| tubulin pseudogenes as markers for hominoid divergence. | processed pseudogenes arise via unimolecular events that result in the integration of nonfunctional (and therefore non-selected) regions of dna into the germ line. the sequence of such pseudogenes can be used as a novel form of evolutionary clock: the older a particular pseudogene, the more mutations it has acquired relative to the selectively constrained functional gene from which it was originally derived. we have used specific beta-tubulin gene probes to assay for the presence of fully sequen ... | 1986 | 3712438 |
| vocal and gestural responses of cross-fostered chimpanzees. | ten positive, five neutral, and five negative events were presented to two chimpanzees, tatu (female, 64 months old) and dar (male, 56 months old), who had been cross-fostered from birth by human beings. each event was announced in american sign language 10 s before. the announcements and events were common items in the cross-fostering routines and were administered according to a balanced design over a period of 2 months. vocal and signed responses to the announcements and to the events were re ... | 1986 | 3717455 |
| restricted replication of a cold-adapted reassortant influenza a virus in the lower respiratory tract of chimpanzees. | | 1986 | 3722870 |
| experimental infection of the woodchuck (marmota monax monax) with woodchuck hepatitis virus. | six woodchucks, 10 1/2 months of age, injected intramuscularly with 0.02 ml of woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)-positive serum and two woodchucks of similar age and origin injected with phosphate buffered saline were studied by serial blood samples and liver biopsy sections over an 18 week period. serum samples were assayed for whv surface antigen (whsag), its corresponding antibody (anti-whs) and antibody to whv core antigen (anti-whc). whv core antigen (whcag) was detected in liver biopsy secti ... | 1986 | 3724063 |
| the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium reichenowi. | plasmodium reichenowi, a malarial parasite of the chimpanzee, was infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles maculatus, anopheles dirus, and anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae and anopheles albimanus were not infected. mean oocyst diameters of p. reichenowi were smaller than those of the other chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium schwetzi. sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of an. freeborni at 15 days when held at 25 to 2 ... | 1986 | 3734994 |
| emg of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and "arboreal" locomotion. | current views on the function of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles emphasize their roles in arm-raising as participants in a scapulohumeral force "couple." the acceptance of such a mechanism is based primarily on a 1944 emg study of human shoulder muscle action. more recently, it has been suggested that shoulder joint stabilization constitutes a second and equally important function of the cuff musculature, especially in nonhuman primates which habitually use their forelimbs in overhead postu ... | 1986 | 3739946 |
| advanced computer graphics technology reveals cortical asymmetry in endocasts of rhesus monkeys. | lengths of cortical sulci were measured on ten endocranial casts (endocasts) from skulls of rhesus monkeys, using advanced computer technology that permits analysis and imaging of surface morphology in three dimensions. sulcal lengths were compared in left and right hemispheres and, contrary to earlier reports, the length of the left sylvian fissure was found to be significantly longer than its right counterpart, as is the case for chimpanzees and humans. this asymmetry in humans is thought to b ... | 1986 | 3744188 |
| location of the x inactivation center in primates and other mammals. | in humans, the x chromosome inactivation center and an x inactivation-associated metaphase fold are at the same location (bands xq13----21) or are very closely associated. in other mammals, the location of the x inactivation center is unknown, but it has been suggested that the relationship between the inactivation center and the inactivation-associated fold may make it a useful marker for both identifying the inactivated x and locating the inactivation center in other mammalian species. if a si ... | 1986 | 3759086 |
| comparison by studies in squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, and adult humans of avian-human influenza a virus reassortants derived from different avian influenza virus donors. | we evaluated the abilities of three different avian influenza a viruses to attenuate the wild-type human influenza a/korea/1/82 (h3n2) virus in squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, and adult seronegative human volunteers. two of these, avian influenza a/mallard/ny/78 and a/mallard/alberta/76 viruses, appeared to be satisfactory donors of attenuating genes for the production of live influenza a reassortant virus vaccines for human use because the reassortants exhibited an acceptable balance between att ... | 1986 | 3760140 |
| cardiac correlates of individual recognition in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | the ability of a chimpanzee to recognize individuals depicted in photographs was evaluated through the use of heart rate measures. heart rate was recorded before and during photographic projections of human caregivers, familiar individuals, strangers, and blank control slides. in the absence of explicit training or reinforcement, the chimpanzee displayed a differential pattern of heart rate response to the stimulus categories. although heart rate responses to all stimuli were predominantly decel ... | 1986 | 3769449 |
| production of primate monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies of primate origin were produced by direct fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes with two different fusion cell lines: sp2/0, a mouse plasmacytoma line and sbc-h2o, a human-mouse heteromyeloma. the fusion of primate lymphocytes with sp2/0 cells was not successful and only transient production of antibodies was found. the fusion of primate lymphocytes with sbc-h2o cells was more successful and resulted in the establishment of stable monoclonal antibody-producing lines especi ... | 1986 | 3782822 |
| protection of chimpanzees from type b hepatitis by immunization with woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen. | two chimpanzees immunized with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) surface antigen (whsag) developed antibodies cross-reactive with hepatitis b virus (hbv) surface antigen (hbsag). after challenge with hbv, one animal was completely protected and the other experienced a subclinical infection, without evidence of liver disease. three woodchucks immunized with hbsag developed antibodies to hbsag which did not cross-react with whsag. after challenge with whv, all three woodchucks developed typical acut ... | 1986 | 3783820 |
