| nonselective bottlenecks control the divergence and diversification of phase-variable bacterial populations. | phase variation occurs in many pathogenic and commensal bacteria and is a major generator of genetic variability. a putative advantage of phase variation is to counter reductions in variability imposed by nonselective bottlenecks during transmission. genomes of campylobacter jejuni, a widespread food-borne pathogen, contain multiple phase-variable loci whose rapid, stochastic variation is generated by hypermutable simple sequence repeat tracts. these loci can occupy a vast number of combinatoria ... | 2017 | 28377533 |
| key role of capsular polysaccharide in the induction of systemic infection and abortion by hypervirulent campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen, and a hypervirulent strain, named clone sa, has recently emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion in the united states. to induce abortion, orally ingested campylobacter must translocate across the intestinal epithelium, spread systemically in the circulation, and reach the fetoplacental tissue. bacterial factors involved in these steps are not well understood. c. jejuni is known to produce capsular polysaccharide (cps), but the specific rol ... | 2017 | 28373351 |
| characterisation by multilocus sequence and pora and flaa typing of campylobacter jejuni isolated from samples of dog faeces collected in one city in new zealand. | to investigate the prevalence of campylobacter spp. and c. jejuni in dog faecal material collected from dog walkways in the city of palmerston north, new zealand, and to characterise the c. jejuni isolates by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and pora and flaa antigen gene typing. | 2017 | 28372482 |
| lack of evidence that selenium-yeast improves chicken health and modulates the caecal microbiota in the context of colonization by campylobacter jejuni. | faced with ever-increasing demand, the industrial production of food animals is under pressure to increase its production. in order to keep productivity, quality, and safety standards up while reducing the use of antibiotics, farmers are seeking new feed additives. in chicken production, one of these additives is selenium. this element is expected to confer some advantages in terms of animal health and productivity, but its impact on chicken intestinal microbiota as well as on the carriage of fo ... | 2017 | 28367146 |
| outbreak of campylobacteriosis following a dairy farm visit: confirmation by genotyping. | in april-may 2014, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis occurred after a preschool visit to a dairy farm in the south western part of sweden. during the visit, a meal, including unpasteurized milk, was served. a retrospective cohort study using a web-based questionnaire was performed among the participants (n = 30) of the farm visit. a total of 24 of the 30 (80%) cohort members completed the questionnaire. eleven cases were identified, and campylobacter jejuni was isolated from eight of them. seven ... | 2017 | 28350214 |
| monomorphic genotypes within a generalist lineage of campylobacter jejuni show signs of global dispersion. | the decreased costs of genome sequencing have increased the capability to apply whole-genome sequencing to epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic campylobacter jejuni. however, knowledge of the genetic diversity of this bacteria is vital for inferring relatedness between epidemiologically linked isolates and a necessary prerequisite for correct application of this methodology. to address this issue in c. jejuni we investigated the spatial and temporal signals in the genomes of a major clonal c ... | 2016 | 28348829 |
| a comparative analysis of the lyve-set phylogenomics pipeline for genomic epidemiology of foodborne pathogens. | modern epidemiology of foodborne bacterial pathogens in industrialized countries relies increasingly on whole genome sequencing (wgs) techniques. as opposed to profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, wgs requires a variety of computational methods. since 2013, united states agencies responsible for food safety including the cdc, fda, and usda, have been performing whole-genome sequencing (wgs) on all listeria monocytogenes found in clinical, food, and environmental samples ... | 2017 | 28348549 |
| effects of campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide on axonal injury in the spinal cord in rats. | to explore the effects of campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide (cj-lps) on axonal injury in the spinal cord. wistar rats were divided into the control (nc) group, model group (cj-lps), and lps antibody group (anti-lps). rats in the nc group were injected with a mixture of normal saline and complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) while those in cj-lps group were injected with cj-lps, composed of lps, cfa, and saline. rats were sacrificed at 4th week and 6th week after injection, and hematoxylin and e ... | 2017 | 28344123 |
| selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter spp. are the second leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses with an estimated economic burden of nearly $2b usd per year. most human illness associated with campylobacteriosis is due to infection by c. jejuni and chickens are recognized as a reservoir that could lead to foodborne illness in humans resulting from handling or consuming raw or undercooked chicken. we recently developed a novel breeding strategy based on identification and selection of chickens with an i ... | 2017 | 28339707 |
| effect of butyrate and lactobacillus gg on a butyrate receptor and transporter during campylobacter jejuni exposure. | campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) frequently infects humans causing many gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, fatigue and several long-term debilitating diseases. current treatment for campylobacteriosis includes rehydration and in some cases, antibiotic therapy. probiotics are used to treat several gastrointestinal diseases. butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid known to promote intestinal health. interaction of butyrate with its respective receptor (hcar2) and transporter (slc5a8), both expressed i ... | 2017 | 28333199 |
| b lymphocytes play a limited role in clearance of campylobacter jejuni from the chicken intestinal tract. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis with contaminated poultry meat its main source. control of c. jejuni is a priority for the poultry industry but no vaccines are available and their development hampered by poor understanding of the immunobiology of c. jejuni infection. here we show the functional role of b lymphocytes in response to c. jejuni in the chicken through depletion of the b lymphocyte population (bursectomy) followed by challenge. b lympho ... | 2017 | 28332622 |
| administration of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785 to chickens affects colonisation by campylobacter jejuni and the intestinal microbiota. | 1. campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis in the world largely from contaminated poultry meat. new control measures to reduce or eliminate this pathogen from the animal gastrointestinal tract are urgently required, and the use of probiotics as competitive exclusion agents is a promising biocontrol measure to reduce c. jejuni in the food chain. 2. in this study, we assessed the potential of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, which has shown efficac ... | 2017 | 28318296 |
