| pharmacologic depletion of microglia increases viral load in the brain and enhances mortality in murine models of flavivirus-induced encephalitis. | flaviviruses account for most arthropod-borne cases of human encephalitis in the world. however, the exact mechanisms of injury to the central nervous system (cns) during flavivirus infections remain poorly understood. microglia are the resident immune cells of the cns and are important for multiple functions, including control of viral pathogenesis. utilizing a pharmacologic method of microglia depletion (plx5622 [plexxikon inc.], an inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), we sought ... | 2018 | 29899084 |
| breast milk transmission of flaviviruses in the context of zika virus: a systematic review. | since the zika virus epidemic in the americas began in 2015, zika virus transmission has occurred throughout the americas. however, limited information exists regarding possible risks of transmission of zika virus and other flaviviruses through breast feeding and human milk. we conducted a systematic review of the evidence regarding flaviviruses detection in and transmission through milk, specifically regarding zika virus, japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, powassan viru ... | 2018 | 29882971 |
| p53 and the viral connection: back into the future ‡. | the discovery of the tumor suppressor p53, through its interactions with proteins of tumor-promoting viruses, paved the way to the understanding of p53 roles in tumor virology. over the years, accumulating data suggest that wtp53 is involved in the viral life cycle of non-tumor-promoting viruses as well. these include the influenza virus, smallpox and vaccinia viruses, the zika virus, west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human herpes simplex virus-1, ... | 2018 | 29866997 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus nonstructural protein ns5 induces rantes expression dependent on the rna-dependent rna polymerase activity. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is one of the flaviviruses that targets the cns and causes encephalitis in humans. the mechanism of tbev that causes cns destruction remains unclear. it has been reported that rantes-mediated migration of human blood monocytes and t lymphocytes is specifically induced in the brain of mice infected with tbev, which causes ensuing neuroinflammation and may contribute to brain destruction. however, the viral components responsible for rantes induction and the un ... | 2018 | 29760190 |
| japanese encephalitis circulation pattern in swine of northern vietnam and consequences for swine's vaccination recommendations. | japanese encephalitis (je) is the largest worldwide cause of infectious encephalitis in humans and is caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus. je transmission cycle involves culex mosquitoes, pigs and aquatic birds as principal vertebrate amplifying hosts. je infection is responsible for reproductive disorder in pigs when occurring after sexual maturity. in tropical areas, je is endemic and the majority of pigs get infected before the age of 6 months. however, in subtropical areas, pigs may be inf ... | 2018 | 29740970 |
| genome-wide analysis to identify hla factors potentially associated with severe dengue. | the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), following dengue virus (denv) infection, is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon. in view of the clinical need of identifying patients with higher likelihood of developing this severe outcome, we undertook a comparative genome-wide association analysis of epitope variants from sequences available in the vipr database that have been reported to be differentially related to dengue fever and dhf. having enumerated the incriminated epitope va ... | 2018 | 29692780 |
| isatin derivatives and their antiviral properties against arboviruses: a review. | arboviruses have been spreading rapidly throughout the western hemisphere in recent decades. among the arboviruses with high morbidity and mortality are the members of the alphavirus and flavivirus genera. within the first genus, chikungunya virus (chikv) is considered one of the most challenging human arboviral infection worldwide, against which there is no specific antivirals. flaviviruses are some of the main viruses responsible for encephalitis, haemorrhagic disease and developmental defects ... | 2019 | 29692243 |
| human monoclonal antibodies against west nile virus from japanese encephalitis-vaccinated volunteers. | west nile virus (wnv) is a positive-sense single-stranded rna flavivirus belonging to the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) serocomplex of the flaviviridae family and causes mosquito-borne infections. although most human infection cases are asymptomatic, approximately one in 150 infected individuals develops meningoencephalitis, with a mortality rate of 4-14%. while the development of human neutralizing antibody therapeutics against wnv is strongly anticipated, wnv is difficult to study in conve ... | 2018 | 29665373 |
| history of mosquitoborne diseases in the united states and implications for new pathogens. | the introduction and spread of west nile virus and the recent introduction of chikungunya and zika viruses into the americas have raised concern about the potential for various tropical pathogens to become established in north america. a historical analysis of yellow fever and malaria incidences in the united states suggests that it is not merely a temperate climate that keeps these pathogens from becoming established. instead, socioeconomic changes are the most likely explanation for why these ... | 2018 | 29664379 |
| insulin potentiates jak/stat signaling to broadly inhibit flavivirus replication in insect vectors. | the world health organization estimates that more than half of the world's population is at risk for vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses. because many arboviruses are mosquito borne, investigation of the insect immune response will help identify targets to reduce the spread of arboviruses. here, we use a genetic screening approach to identify an insulin-like receptor as a component of the immune response to arboviral infection. we determine that vertebrate insulin reduces west nile viru ... | 2019 | 31722209 |
| inflammatory responses to a pathogenic west nile virus strain. | west nile virus (wnv) circulates across australia and was referred to historically as kunjin virus (wnvkun). wnvkun has been considered more benign than other wnv strains circulating globally. in 2011, a more virulent form of the virus emerged during an outbreak of equine arboviral disease in australia. | 2019 | 31664929 |
| basimarols a, b, and c, highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids from basilicum polystachyon. | the highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids basimarols a, b, and c (3-5) were isolated from the plant species basilicum polystachyon, which was collected within the australian arid zone. structure elucidation was performed using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including x-ray crystallography. anticancer and anti-denv activity of 3-5 was explored, but only limited activity was observed. more extensive antiviral evaluation of stachyonic acid a (1), which was also isolated from b. polystachyon ... | 2019 | 31553187 |