| implications of fragile x expression in normal males for the nature of the mutation. | the fragile site at xq27, associated with a common form of x-linked mental retardation (xlmr), is expressed in a variable proportion of the peripheral lymphocytes of affected males when the cells are cultured under thymidylate stress (td stress) produced by folate or thymidylate deprivation. some clinically normal males--transmitting males--are known to carry and transmit the fragile x mutation and yet show no cytogenetic expression in lymphocytes. normal males with no family history of x-linked ... | 1986 | 3785381 |
| titration of the infectivity of hepatitis d virus in chimpanzees. | the infectivity of hepatitis d virus (hdv) was evaluated by intravenous inoculation of chimpanzees. hdv was present in the inoculum at a titer of 10(11) chimpanzee infectious doses (cid). in contrast, the titer of hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the same inoculum was 10(6) cid. all hbv-infected chimpanzees inoculated with less than or equal to 10(-11) dilutions of the hdv-positive plasma were superinfected; an animal receiving a 10(-12) dilution did not develop markers of hdv replication in serum or ... | 1987 | 3794405 |
| detection of igm antibodies to delta antigen after coinfection and superinfection with the delta virus. | a sensitive microtitre radioimmunoassay was developed for detection of igm antibodies to delta antigen. the assay was based on the selective binding of igm from test sera to antihuman igm (u-chain specific) fixed to wells of a microtitre plate, and utilized delta antigen extracted from the liver of an experimentally infected chimpanzee. this test proved to be useful in distinguishing between coinfection and superinfection with the hepatitis delta virus (hdv). transient anti-delta igm responses w ... | 1986 | 3794670 |
| effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immunosuppression on chimpanzee hepatitis b carriers. | carriers of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) are at a high personal risk of developing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and they pose a potential health threat to others. accordingly, erradication of the carrier state is an important therapeutic goal. several categories of drugs have been evaluated for this purpose, with, at best, limited success. the immune stimulants constitute a drug group considered to have potential benefit, since altered cell-mediated ... | 1987 | 3794672 |
| transition and transversion rate in the evolution of animal mitochondrial dna. | we present a further application of the stochastic model previously described (lanave et al., 1984, 1985) for measuring the nucleotide substitution rate in the mammalian evolution of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the applicability of this method depends on the validity of "stationarity conditions" (equal nucleotide frequencies at first, second and third silent codon positions in homologous protein coding genes). in the comparison of homologous sequences satisfying the stationarity condition at ... | 1986 | 3801602 |
| detection of serum antibodies and circulating antigens in a chimpanzee experimentally infected with onchocerca volvulus. | the course of the humoral immune response was followed in a chimpanzee experimentally infected over 27 weeks with a total of 168 onchocerca volvulus 3rd-stage larvae obtained from naturally infected wild-caught blackflies. antibodies against an adult worm extract could be detected by elisa from week 16 onwards (after the inoculation of 44 larvae). peak antibody levels were observed between weeks 66 and 74 (about one year after the last larval injection). thereafter, antibody levels markedly decr ... | 1986 | 3810793 |
| differentiation between human and chimpanzee in bloodstains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using antihuman serum. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for species identification of human bloodstains using two commercially available antisera against human serum is described. human bloodstains were to be distinguished from those of chimpanzees and other animals using raw antisera, and the differentiation between human and chimpanzee became more evident when those antisera were absorbed with a small amount of chimpanzee plasma. human bloodstains could clearly be identified by the present method even af ... | 1986 | 3811632 |
| chromatographic removal of hepatitis b virus from a factor ix concentrate. experimental studies in chimpanzees. | non-a, non-b hepatitis virus can be removed from a factor ix concentrate by a hydrophobic chromatographic step added to the ordinary fractionation process. the efficacy of this procedure for removal of hepatitis b virus (hbv) was evaluated in chimpanzees. a well-defined hepatitis b virus (hbv) inoculum was added to a factor ix preparation and this preparation was subjected to chromatography with octanohydrazide-sepharose 4b at a high salt concentration and then injected intravenously into two ch ... | 1987 | 3824476 |
| identification of the sequence responsible for the nuclear accumulation of the influenza virus nucleoprotein in xenopus oocytes. | influenza virus nucleoprotein (np), synthesized in xenopus oocytes after injection of cloned np cdna, enters and accumulates in the nucleus. we have used in vitro mutagenesis of this cdna to study the cellular distribution of mutated np polypeptides. mutants lacking amino acids 327-345 of wild-type np enter the nucleus but do not accumulate there to the same extent as the wild-type protein, suggesting that this region has a role in nuclear accumulation. this possibility is further strengthened b ... | 1985 | 3838265 |
| flow cytometric characterization of normal and variant cells with monoclonal antibodies specific for glycophorin a. | quantitative immunofluorescence measurements were performed on erythrocytes labeled with monoclonal antibodies to glycophorin a (gpa) to assess the level of binding of these antibodies to normal and variant cell types. the seven antibodies used in this study include two that bind preferentially to the m form of gpa, three that bind preferentially to the n form, and two that bind equally well to both. flow cytometric analysis of mixtures of cells differing in m,n type showed binding specificities ... | 1985 | 3857280 |
