| first isolation of a novel thermostable antifungal peptide secreted by aspergillus clavatus. | a novel antifungal peptide produced by an indigenous fungal strain (vr) of aspergillus clavatus was purified. the antifungal peptide was enriched in the supernatant after heat treatment at 70 degrees c. the thermostable character was exploited in the first purification step, as purified peptide was obtained after ultrafiltration and reverse phase-hplc on c18 column application. the purified peptide named "acafp" for a. clavatus antifungal peptide, has molecular mass of 5773da determined by maldi ... | 2008 | 18687373 |
| characterization of metabolites of fungicidal cymoxanil in a sensitive strain of botrytis cinerea. | the metabolism of cymoxanil [1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethyl urea] by a very sensitive strain of botrytis cinerea toward this fungicide was studied by using [2-(14)c]-cymoxanil. labeled cymoxanil was added either in a culture of this strain or in its enzymatic extract. the main metabolites, detected in biological samples, were isolated and identified by mass and nmr spectrometry. their identification allowed us to show that this strain quickly metabolized cymoxanil according to at least ... | 2008 | 18693740 |
| new flavonoids from boldoa purpurascens cav. | phytochemical analysis of the leaves of boldoa purpurascens cav. led to isolation of four flavone glycosides, three of which are new compounds. their structures have been determined by mass spectrometry and by 1 d and 2 d nmr analysis, i. e., 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3- o-alpha- l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- d-xylopyranoside ( 1), 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3- o-beta- d-xylopyranoside ( 2), and 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3- o-alpha- l-rhamnopyrano ... | 2008 | 18704880 |
| evolutionary history of the ancient cutinase family in five filamentous ascomycetes reveals differential gene duplications and losses and in magnaporthe grisea shows evidence of sub- and neo-functionalization. | * the cuticle is the first barrier for fungi that parasitize plants systematically or opportunistically. here, the evolutionary history is reported of the multimembered cutinase families of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes magnaporthe grisea, fusarium graminearum and botrytis cinerea and the saprotrophic ascomycetes aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa. * molecular taxonomy of all fungal cutinases demonstrates a clear division into two ancient subfamilies. no evidence was found for lateral ... | 2008 | 18713314 |
| in vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of chitinase against four plant pathogenic fungi. | to determine why chitinase has different antifungal activity on different pathogenic fungi in vitro, we purified recombinant rice chitinase from pichia pastoris and investigated its antifungal activity against four fungi - rhizopus stolonifer (ehrenb. et fr.) vuill, botrytis squamosa walker, pythium aphanidermatum (eds.) fitzp, and aspergillus niger van tiegh. scanning electron microscopy (sem) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) were used to analyze the surface microstructure and ... | 2008 | 18720488 |
| uptake of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine hydrochloride from growth medium by brassicaceae. | since the european union banned disposal of sewage sludge (ss) at sea in 1998 the application rate of ss to land has risen significantly. land application is thus possibly an important transport route for ss-associated organic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, to soils and perhaps also to plants. the potential for the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine hcl, to undergo uptake into brassicaceae tissues was therefore investigated in a tissue culture study under laboratory condi ... | 2008 | 18723196 |
| it3f: a web-based tool for functional analysis of transcription factors in plants. | a web-based tool, the interspecies transcription factor function finder (it3f), has been developed to display both evolutionary gene relationships and expression data for plant transcription factors, focussing primarily on the r2r3myb gene subfamily for proof of concept. the graphical display of information allows users to make direct comparisons between structurally related genes and to identify those genes that are potentially orthologous, thereby assisting with their understanding of gene fun ... | 2008 | 18771782 |
| genetic analysis of fenhexamid-resistant field isolates of the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. | the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, one of the latest antibotrytis fungicides, active especially against leotiomycete plant-pathogenic fungi, inhibits 3-ketoreductase of the c-4-demethylation enzyme complex during ergosterol biosynthesis. we isolated botrytis cinerea strains resistant to various levels of fenhexamid from french and german vineyards. the sequence of the gene encoding 3-ketoreductase, erg27, varied according to levels of resistance. highly resistant isolates, termed hydr3(+), all prese ... | 2008 | 18779358 |
| signaling pathways that regulate the enhanced disease resistance of arabidopsis "defense, no death" mutants. | arabidopsis dnd1 and dnd2 mutants lack cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel proteins and carry out avirulence or resistance gene-mediated defense with a greatly reduced hypersensitive response (hr). they also exhibit elevated broad-spectrum disease resistance and constitutively elevated salicylic acid (sa) levels. we examined the contributions of npr1, sid2 (eds16), ndr1, and ein2 to dnd phenotypes. mutations that affect sa accumulation or signaling (sid2, npr1, and ndr1) abolished the enhanced r ... | 2008 | 18785824 |
| the atrbohd-mediated oxidative burst elicited by oligogalacturonides in arabidopsis is dispensable for the activation of defense responses effective against botrytis cinerea. | oligogalacturonides (ogs) are endogenous elicitors of defense responses released after partial degradation of pectin in the plant cell wall. we have previously shown that, in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), ogs induce the expression of phytoalexin deficient3 (pad3) and increase resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea independently of signaling pathways mediated by jasmonate, salicylic acid, and ethylene. here, we illustrate that the rapid induction of the expression o ... | 2008 | 18790995 |
| a new mycoparasite, pythium lycopersicum, isolated in isparta, turkey: morphology, molecular characteristics, and its antagonism with phytopathogenic fungi. | pythium lycopersicum sp. nov. has been isolated from soil samples taken in an agricultural land in the isparta region of southern turkey. this oomycete is characterized by its contiguous sporangia having globose to elongated elements linked with hyphal filaments, ornamented oogonia, and monoclinous antheridia with large antheridial cells. the oomycete is reminiscent of pythium ornamentatum described by the corresponding author in 1987 from soil samples taken in algeria. sequence analyses of the ... | 2008 | 18795956 |
| detection of sclerotinia sclerotiorum using a monomeric and dimeric single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibody. | sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de bary is a phytopathogenic fungus capable of causing significant yield losses in numerous crops, including canola, in which the fungus causes sclerotinia stem rot. immunological detection methods to rapidly determine the presence of s. sclerotiorum on plants may provide growers with a viable diagnostic tool to aid with fungicide use decisions. this paper discusses the generation of a monomeric and dimeric single-chain, variable fragment (scfv) antibody with affi ... | 2008 | 18800799 |