| pathogenic potential and genotypic diversity of campylobacter jejuni: a neglected food-borne pathogen in brazil. | purpose and methodology.campylobacter jejuni is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. however, there are only a few studies available that have molecularly characterized c. jejuni strains isolated in brazil. the aim of this study was to genotype 111 c. jejuni strains isolated from sick humans (43), monkey faeces (19), chicken faeces (14), chicken meat (33) and sewage (2) between 1996 and 2016 in brazil using flaa-svr (short variable region) sequencing and pf ... | 2017 | 28317494 |
| morphology heterogeneity within a campylobacter jejuni helical population: the use of calcofluor white to generate rod-shaped c. jejuni 81-176 clones and the genetic determinants responsible for differences in morphology within 11168 strains. | campylobacter jejuni helical shape is important for colonization and host interactions with straight mutants having altered biological properties. passage on calcofluor white (cfw) resulted in c. jejuni 81-176 isolates with morphology changes: either a straight morphology from frameshift mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in peptidoglycan hydrolase genes pgp1 or pgp2 or a reduction in curvature due a frameshift mutation in cjj81176_1105, a putative peptidoglycan endopeptidase. shape d ... | 2017 | 28316093 |
| crystal structure of the minimal cas9 from campylobacter jejuni reveals the molecular diversity in the crispr-cas9 systems. | the rna-guided endonuclease cas9 generates a double-strand break at dna target sites complementary to the guide rna and has been harnessed for the development of a variety of new technologies, such as genome editing. here, we report the crystal structures of campylobacter jejuni cas9 (cjcas9), one of the smallest cas9 orthologs, in complex with an sgrna and its target dna. the structures provided insights into a minimal cas9 scaffold and revealed the remarkable mechanistic diversity of the crisp ... | 2017 | 28306506 |
| new approaches on quantification of campylobacter jejuni in poultry samples: the use of digital pcr and real-time pcr against the iso standard plate count method. | campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported bacterial food-borne illness in the european union and contaminated broiler meat is considered the most important source of infection in humans. the aim of the present study was to evaluate real-time pcr (qpcr) and digital pcr (dpcr) for quantification of campylobacter jejuni in 75 broiler neck-skin samples collected from a poultry slaughterhouse, and to compare them with the iso 10272-2 standard plate count method. for qpcr standard curve, c. j ... | 2017 | 28303130 |
| quantitative microbial risk assessment for campylobacter foodborne illness in raw beef offal consumption in south korea. | this study evaluated the risk of campylobacter foodborne illness caused by the intake of raw beef offal in south korea. the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in raw beef offal (liver and tripe) was investigated by plating samples on modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar with preston enrichment broth. data were collected about storage temperature and length of storage of raw beef offal, and probabilistic distributions for the data were determined, using @risk software. predictive models ... | 2017 | 28282225 |
| analysis of campylobacter jejuni infection in the gnotobiotic piglet and genome-wide identification of bacterial factors required for infection. | to investigate how campylobacter jejuni causes the clinical symptoms of diarrhoeal disease in humans, use of a relevant animal model is essential. such a model should mimic the human disease closely in terms of host physiology, incubation period before onset of disease, clinical signs and a comparable outcome of disease. in this study, we used a gnotobiotic piglet model to study determinants of pathogenicity of c. jejuni. in this model, c. jejuni successfully established infection and piglets de ... | 2017 | 28281647 |
| molecular architecture of an n-formyltransferase from salmonella enterica o60. | n-formylated sugars are found on the lipopolysaccharides of various pathogenic gram negative bacteria including campylobacter jejuni 81116, francisella tularensis, providencia alcalifaciens o30, and providencia alcalifaciens o40. the last step in the biosynthetic pathways for these unusual sugars is catalyzed by n-formyltransferases that utilize n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. the substrates are dtdp-linked amino sugars with the functional groups installed at either the c-3' o ... | 2017 | 28263875 |
| gastrointestinal disorders next to respiratory infections as leading symptoms of x-linked agammaglobulinemia in children - 34-year experience of a single center. | respiratory tract infections constitute the most frequent manifestation of x-linked agammaglobulinemia (xla). there are not many papers elucidating gastrointestinal (gi) disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), in such patients. the aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders and ibd compared to respiratory tract infections in xla individuals. | 2017 | 28261296 |
| guillain-barré syndrome. | guillain-barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy presenting typically with tingling, progressive weakness, and pain. variants and formes frustes may complicate recognition. the best known variant is the sensory ataxic form of miller fisher syndrome, which also affects the oculomotor nerves and the brain stem. divergent pathologic mechanisms lead to demyelinating, axonal, or mixed demyelinating-axonal damage. in the demyelinating form, yet to be identified a ... | 2017 | 28259232 |
| whole-genome sequencing in the epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections. | this review provides the current state of knowledge on the application of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) in the epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. we describe how wgs has increased our understanding of the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of this pathogen and how wgs has the potential to improve surveillance and outbreak detection. we have identified hurdles towards the full implementation of wgs in public health settings. howe ... | 2017 | 28249998 |
| formation of biofilms by foodborne pathogens and development of laboratory in vitro model for the study of campylobacter genus bacteria based on these biofilms. | we analyzed the formation of biofilms by 7 strains of campylobacter genus bacteria and 18 strains of enterobacteriaceae genus bacteria that were isolated from plant and animal raw materials, from finished products, and swabs from the equipment of the food industry. biofilm formation on glass plates, slides and coverslips, microtubes made of polymeric materials and petri dishes, and polystyrene plates of different profiles were analyzed. when studying the process of films formation, different eff ... | 2017 | 28243912 |
| genomic sequence of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni hs:19 penner serotype reference strain rm3420. | campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni infections are a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and the most prevalent antecedent to guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). penner serotype hs:19 is among several capsular types shown to be markers for gbs. this study describes the genome of c. jejuni subsp. jejuni hs:19 penner reference strain rm3420. | 2017 | 28232429 |