| stability of west nile virus (flaviviridae: flavivirus) rna in mosquito excreta. | arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral rna, which can be detected by molecular methods. thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. in this study, we evaluated if west nile virus (kunjin strain, wnvkun) rna in culex annulirostris skuse (diptera: culicidae) excreta de ... | 2019 | 30937448 |
| phospholipase a2 activity during the replication cycle of the flavivirus west nile virus. | positive-sense rna virus intracellular replication is intimately associated with membrane platforms that are derived from host organelles and comprised of distinct lipid composition. for flaviviruses, such as west nile virus strain kunjin virus (wnvkun) we have observed that these membrane platforms are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and are rich in (at least) cholesterol. to extend these studies and identify the cellular lipids critical for wnvkun replication we utilized a whole cell li ... | 2018 | 29709018 |
| ebolavirus diagnosis made simple, comparable and faster than molecular detection methods: preparing for the future. | the 2014/2015 ebolavirus outbreak resulted in more than 28,000 cases and 11,323 reported deaths, as of march 2016. domestic transmission of the guinea strain associated with the outbreak occurred mainly in six african countries, and international transmission was reported in four countries. outbreak management was limited by the inability to rapidly diagnose infected cases. a further fifteen countries in africa are predicted to be at risk of ebolavirus outbreaks in the future as a consequence of ... | 2018 | 29685158 |
| infection of western gray kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus) with australian arboviruses associated with human infection. | more than 75 arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) have been identified in australia. while alfuy virus (alfv), barmah forest virus (bfv), edge hill virus (ehv), kokobera virus (kokv), murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev), sindbis virus (sinv), ross river virus (rrv), stratford virus (strv), and west nile virus strain kunjin (kunv) have been associated with human infection, there remains a paucity of data regarding their respective transmission cycles and any potential nonhuman vertebrate hos ... | 2020 | 31556842 |
| clinical and epidemiological features of west nile virus equine encephalitis in new south wales, australia, 2011. | between february and june 2011, more than 300 horses with unexplained neurological disease were observed in new south wales, australia. a virulent strain of west nile virus (wnvnsw2011 ), of australian origin, was shown to be the cause of many of these cases. | 2019 | 31025323 |
| serological evidence of arboviruses and coccidia infecting horses in the amazonian region of brazil. | arboviruses and protozoans can cause neurologic disorders in horses. in brazilian amazon, several horses presenting signs compatible with disorders caused by these infectious agents have been observed. | 2019 | 31830142 |
| vector competence for west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus (flavivirus) of three tick species of the genus amblyomma (acari: ixodidae). | many species of amblyomma ticks are commonly found infesting wild birds in south america, where birds are important hosts for several arboviruses, such as west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). in this study, wnv and slev transmission experiments were performed to evaluate the vector competence of three south american tick species: amblyomma ovale, amblyomma tigrinum, and amblyomma tonelliae. larval and nymphal ticks of each species were allowed to feed on chicks needle i ... | 2019 | 30887949 |
| bloodmeal host selection of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in las vegas, nevada, united states. | st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) and west nile virus (wnv) have recently emerged in the southwestern united states. surveillance for arboviruses in las vegas, nv, detected a surge of slev activity in the southern house mosquito (culex quinquefasciatus say) during 2016. to identify candidate avian amplifiers, we assessed the identification, viral infection, and immune status of vertebrate hosts for 195 blood-engorged cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in august and september 2016. blood ... | 2019 | 30668743 |
| molecular characterization of viruses associated with encephalitis in são paulo, brazil. | the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of viral encephalitis due to arbovirus infection of the togaviridae and flaviviridae families in são paulo, brazil. a total of 500 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples collected between august 2012 and january 2013, from patients with symptoms of acute encephalitis were analyzed. findings suggestive of viral encephalitis-elevations in cell concentration, glucose and total protein-were observed in 234 (46.8%) samples, designated as group ... | 2019 | 30640927 |
| reemergence of st. louis encephalitis virus in the americas. | we summarize and analyze historical and current data regarding the reemergence of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev; genus flavivirus) in the americas. historically, slev caused encephalitis outbreaks in the united states; however, it was not considered a public health concern in the rest of the americas. after the introduction of west nile virus in 1999, activity of slev decreased considerably in the united states. during 2014-2015, slev caused a human outbreak in arizona and caused isolated h ... | 2018 | 30457961 |
| production of recombinant ns1 protein and its possible use in encephalitic flavivirus differential diagnosis. | saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) and west nile virus (wnv) are two of the major causes of arboviral encephalitis in the americas. the co-circulation of related flaviviruses in the americas and prior vaccination against flaviviruses pose problems to the diagnostic specificity of serological assays due to the development of cross-reactive antibodies. an accurate diagnosis method capable of differentiating these related viruses is needed. ns1 is a glycosylated, nonstructural protein, of about ... | 2019 | 30125621 |
| comparative studies of stenogamous behaviour in the mosquito culex pipiens complex. | understanding the processes of reproductive behaviour in mosquitoes is crucial for improving mating competitiveness and mating specificity for sterile insect release programmes. the culex pipiens (linneaus) (diptera: culicidae) forms pipiens and molestus (forskål), two biotypes of the cx. pipiens complex, are vectors for west nile virus, st louis encephalitis virus and lymphatic filariases. hybridization of these biotypes is known to occur in nature, although form pipiens mates above ground in l ... | 2018 | 29856079 |