| expression and functional characterization of the plant antimicrobial snakin-1 and defensin recombinant proteins. | in this study, for the first time, functionally active, recombinant, cysteine-rich plant proteins snakin-1 (sn1) and defensin (pth1) were expressed and purified using a prokaryotic expression system. the overall level of antimicrobial activities of sn1 and pth1 produced in escherichia coli was commensurate with that of the same proteins previously obtained from plant tissues. both proteins exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the phytopathogenic bacterium clavibacter michiganensis sub ... | 2009 | 18824107 |
| ethylene- and pathogen-inducible arabidopsis acyl-coa-binding protein 4 interacts with an ethylene-responsive element binding protein. | six genes encode proteins with acyl-coa-binding domains in arabidopsis thaliana. they are the small 10-kda cytosolic acyl-coa-binding protein (acbp), membrane-associated acbp1 and acbp2, extracellularly-targeted acbp3, and kelch-motif containing acbp4 and acbp5. here, the interaction of acbp4 with an a. thaliana ethylene-responsive element binding protein (atebp), identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen, was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. the subcellular localization of acbp4 and atebp, wa ... | 2008 | 18836139 |
| [identification of endophytic actinomycete lj20 from plant and its antifungal substances]. | endophytic actinomycete lj20 with antifungal activity was isolated from the roots of capsicum plants. we identified lj20 and synthesized its antifungal substances. | 2008 | 18837367 |
| isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel leguminous defense peptide with antifungal and antiproliferative potency. | leguminous plants have formed a popular subject of research owing to the abundance of proteins and peptides with important biological activities that they produce. the antifungal proteins and peptides have been purified from a number of leguminous species. however, research continues to discover novel antifungal plant-produced peptides and proteins are being needed, specially those novel ones with both antifungal activity and other significant bioactivities. the objective of this study was to is ... | 2009 | 18841359 |
| the camp-dependent signaling pathway and its role in conidial germination, growth, and virulence of the gray mold botrytis cinerea. | in botrytis cinerea, some components of the camp-dependent pathway, such as alpha subunits of heterotrimeric g proteins and the adenylate cyclase bac, have been characterized and their impact on growth, conidiation, germination, and virulence has been demonstrated. here, we describe the functions of more components of the camp cascade: the catalytic subunits bcpka1 and bcpka2 and the regulatory subunit bcpkar of the camp-dependent protein kinase (pka). although deltabcpka2 mutants showed no obvi ... | 2008 | 18842094 |
| [nondestructive detection of grey mold of eggplant based on ground multi-spectral imaging sensor]. | botrytis cinerea pers. is a worldwide fungus. it is a severe threat to eggplant. chemistry methods can do an accurate identification, however they are time-consuming, require execution by professionals and are high cost. the present paper presents the development of a ground based multi-spectral imaging sensor for the grey mold detection. three channels (green, red, near-infrared) of crop images were acquired. two algorithm systems were developed. the objective of the image processing is to obta ... | 2008 | 18844147 |
| complex genetics control natural variation in arabidopsis thaliana resistance to botrytis cinerea. | the genetic architecture of plant defense against microbial pathogens may be influenced by pathogen lifestyle. while plant interactions with biotrophic pathogens are frequently controlled by the action of large-effect resistance genes that follow classic mendelian inheritance, our study suggests that plant defense against the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea is primarily quantitative and genetically complex. few studies of quantitative resistance to necrotrophic pathogens have used large p ... | 2008 | 18845849 |
| fungal control of pathogenic fungi isolated from wild plants in taif governorate, saudia arabia. | twenty two plants were collected from taif governorate and identified as: euphorbia glomerifera, juniperus procera, launaea mucronata, capparis dcidua, punica granatum, opuntia ficus, prunus persica, eucalyptus globulus, medicago sativa, artemisia monosperma, trichodesma calathiforme, artemisia judaica, foeniculum vulgare, phagnalon sinaicum, rumex dentatus, asphodelus aestives, pulicaria crispa, launae sonchoides, forsskaolea tenacissima, arnebia hispidissima, avena spp and aerva lanata. pathog ... | 2007 | 18928069 |
| resistance of postharvest biocontrol yeasts to oxidative stress: a possible new mechanism of action. | abstract we detected the generation of the reactive oxygen species (ros) superoxide anion ( o.(-) (2)) and hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) in apple wounds 2 immediately after wounding, and assessed the relationships between (i) timely colonization of apple wounds by biocontrol yeasts, (ii) resistance of these microorganisms to oxidative stress caused by ros, and (iii) their antagonism against postharvest wound pathogens. we analyzed a model system consisting of two yeasts with higher (cryptococcus ... | 2003 | 18942978 |
| infection of commercial hybrid primula seed by botrytis cinerea and latent disease spread through the plants. | abstract botrytis cinerea occurred commonly on cultivated primula xpolyantha seed. the fungus was mostly on the outside of the seed but sometimes was present within the seed. the fungus frequently caused disease at maturity in plants grown from the seed, demonstrated by growing plants in a filtered airflow, isolated from other possible sources of infection. young, commercially produced p. xpolyantha plants frequently had symptomless b. cinerea infections spread throughout the plants for up to 3 ... | 2003 | 18942979 |
| combining biocontrol agents to reduce the variability of biological control. | abstract two biocontrol agents, a yeast (pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. the aims of the research were to determine whether the use of their combination would broaden the environmental conditions under which biological control is effective, and to test the hypothesis that it would reduce the variability of control efficacy under diverse conditions. applied separately, the bioco ... | 2001 | 18942990 |
| modeling spatial characteristics in the biological control of fungi at leaf scale: competitive substrate colonization by botrytis cinerea and the saprophytic antagonist ulocladium atrum. | abstract a spatially explicit model describing saprophytic colonization of dead cyclamen leaf tissue by the plant-pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea and the saprophytic fungal antagonist ulocladium atrum was constructed. both fungi explore the leaf and utilize the resources it provides. leaf tissue is represented by a two-dimensional grid of square grid cells. fungal competition within grid cells is modeled using lotka-volterra equations. spatial expansion into neighboring grid cells is assumed ... | 2005 | 18943048 |
| biological control of botrytis cinerea by volatiles of 'isabella' grapes. | abstract the effect of volatiles from cv. isabella (vitis labrusca) on the growth of botrytis cinerea was tested in vitro and in situ, in the latter case on 'roditis' grapes (v. vinifera), at various temperatures. the goal of the research was to determine whether the volatiles emitted by isabella grapes could be effective biocontrol agents of botrytis cinerea. the closed mariotte system was used as a bioassay method to analyze quantitatively the biological action of these volatiles on fungal gro ... | 2004 | 18943068 |