| studies on the use of nonhuman primates to determine the dr status of the human hematopoietic stem cell. | monoclonal antibodies that recognize monomorphic determinants of human dr are potentially useful for the in vitro elimination of malignant cells from marrow for use in autologous transplantation. while dr is expressed on normal hematopoietic progenitor cells and the cells of the majority of the hematologic and lymphoid malignancies, there is the possibility that dr may not be expressed on the hematopoietic stem cells responsible for marrow regeneration after transplantation. to resolve the uncer ... | 1985 | 3862599 |
| a former amino terminal signal sequence engineered to an internal location directs translocation of both flanking protein domains. | to determine whether a functional amino terminal signal sequence can be active at an internal position, a hybrid gene was constructed in which the entire coding region of bovine preprolactin cdna was inserted into chimpanzee alpha-globin cdna 109 codons downstream from the initiation codon of globin. when rna synthesized in vitro from this plasmid (pspgp1) was translated in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system, a 32-kd protein was produced that was both prolactin and globin immunoreactive. w ... | 1985 | 3864782 |
| variation among human 28s ribosomal rna genes. | we report the complete 5025-base sequence of the human 28s rrna gene. variability within the species has been demonstrated by sequencing a variable region from six separately cloned genes. this region is one of three large subunit rrna regions that show extreme sequence and size variation among species. the interspecies differences suggest species-specific functions for these sections, while the intraspecies heterogeneity indicates differences among ribosomes. comparison of the human gene with a ... | 1985 | 3865188 |
| chimpanzee fetal g gamma and a gamma globin gene nucleotide sequences provide further evidence of gene conversions in hominine evolution. | the fetal globin genes g gamma and a gamma from one chromosome of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) were sequenced and found to be closely similar to the corresponding genes of man and the gorilla. these genes contain identical promoter and termination signals and have exons 1 and 2 separated by the conserved short intron 1 (122 bp) and exons 2 and 3 separated by the more rapidly evolving, larger intron 2 (893 bp and 887 bp in chimpanzee g gamma and a gamma, respectively). each intron 2 has a stret ... | 1985 | 3870867 |
| longitudinal study of htlv-iii-infected chimpanzees by lymphocyte subpopulation analysis. | following inoculation with plasma from human patients with aids, two chimpanzees demonstrated specific antihuman t-cell leukemia virus type 3 (htlv-iii) antibodies. one of the two chimpanzees also developed massive lymphadenopathy that persisted for 32 weeks and demonstrated a concurrent and more frequent depression of total t cells (t3) and t helper cells (t4) with a decrease in the ratios of t4 to t suppressor cells (t8). these results indicate that chimpanzees demonstrate a range of t-cell su ... | 1985 | 3878410 |
| parasitologic and immunologic studies of experimental plasmodium falciparum infection in nonsplenectomized chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | parasitologic, hematologic, and immunologic parameters were monitored in intact (nonsplenectomized), adult chimpanzees infected with a "chimp-adapted" strain of plasmodium falciparum. following primary and secondary injections of 10(9) p. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, each chimpanzee developed a low grade parasitemia (up to 1,000/mm3) and maintained the infection without evidence of eliminating the parasites. hematologic and serum biochemical values, as well as the majority of immunologic pa ... | 1985 | 3882011 |
| onchocerca volvulus: transplantation of adult worms into chimpanzees. | adult onchocerca volvulus were transplanted into chimpanzees with or without complete or partial digestion of associated nodule tissue. survival of adults worms was limited, but low level microfilarial densities remained detectable in skin over partially digested nodule transplants for 12 months. human nodule tissue transplanted with adult worms showed enhanced survival as compared to subcutaneous tissue transplanted without worms. it is postulated that this reflects the action of an immunosuppr ... | 1985 | 3895366 |
| a phylogenetic study of the structural and functional characteristics of corticosteroid binding globulin in primates. | a monospecific antiserum against human corticosteroid binding globulin (hcbg) has been used to identify structural similarities between hcbg and cbg in the blood of other primates and representative species of different vertebrate classes. double immunodiffusion analysis indicated that only cbg in old world monkeys and apes cross-react with the hcbg antiserum. this was confirmed by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hcbg which also demonstrated that cbg in apes is immunologically identical to hc ... | 1985 | 3918139 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis: is there more than a single blood-borne strain? | fourteen chimpanzees were challenged with the hutchinson strain inoculum that has been shown by many workers to produce non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis associated with characteristic cytoplasmic ultrastructural changes observable by electron microscopy. nine of these animals had a history of definite nanb hepatitis induced by seven different human viral isolates; all of these animals resisted rechallenge. the five animals without a history of nanb hepatitis all developed definite histological chan ... | 1985 | 3919116 |
| demonstration of a transient rheumatoid factor in the acute phase of hepatitis non a, non b. | the evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test designed to detect antigens of hepatitis non a, non b (hnanb) revealed that a rheumatoid factor (rf)-like reaction was interfering. this rf-like reaction was not detectable by routine screening methods for rf, such as latex agglutination or the waaler rose test. testing of sequential sera of chimpanzees with acute hnanb showed that this rf-like reaction was present in the acute phase of hnanb simultaneously with alanine aminotra ... | 1985 | 3920353 |
| absence of detectable hepatitis b virus dna in sera and liver of chimpanzees with non-a, non-b hepatitis. | the risk of hepatitis b infections has been reduced by screening of blood donors for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). however, recipients remain at significant risk of developing post-transfusion hepatitis. studies have shown that non-a, non-b hepatitis virus(es) are responsible for the majority of post-transfusion hepatitis infections. in spite of many efforts, these non-a, non-b hepatitis viruses have not yet been identified. epidemiological studies, however, suggest that non-a, non-b hepa ... | 1985 | 3920354 |