| human and equine infection with alphaviruses and flaviviruses in panamá during 2010: a cross-sectional study of household contacts during an encephalitis outbreak. | members of the genera alphavirus (family togaviridae) and flavivirus (family flaviridae) are important zoonotic human and equine etiologic agents of neurologic diseases in the new world. in 2010, an outbreak of madariaga virus (madv; formerly eastern equine encephalitis virus) and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) infections was reported in eastern panamá. we further characterized the epidemiology of the outbreak by studying household contacts of confirmed human cases and of equine cas ... | 2018 | 29737271 |
| scented sugar baits enhance detection of st. louis encephalitis and west nile viruses in mosquitoes in suburban california. | scented sugar baits deployed in california deserts detected early west nile virus (wnv) transmission by mosquitoes, representing a potential improvement to conventional arbovirus surveillance that relies heavily on infection rates in mosquito pools. in this study, we expanded deployment of scented sugar baits into suburban sacramento and yolo (2015, 2016) and riverside counties (2016), california. the goal of the study was to determine whether scented sugar baits detect wnv and st. louis encepha ... | 2018 | 29718284 |
| serological screening of west nile virus among blood donors in northern cyprus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic arbovirus which can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. even though its geographic distribution has been expanding, there has not yet been any epidemiological data on wnv in northern cyprus. the aim of our study is to fill this gap by using donated blood samples. | 2020 | 31925797 |
| antibody-free rapid diagnosis of malaria in whole blood with surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy using nanostructured gold substrate. | the aim of this study is to establish a rapid antibody-free diagnostic method of malaria infection with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in whole blood with surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy using nanostructured gold substrate. | 2020 | 31923771 |
| gravid culex pipiens exhibit a reduced susceptibility to ultra-low volume adult control treatments under field conditions. | in july and august of 2018, a field trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the north shore mosquito abatement district's operational ultra-low volume (ulv) adulticide program. two study sites were selected in skokie, il, and treated by truck-based ulv with d-phenothrin and prallethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide over the course of a month. natural mosquito populations were sampled via biogents (bg)-counter baited with co2 or alfalfa infusion. the results from this study demon ... | 2019 | 31922942 |
| emerging mechanisms of insulin-mediated antiviral immunity in drosophila melanogaster. | arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), such as zika (zikv), west nile (wnv), and dengue (denv) virus, include some of the most significant global health risks to human populations. the steady increase in the number of cases is of great concern due to the debilitating diseases associated with each viral infection. because these viruses all depend on the mosquito as a vector for disease transmission, current research has focused on identifying immune mechanisms used by insects to effectively harbo ... | 2019 | 31921210 |
| development of an internally controlled reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the rapid and visual detection of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) causes west nile fever and west nile encephalitis. because infection by wnv creates serious public health problems, its simple, rapid, and visual detection is very important in clinical practice, especially in resource-limited laboratories. we have developed a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive internally controlled reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (rtraa) assay to detect wnv, using both real-time fluorescence and the lateral flow dipstick (lfd) at 3 ... | 2019 | 31918798 |
| the knowns and unknowns of west nile virus in europe: what did we learn from the 2018 outbreak? | introduction: west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne human and animal pathogen with nearly world-wide distribution. in europe, the virus is endemic with seasonal regional outbreaks that have increased in frequency over the last 10 years. a massive outbreak occurred across southern and central europe in 2018 with the number of confirmed human cases increasing up to 7.2-fold from the previous year, and expanding to include previously virus-free regions.areas covered: this review focuses on pote ... | 2020 | 31914833 |
| west nile fever - autochthonous human cases in south moravia in 2018 from the epidemiological perspective. | to analyse repeated detection of west nile virus (wnv) in mosquitoes in south moravia in correlation with the first documented autochthonous human cases of west nile fever (wnf), focusing on epidemiological and environmental investigation. | 2019 | 31914772 |
| behavioural response of the house mosquitoes culex quinquefasciatus and culex pipiens molestus to avian odours and its reliance on carbon dioxide. | how culex (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes select and discriminate between potential avian hosts is critical for understanding the epidemiology of west nile virus. therefore, the present authors studied the behavioural responses of culex quinquefasciatus (say) and culex pipiens molestus (forsskål) to headspace volatiles of three avian species [chicken and pigeon (sexes analysed separately), and magpie], presented either alone or in combination with 600 p.p.m. carbon dioxide (co2 ). the attraction ... | 2020 | 31912522 |
| a quantitative comparison of west nile virus incidence from 2013 to 2018 in emilia-romagna, italy. | west nile virus (wnv) transmission was much greater in 2018 than in previous seasons in europe. focusing on emilia-romagna region (northern italy), we analyzed detailed entomological and epidemiological data collected in 2013-2018 to quantitatively assess environmental drivers of transmission and explore hypotheses to better understand why the 2018 epidemiological season was substantially different than the previous seasons. in particular, in 2018 wnv was detected at least two weeks before the o ... | 2020 | 31895933 |
| zika virus surveillance at the human-animal interface in west-central brazil, 2017-2018. | zika virus (zikv) was first discovered in 1947 in uganda but was not considered a public health threat until 2007 when it found to be the source of epidemic activity in asia. epidemic activity spread to brazil in 2014 and continued to spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the americas. despite zikv being zoonotic in origin, information about transmission, or even exposure of non-human vertebrates and mosquitoes to zikv in the americas, is lacking. accordingly, from february 2 ... | 2019 | 31888285 |
