example. | recently, protocols for amplicon based whole genome sequencing using nanopore technology have been described for ebola virus, zika virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus. however, there is some debate regarding reliability of sequencing using this technology, which is important for applications beyond diagnosis such as linking lineages to outbreaks, tracking transmission pathways and pockets of circulation, or mapping specific markers. to our knowledge, no in depth analyses of the require ... | 2019 | 31014969 |
| one health approach for west nile virus surveillance in the european union: relevance of equine data for blood safety. | west nile virus (wnv) infection is notifiable in humans and equids in the european union (eu). an area where a human case is detected is considered affected until the end of the mosquito transmission season (week 48) and blood safety measures have to be implemented. we used human and equine case notifications between 2013 and 2017 to define the wnv distribution in the eu and to investigate the relevance of using equine cases as a complementary trigger for blood safety measures. adding areas with ... | 2019 | 31014416 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of west nile virus isolate 2004hou3. | west nile virus (wnv) is an arbovirus with important public health implications globally. this study characterizes a viral isolate, 2004hou3, in comparison with the ny99 strain from the original wnv outbreak in new york, usa. nextgen sequencing was used to compare the viral isolates genetically, while wild-type c57/bl6 mice were used to compare pathogenicity and viral persistence. significant differences in survival and clinical presentations were noted, with minor genetic variations between the ... | 2019 | 31010172 |
| optimizing pcr detection of west nile virus from body fluid specimens to delineate natural history in an infected human cohort. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne arbovirus, remains a major global health concern. in this study, we optimized pcr methods then assessed serially-collected whole blood (wb), urine (ur), saliva, and semen specimens from a large cohort of wnv-positive participants to evaluate the natural history of infection and persistent shedding of wnv rna. viral rna extraction protocols for frozen wb and ur specimens were optimized and validated through spiking experiments to maximize recovery of viral ... | 2019 | 31010160 |
| fatal west nile virus infection in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) with pulmonary lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma. | a fatal case of west nile virus (wnv) infection was diagnosed based on histopathologic findings and the presence of wnv rna by reverse transcription pcr in the affected organs in a virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in quebec, canada in 2017. disease caused by wnv has not been described in a marsupial species. | 2019 | 31008678 |
| four human diseases with significant public health impact caused by mosquito-borne flaviviruses: west nile, zika, dengue and yellow fever. | in this review we will discuss the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic tests, pathologic features, treatment and disease prevention strategies for four mosquito-borne flaviviruses. west nile and zika viruses, once thought to be restricted geographically, emerged on the american continent in the first part of the 21st century. they have been constantly in the lay press and have caused a heightened awareness of emerging infections by the public, particularly given the manifestation ... | 2019 | 31006554 |
| longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in a patient infected with west nile virus. | until now, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (letm) was reported in association with various viral infections. we describe the case in which a diagnosis of letm was established as a clinical manifestation of west nile virus (wnv) infection. we report a 39-year old man with wnv infection and letm. in neurological examination, there was a left periscapular hypotrophy, moderate weakness of left arm, decreased left brachioradialis reflex, tandem instability and gait ataxia. cervical spine ... | 2019 | 31005826 |
| genetic susceptibility to west nile virus infection in camargue horses. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic neurotropic virus capable to cause lethal meningoencephalitis (wne) in infected hosts such as birds, horses, and humans. due to their sensitivity, horses serve as sentinel species in areas at risk. we studied a population of camargue horses living in southern france in two zones with endemic wnv circulation where wnv outbreaks were recorded in 2000 and 2003-4. two sets of microsatellite markers located in mhc and ly49 genomic regions were genoty ... | 2019 | 31005660 |
| targeting host metabolism by inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase reduces flavivirus infection in mouse models. | flaviviruses are (re)-emerging rna viruses strictly dependent on lipid metabolism for infection. in the search for host targeting antivirals, we explored the effect of pharmacological modulation of fatty acid metabolism during flavivirus infection. considering the central role of acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase (acc) on fatty acid metabolism, we analyzed the effect of three small-molecule acc inhibitors (pf-05175157, pf-05206574, and pf-06256254) on the infection of medically relevant flaviviruses ... | 2019 | 30999821 |
| superficial and deep macular vessel occlusion in west nile virus. | | 2019 | 30999346 |