| function and regulation of the c4-dicarboxylate transporters in campylobacter jejuni. | c4-dicarboxylates are important molecules for the human pathogen c.jejuni, as they are used as carbon and electron acceptor molecules, as sugars cannot be utilized by this microaerophilic organism. based on the genome analysis, c. jejuni may possess five different c4-dicarboxylate transporters: dcta, dcua, dcub, and two homologs of dcuc. here, we investigated the regulation and function of various c4-dicarboxylate transporters in c. jejuni. transcription of the dcta and dcuc homologs is constitu ... | 2017 | 28223978 |
| antimicrobial use for and resistance of zoonotic bacteria recovered from nonhuman primates. | as a growing threat to human and animal health, antimicrobial resistance (amr) has become a central public-health topic. largescale surveillance systems, such as the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms), are now established to monitor and provide guidance regarding amr, but comprehensive literature on amr among nhp is sparse. this study provides data regarding current antimicrobial use strategies and the prevalence of amr in zoonotic bacteria recovered from nhp within biom ... | 2017 | 28222842 |
| in vivo genome editing with a small cas9 orthologue derived from campylobacter jejuni. | several crispr-cas9 orthologues have been used for genome editing. here, we present the smallest cas9 orthologue characterized to date, derived from campylobacter jejuni (cjcas9), for efficient genome editing in vivo. after determining protospacer-adjacent motif (pam) sequences and optimizing single-guide rna (sgrna) length, we package the cjcas9 gene, its sgrna sequence, and a marker gene in an all-in-one adeno-associated virus (aav) vector and produce the resulting virus at a high titer. cjcas ... | 2017 | 28220790 |
| enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens. | maintaining a healthy gut environment is a prerequisite for sustainable animal production. the gut plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and constitutes an initial organ exposed to external factors influencing bird's health. the intestinal epithelial barrier serves as the first line of defense between the host and the luminal environment. it consists of a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells connected by intercellular junctional complexes which shrink the s ... | 2017 | 28208612 |
| the epiquant framework for computing the epidemiological concordance of microbial subtyping data. | a fundamental assumption in the use and interpretation of microbial subtyping results for public health investigations is that isolates that appear to be related based on molecular subtyping data are expected to share commonalities with respect to their origin, history and distribution. critically, no approach currently exists for systematically assessing the underlying epidemiology of subtyping results. our aim was to develop a method for directly quantifying the similarity between bacterial is ... | 2017 | 28202797 |
| erratum to: assays to study the interaction of campylobacter jejuni with the mucosal surface. | | 2017 | 28190242 |
| increased glycosylation efficiency of recombinant proteins in escherichia coli by auto-induction. | escherichia coli cells have been considered as promising hosts for producing n-glycosylated proteins since the successful production of n-glycosylated protein in e. coli with the pgl (n-linked protein glycosylation) locus from campylobacter jejuni. however, one hurdle in producing n-glycosylated proteins in large scale using e. coli is inefficient glycan glycosylation. in this study, we developed a strategy for the production of n-glycosylated proteins with high efficiency via an optimized auto- ... | 2017 | 28188786 |
| targeting bacillosamine biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens: development of inhibitors to a bacterial amino-sugar acetyltransferase from campylobacter jejuni. | the glycoproteins of selected microbial pathogens often include highly modified carbohydrates such as 2,4-diacetamidobacillosamine (dinacbac). these glycoconjugates are involved in host-cell interactions and may be associated with the virulence of medically significant gram-negative bacteria. in light of genetic studies demonstrating the attenuated virulence of bacterial strains in which modified carbohydrate biosynthesis enzymes have been knocked out, we are developing small molecule inhibitors ... | 2017 | 28182413 |
| antimicrobial activities of phenolic extracts derived from seed coats of selected soybean varieties. | soybean hulls or seed coats consist of complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and polyphenols such as anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, and isoflavones. the polyphenolics in the seed coats give them various colors such as black, brown, green, yellow, or even a mottled appearance. in this study, the antimicrobial effects of phenolic extracts from the seed coats of different colored soybeans (yellow, dark brown, brown, and black) were evaluated against foodborne pathogens such as salmonella typ ... | 2017 | 28178372 |
| campylobacter jejuni and associated immune mechanisms: short-term effects and long-term implications for infants in low-income countries. | campylobacter jejuni is recognized as one of the most common causes of food-borne gastrointestinal illness worldwide, resulting in a self-limiting dysentery in developed countries. however, it is increasingly gaining attention due to its association with postinfectious complications such as guillain-barré syndrome and recently recognized importance in early childhood diarrhea in developing countries. we hypothesize that the inflammation mediated by c. jejuni infection causes environmental enteri ... | 2017 | 28157786 |
| draft genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni 11168h. | campylobacter jejuni is the most prevalent cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in the developed world. the reference and original sequenced strain c. jejuni nctc11168 has low levels of motility compared to clinical isolates. here, we describe the draft genome of the laboratory derived hypermotile variant named 11168h. | 2017 | 28153902 |
| cj1199 affect the development of erythromycin resistance in campylobacter jejuni through regulation of leucine biosynthesis. | the aim of this study was to reveal the biological function of cj1199 which was overexpressed in the laboratory induced erythromycin resistant strains. the cj1199 deletion mutant (φcj1199) was constructed via insertional inactivation from its parent strain campylobacter jejuni nctc11168. the φcj1199 and nctc11168 were then subjected to microarray and real-time pcr to find gene pathway of cj1199. the antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance development, growth characteristics and le ... | 2017 | 28144238 |
| knowledge gaps in host-parasite interaction preclude accurate assessment of meat-borne exposure to toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is recognized as a widely prevalent zoonotic parasite worldwide. although several studies clearly identified meat products as an important source of t. gondii infections in humans, quantitative understanding of the risk posed to humans through the food chain is surprisingly scant. while probabilistic risk assessments for pathogens such as campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes or escherichia coli have been well established, attempts to quantify the probability of human ex ... | 2016 | 28139250 |