| vector derived artificial mirna mediated inhibition of west nile virus replication and protein expression. | west nile virus (wnv) has been found to be a common cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease worldwide in human and horses. the process of rna interference induced by small rna molecules, like small interfering rna (sirna) and microrna (mirna), proved to be a novel approach for preventing viral infections. so far there is no published data for inhibition of west nile virus by vector delivered artificial mirna which believed to have more inhibitory potential than small interfering (sirna). in the ... | 2020 | 31884102 |
| status of resistant and knockdown of west nile vector, culex pipiens complex to different pesticides in iran. | west nile virus (wnv) can cause a fatal disease in humans and it is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. vector control using insecticides is a very important goal. study of culex pipiens resistance towards several insecticides in the city of tehran, iran was evaluated. | 2019 | 31879668 |
| viral equine encephalitis, a growing threat to the horse population in europe? | neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. the nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. however, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or ... | 2019 | 31878129 |
| emerging trends in the epidemiology of west nile and usutu virus infections in southern europe. | the epidemiology of west nile (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. since 1999, there have been regular reports of wnv outbreaks and the virus has expanded its area of circulation in many southern european countries. after emerging in italy in 1996, usuv has spread to other countries causing mortality in several bird species. in 2009, usuv seroconversion in horses was reported in italy. co-circulation of both viruses was detected in humans, horses and b ... | 2019 | 31867347 |
| locally temperature - driven mathematical model of west nile virus spread in germany. | west nile virus (wnv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes. wnv can also infect horses and humans, where it may cause serious illness and can be fatal. birds are the natural reservoir, and humans, equines and probably other mammals are dead-end hosts. in 2018, wnv occurred for the first time in germany, affecting birds and horses. seroconversion of an exposed veterinarian has also been reported. it is therefore of importance to evaluate the circ ... | 2019 | 31866397 |
| exposure of wild ungulates to the usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in france in 2009-2014: evidence of undetected flavivirus circulation a decade ago. | abstract: flaviviruses have become increasingly important pathogens in europe over the past few decades. a better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of flaviviruses in france is needed to better define risk areas and to gain knowledge of the dynamics of virus transmission cycles. serum samples from 1014 wild boar and 758 roe deer from 16 departments (administrative units) in france collected from 2009 to 2014 were screened for flavivirus antibodies using a competitive elisa (celisa ... | 2019 | 31861683 |
| cellular microrna-155 regulates virus-induced inflammatory response and protects against lethal west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus that has disseminated globally as a significant cause of viral encephalitis in humans. mircorna-155 (mir-155) regulates various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. we previously reported that wnv infection induces upregulation of mir-155 in mice brains. in the current study, we demonstrate the critical role of mir-155 in restricting the pathogenesis of wnv infection in mice. compared to wild-type (wt) mice, mir-155 knockout mice exhibited signif ... | 2019 | 31861621 |
| usutu virus disease: a potential problem for north america? | usutu virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus initially identified in south africa in 1959 that is now circulating throughout parts of africa, europe, and the middle east. it is closely related to west nile virus, and has similar vectors, amplifying bird hosts, and epidemiology. usutu virus infection can occur in humans and may be asymptomatic or cause systemic (e.g., fever, rash, and hepatitis) or neuroinvasive (e.g., meningitis and encephalitis) disease. given few reported cases, the fu ... | 2019 | 31858483 |
| surveillance of mosquito vectors in southern sweden for flaviviruses and sindbis virus. | there are three human pathogenic bird-viruses transmitted by culex mosquitoes in europe: the alphavirus sindbis and the flaviviruses west nile virus and usutu virus. cases of sindbis fever occur in the north while the flaviviruses are reported from southern europe. in this study, 7933 culex pipiens/torrentium mosquitoes from southern sweden were screened by rtqpcr for these viruses. none of the mosquitoes were positive for viral rna. the importance of mosquito species composition is discussed as ... | 2019 | 31853338 |
| the direct healthcare costs attributable to west nile virus illness in ontario, canada: a population-based cohort study using laboratory and health administrative data. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first detected in the western hemisphere in 1999 and spread across north america over the next decade. though endemic in the most populous areas of north america, few studies have estimated the healthcare costs associated with wnv. the objective of this study was to determine direct healthcare costs attributable to wnv illness in ontario, canada. | 2019 | 31847823 |
| ecology of west nile virus in the danube delta, romania: phylogeography, xenosurveillance and mosquito host-feeding patterns. | the ecology of west nile virus (wnv) in the danube delta biosphere reserve (romania) was investigated by combining studies on the virus genetics, phylogeography, xenosurveillance and host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes. between 2014 and 2016, 655,667 unfed and 3842 engorged mosquito females were collected from four sampling sites. blood-fed mosquitoes were negative for wnv-rna, but two pools of unfed culex pipiens s.l./torrentium collected in 2014 were tested positive. our results suggest that r ... | 2019 | 31847345 |
| emergence of west nile virus lineage 2 in europe: characteristics of the first seven cases of west nile neuroinvasive disease in horses in austria. | we report details of the first seven equine cases of confirmed west nile neuroinvasive disease in austria. the cases presented during summer and autumn of 2016 (n = 2), 2017 (n = 3) and 2018 (n = 2). all horses showed gait abnormalities and 6 of 7 horses exhibited fasciculations and/or tremors, and we provide video recordings of these. three horses also showed cranial nerve involvement. following rapid improvement, three horses were discharged. four horses were euthanized due to the severity of ... | 2019 | 31840920 |