| first field evidence infection of culex perexiguus by west nile virus in sahara oasis of algeria. | west nile virus (wnv) is considered one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world which is transmitted by several mosquito species including the culex genus. culex pipiens is the major vector of this virus in europe and usa whereas in african countries, other species such as cx. perexiguus is considered as an important vector. this paper aimed to study the mosquito species involved in wnv transmission in aougrout, one of the highly populated oasis of timimoun province in algeria wh ... | 2019 | 30997891 |
| specific detection and differentiation of tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus induced igg antibodies in humans and horses. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and west nile virus (wnv) are important arthropod-borne zoonotic flaviviruses. due to the emergence of wnv in tbev-endemic regions co-circulation of both viruses is increasing. flaviviruses are structurally highly similar, which leads to cross-reacting antibodies upon infection. currently available serological assays for tbev and wnv infections are therefore compromised by false-positive results, especially in igg measurements. in order to discriminate both i ... | 2019 | 30985075 |
| evidence of west nile virus circulation among humans in central northern algeria. | west nile virus (wnv) is the most widely distributed flavivirus worldwide. it is a mosquito-borne virus, and birds constitute its natural reservoir. humans and equines are considered accidental hosts. human wnv infections are usually asymptomatic or express as a mild febrile syndrome; however, in around 1% of cases they are responsible for more serious neurological diseases with a potentially lethal outcome. in the mediterranean basin the virus circulation is regarded as endemic. outbreaks of wn ... | 2019 | 30984402 |
| the rash with maculopapules and fever in adults. | there is a broad differential diagnosis for the presentation of fever and maculopapular rash in an adult. although some causative conditions are benign, others are medical emergencies that require prompt diagnosis. we describe various conditions that result in a fever and maculopapular rash in adults. these include infectious processes (meningococcemia, infectious mononucleosis, west nile virus, zika virus, rubella, primary human immunodeficiency virus, parvovirus b19, ebolavirus), tick-borne il ... | 2019 | 30981291 |
| mosquito antiviral defense mechanisms: a delicate balance between innate immunity and persistent viral infection. | mosquito-borne diseases are associated with major global health burdens. aedes spp. and culex spp. are primarily responsible for the transmission of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue virus, west nile virus and zika virus. despite the burden of these pathogens on human populations, the interactions between viruses and their mosquito hosts remain enigmatic. viruses enter the midgut of a mosquito following the mosquito's ingestion of a viremic blood meal. during ... | 2019 | 30975197 |
| trends in insecticide resistance in culex pipiens pallens over 20 years in shandong, china. | culex pipiens pallens is the most abundant culex mosquito species in northern china and is an important vector of bancroftian filariasis and, potentially, west nile virus. insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, are widely used for adult mosquito control. insecticide resistance has become common in several mosquito species, and vector control is the main method currently available to prevent disease transmission. the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene is the target site of pyrethroids, and ... | 2019 | 30975185 |
| infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on st. kitts, west indies. | free-roaming chickens on caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the americas. we studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on st. kitts, an eastern caribbean island. using commercial elisas, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, west nile virus, or salmonella enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronch ... | 2019 | 30973088 |
| west nile virus infection in europe: need for an integration of occupational health practice and public health activities. commentary. | in these days, the west nile virus (wnv), which is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus infection in the world, is an emerging issue in europe, wherein 2018, partial figures (until 25 october) showed a number of wnv infection cases more than doupled in comparison with previous five years. this mosquito-transmitted disease is surely a challenge for policymakers, but it is an occupational hazard for outdoor workers, as well. occupational medicine is a public health discipline based on the pri ... | 2019 | 30968829 |
| dengue and zika virus 5' untranslated regions harbor internal ribosomal entry site functions. | the flavivirus genus of the flaviviridae family encompasses numerous enveloped plus-strand rna viruses. dengue virus (denv), a flavivirus, is the leading cause of serious arthropod-borne disease globally. the genomes of denv, like the genomes of yellow fever virus (yfv), west nile fever virus (wnv), or zika virus (zikv), control their translation by a 5'-terminal capping group. three other genera of flaviviridae are remarkable because their viruses use internal ribosomal entry sites (iress) to c ... | 2019 | 30967466 |
| feeding success and host selection by culex quinquefasciatus say mosquitoes in experimental trials. | arthropod vector feeding preferences are defined as an overutilization of a particular host species given its abundance in relationship to other species in the community. numerous methods exist to quantify vector feeding preferences; however, controlled host choice experiments are generally an underutilized approach. in this report, we present results from controlled vector host choice experiments using culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes and wild avian hosts identified as ... | 2019 | 30964426 |