| identification and initial characterisation of a protein involved in campylobacter jejuni cell shape. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial food borne illness. while helical cell shape is considered important for c. jejuni pathogenesis, this bacterium is capable of adopting other morphologies. to better understand how helical-shaped c. jejuni maintain their shape and thus any associated colonisation, pathogenicity or other advantage, it is first important to identify the genes and proteins involved. so far, two peptidoglycan modifying enzymes pgp1 and pgp2 have been shown to be ... | 2017 | 28131954 |
| antimicrobial use for and resistance of zoonotic bacteria recovered from nonhuman primates. | as a growing threat to human and animal health, antimicrobial resistance (amr) has become a central public-health topic. largescale surveillance systems, such as the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms), are now established to monitor and provide guidance regarding amr, but comprehensive literature on amr among nhp is sparse. this study provides data regarding current antimicrobial use strategies and the prevalence of amr in zoonotic bacteria recovered from nhp within biom ... | 2017 | 28128070 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection of conventionally colonized mice lacking nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2. | the nucleotide-binding oligomerisaton protein 2 (nod2) constitutes a pivotal sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide and assures expression of distinct antimicrobial peptides and mediators produced by enterocytes and immune cells directed against pathogens including campylobacter jejuni. we here elucidated the role of nod2 during murine c. jejuni infection in more detail. | 2017 | 28127403 |
| complete annotated genome sequences of three campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from naturally colonized farm-raised chickens. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterially derived foodborne illness. human illness is commonly associated with the handling and consumption of contaminated poultry products. three c. jejuni strains were isolated from cecal contents of three different naturally colonized farm-raised chickens. the complete genomes of these three isolates are presented here. | 2017 | 28126931 |
| myocarditis associated with campylobacter jejuni infection. | | 2017 | 28126233 |
| genome-wide identification of host-segregating epidemiological markers for source attribution in campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter is among the most common worldwide causes of bacterial gastroenteritis. this organism is part of the commensal microbiota of numerous host species, including livestock, and these animals constitute potential sources of human infection. molecular typing approaches, especially multilocus sequence typing (mlst), have been used to attribute the source of human campylobacteriosis by quantifying the relative abundance of alleles at seven mlst loci among isolates from animal reservoirs an ... | 2017 | 28115376 |
| characterization of the dtdp-fuc3n and dtdp-qui3n biosynthetic pathways in campylobacter jejuni 81116†. | the gram-negative bacterium campylobacter jejuni 81116 (penner serotype hs:6) has a class e lipooligosaccharide (los) biosynthesis locus containing 19 genes, which encode for 11 putative glycosyltransferases, 1 lipid a acyltransferase and 7 enzymes thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of dideoxyhexosamine (ddhexn) moieties. although the los outer core structure of c. jejuni 81116 is still unknown, recent mass spectrometry analyses suggest that it contains acetylated forms of two ddhexn res ... | 2017 | 28096310 |
| mplex: a method for simultaneous pathogen inactivation and extraction of samples for multi-omics profiling. | the continued emergence and spread of infectious agents is of great concern, and systems biology approaches to infectious disease research can advance our understanding of host-pathogen relationships and facilitate the development of new therapies and vaccines. molecular characterization of infectious samples outside of appropriate biosafety containment can take place only subsequent to pathogen inactivation. herein, we describe a modified folch extraction using chloroform/methanol that facilita ... | 2017 | 28091625 |
| molecular epidemiological analysis of human- and chicken-derived isolates of campylobacter jejuni in japan using next-generation sequencing. | in this research, we analyzed the main sequence types (st) and st complexes of human- and chicken-derived isolates of campylobacter jejuni in japan by using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). we also analyzed lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis locus classes (los locus classes) and the numbers of isolates carrying genes coding resistance factors against various antibiotics, and observed their relationships. st-21 complex was the main st complex in isolates from humans (n = 38) and chickens (n = 25) ... | 2017 | 28087306 |
| campylobacter jejuni transducer like proteins: chemotaxis and beyond. | chemotaxis, a process that mediates directional motility toward or away from chemical stimuli (chemoeffectors/ligands that can be attractants or repellents) in the environment, plays an important role in the adaptation of campylobacter jejuni to disparate niches. the chemotaxis system consists of core signal transduction proteins and methyl-accepting-domain-containing transducer like proteins (tlps). ligands binding to tlps relay a signal to chemotaxis proteins in the cytoplasm which initiate a ... | 2017 | 28080213 |
| epidemiological relationships of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans and chickens in south korea. | thirty-nine human isolates of campylobacter jejuni obtained from a national university hospital during 2007-2010 and 38 chicken isolates of c. jejuni were collected from poultry farms during 2009-2010 in south korea were used in this study. campylobacter genomic species and virulence-associated genes were identified by pcr. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) were performed to compare their genetic relationships. all isolates were highly resistant to cip ... | 2017 | 28035601 |
| structural investigation on wlarg from campylobacter jejuni: a sugar aminotransferase. | campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative bacterium that represents a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. of particular concern is the link between c. jejuni infections and the subsequent development of guillain-barré syndrome, an acquired autoimmune disorder leading to paralysis. all gram-negative bacteria contain complex glycoconjugates anchored to their outer membranes, but in most strains of c. jejuni, this lipoglycan lacks the o-antigen repeating units. recent mass spectrometry ... | 2017 | 28028852 |
| detection of campylobacter jejuni in lizard faeces from central australia using quantitative pcr. | worldwide, campylobacter is a significant cause of gastrointestinal illness. it is predominately considered a foodborne pathogen, with human exposure via non-food transmission routes generally overlooked. current literature has been exploring environmental reservoirs of campylobacteriosis including potential wildlife reservoirs. given the close proximity between lizards and human habitats in central australia, this study examined the presence of campylobacter jejuni from lizard faeces collected ... | 2016 | 28025556 |