| cerebroside elicitor confers resistance to fusarium disease in various plant species. | abstract in the rice blast fungus pathosystem, cerebroside, a compound categorized as a sphingolipid, was found in our previous study to be a non-racespecific elicitor, which elicits defense responses in rice. here we describe that cerebroside c is produced in diverse strains of fusarium oxysporum, a common soilborne agent of wilt disease affecting a wide range of plant species. in addition, some type of cerebroside elicitor involving cerebroside a, b, or c was detected in other soilborne phytop ... | 2004 | 18943100 |
| botrytis cinerea infection of grape flowers: light and electron microscopical studies of infection sites. | abstract specific floral organs including the calyptra, stigma, and receptacle area of glasshouse-grown grapevines (vitis vinifera cv. cabernet sauvignon) were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of botrytis cinerea conidia, and the initial steps involved in colonization and infection of the host tissues were studied for several days postinoculation using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. conidia germinated on all floral organs examined and became attache ... | 2004 | 18943105 |
| ethylene-insensitive tobacco shows differentially altered susceptibility to different pathogens. | abstract transgenic tobacco plants (tetr) expressing the mutant etr1-1 gene from arabidopsis thaliana are insensitive to ethylene and develop symptoms of wilting and stem rot when grown in nonautoclaved soil. several isolates of fusarium, thielaviopsis, and pythium were recovered from stems of diseased tetr plants. inoculation with each of these isolates of 6-week-old plants growing in autoclaved soil caused disease in tetr plants but not in nontransformed plants. also, when 2-week-old seedlings ... | 2003 | 18943162 |
| characterization of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil resistance in field isolates of penicillium digitatum. | genetic and biochemical mechanisms of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil resistance in isolates of penicillium digitatum were evaluated and compared to those characterized in other fungi. resistant isolates were naturally occurring in packinghouses and were not associated with crop losses. for the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, ec50 values were 0.02 to 0.04 microg/ml for sensitive, 0.08 to 0.65 microg/ml for moderately resistant (mr), and > 40 microg/ml for highly resistant (hr) isolates. two fludioxonil- ... | 2008 | 18943197 |
| spatiotemporal relationships between disease development and airborne inoculum in unmanaged and managed botrytis leaf blight epidemics. | comparatively little quantitative information is available on both the spatial and temporal relationships that develop between airborne inoculum and disease intensity during the course of aerially spread epidemics. botrytis leaf blight and botrytis squamosa airborne inoculum were analyzed over space and time during 2 years (2002 and 2004) in a nonprotected experimental field, using a 6 x 8 lattice of quadrats of 10 x 10 m each. a similar experiment was conducted in 2004 and 2006 in a commercial ... | 2008 | 18943236 |
| evidence of induced systemic resistance against botrytis elliptica in lily. | lily leaf blight, caused by botrytis elliptica, is an important fungal disease in taiwan. in order to identify an effective, nonfungicide method to decrease disease incidence in lilium formosanum, the efficacy of rhizobacteria eliciting induced systemic resistance (isr) was examined in this study. over 300 rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of l. formosanum healthy plants and 63 were identified by the analysis of fatty acid profiles. disease suppressive ability of 13 strains was de ... | 2008 | 18943260 |
| antagonism of nutrient-activated conidia of trichoderma harzianum (atroviride) p1 against botrytis cinerea. | abstract the effect of preliminary nutrient activation on the ability of conidia of the antagonist trichoderma harzianum (atroviride) p1 to suppress botrytis cinerea was investigated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. preliminary nutrient activation at 21 degrees c accelerated subsequent germination of the antagonist at temperatures from 9 to 21 degrees c; at >/=18 degrees c, the germination time of preactivated t. harzianum p1 conidia did not differ significantly from that of b. ciner ... | 2001 | 18943332 |
| phenotype instability in botrytis cinerea in the absence of benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides. | abstract stability of phenotypes of isolates of botrytis cinerea that were sensitive or resistant to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides was examined in the absence of fungicides in laboratory and growth room experiments. twelve greenhouse isolates of b. cinerea were subcultured on potato dextrose agar (pda) for 20 generations and on geranium seedlings for 15 generations. three isolates of each of the following four phenotypes were used: sensitive to the fungicides thiophanate-methy1 (a b ... | 2001 | 18943351 |
| modeling infection of strawberry flowers by botrytis cinerea using field data. | abstract the incidence of strawberry flower infection by botrytis cinerea was monitored in unsprayed field plots in three successive years together with meteorological data and numbers of conidia in the air. there were large differences in conidia numbers and weather conditions in the 3 years. three sets of models were derived to relate inoculum and weather conditions to the incidence of flower infection; by inoculum only, by weather variables only, and by both inoculum and weather variables. al ... | 2000 | 18943378 |
| possible role of colonization and cell wall-degrading enzymes in the differential ability of three ulocladium atrum strains to control botrytis cinerea on necrotic strawberry leaves. | abstract ulocladium atrum (strain 385) consistently reduced botrytis cinerea sporulation on necrotic fragments of strawberry leaves. on these tissues, two strains of u. atrum (isolates 18558 and 18559) showed lower antagonistic activities than the reference strain 385. colonization of strawberry leaflets by the three u. atrum strains appeared similar in the absence of b. cinerea, whether quantified by chitin or immunological assays. the second method (based on anti-u. atrum antibodies) revealed ... | 2001 | 18943437 |
| combinations of fungicides with phylloplane yeasts for improved control of botrytis cinerea on geranium seedlings. | abstract control of botrytis cinerea on geranium seedlings was evaluated in treatments with phylloplane yeasts in combination with 10 fungicides used to manage botrytis blight of ornamental plants. rhodotorula glutinis pm4 significantly reduced the development of lesions caused by b. cinerea on geranium cotyledons; however, yeast biocontrol efficacy was highly variable between trials. treatment with the yeast in combination with azoxystrobin or trifloxystrobin at one tenth the labeled rate (7.5 ... | 2004 | 18943543 |
| defense responses in grapevine leaves against botrytis cinerea induced by application of a pythium oligandrum strain or its elicitin, oligandrin, to roots. | abstract pythium oligandrum is known to display antagonistic activities against several species of pathogenic fungi. it also produces an elicitor of plant defense named oligandrin, which belongs to the elicitin family (10-kda proteins synthesized by phytophthora and pythium species). here, the potential of p. oligandrum or its purified elicitin to limit the progression of b. cinerea on grapevine leaf and the resulting plant-microorganism interactions are described. p. oligandrum or oligandrin we ... | 2007 | 18943581 |