| macroecology of birds potentially susceptible to west nile virus. | zoonotic diseases transmitted by wildlife affect biological conservation, public and animal health, and the economy. current research efforts are aimed at finding wildlife pathogens at a given location. however, a meta-analytical approach may reveal emerging macroecological patterns in the host-pathogen relationship at different temporal and spatial scales. west nile virus (wnv) is a pathogen with worldwide detrimental impacts on bird populations. to understand macroecological patterns driving w ... | 2018 | 30963915 |
| insecticide resistance genes affect culex quinquefasciatus vector competence for west nile virus. | insecticide resistance has been reported to impact the interactions between mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit. however, the effect on vector competence for arboviruses still remained to be investigated. we examined the influence of two insecticide resistance mechanisms on vector competence of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus for two arboviruses, rift valley fever virus (rvfv) and west nile virus (wnv). three cx. quinquefasciatus lines sharing a common genetic background were used: tw ... | 2019 | 30963855 |
| emergence of west nile virus lineage 2 belonging to the eastern european subclade, greece. | west nile virus (wnv) emerged in greece in 2010 and since then human outbreaks occurred every year except 2015 and 2016. an early start and prolonged wnv transmission season was observed in 2018 with a record number of 316 reported cases and 47 fatalities. the greek wnv strains detected during 2010-2018 clustered within the central european subclade of lineage 2. a novel wnv genetic variant was detected in august 2018 in one human case in the north-eastern region of greece, at the land cross-bor ... | 2019 | 30953205 |
| west nile virus in hummingbirds in california, usa, 2005-17. | although west nile virus (wnv) infects many avian species, the prevalence and impact of wnv in hummingbirds (family trochilidae) have not been described. we focused on hummingbird mortality and wnv infection using data from the state of california's dead bird surveillance program for the years 2005-17. the overall prevalence of wnv in tested carcasses was 10.1% (49/486), with annual prevalence ranging from 0-28%. prevalence by county ranged from 0-40% while prevalence by species ranged from 0-12 ... | 2019 | 30951397 |
| immunological response in horses following west nile virus vaccination with inactivated or recombinant vaccine. | to evaluate the immunological response following vaccination, 40 wnv serologically negative horses were selected and divided in two groups of 20 animals. one group was vaccinated (booster after 28 days) with a whole inactivated viral strain and the second group with a live recombinant canarypox virus expressing the genes coding for the wnv prem/e viral proteins. igm, igg and neutralizing antibodies were monitored by class specific elisas and serum neutralization assay for 360 days. in both group ... | 2019 | 30951184 |
| jc virus identified in a patient with persistent and severe west nile virus disease. | west nile virus is a notable cause of neuroinvasive disease, damage to the central nervous system, or even death. in this study, using metagenomics analysis and quantitative real-time pcr validation, we identified a jc virus infection in urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples of a west nile virus patient with severe neurological symptoms and extended disease. jc virus is known to be involved in neurological complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals thus suggesting that the coinfe ... | 2019 | 30949974 |
| west nile virus infections are here! are we prepared to face another flavivirus epidemic? | emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and zika viruses, are a major threat to public health in countries like brazil where biodiversity is high and medical care is sometimes precarious. west nile fever is a disease caused by the west nile virus (wnv), an rna virus belonging to the flaviviridae family. it is transmitted by infected mosquitoes to numerous animals like birds, reptiles and mammals, including human and non-human primates. in the last decade, the number o ... | 2019 | 30942263 |
| the west nile virus epidemic-occupational insight. | | 2019 | 30938316 |
| simultaneous detection of dengue virus, chikungunya virus, zika virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus. | although certain mosquito-borne virus, such as dengue virus (denv), chikungunya virus (chikv), zika virus (zikv), yellow fever virus (yfv) and west nile virus (wnv), are an important public health concern in those countries where transmitter mosquitoes are endemic, several cases of travelers from those endemic countries have been recently reported in europe. thus, early diagnosis of these viruses is essential for patient management and adoption of preventive measures. an assay for the simultaneo ... | 2019 | 30930286 |
| emerging arboviruses of medical importance in the mediterranean region. | the epidemiology of viral infections transmitted by arthropods is changing due to a variety of parameters related to the virus, the host and the environment. the mediterranean region is highly affected by changes in the intensity and extension of global-scale climate patterns, and, due to its location, it provides a vulnerable environment for emergence of arboviral diseases. the main arboviruses that pose currently a public health threat in the mediterranean region are west nile virus and crimea ... | 2019 | 30928817 |