| clinical spectrum of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease. | west nile virus (wnv) is the most common arbovirus infection in the united states. the diagnosis requires consideration of not only a broad spectrum of presenting symptoms, ranging from a mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis, but also public health risk factors and seasonality. there is no approved targeted therapy for wnv, so treatment relies on supportive care, management of neurologic sequelae and airway, treatment of other systems including the eye, and agg ... | 2020 | 31839864 |
| [the occurrence of neuroinvasive symptoms caused by the west nile virus at an emergency center]. | introduction: according to the european centre for disease prevention and control, the prevalence of neuroinvasive symptoms caused by the west nile virus (wnv) has significantly increased in the past years throughout europe, including hungary. the rise may be attributed to changes in precipitation and climate. the wnv zoonosis is spread by mosquitoes. it is mostly asymptomatic, flu-like symptoms occur in 20% of the cases and in less than 1% a neuroinvasive disease with a lethal outcome may devel ... | 2019 | 31838862 |
| error associated with estimates of minimum infection rate for endemic west nile virus in areas of low mosquito trap density. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne infection that can cause serious illness in humans. surveillance for wnv primarily focuses on a measure of infection prevalence in the culex spp. mosquitos, its primary vectors, known as the minimum infection rate (mir). the calculation of mir for a given area considers the number of mosquitos tested, but not the relative effort to collect mosquitos, leading to a potential underestimation of the uncertainty around the estimate. we performed value of info ... | 2019 | 31836789 |
| detection of diflubenzuron and pyrethroid resistance mutations in culex pipiens from muğla, turkey. | chemical insecticides are the main tool for vector control worldwide with pyrethroids and the larvicide diflubenzuron (dfb) used extensively against the primary west nile virus vector culex pipiens. in this study we monitored the presence, frequency and geographical distribution of the chitin synthase 1 gene mutations i1043l, i1043m associated with striking diflubenzuron resistance and the knock down resistance mutation l1014f associated with pyrehtroid resistance, in cx. pipiens populations fro ... | 2019 | 31836282 |
| west nile virus activity in united states blood donors and optimizing detection strategies: 2014-2018. | rare transfusion-transmitted west nile virus (wnv) cases usually occur due to gaps in testing involving converting to more sensitive nucleic acid testing (nat) formats (referred to as triggering). using data from 2014 to 2018, we investigated a strategy used to increase detection early in the triggering period and reviewed its yield as the individual donation (id)-nat geographic area was decreased. | 2020 | 31829449 |
| different degrees of 5'-3' dar interactions modulate zika virus genome cyclization and host specific replication. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses, which include many important human pathogens such as west nile virus (wnv), dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv), had caused numerous emerging epidemics in recent years. knowledge on the viral genome functions necessary for effective viral replication in mosquito and vertebrate hosts remained obscure. here, using zikv as a model, we found that the conserved downstream of aug region (dar), which is known as an essential element for the genome cyclization, involve ... | 2019 | 31826997 |
| west nile virus historical progression in europe. | | 2019 | 31826847 |
| distinct effects of acute versus chronic corticosterone exposure on zebra finch responses to west nile virus. | wild animals are exposed to both short- (acute) and long-term (chronic) stressors. the glucocorticoid hormones, such as corticosterone (cort), facilitate coping with such stressors, but these hormones can have quite distinct effects contingent on the duration of their elevation. previously, we found that experimental elevation of cort for 2 days (via implantation) affected zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata) responses to west nile virus (wnv). cort-elevated birds had higher viremia for at least 2 ... | 2019 | 31824675 |
| altered m6a modification of specific cellular transcripts affects flaviviridae infection. | the rna modification n6-methyladenosine (m6a) modulates mrna fate and thus affects many biological processes. we analyzed m6a across the transcriptome following infection by dengue virus (denv), zika virus (zikv), west nile virus (wnv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). we found that infection by these viruses in the flaviviridae family alters m6a modification of specific cellular transcripts, including riok3 and cirbp. during viral infection, the addition of m6a to riok3 promotes its translation, wh ... | 2019 | 31810760 |
| peptide-β-lactam inhibitors of dengue and west nile virus ns2b-ns3 protease display two distinct binding modes. | the β-lactam ring represents a valuable moiety that can induce covalent binding of an inhibitor to its target. in this study, we explored di- and tripeptides with β-lactam electrophilic warheads as inhibitors of dengue and west nile virus ns2b-ns3 protease. tripeptides with a (3s)-β-lactam moiety displayed the highest activity, with ic50 and ec50 values in the lower micromolar range in biochemical and cellular assays. the activity against dengue protease was in general higher than against west n ... | 2020 | 31804823 |
| a study on the identification of five arboviruses from hematophagous mosquitoes and midges captured in some parts of northern turkey. | whether zoonotic or not, arboviral infections are continuing to be a major threat to human health as well as the livestock industry all around the world. this project presented the results of the identification study on five arboviruses, including west nile virus (wnv), bovine ephemeral fever virus, akabane virus, bluetongue virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, in mosquitos and midges from eight provinces of the black sea region. | 2019 | 31803784 |
| impact of ivig therapy on serologic testing for infectious diseases. | intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is used to treat an increasing number of conditions. the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of ivig can be life-saving; however, recent administration may complicate evaluation for infection. to assess the impact of ivig therapy on a variety of common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic serologies we prospectively evaluated serologic changes pre- and post-ivig infusion in 7 participants. the number of new antibody detections ranging from 2 to 5. ... | 2020 | 31787407 |
| prediction of unfavorable outcomes in west nile virus neuroinvasive infection - result of a multinational id-iri study. | wnv causes 1.4% of all central nervous system infections and is the most common cause of epidemic neuro-invasive disease in humans. | 2020 | 31778945 |