| relaxation of dna supercoiling leads to increased invasion of epithelial cells and protein secretion by campylobacter jejuni. | invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by campylobacter jejuni is a critical step during infection of the intestine by this important human pathogen. in this study we investigated the role played by dna supercoiling in the regulation of invasion of epithelial cells and the mechanism by which this could be mediated. a significant correlation between more relaxed dna supercoiling and an increased ability of c. jejuni strains to penetrate human epithelial cells was demonstrated. directly inducing ... | 2017 | 28019693 |
| a proteomics assay to detect eight cbrn-relevant toxins in food. | a proteomics assay was set up to analyze food substrates for eight toxins of the cbrn (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) threat, namely ricin, clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (sea, seb and sed), shigatoxins from shigella dysenteriae and entero-hemorragic escherichia coli strains (stx1 and stx2) and campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (cdt). the assay developed was based on an antibody-free sample preparation followed by b ... | 2017 | 28008711 |
| host cell binding of the flagellar tip protein of campylobacter jejuni. | flagella are nanofibers that drive bacterial movement. the filaments are generally composed of thousands of tightly packed flagellin subunits with a terminal cap protein, named flid. here, we report that the flid protein of the bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni binds to host cells. live-cell imaging and confocal microscopy showed initial contact of the bacteria with epithelial cells via the flagella tip. recombinant flid protein bound to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells in a dose ... | 2016 | 28008697 |
| tannerella forsythia strains display different cell-surface nonulosonic acids: biosynthetic pathway characterization and first insight into biological implications. | tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, gram-negative periodontal pathogen. a unique o-linked oligosaccharide decorates the bacterium's cell surface proteins and was shown to modulate the host immune response. in our study, we investigated the biosynthesis of the nonulosonic acid (nulo) present at the terminal position of this glycan. a bioinformatic analysis of t. forsythia genomes revealed a gene locus for the synthesis of pseudaminic acid (pse) in the type strain atcc 43037 while strains fdc 92 ... | 2017 | 27986835 |
| feed can be a source of campylobacter jejuni infection in broilers. | 1. the aim was to determine the importance of a contaminated diet as a possible cause of campylobacter jejuni infection in broilers. 2. this study evaluated the viability of c. jejuni in both starter and finisher diets and the interference from other mesophilic bacteria in this viability. 3. starter and finisher samples of broiler diet were deliberately contaminated with 3 or 5 log cfu·g(-1) of c. jejuni (nctc 11351) and then maintained at two different storage temperatures (25°c or 37°c) for 3 ... | 2017 | 27977299 |
| guillain barré syndrome is induced in non-obese diabetic (nod) mice following campylobacter jejuni infection and is exacerbated by antibiotics. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis linked to several serious autoimmune sequelae such as the peripheral neuropathies guillain barré syndrome (gbs) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs). we hypothesized that gbs and mfs can result in nod wild type (wt) mice or their congenic interleukin (il)-10 or b7-2 knockouts secondary to c. jejuni infection. mice were gavaged orally with c. jejuni strains hb93-13 and 260.94 from patients with gbs or cf93-6 from a patient with mfs ... | 2017 | 27939129 |
| impact of waning acquired immunity and asymptomatic infections on case-control studies for enteric pathogens. | case-control studies of outbreaks and of sporadic cases of infectious diseases may provide a biased estimate of the infection rate ratio, due to selecting controls that are not at risk of disease. we use a dynamic mathematical model to explore biases introduced in results drawn from case-control studies of enteric pathogens by waning and boosting of immunity, and by asymptomatic infections, using campylobacter jejuni as an example. individuals in the population are either susceptible (at risk of ... | 2016 | 27915211 |
| epidemiological and serological investigation of a waterborne campylobacter jejuni outbreak in a danish town. | following an unusually heavy rainfall in june 2009, a community-wide outbreak of campylobacter gastroenteritis occurred in a small danish town. the outbreak investigation consisted of (1) a cohort study using an e-questionnaire of disease determinants, (2) microbiological study of stool samples, (3) serological study of blood samples from cases and asymptomatic members of case households, and (4) environmental analyses of the water distribution system. the questionnaire study identified 163 case ... | 2017 | 27903324 |
| campylobacter jejuni strains coresistant to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in patients with gastroenteritis in croatia(). | antibiotic-resistant campylobacter jejuni strains are rapidly emerging worldwide. here, we aimed to determine the antibiotic-resistance patterns and genetic structure of c. jejuni from stool samples of symptomatic patients in dalmatia, the largest croatian county. | 2017 | 27900889 |
| acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. | we describe a case of a 25-year-old male with a diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) following infection with campylobacter jejuni, which is implicated in various human pathologies regarding the central nervous system (cns) with acute course like guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), miller-fisher syndrome (mfs), bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (bee), acute transverse myelitis (atm) as well as adem. these conditions are caused by cross-reactivity between campylobacter's epitope ... | 2017 | 27888275 |
| generation and screening of an insertion sequencing-compatible mutant library of campylobacter jejuni. | the advent of next-generation sequencing technology has enabled experimental approaches to characterize large, complex populations of dna molecules with high resolution. included among these are methods to assess populations of transposon insertion libraries for the fitness cost of any particular mutant allele after applying selection to a population. these approaches have proven invaluable for identifying genetic factors that influence survival of bacterial pathogens within different environmen ... | 2017 | 27885613 |
| analyzing prokaryotic rna-seq data: a case study identifying holo-fur regulated genes in campylobacter jejuni. | in recent years, rna-seq has become an important method in the process of measuring gene expression in various cells and organisms. this chapter will detail all the bioinformatic steps that should be undertaken to determine differentially expressed genes from a typical rna-seq experiment. each step will be clearly explained in "non-bioinformatic" terminology so that readers embarking on rna-seq analysis will be able to understand the rationale and reasoning behind each step. moreover, the exact ... | 2017 | 27885612 |