| an n-terminal peptide from p60src can direct myristylation and plasma membrane localization when fused to heterologous proteins. | the src gene product, p60src, of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase which is associated with the plasma membrane of infected cells. myristic acid is bound in an amide linkage to glycine 2 of p60src. of the n-terminal 30 kilodaltons of p60src, only amino acids 1-14 are required for myristylation, and myristylation of p60src may be required for its membrane association, and for cell transformation. to test the hypothesis that the first 14 amino acids of p60src contain a ... | 1985 | 3920530 |
| epidemic outbreak of non-a, non-b hepatitis in a plasmapheresis center. i: epidemiological observations. | an epidemic outbreak of non-a, non-b hepatitis occurred in 1977/78 involving 30 donors at a plasmapheresis center. a chimpanzee inoculated with serum of one donor developed non-a, non-b hepatitis with characteristic tubular alterations in the endoplasmatic reticulum. infections were detected over a period of several months, with two well defined peaks in december 1977 and between the end of january and the beginning of february 1978. epidemiological data suggested a spread within the center. the ... | 1985 | 3922896 |
| the agents of non-a, non-b viral hepatitis. | recent studies have provided physicochemical and electron microscopic evidence for the existence of two distinct agents of posttransfusion non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis. one of these agents is chloroform-resistant and is not associated with the formation of unique ultrastructural structures in infected liver. the other agent is chcl3-sensitive, induces the formation of characteristic hepatocyte cytoplasmic tubules, and interferes with concurrent hav or hbv infection in experimentally inoculated ... | 1985 | 3923011 |
| the 200- and 150-kda neurofilament proteins react with igg autoantibodies from chimpanzees with kuru or creutzfeldt-jakob disease; a 62-kda neurofilament-associated protein reacts with sera from sheep with natural scrapie. | sera from 46 chimpanzees with spongiform encephalopathy (18 kuru, 28 creutzfeldt-jakob disease) and sera from 12 sheep with natural scrapie were tested for reactivity with immunoblots of neurofilament preparations obtained from mouse brain. the sera from the chimpanzees reacted mainly with the 200- and 150-kda proteins of the neurofilament triplet and less frequently with the 70-kda component of the triplet and with a 62-kda neurofilament-associated protein. in contrast, the sera of sheep with n ... | 1985 | 3923483 |
| inactivation of the hutchinson strain of non-a, non-b hepatitis virus by combined use of beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation. | a beta-propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation procedure (beta pl/uv) has been evaluated for its ability to inactivate 30,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of the hutchinson strain of non-a, non-b (nanb) virus. the chimpanzees were inoculated with plasma to which this dose of the titrated virus had been added prior to application of the beta pl/uv process in accordance with a procedure used for licensed blood derivatives in germany. neither animal developed hepatitis. when subsequently challenged wi ... | 1985 | 3925077 |
| removal of non-a, non-b hepatitis virus from a concentrate of the coagulation factors ii, vii, ix and x by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. | the efficacy of a chromatographic procedure based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography to remove non-a, non-b (nanb) infection from a concentrate of coagulation factors ii, vii, ix and x (preconativ, kabivitrum ab) was evaluated in chimpanzees. for this purpose, nanb infective human plasma (h-strain) was deliberately added to a solution of preconativ (45 iu factor ix:c/ml) to reach a titre of nanb virus of greater than or equal to 10(2) chimpanzee infectious doses (cid)/ml. the nanb-contami ... | 1985 | 3927477 |
| on the loss of uricolytic activity during primate evolution--i. silencing of urate oxidase in a hominoid ancestor. | urate oxidase activity is not detectable in liver homogenates from the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human. liver homogenates from five genera of old world and two genera of new world monkeys have easily detectable levels of urate oxidase activity. there is no evidence for extant detectable intermediate steps in the loss of urate oxidase activity in the hominoids. urate oxidase activity from old world and new world monkeys is stable, a simple observation which debunks a long-standin ... | 1985 | 3928241 |
| measures to inactivate viral contaminants of pooled plasma products. | in order to produce safer plasma products all possible methods of virus inactivation and reduction must be investigated systematically. since the number and types of viruses are unknown and could change with time, a general viricidal approach is necessary. while heating has been the standard, a variety of methods are available for reducing the transmission of virus infection by blood products. satisfactory development of these methods is limited by the cumbersome, expensive and imprecise experim ... | 1985 | 3929261 |
| absence of autoimmune serological reactions in chronic non a, non b viral hepatitis. | in 18 cases of chronic liver disease due to non-a, non-b hepatitis virus(es) in which the diagnosis was established by transmission, including chimpanzee inoculation in nine, sera were tested for the autoantibodies characteristically associated with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. the frequency of autoantibodies to nuclear, smooth muscle, cytofilament, mitochondrial and liver membrane antigens was low, being not greater than that recorded for a normal population, and the few positive reacti ... | 1985 | 3930108 |
| hepatitis b virus, hepatitis non-a, non-b virus and hepatitis delta virus in lyophilized antihemophilic factor: relative sensitivity to heat. | lyophilized plasma derivatives are more stable to heat than when they are in the liquid state. commercial factor viii (antihemophilic factor) was seeded with a measured quantity of hepatitis b virus. the contaminated material was then lyophilized and subjected to heat of 60 degrees c for 30 hr. chimpanzees were inoculated with the heat-treated antihemophilic factor or sham-treated antihemophilic factor that had been held at 4 degrees c. surprisingly, hepatitis b virus survived the heating proced ... | 1985 | 3934060 |
| dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna. | a new statistical method for estimating divergence dates of species from dna sequence data by a molecular clock approach is developed. this method takes into account effectively the information contained in a set of dna sequence data. the molecular clock of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between primates and ungulates at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary (65 million years ago), when the extinction of dinosaurs occurred. a generalized least-squares metho ... | 1985 | 3934395 |
| evaluation of two viral inactivation methods for the preparation of safer factor viii and factor ix concentrates. | we report here the results of our evaluation of two procedures to eliminate viruses in factor viii and factor ix coagulation factor concentrates. both procedures were equally effective in the in vitro destruction of marker viruses. however, in a controlled infectivity test in chimpanzees, treatment at 60 degrees c for 20 hours inactivated greater than 500 and less than 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses (cid) of hepatitis b virus, while treatment at 98 degrees c for 30 minutes inactivated less t ... | 1985 | 3934800 |
| plasma and hepatic apoe isoproteins of nonhuman primates. differences in apoe among humans, apes, and new and old world monkeys. | we have used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) to study the plasma and hepatic apoe isoproteins of nonhuman primates and have compared them with their human counterparts. we have found that apoe obtained from fresh monkey or ape plasma, as well as nascent apoe synthesized by perfused monkey livers, is composed of several isoproteins that resemble the homozygous (beta) apoe phenotype observed in humans. the nonhuman primate plasma apoe pattern of 90 animals from nine diffe ... | 1985 | 3936897 |
| ultrastructural and cytochemical study of hepatocytes and lymphocytes during experimental non-a, non-b infections in chimpanzees. | a human agent of non-a, non-b hepatitis (inoculum i) was transmitted to chimpanzees and alterations in liver and lymphocytes were studied by electron microscopy and by cytochemical techniques during the acute phase of the disease. three types of cytoplasmic alterations, consisting of a membraneous and an amorphous part were observed in the hepatocytes. the density of the amorphous constituent decreased after treatment with pronase, but not after treatment with ribonuclease (rnase) or deoxyribonu ... | 1985 | 3939494 |
| the phylogeny of the hominoid primates: a statistical analysis of the dna-dna hybridization data. | sibley and ahlquist compared the single-copy nuclear dna sequences of the hominoid primates using dna-dna hybridization. from this data set they estimated a phylogeny that clusters man and chimpanzees using a distance wagner procedure. however, no assessment of statistical confidence in this estimated phylogeny was made, despite the fact that their data set contains internal inconsistencies concerning the correct branching order. this paper presents a modification of pielou's q-statistic that al ... | 1985 | 3939706 |
| primate eta-globin dna sequences and man's place among the great apes. | molecular studies indicate that chimpanzee and gorilla are the closest relatives of man (refs 1-7 and refs therein). the small molecular distances found point to late ancestral separations, with the most recent being between chimpanzee and man, as judged by dna hybridization. kluge and schwartz contest these conclusions: morphological characters group a chimpanzee-gorilla clade with the asian ape orang-utan in kluge's cladistic study and with an orang-utan-human clade in schwartz's study. clearl ... | 1986 | 3945312 |
| evolution of glycophorin a in the hominoid primates studied with monoclonal antibodies, and description of a sialoglycoprotein analogous to human glycophorin b in chimpanzee. | comparison of human and primate erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins showed that common chimpanzee, dwarf chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon have major periodic acid schiff-positive proteins resembling human glycophorin a (gpa) monomer and dimer in electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoperoxidase staining of western blots with monoclonal antibodies to human gpa showed that these primate bands express some gpa antigenic determinants. a new sialog ... | 1986 | 3950419 |
| anti-idiotypic antibody vaccine for type b viral hepatitis in chimpanzees. | anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-id) that contain an internal image component that mimics the surface antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbsag) were used to immunize chimpanzees. four injections of the rabbit anti-id preparation elicited an antibody response to hbsag (anti-hbs). the antibody specificity appeared to be against the anti-id, since the anti-id immunogen was shown to bind the chimpanzee anti-hbs. two chimpanzees immunized with the anti-id, along with two control animals that were either un ... | 1986 | 3952505 |
| structural analysis of p19 and p24 core polypeptides of primate lymphotropic retroviruses (plrv). | core polypeptides of primate lymphotropic retroviruses (plrv) have very similar molecular weights. to discriminate between individual plrvs we have compared two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of 125i-labeled core polypeptides p19 and p24 of 11 isolates originating from humans and six simian species. peptide maps showed homologies between all the simian viruses and the human isolates, but they were completely different from those of human t-cell leukemia virus type iii (htlv-iii). in general p2 ... | 1986 | 3952986 |
| protection against hepatitis b virus infection by immunization with hepatitis b core antigen. | although antibody to the hepatitis b surface antigen usually provides protection against hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, recent reports indicate that this is not always the case. to study the possible role of immune responses to hepatitis b core antigen in immunity to hbv infection, chimpanzees were immunized with chimpanzee liver-derived or genetically cloned hepatitis b core antigen and later challenged with known infectious hbv. two chimpanzees, which received liver-derived or cloned hepat ... | 1985 | 3967809 |
| urethral infection in male chimpanzees produced experimentally by mycoplasma genitalium. | four young male chimpanzees were inoculated intra-urethrally with a strain (g37) of mycoplasma genitalium which had been isolated from the urethra of a patient with non-gonococcal urethritis. two of the chimpanzees became infected as indicated by persistent recovery of the organisms from the urethra for 13 weeks and by an antibody response measured by both metabolism inhibition and micro-immunofluorescence techniques. the numbers of organisms isolated from both animals increased about 4 weeks af ... | 1985 | 3970830 |