| effect of water potential on conidial germination and antagonism of ulocladium atrum against botrytis cinerea. | abstract the saprophytic fungus ulocladium atrum was selected for its ability to competitively exclude botrytis spp. from aboveground necrotic plant tissues which can play a crucial role in the epidemiology of diseases caused by necrotrophic botrytis spp. fungal growth in necrotic aboveground tissues can be hampered by fluctuating water availability. adaptation to these adverse conditions is a key factor for the successful establishment of an antagonist population in this niche. conidia of u. at ... | 2001 | 18943593 |
| osmotin and thaumatin from grape: a putative general defense mechanism against pathogenic fungi. | abstract little information is available concerning the expression of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins in grapevine (vitis vinifera) and their effect properties on the major fungal pathogens of grape. a systematic study was performed on the effect of total or individual grape proteins on mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube growth of uncinula necator, phomopsis viticola, and botrytis cinerea. two proteins, identified as pr proteins by immunological methods and by n-terminal sequen ... | 2003 | 18943614 |
| effect of germination initiation on competitive capacity of trichoderma atroviride p1 conidia. | abstract trichoderma biocontrol isolates are most effective as highly concentrated inocula. their antagonism to other fungi may be a result of pregermination respiration. in a nutrient-rich medium, almost all trichoderma atroviride p1 (p1) conidia initiated germination processes and increased respiration, even in dense suspensions. when 1 x 10(7) p1 conidia/ml were coinoculated with 1 x 10(5) botrytis cinerea conidia/ml, dissolved oxygen fell to <1% within 2 h and the pathogen failed to germinat ... | 2003 | 18943625 |
| effects of diffuse colonization of grape berries by uncinula necator on bunch rots, berry microflora, and juice and wine quality. | abstract production of grape (principally cultivars of vitis vinifera) for high-quality wines requires a high level of suppression of powdery mildew (uncinula necator syn. erysiphe necator). severe infection of either fruit or foliage has well-documented and deleterious effects upon crop and wine quality. we found that berries nearly immune to infection by u. necator due to the development of ontogenic resistance may still support diffuse and inconspicuous mildew colonies when inoculated approxi ... | 2007 | 18943695 |
| postharvest biological control of botrytis cinerea on kiwifruit by volatiles of [isabella] grapes. | abstract the potential of volatile substances emitted by 'isabella' grapes (vitis labrusca) to control gray mold (botrytis cinerea) on 'hayward' kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa) was studied. the closed mariotte system was used as a bioassay method to analyze quantitatively the biological action of these volatiles on b. cinerea growth. in vivo experiments compared the effects of volatiles from 'isabella' grapes versus volatiles from 'roditis' grapes (v. vinifera) and a b. cinerea control on the gr ... | 2004 | 18943697 |
| hypovirulence and double-stranded rna in botrytis cinerea. | abstract twenty-one strains of botrytis cinerea isolated from 13 species of plants grown in china were compared for pathogenicity on brassica napus, mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar, and presence of double-stranded (ds)rna. the results showed that the strain canbc-1 was severely debilitated in pathogenicity and mycelial growth, compared with the 20 virulent strains. a dsrna of approximately 3.0 kb in length was detected in canbc-1 and 4 hypovirulent single-conidium (sc) isolates of canbc- ... | 2007 | 18943720 |
| the role of saprotrophy and virulence in the population dynamics of botrytis cinerea in vineyards. | abstract change in relative frequencies of the three main genetic types of botrytis cinerea (group i, group ii vacuma, and group ii transposa) were monitored over time from 1998 to 2000 in three bordeaux vineyards not treated with fungicides. during 2000, group i isolates, detected mostly at flowering comprised only 2.5% of the entire population. within group ii, the complementary frequencies of vacuma and transposa isolates differed significantly depending on grapevine phenological stages and o ... | 2005 | 18943786 |
| evolution of an osmosensing histidine kinase in field strains of botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) in response to dicarboximide fungicide usage. | abstract dna sequence polymorphisms in the putative two-component histidine protein kinase encoded by the daf1 gene have been identified within a sample of 5 sensitive and 27 dicarboximide-resistant field strains of botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph botrytis cinerea). the gene of 3948 bp is predicted to encode a 1315-amino acid protein comprising an n-terminal region, an amino acid repeat region, which has been hypothesized to be the binding site for dicarboximide fungicide, and a c-terminal regi ... | 2004 | 18943802 |
| a laboratory simulation for vectoring of trichosporon pullulans by conidia of botrytis cinerea. | abstract a mechanism that could contribute to the suppression of botrytis cinerea during pathogen sporulation was examined in this study. yeasts capable of binding to b. cinerea were formulated with a cellulose carrier and applied to sporulating colonies of the pathogen. the particles from this yeast/cellulose product attached to b. cinerea conidia in the sporulating colony. inoculum from treated colonies was harvested and applied to tomato stem tissue to test for subsequent pathogenicity. disea ... | 2002 | 18943883 |
| universally primed polymerase chain reaction alleles and internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish two subgroups in botrytis aclada distinct from b. byssoidea. | abstract fifty-one isolates representing the four botrytis spp. associated with onion neck rot were clustered by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based on universal-primed polymerase chain reaction (up-pcr) fingerprints. bootstrap analysis of the consensus phenogram clearly demonstrated five strong clusters among the four botrytis spp.: b. cinerea (c), b. squamosa (s), b. byssoidea (b), and b. aclada (ai and aii). subdivision of the 30 b. aclada isolates, ai (14) and aii (16), f ... | 2001 | 18943940 |
| chitosan oligomers and copper sulfate induce grapevine defense reactions and resistance to gray mold and downy mildew. | abstract chitosan (chn), a deacetylated derivative of chitin, was shown to be efficient in promoting plant defense reactions. chn oligomers of different molecular weight (mw) and degree of acetylation (da) triggered an accumulation of phytoalexins, trans- and cis-resveratrol and their derivatives epsilon-viniferin and piceid, in grapevine leaves. highest phytoalexin production was achieved within 48 h of incubation with chn at 200 mug/ml with an mw of 1,500 and a da of 20% (chn1.5/20), while oli ... | 2006 | 18943955 |
| use of selenate-resistant strains as markers for the spread and survival of botrytis cinerea under greenhouse conditions. | abstract botrytis cinerea marked strains combining traits of fungicide resistance or sensitivity (carbendazim, iprodione) with resistance to selenate were created and assessed for use in studying the dispersal of b. cinerea and its survival inside plant tissue under greenhouse conditions. marked strains differed in their ability to cause lesions and to disperse in the greenhouse. a strain that was the most aggressive in infecting plants was also the most successful in spreading across the greenh ... | 2006 | 18943956 |
| inducible expression of a phytolacca heterotepala ribosome-inactivating protein leads to enhanced resistance against major fungal pathogens in tobacco. | abstract plant genetic engineering has long been considered a valuable tool to fight fungal pathogens because it would limit the economically costly and environmentally undesirable chemical methods of disease control. ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) are potentially useful for plant defense considering their antiviral and antimicrobial activities but their use is limited by their cytotoxic activity. a new gene coding for an rip isolated from leaves of phytolacca heterotepala was expressed i ... | 2005 | 18943992 |