| methods for proteome analysis of campylobacter jejuni using 2-d electrophoresis. | this chapter describes protocols used for two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the proteome or subproteome of campylobacter jejuni, a major human food-borne pathogen. the following protocols, adapted to campylobacter strains, include all the steps from cultivation to gel-support protein separation. | 2017 | 27885611 |
| characterizing glycoproteins by mass spectrometry in campylobacter jejuni. | the glycosylation systems of campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) are considered archetypal examples of both n- and o-linked glycosylations in the field of bacterial glycosylation. the discovery and characterization of these systems both have revealed important biological insight into c. jejuni and have led to the refinement and enhancement of methodologies to characterize bacterial glycosylation. in general, mass spectrometry-based characterization has become the preferred methodology for the study ... | 2017 | 27885610 |
| methods for genome-wide methylome profiling of campylobacter jejuni. | methylation has a profound role in the regulation of numerous biological processes in bacteria including virulence. the study of methylation in bacteria has greatly advanced thanks to next-generation sequencing technologies. these technologies have expedited the process of uncovering unique features of many bacterial methylomes such as characterizing previously uncharacterized methyltransferases, cataloging genome-wide dna methylations in bacteria, identifying the frequency of methylation at par ... | 2017 | 27885609 |
| metabolomic analysis of campylobacter jejuni by direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | direct-injection mass spectrometry (dims) is a means of rapidly obtaining metabolomic phenotype data in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. given our generally poor understanding of campylobacter metabolism, the high-throughput and relatively simple sample preparation of dims has made this an attractive technique for metabolism-related studies and hypothesis generation, especially when attempting to analyze metabolic mutants with no clear phenotype. here we describe a metabolomic fingerprinting app ... | 2017 | 27885608 |
| mouse models for campylobacter jejuni colonization and infection. | relevant animal models for campylobacter jejuni infection have been difficult to establish due to c. jejuni's inability to cause disease in many common animal research models. fortunately, recent work has proven successful in developing several new and relevant mouse models of c. jejuni infection, including the sigirr-deficient mouse strain that develops acute enterocolitis in response to c. jejuni. here we describe how to properly infect mice with c. jejuni, as well as a number of accompanying ... | 2017 | 27885607 |
| using galleria mellonella as an infection model for campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis. | nonmammalian model systems of infection have been employed recently to study bacterial virulence. for instance, galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) has been shown to be susceptible to infection by many bacterial pathogens including the enteric pathogen campylobacter jejuni. in contrast to the traditional animal models for c. jejuni such as the chick colonization model and ferret diarrheal model, the galleria mellonella infection model has the advantages of lower cost, ease of use and no a ... | 2017 | 27885606 |
| characterization of ligand-receptor interactions: chemotaxis, biofilm, cell culture assays, and animal model methodologies. | chemotactic motility is an essential virulence factor for the pathogenesis of campylobacter spp. infection. in chapter 6 , we described technologies that enable initial screening and identification of ligands able to interact with chemoreceptor sensory domains. these include amino acid and glycan arrays, nmr, and spr that are utilized to identify potential ligands interacting with campylobacter jejuni. here we describe techniques that enable the characterization and evaluation of ligand-receptor ... | 2017 | 27885605 |
| assays to study the interaction of campylobacter jejuni with the mucosal surface. | mucosal colonization and overcoming the mucosal barrier are essential steps in the establishment of infection by campylobacter jejuni. the interaction between c. jejuni and host cells, including binding and invasion, is thought to be the key virulence factor important for pathogenesis of c. jejuni infections in animals or humans. the intestinal mucosal barrier is composed of a polarized epithelium covered by a thick adherent mucus gel layer. there is a requirement for cell culture assays of infe ... | 2017 | 27885604 |
| methods to study campylobacter jejuni adherence to and invasion of host epithelial cells. | measuring bacterial adherence and invasion of cells in vitro has enabled researchers to dissect the interactions of campylobacter jejuni with eukaryotic cells. numerous c. jejuni virulence determinants and host cell factors that contribute to the process of adherence, invasion, and immune modulation have been identified utilizing in vitro adherence and invasion assays. in this chapter, we describe the evaluation of c. jejuni adherence to and invasion of hela cells using the gentamicin-protection ... | 2017 | 27885603 |
| methods to assess the direct interaction of c. jejuni with mucins. | studies of the interaction of bacteria with mucus-secreting cells can be complemented at a more mechanistic level by exploring the interaction of bacteria with purified mucins. here we describe a far western blotting approach to show how c. jejuni proteins separated by sds page and transferred to a membrane or slot blotted directly onto a membrane can be probed using biotinylated mucin. in addition we describe the use of novel mucin microarrays to assess bacterial interactions with mucins in a h ... | 2017 | 27885602 |
| methods for initial characterization of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages. | here we describe an initial characterization of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages by host range analysis, genome size determination by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and receptor-type identification by screening mutants for phage sensitivity. | 2017 | 27885601 |
| method for the successful crystallization of the ferric uptake regulator from campylobacter jejuni. | the ferric uptake regulator (fur) is a transcription factor (tf) regulating the expression of several genes to control iron levels in prokaryotes. members of this family of tfs share a common structural scaffold that typically comprises two regions that include a dna binding and dimerization domains. while this structural organization is conserved, fur proteins employ different mechanisms to bind divergent dna binding elements and regulate gene expression in the absence or presence of regulatory ... | 2017 | 27885600 |
| characterization of high affinity iron acquisition systems in campylobacter jejuni. | iron acquisition systems are critical for bacterial pathogenesis and thus have been proposed as attractive targets for iron-dependent pathogen control. of these systems, high-affinity iron acquisition mediated by siderophore, a small iron chelator, is the most efficient iron-scavenging mechanism in gram-negative bacteria. campylobacter does not produce any siderophores but has the ability to utilize exogenous siderophores. in particular, the enterobactin (ent)-mediated iron scavenging is tightly ... | 2017 | 27885599 |