| thiarubrine a, a bioactive constituent of aspilia (asteraceae) consumed by wild chimpanzees. | two african species of aspilia (asteraceae), which are used medicinally by man and which are eaten by wild chimpanzees in an unusual manner, were found to contain the potent antibiotic thiarubrine a as a major leaf phytochemical. its presence in leaf material strengthens the view that the feeding behavior of wild chimpanzees is related to special physiological or pharmacological effects on the animals. | 1985 | 3972092 |
| the external genitalia of female pygmy chimpanzees. | the external genitalia of four adult female pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus) were examined during a 2-year period. it was found that the labia majora are retained in adults of this species and that, when tumescent, the labia minora effectively relocate the frenulum and clitoris so that they point anteriorly between the thighs. when detumescent, the configuration of the labia minora and clitoris resembles that of immature common chimpanzees (p. troglodytes). it is suggested that the simple, struc ... | 1985 | 3985376 |
| characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human y chromosome. | to study the evolution and organization of dna from the human y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human y dna by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the y. one recombinant (4b2) contained a 3.3-kilobase ecori single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the y long arm. sequences homologous to this human dna are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan dnas but not in female ape dnas. under s ... | 1985 | 3990685 |
| use of numbers by a chimpanzee. | recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. however, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). in the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), 'ai', was trained to use arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, co ... | 1985 | 3990808 |
| evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region. high rate of variation in cpg dinucleotides and in short repeated sequences between man and chimpanzee. | a 5500 base-pair fragment including the beta-globin gene downstream from codon 122 and about 4000 base-pairs of its 5' flanking sequence was cloned from chimpanzee dna and thoroughly sequenced before being compared with the corresponding human sequence: 88 point differences (83 substitutions and 5 deletions or insertions of 1 base-pair) were detected as well as seven more important deletion/insertion events. these changes occur preferentially in two kinds of structure. first, 40% of the cpg dinu ... | 1985 | 3999143 |
| antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen as the sole hepatitis b marker in hospital personnel. | the epidemiologic and serologic differences between hospital employees with antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) alone or in combination with antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc) were evaluated. of 105 employees with anti-hbs, 38 (36%) did not have anti-hbc. sera from employees with anti-hbs alone had significantly lower mean sample ratio units of anti-hbs than sera with both antibodies (15.9 +/- 43.2 as compared to 110.3 +/- 73.9, p less than 0.0005) and more common ... | 1985 | 4003986 |
| teaching apes to ape language: explaining the imitative and nonimitative signing of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | fifteen videotaped conversations of a chimpanzee signing with his trainers were examined in order to determine (a) whether the ape was using imitation to learn about new language forms as some human children do and (b) whether the ape's nonimitative utterances implied knowledge of linguistic structures. the answers to both questions were negative. the evidence suggests that the utterances lacked the semantic and syntactic organization found in the utterances of most children. instead of learning ... | 1985 | 4006434 |
| chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) spatial problem solving with the use of mirrors and televised equivalents of mirrors. | two adult male chimpanzees reached through a hole in the wall of their home cage and, by tracking the images of their hands and of an otherwise hidden target object in a mirror or closed-circuit television picture, moved their hands in whichever direction was necessary to make contact with the target object. they discriminated between live video images and tapes and performed effectively when the target objects were presented in novel locations and when the video picture was presented at random ... | 1985 | 4006435 |
| metabolism of lithocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in the squirrel monkey. | metabolism of lithocholic acid (lca) and chenodeoxycholic acid (cdca) was studied in the squirrel monkey to clarify the mechanism of the lack of toxicity of cdca in this animal. radioactive lca was administered to squirrel monkeys with biliary fistula. most radioactivity was excreted in the bile in the form of unsulfated lithocholyltaurine. the squirrel monkey thus differs from humans and chimpanzees, which efficiently sulfate lca, and is similar to the rhesus monkey and baboon in that lca is po ... | 1985 | 4018504 |
| the organization of two related subfamilies of a human tandemly repeated dna is chromosome specific. | several clones containing clusters of repetitive elements were isolated from a human chromosome 22 specific library. an ecori-xhoi fragment of 860bp was subcloned and was shown to belong to a family of tandemly repeated dna linked to the y-specific 3.4 kb haeiii band. this probe hybridizes to several sets of sequences or subfamilies. the most abundant subfamily is a 1.8kb long sequence containing one ecorv site, and in most repeats, one avaii and one kpni site. using human-rodent somatic cell hy ... | 1985 | 4018797 |
| the role of the chimpanzee in the evaluation of the risk of foreign chemicals to man. | various species of laboratory animals are used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drugs in man. however, the extrapolation of data from animals to man is often complicated by species differences in the disposition of foreign chemicals. the findings of comparative metabolism studies are used to illustrate species differences in metabolic pathways, rates of biotransformation, kinetics, and excretion routes. biochemical and structural consequences of the significant differences in enzyme induct ... | 1985 | 4023288 |