| structure and function of cis-acting rna elements of flavivirus. | the genus flavivirus is a group of single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses that includes numerous human pathogens with global impact, such as dengue virus (denv), yellow fever virus (yfv), west nile virus (wnv), and zika virus (zikv). the approximately 11-kilobase genome is flanked by highly structured untranslated regions (utrs), which contain various cis-acting rna elements with unique structures and functions. moreover, local rna elements circularize the genome non-covalently through long ... | 2019 | 31777997 |
| identification of electrostatic epitopes in flavivirus by computer simulations: the proceedpka method. | viruses are enthusiastically studied due to the great impact that these organisms can have on human health. computational approaches can contribute offering tools that can shed light on important molecular mechanisms that help to design new diagnostic procedures. several cellular processes between the immune-host system and the pathogenic organism are dependent on specific intermolecular interactions. in this study, we evaluated theoretical approaches to understand some properties of the antigen ... | 2020 | 31774285 |
| undersampling: case studies of flaviviral inhibitory activities. | imbalanced datasets, comprising of more inactive compounds relative to the active ones, are a common challenge in ligand-based model building workflows for drug discovery. this is particularly true for neglected tropical diseases since efforts to identify therapeutics for these diseases are often limited. in this report, we analyze the performance of several undersampling strategies in modeling the dengue virus 2 (denv2) inhibitory activity, as well as the anti-flaviviral activities for the west ... | 2019 | 31773464 |
| clinical and virological findings in patients with usutu virus infection, northern italy, 2018. | backgroundusutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, which shares its transmission cycle with the phylogenetically related west nile virus (wnv). usuv circulates in several european countries and its activity has increased over the last 5 years.aimto describe human cases of usuv infection identified by surveillance for wnv and usuv infection in the veneto region of northern italy in 2018.methodsfrom 1 june to 30 november 2018, all cases of suspected autochthonous arbovirus infection and ... | 2019 | 31771697 |
| west nile virus-associated vasculitis and intracranial hemorrhage. | | 2020 | 31757817 |
| detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes in central macedonia, greece, 2018. | culex mosquitoes are vectors of several flaviviruses and alphaviruses posing a potential risk to public and veterinary health. in order to gain an insight into the flaviviruses and alphaviruses circulating in the five regional units of central macedonia in northern greece, 17,470 female culex spp. mosquitoes collected during 2018 were tested for these viruses. among 229 mosquito pools, west nile virus (wnv) was detected in 10 (4.4%) pools, while insect-specific flavi- and alphaviruses were detec ... | 2019 | 31756306 |
| public perceptions of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza and mosquito-borne illnesses - a statewide survey in arizona. | we conducted a statewide online survey to understand public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) related to non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis) for mosquito-borne diseases and influenza in arizona. | 2019 | 31755813 |
| falling for a diagnosis: west nile myelitis without encephalitis. | poliovirus has been eradicated in the us for 40 years. its sequelae, poliomyelitis, a syndrome characterized by fever, meningitis, and flaccid paralysis, is a rare entity. other viruses have been implicated in poliomyelitis-like syndromes since the elimination of poliovirus. west nile virus (wnv), since its westward migration in 1999, has recently been found to be a causative agent of fever, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. we present the case of a male who presented to the hospital fo ... | 2019 | 31754573 |
| evaluation of honey-baited fta cards in combination with different mosquito traps in an area of low arbovirus prevalence. | the threat of mosquito-borne diseases is increasing in continental europe as demonstrated by several autochthonous chikungunya, dengue and west nile virus outbreaks. in switzerland, despite the presence of competent vectors, routine surveillance of arboviruses in mosquitoes is not being carried out, mainly due to the high costs associated with the need of a constant cold chain and laborious processing of thousands of mosquitoes. an alternative approach is using honey-baited nucleic acid preservi ... | 2019 | 31753035 |
| differential pattern of soluble immune markers in asymptomatic dengue, west nile and zika virus infections. | infections with dengue virus (denv), west nile virus (wnv) and zika virus (zikv) usually present similar mild symptoms at early stages, and most infections (~80%) are asymptomatic. however, these infections may progress to severe disease with different clinical manifestations. in this study we attempted to identify unique characteristics for each infection at the presymptomatic/asymptomatic stage of infection and compared levels of soluble immune markers that have been shown to be altered during ... | 2019 | 31748599 |
| defects in antiviral t cell responses inflicted by aging-associated mir-181a deficiency. | generation of protective immunity to infections and vaccinations declines with age. studies in healthy individuals have implicated reduced mir-181a expression in t cells as contributing to this defect. to understand the impact of mir-181a expression on antiviral responses, we examined lcmv infection in mice with mir-181ab1-deficient t cells. we found that mir-181a deficiency delays viral clearance, thereby biasing the immune response in favor of cd4 over cd8 t cells. antigen-specific cd4 t cells ... | 2019 | 31747595 |
| ecological niche modeling of west nile virus vector in northwest of iran. | west nile virus (wnv) is a microorganism and the leading cause of the spread of fatal diseases in horses, birds, and humans. the etiologic agent of west nile fever belongs to the genus flavivirus that is transmitted by culex mosquitoes in iran and throughout the world. we aimed to evaluate the distribution of wnv vectors in northwest of iran ecological niche modeling. | 2019 | 31745415 |
| porcine ifitm1 is a host restriction factor that inhibits pseudorabies virus infection. | interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (ifitms) restrict infection by several viruses, such as influenza a virus, west nile virus and dengue virus. it has not been determined whether porcine ifitms (pifitms) inhibit infection by pseudorabies virus (prv), an enveloped, double-stranded dna virus, which is the etiological agent of aujeszky's disease in pigs. here, we report that prv infection elicited pifitm1 expression in pk15 porcine kidney epithelial cells and 3d4/21 alveolar macrophages. p ... | 2019 | 31743714 |