| method of peptide nucleic acid (pna)-mediated antisense inhibition of gene expression in campylobacter jejuni. | peptide nucleic acid (pna) is an oligonucleotide mimic that recognizes and binds to nucleic acids. the strong binding affinity of pna to mrna coupled with its high sequence specificity enable antisense pna to selectively inhibit (i.e., knockdown) the protein synthesis of a target gene. this novel technology provides a powerful tool for campylobacter studies because molecular techniques have been relatively less well-developed for this bacterium as compared to other pathogens, such as escherichia ... | 2017 | 27885597 |
| methods to study antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide and is increasingly resistant to clinically important antibiotics. detection of antibiotic resistance in c. jejuni can be performed with both phenotypic and genotypic methods. in this chapter, we describe the most commonly used molecular biology methods for detection of resistance to clinically important antibiotics. these methods can be employed in both clinical and research settings to facilitate clinical ... | 2017 | 27885596 |
| methods for isolation, purification, and propagation of bacteriophages of campylobacter jejuni. | here, we describe the methods for isolation, purification, and propagation of campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages from samples expected to contain high number of phages such as chicken feces. the overall steps are (1) liberation of phages from the sample material; (2) observation of plaque-forming units on c. jejuni lawns using a spot assay; (3) isolation of single plaques; (4) consecutive purification procedures; and (5) propagation of purified phages from a plate lysate to prepare master stock ... | 2017 | 27885595 |
| campylobacter jejuni isolation/enumeration from environmental samples. | currently, there is no universally accepted standard media or method for the recovery of campylobacter species. this is likely due to the ubiquity of the organism in nature, the complex sample matrices from which the organism is often recovered, as well as the fragile/viable-but nonculturable state the organism assumes in response to stress. the use of a sterile filter placed upon a nonselective brucella agar blood plate (bab), followed by incubation at 37 °c in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere ... | 2017 | 27885593 |
| in-package inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with poultry using dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma treatments. | the goal of this study was to test the efficacy of in-package dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma (dbd-cp) treatment to inactivate poultry-associated spoilage (pseudomonas fluorescens) and pathogenic (salmonella enterica typhimurium, campylobacter jejuni) bacteria. liquid cultures of the bacterial isolates were sealed within packages containing ambient air (trial 1) or modified air (65% o2:30% co2:5% n2; trial 2). the packages were subjected to treatment times ranging from 30 to 180 s, and ... | 2017 | 27885385 |
| genome-wide association of functional traits linked with campylobacter jejuni survival from farm to fork. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry. c. jejuni lineages vary in host range and prevalence in human infection, suggesting differences in survival throughout the poultry processing chain. from 7343 mlst-characterised isolates, we sequenced 600 c. jejuni and c. coli isolates from various stages of poultry processing and clinical cases. a genome-wide association study (gwas) in c. jejuni st-21 ... | 2017 | 27883255 |
| a quantitative proteomic screen of the campylobacter jejuni flagellar-dependent secretome. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. a number of factors are believed to contribute to the ability of c. jejuni to cause disease within the human host including the secretion of non-flagellar proteins via the flagellar type iii secretion system (ft3ss). here for the first time we have utilised quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (silac), and label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms) ... | 2017 | 27865792 |
| epitope mapping of campylobacter jejuni flagellar capping protein (flid) by chicken (gallus gallus domesticus) sera. | campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative rod, is a zoonotic pathogen associated with human acute bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. the flagellum, composed of more than 35 proteins, is responsible for colonization of c. jejuni in the host gastrointestinal tract as well as inducing protective antibodies against the homologous serotype. in our previous study, we demonstrated that the flagellar capping protein (flid) is an immunodominant protein that reacted strongly to sera from field chickens. in ... | 2016 | 27865268 |
| guillain-barré syndrome: a century of progress. | in 1916, guillain, barré and strohl reported on two cases of acute flaccid paralysis with high cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and normal cell counts - novel findings that identified the disease we now know as guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). 100 years on, we have made great progress with the clinical and pathological characterization of gbs. early clinicopathological and animal studies indicated that gbs was an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder, and that severe gbs could result in seconda ... | 2016 | 27857121 |
| subtyping of campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei isolates using mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (mspp). | maldi-tof ms offers the possibility to differentiate some bacteria not only at the species and subspecies level but even below, at the strain level. allelic isoforms of the detectable biomarker ions result in isolate-specific mass shifts. mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (mspp) is a novel technique that combines the mass spectrometric detectable biomarker masses in a scheme that allows deduction of phyloproteomic relations from isolate specific mass shifts compared to a genome sequenced r ... | 2016 | 27842363 |
| compliance/non-compliance with biosecurity rules specified in the danish quality assurance system (kik) and campylobacter-positive broiler flocks 2012 and 2013. | one source for campylobacter jejuni infections in humans could be consumption of broiler meat. transmission of campylobacter into broiler houses/flocks occurs via many routes. a number of biosecurity rules is specified in the quality assurance system in danish chicken production (kik) - for which the broiler producers annually are audited for compliance with, by bureau veritas. multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigated the association between compliance/non-compliance wi ... | 2017 | 27838611 |
| microbial quality of reclaimed water for urban reuses: probabilistic risk-based investigation and recommendations. | although canada has abundant freshwater resources, many cities still experience seasonal water shortage. supply-side and demand-side management is a core strategy to address this water shortage. under this strategy, reclaimed water, which the canadian public is willing to use for non-potable purposes, is an option. however, no universal guidelines exist for reclaimed water use. despite the federal government's long-term goal to develop guidelines for many water reuse applications, guidelines hav ... | 2017 | 27810759 |