| erythrocyte acid phosphatase: species specificity in activity modulation by purine analogs. | the previous studies of the interaction of purine analogs and human erythrocyte acid phosphatase isozymes were extended to include erythrocyte acid phosphatase from seven other species. consistent responses, similar to the observations with the several genotypically different human isozymes, were observed. the isozyme from chimpanzee erythrocytes was similar to the human b-type isozyme while the baboon and cow isozymes were at the other extreme in responsiveness and were more divergent from the ... | 1985 | 4028682 |
| inversion (14)(q12qter) or (q11.2q32.3): the most frequently acquired rearrangement in lymphocytes. | in a large study of chromosome rearrangements occurring in human lymphocytes from normal subjects, inv (14)(q12qter) or (q11.2q32.3) is found to be the most frequent, affecting 0.15% of mitoses. the same inversion is observed in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee, indicating the ancestry of this inversion. it is not induced by ionizing radiations, and its frequency may be increased in fanconi anemia, but not in ataxia telangiectasia. it may represent one of the steps of the process of leukemogene ... | 1985 | 4029952 |
| on the immunogenicity of the beta subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (olh beta) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes): effect of antiserum on monkey cycle and early pregnancy. | antibody to ovine lh beta (olh beta) subunit and equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) were produced in adult male chimpanzees and evaluated for cross reactivity with olh, human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and ecg by in vitro and in vivo methods. chimpanzee antiserum to ecg failed to cross-react with hcg, but antibody raised against olh beta subunit effectively neutralized not only exogenously administered hcg but also endogenous pituitary lh and monkey (macaca radiata) chorionic gonadotropin. ch ... | 1985 | 4037173 |
| heterogeneity of high-mobility-group protein 2. enrichment of a rapidly migrating form in testis. | a determination of the absolute amounts of high-mobility-group proteins 1 and 2 (hmg1 and hmg2) in rat tissues demonstrated that amounts of hmg2 were low in non-proliferating tissues, somewhat higher in proliferating and lymphoid tissues, but were extremely elevated in the testis. this increase was due to a germ-cell-specific form of hmg2 with increased mobility relative to somatic hmg2 on acid/urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. to determine if the findings in the rat were a general featur ... | 1985 | 4038257 |
| isolation and characterization of an alphoid centromeric repeat family from the human y chromosome. | a collection of human y-derived cosmid clones was screened with a plasmid insert containing a member of the human x chromosome alphoid repeat family, dxz1. two positive cosmids were isolated and the repeats they contained were investigated by southern blotting, in situ hybridization and sequence analysis. on hybridization to human genomic dnas, the expected cross-hybridization characteristic of all alphoid sequences was seen and, in addition, a 5500 base ecori fragment was found to be characteri ... | 1985 | 4040175 |
| further evidence for phenotype frequencies of the human type blood groups in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | | 1985 | 4046270 |
| effects of gymnemic acid on the chorda tympani proper nerve responses to sweet, sour, salty and bitter taste stimuli in the chimpanzee. | in man gymnemic acid is able to abolish the sweet taste. also in man, the neural correlate of that effect is a disappearance of the response to sweet stimuli in the taste nerves, as indicated by the observations of diamant et al. (1965). although a variety of other mammals also show neural responses to sweet-tasting compounds, the corresponding effect of gymnemic acid has not been demonstrated. this study presents chorda tympani proper nerve recordings from the chimpanzee before and after gymnem ... | 1985 | 4050473 |
| acetylcholine receptors of human skeletal muscle: a species difference detected by snake neurotoxins. | the binding abilities of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (achrs) of the skeletal muscles of man and other vertebrates to two typical curaremimetic toxins, erabutoxin b (eb) and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-bt), were investigated. fluorescent microscopy using rhodamine-labeled erabutoxin b (tmr-eb) and fitc-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin (fitc-alpha-bt) revealed that achrs of human and chimpanzee muscles were stained with fitc-alpha-bt, but not with tmr-eb. in contrast, the achrs of mouse muscle w ... | 1985 | 4052774 |
| replication of adenovirus types 5, 7, and 12 during inhibition of host cell oxidative metabolism. | replication of human adenovirus type 5 (non-oncogenic), type 7 (weakly oncogenic), and type 12 (highly oncogenic) was studied. inhibition of cellular oxidative metabolism with sodium cyanide resulted in much lower yields of progeny virions in chimpanzee liver cells, an established cell line derived by biopsy from a normal chimpanzee. inhibition of oxidative metabolism had no effect on virus replication in hep-2 cells, an established cell line derived from epidermoid carcinoma tissue from the lar ... | 1985 | 4058322 |
| characterization of a modified, stroma-free hemoglobin solution as an oxygen-carrying plasma substitute. | a new infusion solution prepared from stroma-free, crosslinked and pyridoxalated hemoglobin is described. the characteristics of which have been adapted to the functions of native, intra-erythrocyte hemoglobin. the solution contains 8.5 per cent weight per volume of glutardialdehyde modified hemoglobin with a mean molecular weight (mn) of 200,000 dalton. the non-crosslinked fraction constitutes 15 per cent of the total hemoglobin. the p50 of 27 torr at ph 7.4 (plasma ph) corresponds to the value ... | 1985 | 4071369 |
| evolutionary conservation of fragile sites induced by 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine in man, gorilla, and chimpanzee. | lymphocyte cultures from man, gorilla, and chimpanzee were treated with 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. these cytidine analogues induce common fragile sites in the chromosome bands 1q42 and 19q13 of man. a rare fragile site is induced by 5-azadeoxycytidine in the band 1q24. the optimum conditions required for inducing these new fragile sites were determined by a series of experiments. the common fragile site in human chromosome 1q42 also exists in the gorilla and chimpanzee in the homologo ... | 1985 | 4077049 |