| comparative genomics of hepatitis a virus, hepatitis c virus, and hepatitis e virus provides insights into the evolutionary history of hepatovirus species. | the intraspecies genomic diversity of the single-strand rna (+) virus species hepatitis a virus (hepatovirus), hepatitis c virus (hepacivirus), and hepatitis e virus (orthohepevirus) was compared. these viral species all can cause liver inflammation (hepatitis), but share no gene similarity. the codon usage of human hepatitis a virus (hav) is suboptimal for replication in its host, a characteristic it shares with taxonomically related rodent, simian, and bat hepatitis a virus species. we found t ... | 2019 | 31742930 |
| phylogenetic analysis of bird-virulent west nile virus strain, greece. | we report the full polyprotein genomic sequence of a west nile virus strain isolated from eurasian magpies dying with neurologic signs in greece. our findings demonstrate the local genetic evolution of the west nile virus strain responsible for a human disease outbreak in the country that began in 2010. | 2019 | 31742538 |
| west nile virus in wildlife and nonequine domestic animals, south africa, 2010-2018. | west nile virus (wnv) lineage 2 is associated with neurologic disease in horses and humans in south africa. surveillance in wildlife and nonequine domestic species during 2010-2018 identified wnv in 11 (1.8%) of 608 animals with severe neurologic and fatal infections, highlighting susceptible hosts and risk for wnv epizootics in africa. | 2019 | 31742510 |
| diagnosis of west nile virus encephalitis in a returned traveller. | | 2019 | 31736076 |
| effects of detritus on the mosquito culex pipiens: phragmites and schedonorus (festuca) invasion affect population performance. | species interactions that influence the performance of the exotic mosquito culex pipiens can have important effects on the transmission risk of west nile virus (wnv). invasive plants that alter the vegetation communities of ephemeral ground pools may facilitate or resist the spread of c. pipiens (l.) by altering allochthonous inputs of detritus in those pools. to test this hypothesis, we combined field surveys of roadside stormwater ditches with a laboratory microcosm experiment to examine relat ... | 2019 | 31731533 |
| crispr/cas9 gene editing in the west nile virus vector, culex quinquefasciatus say. | culex quinquefasciatus say is an opportunistic blood feeder with a wide geographic distribution which is also a major vector for a range of diseases of both animals and humans. crispr/cas technologies have been applied to a wide variety of organisms for both applied and basic research purposes. crispr/cas methods open new possibilities for genetic research in non-model organisms of public health importance. in this work we have adapted microinjection techniques commonly used in other mosquito sp ... | 2019 | 31714905 |
| uveomeningeal syndrome in a healthy, young male: an unusual presentation of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is an rna flavivirus transmitted through a mosquito vector. in 2018 nebraska reported 242 cases, the highest incidence of wnv since 2003. this included 119 neuroinvasive cases (49%) and 11 deaths (4.5%) (dhhs 2018). clinical presentation ranges from uncomplicated symptoms including fever, headache, and myalgias to neuroinvasive disease characterized by meningoencephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and other neurologic manifestations. neuroinvasive wnv usually occurs in elderly an ... | 2019 | 31713053 |
| seroprevalence and factors associated with igg anti-denv positivity in blood donors in burkina faso during the 2016 dengue outbreak and implications for blood supply. | our study aimed to update the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-dengue virus (denv) antibody positivity among blood donors and to discuss their implications for blood supply. | 2019 | 31709647 |
| vamp8 contributes to the trim6-mediated type i interferon antiviral response during west nile virus infection. | several members of the tripartite motif (trim) family of e3 ubiquitin ligases regulate immune pathways, including the antiviral type i interferon (ifn-i) system. previously, we demonstrated that trim6 is involved in ifn-i induction and signaling. in the absence of trim6, optimal ifn-i signaling is reduced, allowing increased replication of interferon-sensitive viruses. despite having evolved numerous mechanisms to restrict the vertebrate host's ifn-i response, west nile virus (wnv) replication i ... | 2020 | 31694946 |
| encephalopathic presentation of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease confounded by concomitant history of acute alcohol withdrawal. | west nile neuroinvasive disease (wnnd) is a rare and severe manifestation of west nile virus (wnv) infection that occurs in less than 1% of infected persons. it should be considered in patients who present with fever, neurological symptoms, and a history of recent outdoor activity where mosquitoes were active. this article highlights a case of a 55-year-old man whose history and symptoms of wnnd were confounded with an alternate diagnosis, acute alcohol withdrawal. an overview of wnv infections, ... | 2020 | 31687995 |
| the role of temperature in transmission of zoonotic arboviruses. | we reviewed the literature on the role of temperature in transmission of zoonotic arboviruses. vector competence is affected by both direct and indirect effects of temperature, and generally increases with increasing temperature, but results may vary by vector species, population, and viral strain. temperature additionally has a significant influence on life history traits of vectors at both immature and adult life stages, and for important behaviors such as blood-feeding and mating. similar to ... | 2019 | 31683823 |
| west nile virus induced cell death in the central nervous system. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne, single-stranded flavivirus, has caused annual outbreaks of viral encephalitis in the united states since 1999. the virus induces acute infection with a clinical spectrum ranging from a mild flu-like febrile symptom to more severe neuroinvasive conditions, including meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and death. some wnv convalescent patients also developed long-term neurological sequelae. neither the treatment of wnv infection nor an approv ... | 2019 | 31683807 |
| modelling neurotropic flavivirus infection in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived systems. | generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hipscs) and their differentiation into a variety of cells and organoids have allowed setting up versatile, non-invasive, ethically sustainable, and patient-specific models for the investigation of the mechanisms of human diseases, including viral infections and host-pathogen interactions. in this study, we investigated and compared the infectivity and replication kinetics in hipscs, hipsc-derived neural stem cells (nscs) and undifferentiated ne ... | 2019 | 31671583 |