| integrating social and ecological data to model metapopulation dynamics in coupled human and natural systems. | understanding how metapopulations persist in dynamic working landscapes requires assessing the behaviors of key actors that change patches as well as intrinsic factors driving turnover. coupled human and natural systems (chans) research uses a multidisciplinary approach to identify the key actors, processes, and feedbacks that drive metapopulation and landscape dynamics. we describe a framework for modeling metapopulations in chans that integrates ecological and social data by coupling stochasti ... | 2019 | 30927267 |
| emergence and associated risk factors of vector borne west nile virus infection in ilorin, nigeria. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that is the causative agent of west nile fever and encephalitis. diagnostic tools for wnv infection in nigeria are not well established hence the current prevalence rate of wnv infection in nigeria is unknown. we aimed to establish the serological prevalence of wnv infection in febrile patients in ilorin, nigeria in 2016, and to assess the risk factors associated with the acquisition of the virus. | 2018 | 30918903 |
| effect of overwintering on survival and vector competence of the west nile virus vector culex pipiens. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus that is mainly transmitted among birds by culex pipiens mosquitoes. the species cx. pipiens consists of two biotypes named pipiens and molestus, which together can form hybrids. one of the major distinctions between the biotypes is their overwintering behaviour. adults of biotype pipiens diapause during winter, whereas biotype molestus remains actively blood-feeding. diapausing may affect survival and vector competence of biotype pipiens. the aims ... | 2019 | 30917854 |
| emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance. | emerging viral infections represent a public health risk pointed out by the spreading of pathogens with potential zoonotic risk. moreover, the risk of zoonosis has probably been underestimated in occupational settings. a literature review between 2007 and 2018 was performed to identify evidences concerning the epidemiological associations between some emerging viruses and occupational diseases. observational studies and case-reports were selected and analyzed. west nile virus (wnv) disease, crim ... | 2019 | 30916772 |
| sex differences in cytokine production following west nile virus infection: implications for symptom manifestation. | west nile virus (wnv) infection outcomes vary among individuals, with most infections resulting in asymptomatic or mild flu-like symptoms. we previously reported an association between early cytokine production and symptom outcome following wnv infection in us blood donors. in this meta-analysis, we found that wnv-infected females reported more symptoms than wnv-infected males, despite similar initial viremia and type i interferon responses. as the infection progressed, males exhibited a protrac ... | 2019 | 30915442 |
| the invasive mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern italy. | the invasive mosquito species, aedes japonicus japonicus, was detected in northeastern italy for the first time in 2015, at the border with austria. after this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess its distribution and to collect biological data. herein, we report the results of four years (2015-2018) of activity. | 2019 | 30909981 |
| novel flavivirus antiviral that targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer. | dengue virus (denv) threatens almost 70% of the world's population, with no effective vaccine or therapeutic currently available. a key contributor to infection is nuclear localisation in the infected cell of denv nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) through the action of the host importin (imp) α/β1 proteins. here, we used a range of microscopic, virological and biochemical/biophysical approaches to show for the first time that the small molecule gw5074 has anti-denv action through its novel ability t ... | 2019 | 30909636 |
| cognitive behavioural impairment with irreversible sensorineural deafness as a complication of west nile encephalitis. | despite common clinical features to suggest encephalitis, different viral encephalitides are known to have some specific clinical features, which if present, may suggest infection by a particular virus. west nile viral (wnv) encephalitis has not been described with any specific diagnostic feature so far. in this context, we describe three patients of west nile encephalitis (wne) who had behavioural and cognitive impairment with acute irreversible bilaterally symmetrical sensorineural deafness. c ... | 2019 | 30903400 |
| west nile virus encephalitis in a young immunocompetent female in omaha nebraska. | one of the most common cause of arbovirus encephalitis in the united states of america (usa) is west nile virus (wnv). in immunocompetent hosts, 70-80% of infected individuals have subclinical disease. however, in less than 1% of people infected by wnv it can become fulminant neuroinvasive disease associated with neurological morbidity. herein, we discuss a case of neuroinvasive wnv disease with non-specific symptoms in an immunocompetent young female in omaha. our patient survived the acute pha ... | 2019 | 30881858 |
| global warming and arboviral infections. | climate change is already expanding the geographic footprint of arboviral infections. in this article we consider the impact of climate change on three arboviruses with particular consideration of the effect on europe. | 2019 | 30872300 |