| improved control of postharvest decay of pears by the combination of candida sake (cpa-1) and ammonium molybdate. | abstract the potential enhancement of candida sake (cpa-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea, respectively, on blanquilla pears was investigated. in laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mm) alone or in combination with c. sake at 2 x 10(6) or 2 x 10(7) cfu ml(-1) on blanquilla pears stored at 20 degrees c. in semicommercial trials a ... | 2002 | 18944000 |
| improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. | abstract two biocontrol agents, a yeast (pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves and plants. scanning electron microscopy revealed significant inhibition of botrytis cinerea conidial germination in the presence of pichia guilermondii, whereas bacillus mycoides caused breakage and destruction of conidia. when both biocontrol agents were applied in a mixture, conidial destruction was more ... | 2002 | 18944023 |
| activity of the antifungal protein from aspergillus giganteus against botrytis cinerea. | abstract botrytis blight (gray mold), caused by botrytis cinerea, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of ornamental plants. in geranium plants, gray mold is responsible for important losses in production. the mold aspergillus giganteus is known to produce and secrete a basic low-molecular-weight protein, the antifungal protein (afp). here, the antifungal properties of the aspergillus afp against various b. cinerea isolates obtained from naturally infected geranium plants were investig ... | 2003 | 18944061 |
| characterization of the exoglucanase-encoding gene paexg2 and study of its role in the biocontrol activity of pichia anomala strain k. | abstract the paexg2 gene, encoding an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase, was isolated from the biocontrol agent pichia anomala strain k. paexg2 has the capacity for coding an acidic protein of 427 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 45.7 kda, a calculated pi of 4.7, and one potential n-glycosylation site. paexg2 was disrupted by the insertion of the ura3 marker gene, encoding orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase in strain ku1, a uracil auxotroph derived from strain k. strain ku1 showed inferi ... | 2003 | 18944099 |
| a point mutation in the two-component histidine kinase bcos-1 gene confers dicarboximide resistance in field isolates of botrytis cinerea. | abstract partial dna fragments of botrytis cinerea field isolates encoding the putative osmosensor histidine kinase gene (bcos1) were cloned by polymerase chain reaction amplification and the predicted amino acid sequences were compared between dicarboximide-sensitive and resistant field isolates. the predicted bcos1p is highly homologous to osmosensor histidine kinase os1p from neurospora crassa including the n-terminal six tandem repeats of approximately 90 amino acids. four dicarboximide-resi ... | 2002 | 18944142 |
| genotyping of benzimidazole-resistant and dicarboximide-resistant mutations in botrytis cinerea using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. | botrytis cinerea, an economically important gray mold pathogen, frequently exhibits multiple fungicide resistance. a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay has been developed to detect benzimidazole- and dicarboximide-resistant mutations. three benzimidazole-resistant mutations-(198)glu to ala (e198a), f200y, and e198k-in beta-tubulin bena were detected using a single set of fluorescence-labeled sensor and anchor probes by melting curve analysis. s ... | 2008 | 18944187 |
| stability and fitness of anilinopyrimidine-resistant strains of botrytis cinerea. | the fitness of anilinopyrimidine-resistant isolates of botrytis cinerea compared with that of sensitive isolates, collected from vegetable crops in greece during 2005, was investigated. stability of resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides was determined after consecutive transfers of the fungal isolates on fungicide-free potato dextrose agar for 16 culture cycles or on fungicide-untreated cucumber seedlings for eight disease cycles. results showed that after the consecutive transfers of the i ... | 2008 | 18944193 |
| identification of differentially expressed genes by cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism in the biocontrol agent pichia anomala (strain kh5). | abstract cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) analysis was used to identify genes potentially involved in biological control, by strain kh5 (pichia anomala), of botrytis cinerea, an important post-harvest pathogen on apples. strain kh5 was grown in yeast nitrogen base (ynb) plus glucose (g medium) or ynb plus cell walls of b. cinerea (b medium). thirty-five primer pairs were used in aflp amplifications, resulting in a total of more than 2,450 bands derived from the mrna of str ... | 2006 | 18944207 |
| ontogenic resistance and plant disease management: a case study of grape powdery mildew. | abstract a fundamental principle of integrated pest management is that actions taken to manage disease should be commensurate with the risk of infection and loss. one of the less-studied factors that determines this risk is ontogenic, or age-related resistance of the host. ontogenic resistance may operate at the whole plant level or in specific organs or tissues. until recently, grape berries were thought to remain susceptible to powdery mildew (uncinula necator) until late in their development. ... | 2002 | 18944267 |
| correlations of morphological, anatomical, and chemical features of grape berries with resistance to botrytis cinerea. | abstract resistance of mature berries of grapevine cultivars and selections to postharvest infection by botrytis cinerea was assessed. little or no resistance existed in most popular table grape vitis vinifera cultivars, except in moderately resistant 'emperor' and 'autumn black'. highly resistant grapes were v. rotundifolia, v. labrusca, or other complex hybrids. morphological, anatomical, and chemical characteristics of 42 genetically diverse cultivars and selections with various levels of res ... | 2003 | 18944326 |
| botrytis cinerea infection in grape flowers: defense reaction, latency, and disease expression. | abstract inflorescences of field-grown grapevines (vitis vinifera l. cv. gamay) were inoculated with a botrytis cinerea conidia suspension or dried conidia at different stages during bloom in moist weather. approximately 10% of the conidia germinated within 72 h, resulting in two to three times more latent infections than uninoculated controls in pea-size (7 mm in diameter) berries. in surface-sterilized pea-size berries, latent b. cinerea was present predominantly in the receptacle area. after ... | 2003 | 18944341 |
| control of postharvest decay of apple fruit with candida saitoana and induction of defense responses. | abstract the ability of candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against botrytis cinerea was investigated. to separate the antagonistic activity of c. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. in fresh apples, c. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with b. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by b. cinerea. when applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with b. cinerea, howe ... | 2003 | 18944345 |