| twenty years of west nile virus spread and evolution in the americas visualized by nextstrain. | it has been 20 years since west nile virus first emerged in the americas, and since then, little progress has been made to control outbreaks caused by this virus. after its first detection in new york in 1999, west nile virus quickly spread across the continent, causing an epidemic of human disease and massive bird die-offs. now the virus has become endemic to the united states, where an estimated 7 million human infections have occurred, making it the leading mosquito-borne virus infection and ... | 2019 | 31671157 |
| nerve transfer as a novel treatment for west nile virus-associated acute flaccid paralysis. | | 2019 | 31669727 |
| labyrinthopeptins exert broad-spectrum antiviral activity through lipid-binding-mediated virolysis. | to counteract the serious health threat posed by known and novel viral pathogens, drugs that target a variety of viruses through a common mechanism have attracted recent attention due to their potential in treating (re)emerging infections, for which direct-acting antivirals are not available. we found that labyrinthopeptins a1 and a2, the prototype congeners of carbacyclic lanthipeptides, inhibit the proliferation of diverse enveloped viruses, including dengue virus, zika virus, west nile virus, ... | 2020 | 31666384 |
| insights into the host specificity of mosquito-borne flaviviruses infecting wild mammals. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses (mbfvs) are of public and animal health concern because they cause millions of human deaths annually and impact domestic animals and wildlife globally. mbfvs are phylogenetically divided into two clades, one is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes (ae-mbfvs) associated with mammals and the other by culex mosquitoes (cx-mbfvs) associated with birds. however, this assumption has not been evaluated. here, we synthesized 79 published reports of mbfvs from wild mammals, estimat ... | 2019 | 31664588 |
| chikungunya and o'nyong-nyong viruses in uganda: implications for diagnostics. | a serosurvey of healthy blood donors provided evidence of hemorrhagic fever and arthropod-borne virus infections in uganda. | 2019 | 31660384 |
| characterization of three novel viruses from the families nyamiviridae, orthomyxoviridae, and peribunyaviridae, isolated from dead birds collected during west nile virus surveillance in harris county, texas. | this report describes and characterizes three novel rna viruses isolated from dead birds collected during west nile virus surveillance in harris county, tx, usa (the houston metropolitan area). the novel viruses are identified as members of the families nyamaviridae, orthomyxoviridae, and peribunyaviridae and have been designated as san jacinto virus, mason creek virus, and buffalo bayou virus, respectively. their potential public health and/or veterinary importance are still unknown. | 2019 | 31658646 |
| west nile virus spread and differential chemokine response in the central nervous system of mice: role in pathogenic mechanisms of encephalitis. | west nile virus (wnv) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne flavivirus able to cause severe neurological disease in humans, horses and various avian species. the more severe pathological changes of neurotropic wnv infection are caused by virus neuroinvasion and/or the immunological response in the central nervous system (cns). the extent in which inflammatory cell trafficking orchestrated by chemokines is involved in the pathogenesis of cns lesions has not been entirely elucidated. to understand the sequ ... | 2019 | 31655004 |
| monotone dynamics and global behaviors of a west nile virus model with mosquito demographics. | in this paper a mathematical model is formulated to study transmission dynamics of west nile virus (wnv), which incorporates mosquito demographics including pair formation, metamorphic stages and intraspecific competition. the global behaviors of the model are obtained from a geometric approach and theory of monotone dynamics, even though bistability is present due to backward bifurcation. it turns out that the model can be investigated through two auxiliary subsystem, which are cooperative and ... | 2019 | 31654120 |
| detection of enzootic circulation of a new strain of west nile virus lineage 1 in sentinel chickens in the north of tunisia. | tunisia has experienced various west nile disease outbreaks. notwithstanding the serological and molecular confirmations in humans, horses and birds, the human surveillance system can still be improved. three sentinel chicken flocks were placed in different tunisian endemic regions and followed up from september 2016 to january 2017. a total of 422 sera from sejnene (north of tunisia), 392 from moknine (east coast of tunisia) and 386 from tozeur (south of tunisia) were tested for west nile-speci ... | 2019 | 31647898 |
| surgical outcomes in adults with purpura fulminans: a systematic review and patient-level meta-synthesis. | cutaneous manifestations of purpura fulminans (pf) present many challenges for clinicians and surgeons. in a state of septic shock complicated by limb ischemia, surgical interventions are necessary to control the pathological cascade and improve patient outcomes. the objective of this article was to report etiologies and surgical outcomes associated with cutaneous manifestations in adults. | 2019 | 31641673 |
| an acute stress model in new zealand white rabbits exhibits altered immune response to infection with west nile virus. | the immune competence of an individual is a major determinant of morbidity in west nile virus (wnv)-infection. previously, we showed that immunocompetent new zealand white rabbits (nzwrs; oryctolagus cuniculus) are phenotypically resistant to wnv-induced disease, thus presenting a suitable model for study of virus-control mechanisms. the current study used corticosteroid-treated nzwrs to model acute "stress"-related immunosuppression. maximal effects on immune parameters were observed on day 3 p ... | 2019 | 31635289 |
| probable transfusion transmission of west nile virus from an apheresis platelet that screened non-reactive by individual donor-nucleic acid testing. | despite west nile virus (wnv) blood donation screening using nucleic acid testing (nat), donors with low viral loads not detected by mini-pool-nat have led to transfusion transmitted (tt)-wnv infection. we describe a probable case of fatal tt-wnv infection from an individual donor (id)-nat non-reactive apheresis platelet donation. | 2019 | 31633814 |
| evidence that passerine birds act as amplifying hosts for usutu virus circulation. | environment determines the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens due to its direct and indirect effects on the hosts, vectors, and pathogens. to investigate the relationship between usutu virus occurrence and host biodiversity and to characterize the nidus of infection, we used field-based measures of host diversity and density (all birds and only passerines), vector abundance, landscape and usutu virus prevalence (mosquito infection rate), an emergent disease with a similar cycl ... | 2019 | 31628631 |