| sinus bradycardia and qt interval prolongation in west nile virus encephalitis: a case report. | cardiac arrhythmias were reported in cases of west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis; however, the underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. we present a 67-year-old male with altered mental status, later diagnosed with wnv encephalitis. hospital course was complicated by progressive sinus bradycardia and corrected qt (qtc) prolongation. these findings persisted despite the absence of classical causes and resolved only after improvement of the underlying encephalitis. after excludi ... | 2019 | 30868034 |
| a spatio-temporal individual-based network framework for west nile virus in the usa: spreading pattern of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv)-a mosquito-borne arbovirus-entered the usa through new york city in 1999 and spread to the contiguous usa within three years while transitioning from epidemic outbreaks to endemic transmission. the virus is transmitted by vector competent mosquitoes and maintained in the avian populations. wnv spatial distribution is mainly determined by the movement of residential and migratory avian populations. we developed an individual-level heterogeneous network framework across the u ... | 2019 | 30865618 |
| role of autophagy during the replication and pathogenesis of common mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses. | arboviruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes represent one of the most important causes of febrile illness worldwide. in recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic re-emergence of several mosquito-borne arboviruses, including dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv), chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv). denv is currently the most common mosquito-borne arbovirus, with an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually. despite a global effort, no specific therapeut ... | 2019 | 30862253 |
| assessment of west nile virus transmission risk from a weather-dependent epidemiological model and a global sensitivity analysis framework. | west nile virus (wnv) transmission risk is strongly related to weather conditions due to the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to climatic factors. we assess the wnv transmission risk of humans to seasonal weather conditions and the relative effects of parameters affecting the transmission dynamics. the assessment involves a known epidemiological model we extend to account for temperature and precipitation and a global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis framework. we focus on three relevant quanti ... | 2019 | 30844376 |
| identification of antiviral roles for the exon-junction complex and nonsense-mediated decay in flaviviral infection. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, related to dengue virus and zika virus. to gain insight into host pathways involved in wnv infection, we performed a systematic affinity-tag purification mass spectrometry (apms) study to identify 259 wnv-interacting human proteins. rna interference screening revealed 26 genes that both interact with wnv proteins and influence wnv infection. we found that wnv, dengue and zika virus capsids interact with a conserved subset of protein ... | 2019 | 30833725 |
| [selected viral neuroinfections in children]. | viral meningitis may be present not only in adults but also in children. it constitutes a significant public health problem in child population. the clinical manifestation of the disease in children varies depending on the age of the child, the causative agent or the way of acquiring the infection. thanks to the widespread availability of vaccinations, the epidemiology of central nervous system infections is changing. the methods of diagnosing and determining the causative factor have also chang ... | 2019 | 30830896 |
| west nile virus - a new infection in the slovak republic? | the aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of west nile virus (wnv) among the variable population of eastern slovakia. | 2018 | 30817874 |
| a case of west nile virus encephalitis accompanied by diabetic ketoacidosis and rhabdomyolysis. | we present here a case of west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis that initially presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and rhabdomyolysis. | 2019 | 30815360 |
| deletion of pregnancy zone protein and murinoglobulin-1 restricts the pathogenesis of west nile virus infection in mice. | west nile virus (wnv) is an enveloped positive-stranded rna virus that causes meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis in humans. there are no therapeutic agents available for use against wnv infection. alpha-2 macroglobulin (a2m) is a major plasma proteinase inhibitor that also has important role in immune modulation. in mice, pregnancy zone protein (pzp) and murinoglobulin-1 (mug-1) are two close homologous of human a2m. in this study, we investigated the role of pzp and mug-1 pro ... | 2019 | 30814992 |
| prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections. | since the 1970s, introduction of serological assays targeting virus-specific antibodies and antigens has been effective in identifying blood donations infected with the classic transfusion-transmitted infectious agents (ttis; hepatitis b virus [hbv], hiv, human t-cell lymphotropic virus types i and ii, hepatitis c virus [hcv]). subsequently, progressive implementation of nucleic acid-amplification technology (nat) screening for hiv, hcv, and hbv has reduced the residual risk of infectious-window ... | 2019 | 30808637 |