| fitness of botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance. | abstract fitness costs in botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance were studied. spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated between resistance to iprodione and survival ability both outside and inside the greenhouse, measured on isolates randomly chosen from a collection done in a survey of commercial greenhouses in southeastern spain in 1992. survival was measured at 47, 83, and 110 days as percentage of surviving mycelia in a sample of artificially inoculated tomat ... | 2000 | 18944427 |
| an elicitor from botrytis cinerea induces the hypersensitive response in arabidopsis thaliana and other plants and promotes the gray mold disease. | abstract botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that infects over 200 plant species. previous studies showed that host cells collapse in advance of the hyphae, suggesting secretion of toxins or elicitors. we have partially characterized elicitor activity from intercellular fluid extracted from arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with b. cinerea. treatment of intact leaves or cell cultures with either intercellular fluid from infected leaves or medium from inoculated a. thaliana cell culture ... | 2006 | 18944445 |
| variability of three isolates of botrytis cinerea affects the inhibitory effects of calcium on this fungus. | abstract botrytis cinerea is an economically important pathogen. epidemiological studies are difficult because of the genetic variability within this species. the objectives of this work were to study the variability and to compare the inhibitory effects of ca on three isolates of b. cinerea from decayed apple (b) and grape (c and c77:4). among these isolates, b had the least radial growth but had a sporulation rate 40% higher than that of both c77:4 and c. in situ, isolate c incited the largest ... | 2000 | 18944497 |
| genetic analysis of isolates of botrytis cinerea sensitive and resistant to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides. | abstract a total of 56 isolates of b. cinerea collected from ornamental crops from commercial greenhouses were examined by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprint analyses. isolates were examined as two independent sets of 35 and 36 isolates, with 15 isolates common to both sets. the isolates had four phenotypes: 17 were sensitive to two commonly used fungicides, thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) and vinclozolin (a dicarboximide) (s(t)s(v)); 18 were resistant to both fungicides (r ... | 2000 | 18944506 |
| systemic and local responses associated with uv- and pathogen-induced resistance to botrytis cinerea in stored carrot. | abstract the induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea in carrot roots by uv radiation, a possible means for controlling storage diseases, was compared with systemic resistance induced by inoculation with the pathogen. uv radiation did not have any systemic effect, and disease resistance was induced only in tissues directly exposed to the radiation. although uv radiation induced a local accumulation of 6-methoxymellein (6-mm), inoculation with b. cinerea caused 6-mm to accumulate systemically, ... | 2000 | 18944523 |
| early brown rot infections in sweet cherry fruit are detected by monilinia-specific dna primers. | abstract visible and nonvisible quiescent infections of immature and mature fruit are an integral component of the disease cycle of brown rot of sweet cherry in california. detection of these infections is critical for developing efficient and efficacious fungicide management programs. the previously published dna amplification primers mfs3 and ns5 for the identification of monilinia fructicola were very specific in amplifying dna of m. fructicola only and not m. laxa. this primer set, however, ... | 2000 | 18944605 |
| quantification of mycelium of botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum in necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen and lily by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. | abstract a technique was developed to localize and quantify the internal mycelial colonization of necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen (cyclamen persicum) or lily (lilium) by pathogenic botrytis spp. and the antagonist ulocladium atrum. this technique allows investigation of competitive substrate colonization by both fungi, which is a key process for biological control of botrytis spp. by u. atrum. a combination of differential fluorescent labeling and image analysis was applied on cryostat sections ... | 1999 | 18944729 |
| two sibling species of the botrytis cinerea complex, transposa and vacuma, are found in sympatry on numerous host plants. | abstract strains of botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the champagne region (france). strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers that were found by swapp (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (pcr-rflp, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). the markers revealed a high degree ... | 1999 | 18944743 |
| differential induction of grapevine defenses by two strains of botrytis cinerea. | abstract even though botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, is a highly variable fungus with strains displaying very different degrees of virulence toward one given host plant species, no study has yet shown any correlation between the lack of aggressiveness of one given strain and its ability to stimulate a defense response from its host. strains of b. cinerea collected from different host plant species were screened for their pathogenicity on grapevine to select two strains with simi ... | 1999 | 18944759 |
| characterization of a pterostilbene dehydrodimer produced by laccase of botrytis cinerea. | abstract in the interaction between grapevines and botrytis cinerea, one of the main aspects of pathogenicity is fungal ability to degrade phytoalexins synthesized by the plant in response to infection. laccase-like stilbene oxidase activity in liquid cultures of b. cinerea has been shown to be related to the decrease of phytoalexin concentrations. recent research and results presented in this paper determined the chemical structure of a pterostilbene metabolite produced by b. cinerea. study of ... | 1999 | 18944774 |
| biological control of botrytis cinerea in cyclamen with ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum under commercial growing conditions. | abstract the effect of treatments with conidial suspensions of ulocladium atrum and gliocladium roseum on leaf rot of cyclamen caused by botrytis cinerea was investigated under commercial greenhouse conditions. spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) or g. roseum (2 x 10(6) conidia per ml and 1 x 10(7) conidia per ml) at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks during the production period and spraying u. atrum (1 x 10(6) conidia per ml) at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of ... | 1998 | 18944911 |
| resveratrol oxidation in botrytis cinerea conidia. | abstract observations using light microscopy showed that approximately 30% of botrytis cinerea conidia treated with semi-lethal concentrations (i.e., 60 mug/ml) of the grapevine phytoalexin resveratrol possessed intracellular brown coloration. this coloration was never observed in the absence of resveratrol or in conidia treated with resveratrol together with sulfur dioxide (antioxidant compound) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (inhibitor of laccase action), suggesting that discoloration result ... | 1998 | 18944929 |
| ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the biological control of botrytis cinerea by candida saitoana in apple fruit. | abstract biocontrol activity of candida saitoana and its interaction with botrytis cinerea in apple wounds were investigated. when cultured together, yeast attached to botrytis sp. hyphal walls. in wounded apple tissue, c. saitoana restricted the proliferation of b. cinerea, multiplied, and suppressed disease caused by either b. cinerea or penicillium expansum. in inoculated apple tissue without the yeast, fungal colonization caused an extensive degradation of host walls and altered cellulose la ... | 1998 | 18944950 |