| analysis of hematologic findings in healthy and sick adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | in order to assess the validity of interspecies extrapolation of hematological information, reference values obtained on 63 captive adult chimpanzees were compared with normal values for man. the discriminative power of both chimpanzee and human reference values was tested by the ability of each to identify abnormalities in the blood in 15 sick chimpanzees. the results indicated that human criteria could be applied to most chimpanzee red cell values but species differences were found in erythroc ... | 1985 | 4078881 |
| language learning in two species of apes. | a 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating. other apes have required training before they began to use symbols fluently. by contrast, this pygmy chimpanzee has begun to learn and appropriately employ graphic symbols simply as the result of exposure to human models. he has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken english words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information th ... | 1985 | 4080283 |
| morphological changes in the cochlear nuclear complex in primate phylogeny and development. | the primate cochlear nuclear complex exhibits several characteristic morphological differences in the various primate families from lorisidae through hominidae. the most striking differences occur in the organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in which the laminar pattern becomes progressively obscured. granule cells form an external granular layer as well as being intermixed within the molecular and pyramidal layers in slow lorises and squirrel and rhesus monkeys. whereas a prominent extern ... | 1985 | 4087302 |
| hbv-associated ultrastructures in the chimpanzees' livers with experimental hepatitis b. | an electron-microscopic study was carried out using chimpanzees' livers infected with experimental hepatitis b for the elucidation of intracellular development of hbv-associated ultrastructures and extracellular release of hbv. core particles were first detected in the nucleus of liver cells at around the time of the first seropositiveness for hbsag, and then in the cytoplasm. subsequently, their budding into endoplasmic reticular cisterna was seen together with other core particles in the surro ... | 1985 | 4090978 |
| ultrastructural studies on liver cell necrosis and lymphocytes in experimental hepatitis b. | ultrastructural studies on liver cell necrosis and the interaction of lymphocyte and liver cell were carried out in experimental hepatitis b in chimpanzees. two types of liver cell necrosis were identified. one was a lytic necrosis, and the other was a coagulation necrosis. both types of liver cell necrosis were closely associated with the apposition of lymphocytes. the interaction (or close contact) of lymphocyte and non-necrotic liver cell infected with hbv was also detected. there were two di ... | 1985 | 4090980 |
| cross-species tissue typing between rhesus monkeys, speciosa monkeys, and chimpanzees. | | 1972 | 4110961 |
| leukocyte antigens of rhesus monkeys (rhl-a) and chimpanzees (chl-a): similarities with the human hl-a system. | | 1971 | 4116534 |
| cross-reactions of hl-a antibodies. v. relationship between the human hl-a11 and chimpanzee chw-11 specificities. | | 1972 | 4119293 |
| a comparison of chimpanzee and human chromosomes using the giemsa-11 and other chromosome banding techniques. | | 1973 | 4123123 |
| banding patterns of the chromosomes of man and the chimpanzee. | | 1973 | 4124495 |
| serum chemistry in the chimpanzee and the gorilla. | | 1971 | 4125260 |
| [comparative data on the blood protein spectra of chimpanzee, gorilla and man]. | | 1973 | 4128946 |
| [comparison of the structure of chromatids of homo sapiens and pan troglodytes (author's transl)]. | | 1973 | 4130182 |
| specific tissue and tumor responses of chimpanzees following immunization against human melanoma. | | 1974 | 4131002 |
| ammonium sulfate fractionation of sera: mouse, hamster, guinea pig, monkey, chimpanzee, swine, chicken, and cattle. | optimal (nh(4))(2)so(4) concentrations were sought for serum fractionation in order to obtain the gamma globulin as free as possible from other serum components while maintaining a reasonable recovery. various ammonium sulfate concentrations were used to fractionate sera from mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, monkeys, chimpanzees, swine, chicken, and cattle. all precipitates and supernatants were analyzed by electrophoresis to study the effects of various treatments on the composition of these materi ... | 1974 | 4132689 |
| karyotype of the chimpanzee, pan troglodytes, based on measurements and banding pattern: comparison to the human karyotype. | | 1973 | 4134388 |
| mammalian cytogenetics. 8. q-banding of chromosomes of pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla berngei and pongo pygmaeus. | | 1974 | 4135068 |
| immunological and structural studies of immunoglobulins of human, chimpanzee and other non-human primates. | | 1968 | 4135383 |
| implications of studies in chimpanzees for the serology of the human rh-hr blood types. | | 1968 | 4135384 |
| effects of chemotherapy on the evolution of schistosomiasis japonica in chimpanzees. | | 1974 | 4136206 |
| the nephropathy of experimental hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. | the glomerular lesions induced in 10 chimpanzees infected with variable numbers of schistosoma japonicum cercariae were studied by means of light and electron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technic. ten animals served as controls; 5 were uninfected and 5 were only lightly infected. the animals were observed for periods ranging from 3 to 17 months, and by the time of sacrifice, all had developed advanced liver fibrosis. in general, the degree of glomerular injury was related to infection int ... | 1974 | 4137991 |
| viral subtypes and cross-protection in hepatitis b virus infections of chimpanzees. | | 1974 | 4140852 |
| changes in rate of ethanol elimination associated with chronic administration of ethanol to chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. | | 1973 | 4149637 |
| genetic factors and polypeptide chain subclasses of human immunoglobulin g detected in chimpanzee serums. | the gm and inv genetic factors, characteristic antigens of human immunoglobulin g, were detected in chimpanzee serums. all animals tested were gm(a+, x-, b(l)-, b(2)-, b(3)+, b(4)+). polymorphism was demonstrated for factors gm(c), inv(l), and inv(b). three of the subclasses of heavy polypeptide chains and both types of light polypeptide chains that are present in human immunoglobulin g were identified in chimpanzee serums. | 1965 | 4159274 |