| clinical microbiology laboratories' adoption of culture-independent diagnostic tests is a threat to foodborne-disease surveillance in the united states. | introductionin november 2015, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) sent a letter to state and territorial epidemiologists, state and territorial public health laboratory directors, and state and territorial health officials. in this letter, culture-independent diagnostic tests (cidts) for detection of enteric pathogens were characterized as "a serious and current threat to public health surveillance, particularly for shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) and salmonella" t ... | 2017 | 27795338 |
| genomic comparison of campylobacter spp. and their potential for zoonotic transmission between birds, primates, and livestock. | campylobacter is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. wild birds, including american crows, are abundant in urban, suburban, and agricultural settings and are likely zoonotic vectors of campylobacter their proximity to humans and livestock increases the potential spreading of campylobacter via crows between the environment, livestock, and humans. however, no studies have definitively demonstrated that crows are a vector for pathogenic campylobacter we used genomics to evaluate t ... | 2016 | 27736787 |
| campylobacteriosis in poland in 2013 and 2014 | evaluation of the epidemiological situation of campylobacteriosis in poland in 2013 and 2014 in comparison with the situation in the previous years. | 2017 | 27779836 |
| surface proteome mining for identification of potential vaccine candidates against campylobacter jejuni: an in silico approach. | campylobacter jejuni remains a major cause of human gastroenteritis with estimated annual incidence rate of 450 million infections worldwide. c. jejuni is a major burden to public health in both socioeconomically developing and industrialized nations. virulence determinants involved in c. jejuni pathogenesis are multifactorial in nature and not yet fully understood. despite the completion of the first c. jejuni genome project in 2000, there are currently no vaccines in the market against this pa ... | 2017 | 27778110 |
| antimicrobial-resistant campylobacter in organically and conventionally raised layer chickens. | poultry is a major source of campylobacter, which can cause foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. additionally, poultry-associated campylobacter can develop resistance to important antimicrobials, which increases the risk to public health. while broiler chickens have been the focus of many studies, the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant campylobacter on layer farms has not received equal attention. however, the growing popularity of cage-free and organic layer farming necessitates a c ... | 2017 | 27768387 |
| chemical, physical and morphological properties of bacterial biofilms affect survival of encased campylobacter jejuni f38011 under aerobic stress. | campylobacter jejuni is a microaerophilic pathogen and leading cause of human gastroenteritis. the presence of c. jejuni encased in biofilms found in meat and poultry processing facilities may be the major strategy for its survival and dissemination in aerobic environment. in this study, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica, or pseudomonas aeruginosa was mixed with c. jejuni f38011 as a culture to form dual-species biofilms. after 4days' exposure to aerobic stress, no viable c. jejuni cell ... | 2016 | 27648759 |
| antimicrobial resistance of salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. isolated from an opportunistic gull species, yellow-legged gull ( larus michahellis ). | wildlife is a natural reservoir of salmonella and campylobacter, the most important human foodborne pathogens worldwide. free-living birds have the potential to transport, over large distances, such zoonotic bacteria that may harbor antimicrobial resistance traits. on the northeastern iberian coast, we assessed the role of yellow-legged gulls ( larus michahellis ) as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella and thermophilic campylobacter isolates recovered from gulls at three colonie ... | 2017 | 27723383 |
| anti-campylobacter activity of resveratrol and an extract from waste pinot noir grape skins and seeds, and resistance of camp. jejuni planktonic and biofilm cells, mediated via the cmeabc efflux pump. | to define anti-campylobacter jejuni activity of an extract from waste skins and seeds of pinot noir grapes (gss), resveratrol and possible resistance mechanisms, and the influence of these on camp. jejuni morphology. | 2017 | 27709726 |
| distribution of campylobacter jejuni multilocus sequence types isolated from chickens in poland. | poultry is recognized as the most important source of food-related transmission of campylobacter jejuni to humans and campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported zoonotic bacterial disease in the european union. it has been documented that c. jejuni is genetically diverse and analyses of bacterial isolates usually show a large strain variety. therefore, molecular typing of strains represents an important tool to study the genetic diversity of isolates and to trace individual strains that ca ... | 2016 | 27702925 |
| fatal campylobacter jejuni ileocolitis. | campylobacter infection usually starts in the jejunum and ileum and progresses distally. the case fatality rate is low and most occur in elderly or patients with comorbidity as in this case. antibiotics should be used in severe cases or patients at risk. the choices are macrolides and fluoroquinolones. however, in some countries quinolone resistance is increasing, as in spain. we shouldn´t forget this fact for the proper treatment approach and specifically in refractory cases. | 2016 | 27701889 |
| the influence of dissolved oxygen level and medium on biofilm formation by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni survival in aerobic environments has been suggested to be mediated by biofilm formation. biofilm formation by eight c. jejuni strains under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions in different broths (mueller-hinton (mh), bolton and brucella) was quantified. the dissolved oxygen (do) content of the broths under both incubation atmospheres was determined. biofilm formation for all strains was highest in mh broth under both incubation atmospheres. four strains had lower biofi ... | 2017 | 27697161 |
| tlr4 and tlr21 expression, mif, ifn-β, md-2, cd14 activation, and siga production in chickens administered with efal41 strain challenged with campylobacter jejuni. | the protective effect of enterococcus faecium efal41 on chicken's caecum in relation to the tlr (tlr4 and tlr21) activation and production of luminal iga challenged with campylobacter jejuni ccm6191 was assessed. the activation of mif, ifn-β, md-2 and cd14 was followed-up after bacterial infection. day-old chicks (40) were divided into four groups (n = 10): control (c), e. faecium al41 (efal41), c. jejuni (cj) and combined e. faecium al41+c. jejuni (efal41+cj). relative mrna expression of tlr4, ... | 2017 | 27696326 |
| developing a salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay to measure human exposure to environmental pathogens. | the etiology and impacts of human exposure to environmental pathogens are of major concern worldwide and, thus, the ability to assess exposure and infections using cost effective, high-throughput approaches would be indispensable. this manuscript describes the development and analysis of a bead-based multiplex immunoassay capable of measuring the presence of antibodies in human saliva to multiple pathogens simultaneously. saliva is particularly attractive in this application because it is noninv ... | 2016 | 27685162 |