| characterization of an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase produced by pichia anomala strain k, antagonist of botrytis cinerea on apples. | abstract the exo-beta-1,3-glucanase (ec 3.2.1.58) activity of pichia anomala strain k, an antagonistic yeast of botrytis cinerea on postharvest apples, was studied in a synthetic medium supplemented with laminarin, a cell wall preparation (cwp) of b. cinerea, or glucose. the highest enzyme activity was detected in culture media containing a cwp of b. cinerea as the sole carbon source, whereas the lowest activity was observed in culture media supplemented with glucose. exoglc1, an exo-beta-1,3-gl ... | 1998 | 18944957 |
| fungal sensitivity to and enzymatic degradation of the phytoanticipin alpha-tomatine. | abstract alpha-tomatine, synthesized by lycopersicon and some solanum species, is toxic to a broad range of fungi, presumably because it binds to 3beta-hydroxy sterols in fungal membranes. several fungal pathogens of tomato have previously been shown to be tolerant of this glycoalkaloid and to possess enzymes thought to be involved in its detoxification. in the current study, 23 fungal strains were examined for their ability to degrade alpha-tomatine and for their sensitivity to this compound an ... | 1998 | 18944982 |
| control of postharvest pathogens and colonization of the apple surface by antagonistic microorganisms in the field. | abstract selected isolates of aureobasidium pullulans, rhodotorula glutinis, and bacillus subtilis reduced the size and number of lesions on wounded apples caused by the postharvest pathogens penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea, and pezicula malicorticis. combinations of the antagonistic microorganisms were applied to apple trees in the field late in the growing season of two consecutive years. the population dynamics of the introduced microorganisms and the incidence of fruit decay were dete ... | 1997 | 18945006 |
| salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 induces resistance to leaf infection by botrytis cinerea on bean. | abstract selected strains of nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is effective against various pathogens. in an assay with bean plants, we investigated which determinants of the rhizobacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 are important for induction of resistance to botrytis cinerea. by varying the iron nutritional state of the bacterium at inoculation, it was demonstrated that induced resistance by p. aeruginosa 7nsk2 was iron-regulated. as p. aeruginosa 7 ... | 1997 | 18945074 |
| interaction of four antagonistic fungi with botrytis aclada in dead onion leaves: a comparative microscopic and ultrastructural study. | abstract the colonization of dead onion leaves by botrytis aclada and the fungal antagonists aureobasidium pullulans, chaetomium globosum, glio-cladium catenulatum, and ulocladium atrum and the interactions between b. aclada and each of the four antagonists were studied at the microscopic and ultrastructural level. this approach was used in an attempt to understand the colonization pattern of these fungi and the nature of the biocontrol activity of the antagonists that have shown a potential to ... | 1997 | 18945082 |
| antifungal activity of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and rhizopus stolonifer: ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects. | abstract the effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on major postharvest pathogens was investigated at the ultrastructural and cytochemical level. hyphae of botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum,, and rhizopus stolonifer grown in the absence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose were normal and showed no apparent cytological alterations. in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose, however, these fungi exhibited severe cellular injuries ranging from cell wall disruption to cytoplasm disintegration. although 2-deoxy-d-glucose cau ... | 1997 | 18945101 |
| production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody raised against surface antigens from mycelium of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: evidence for an extracellular polyphenol oxidase. | abstract a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) of immunoglobulin class m (igm) was raised against surface antigens from gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of g. graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. avenae and g. graminis var. graminis. characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the mab was a protein. antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. immunofluorescence s ... | 1997 | 18945163 |
| incorporation of weather forecasting in integrated, biological-chemical management of botrytis cinerea. | abstract a strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. the biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of trichoderma harzianum, t39 (trichodex). decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. the integrated strategy (botman [short for botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no ... | 1997 | 18945177 |
| metabolism of fungicidal cyanooximes, cymoxanil and analogues in various strains of botrytis cinerea. | the metabolism of cymoxanil [1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethylurea] and fungicidal cyanooxime analogues was monitored on three phenotypes of botrytis cinerea pers. ex fr. differing in their sensitivity towards cymoxanil. for this purpose, labelled [2-(14)c]cymoxanil was added either to the culture medium of these strains or to its cell-free extract. | 2009 | 18951412 |
| [identification and analysis of asymmetric somatic hybrids between b. oleracea and b. nigra]. | asymmetric interspecific somatic hybrids between brassica oleracea var. botrytis and b. nigra were produced by peg-induced fusion of protoplasts radiated by different doses of uv. b. nigra, genotype st.461, has resistance to black rot, black leg and clubroot diseases which are popular in cabbage production. the regenerated plants were analyzed by several means including morphology observation, relative dna content measurement by flow cytometry (fcm), chromosome counting, dna molecular marker. mo ... | 2008 | 18959000 |
| synthesis, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities of beta-methoxyacrylate-containing n-acetyl pyrazoline derivatives. | 1-acetyl-3,-5-diarylpyrazolines have received considerable interests from the fields of medicinal and agricultural chemistry due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. to discover new lead compounds exhibiting both fungicidal and insecticidal activities, a series of pyrazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized by introducing the beta-methoxyacrylate pharmacophore into the scaffold of 1-acetyl-3,5-diarylpyrazoline. the fungicidal activities against pseudoperoniospora cubensis, ... | 2008 | 18973342 |
| a generic theoretical model for biological control of foliar plant diseases. | we have developed a generic modelling framework to understand the dynamics of foliar pathogen and biocontrol agent (bca) populations in order to predict the likelihood of successful biocontrol in relation to the mechanisms involved. the model considers biocontrol systems for foliar pathogens only and, although it is most applicable to fungal bca systems, does not address a specific biocontrol system. four biocontrol mechanisms (competition, antibiosis, mycoparasitism and induced resistance) were ... | 2009 | 18983855 |
| galactinol is a signaling component of the induced systemic resistance caused by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 root colonization. | root colonization by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 in cucumber elicited an induced systemic resistance (isr) against corynespora cassiicola. in order to gain insight into o6-mediated isr, a suppressive subtractive hybridization technique was applied and resulted in the isolation of a cucumber galactinol synthase (csgols1) gene. the transcriptional level of csgols1 and the resultant galactinol content showed an increase several hours earlier under o6 treatment than in the water control plants follo ... | 2008 | 18986260 |
| nonenzymatic oxidation of trienoic fatty acids contributes to reactive oxygen species management in arabidopsis. | in higher plants such as arabidopsis thaliana, omega-3 trienoic fatty acids (tfas), represented mainly by alpha-linolenic acid, serve as precursors of jasmonic acid (ja), a potent lipid signal molecule essential for defense. the ja-independent roles of tfas were investigated by comparing the tfa- and ja-deficient fatty acid desaturase triple mutant (fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 (fad3 fad7 fad8)) with the aos (allene oxide synthase) mutant that contains tfas but is ja-deficient. when challenged with the fu ... | 2009 | 18996838 |
| chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents: design, synthesis, structure, and in vitro fungicidal activities. | a novel series of chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents have been designed and synthesized conveniently by using the chiral auxiliary as a controlling reagent. all of the compounds exhibit moderate to high ee values reaching up to 99%, and the preliminary bioassay results demonstrated that most of the target compounds take on a significantly wide spectrum activity against fusarium oxysporium, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinereapers, gibberella zea ... | 2008 | 18998696 |
| geography, plants, and growing systems shape the genetic structure of tunisian botrytis cinerea populations. | botrytis cinerea, considered for a long time as a generalist fungal pathogen of a multitude of plants, was recently shown to exhibit significant population structure in france according to the host, suggesting sympatric specialization. recent models also showed that adaptation to new hosts may facilitate the process of sympatric speciation in fungal plant pathogens. the present work aimed at investigating if host plants, combined with geographic origin and growing systems, shape the diversity an ... | 2008 | 19000001 |
| sexual recombination in the botrytis cinerea populations in hungarian vineyards. | botrytis cinerea (anamorph of botryotinia fuckeliana) causes gray mold on a high number of crop plants including grapes. in this study, we investigated the genetic properties of a grape pathogenic population of b. cinerea in the area of eger, hungary. a total of 109 isolates from 12 areas were sampled. based on the sequence of the beta-tubulin (tub1) locus, they all belong to group ii, a phylogenetic species within b. cinerea. seventy-four isolates were classified as transposa, with both the fli ... | 2008 | 19000006 |
| rna-mediated gene silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in botrytis cinerea. | gene silencing is a powerful tool utilized for identification of gene function and analysis in plants, animals, and fungi. here, we report the silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in botrytis cinerea through sense and antisense-mediated silencing mechanisms. because superoxide dismutase (sod) is a virulence factor, transformants were tested for phenotypic silencing in vitro and reduction in pathogenicity in planta. plate-based assays with and without paraquat were performed to screen initi ... | 2008 | 19000009 |
| systemic resistance and lipoxygenase-related defence response induced in tomato by pseudomonas putida strain btp1. | previous studies showed the ability of pseudomonas putida strain btp1 to promote induced systemic resistance (isr) in different host plants. since isr is long-lasting and not conducive for development of resistance of the targeted pathogen, this phenomenon can take part of disease control strategies. however, in spite of the numerous examples of isr induced by pgpr in plants, only a few biochemical studies have associated the protective effect with specific host metabolic changes. | 2008 | 19000301 |
| three new metabolites from botrytis cinerea. | three new metabolites, gamma-abscisolactone (1), botrytisic acids a (3) and b (4) were isolated from the fermentation broth of botrytis cinerea tb-3-h8. their structures were elucidated on the basis of ms, ir, uv, and nmr spectroscopic data. compound 2 was isolated from natural resource for the first time. the structure of 1 was further confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction (ccdc-265897). | 2008 | 19003608 |
| cold induced botrytis cinerea enolase (bcenol-1) functions as a transcriptional regulator and is controlled by camp. | botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen that can survive, grow and infect crops under cold stress. in an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to cold tolerance of this phytopathogen, we identified an enolase, bcenol-1. bcenol-1 encodes a 48 kda protein that shows high identity to yeast, arabidopsis and human enolases (72, 63 and 63%, respectively). northern analysis confirms that an increase in transcript abundance of bcenol-1 was observed when b. cinerea mycel ... | 2009 | 19011901 |
| evolutionary analysis of endopolygalacturonase-encoding genes of botrytis cinerea. | sequence analysis of five of the six endopolygalacturonase-encoding genes (bcpg1, bcpg2, bcpg3, bcpg4, bcpg5) from 32 strains of botrytis cinerea showed marked gene to gene differences in the amount of among-strains diversity. bcpg4 was almost invariable in all strains; bcpg3 and bcpg5 showed a moderate variability, similar to that of non-pathogenicity-associated genes examined in other studies. conversely, bcpg1 and bcpg2 were highly variable and were shown to be under positive selection based ... | 2008 | 19018996 |
| bacterial rhamnolipids are novel mamps conferring resistance to botrytis cinerea in grapevine. | rhamnolipids produced by the bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa are known as very efficient biosurfactant molecules. they are used for a wide range of industrial applications, especially in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations as well as in bioremediation of pollutants. in this paper, the role of rhamnolipids as novel molecules triggering defence responses and protection against the fungus botrytis cinerea in grapevine is presented. the effect of rhamnolipids was assessed in grapevine us ... | 2009 | 19021887 |
| sesquiterpene synthase from the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster of the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. | the fungus botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the economically important gray mold disease that affects more than 200 ornamental and agriculturally important plant species. b. cinerea is a necrotrophic plant pathogen that secretes nonspecific phytotoxins, including the sesquiterpene botrydial and the polyketide botcinic acid. the region surrounding the previously characterized bcbot1 gene has now been identified as the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster.five genes including bcbot1 and bcbo ... | 2008 | 19035644 |
| an important role of a bahd acyl transferase-like protein in plant innate immunity. | salicylic acid (sa) is an important regulator of plant resistance to biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens. the enhanced pseudomonas susceptibility 1 (eps1) mutant in arabidopsis thaliana is hypersusceptible to both virulent and avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. through positional cloning, the eps1 gene was isolated and found to encode a novel member of the bahd acyltransferase superfamily. pathogen-induced accumulation of sa and expression of pathogenesis-rela ... | 2009 | 19036031 |