| food transfers in immature wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | the transfer of food items between individuals has been described in primates as serving an informative purpose in addition to supplementing the diet of immature individuals. this behaviour has yet to be described in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and results are presented here of observations of food transfers in immature gorillas at mbeli bai, republic of congo. the frequency of food transfers decreased with increasing immature age, while the frequency of independent feedi ... | 2006 | 16596463 |
| application of an image-based weighted measure of skeletal bending stiffness to great ape mandibles. | traditional measures of structural stiffness in the primate skeleton do not consider the heterogeneous material stiffness distribution of bone. this assumption of homogeneity introduces an unknown degree of error in estimating stiffness in skeletal elements. measures of weighted stiffness can be developed by including heterogeneous grayscale variations evident in computed tomographic (ct) images. since gray scale correlates with material stiffness, the distribution of bone quality and quantity c ... | 2006 | 16596598 |
| how great apes perform on a modified trap-tube task. | to date, neither primates nor birds have shown clear evidence of causal knowledge when attempting to solve the trap tube task. one factor that may have contributed to mask the knowledge that subjects may have about the task is that subjects were only allowed to push the reward away from them, which is a particularly difficult action for primates in certain problem solving situations. we presented five orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), two chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), two bonobos (pan paniscus), and ... | 2006 | 16612632 |
| a fossil hominoid proximal femur from kikorongo crater, southwestern uganda. | the external morphology of a fragmentary right proximal femur from southwestern uganda is described here. discovered in the kikorongo crater of queen elizabeth national park in 1961, this specimen was informally assigned to homo sapiens (although never described) and tentatively dated to the late pleistocene. however, because aspects of the external morphology of the femur align the fossil with the african great apes, we suggest that the kikorongo femur may be the first postcranial fossil of the ... | 2006 | 16620913 |
| fecal bacterial diversity in a wild gorilla. | we describe the bacterial diversity in fecal samples of a wild gorilla by use of a 16s rrna gene clone library and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp). clones were classified as firmicutes, verrucomicrobia, actinobacteria, lentisphaerae, bacteroidetes, spirochetes, and planctomycetes. our data suggest that fecal populations did not change temporally, as determined by t-rflp. | 2006 | 16672537 |
| sequencing and haplotype analysis of the activator of crem in the testis (act) gene in populations of fertile and infertile males. | camp-responsive element modulator (crem) is a key transcription factor in the differentiation of round spermatids into mature spermatozoa. during spermiogenesis, crem is regulated in part by activator of crem in the testis (act), which activates crem in a phosphorylation-independent fashion. we hypothesized that the act gene, which is expressed exclusively in the testis, could be involved in male factor infertility in patients with idiopathic-impaired spermatogenesis. to test this hypothesis, we ... | 2006 | 16687568 |
| size and shape variation in australopithecus afarensis proximal femora. | the degree of size and shape variation in the a. afarensis fossil sample has been interpreted in a variety of ways. size variation has been described as exceeding that of extant hominoids, similar to that of strongly sexually dimorphic hominoids, and best matched to modern humans. the degree of shape variation has been characterized both as great and negligible. recent fieldwork has increased the proximal femoral sample, providing new data with which to examine variation. the proximal femur of a ... | 2006 | 16712903 |
| a new bacillus anthracis found in wild chimpanzees and a gorilla from west and central africa. | | 2006 | 16738706 |
| molar microwear in praeanthropus afarensis: evidence for dietary stasis through time and under diverse paleoecological conditions. | molar microwear fabrics in extant mammals vary with diet and, more particularly, the physical properties of the items that are consumed. praeanthropus afarensis is well represented in the fossil record over a prolonged and radiometrically controlled temporal span, and reasonably robust paleoecological reconstructions are available for the various localities from which it is known. we therefore examined molar microwear in this species to determine whether diet varied in relation to time or in res ... | 2006 | 16750841 |
| morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. i. muscle architecture. | we present quantitative data on the hindlimb musculature of pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla gorilla, gorilla gorilla graueri, pongo pygmaeus abelii and hylobates lar and discuss the findings in relation to the locomotor habits of each. muscle mass and fascicle length data were obtained for all major hindlimb muscles. physiological cross-sectional area (pcsa) was estimated. data were normalized assuming geometric similarity to allow for comparison of animals of different size/species. muscle mass s ... | 2006 | 16761973 |
| morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. ii. moment arms. | flexion/extension moment arms were obtained for the major muscles crossing the hip, knee and ankle joints in the orang-utan, gibbon, gorilla (eastern and western lowland) and bonobo. moment arms varied with joint motion and were generally longer in proximal limb muscles than distal limb muscles. the shape of the moment arm curves (i.e. the plots of moment arm against joint angle) differed in different hindlimb muscles and in the same muscle in different subjects (both in the same and in differen ... | 2006 | 16761974 |
| ssadh variation in primates: intra- and interspecific data on a gene with a potential role in human cognitive functions. | in the present study we focus on the nucleotide and the inferred amino acid variation occurring in humans and other primate species for mitochondrial nad(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a gene recently supposed to contribute to cognitive performance in humans. we determined 2527 bp of coding, intronic, and flanking sequences from chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and macaque. we also resequenced the entire coding sequence on 39 independent chromosomes from italian ... | 2006 | 16786440 |
| evidence for involvement of tre-2 (usp6) oncogene, low-copy repeat and acrocentric heterochromatin in two families with chromosomal translocations. | we report clinical findings and molecular cytogenetic analyses for two patients with translocations [t(14;17)(p12;p12) and t(15;17)(p12;p13.2)], in which the chromosome 17 breakpoints map at a large low-copy repeat (lcr) and a breakage-prone tre-2 (usp6) oncogene, respectively. in family 1, a 6-year-old girl and her 5-year-old brother were diagnosed with mental retardation, short stature, dysmorphic features, and charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1a (cmt1a). g-banding chromosome analysis showed a ... | 2006 | 16791615 |
| identification, characterization and comparative genomics of chimpanzee endogenous retroviruses. | retrotransposons, the most abundant and widespread class of eukaryotic transposable elements, are believed to play a significant role in mutation and disease and to have contributed significantly to the evolution of genome structure and function. the recent sequencing of the chimpanzee genome is providing an unprecedented opportunity to study the functional significance of these elements in two closely related primate species and to better evaluate their role in primate evolution. | 2006 | 16805923 |
| nature of allelic sequence polymorphism at the kir3dl3 locus. | kir3dl3 is a framework gene of the leukocyte receptor complex, present in all individuals and haplotypes analysed to date. we describe 17 novel kir3dl3 alleles, including seven single nucleotide polymorphic (snp) positions within the coding region. sequence variation within introns included a vntr within intron 1. as kir3dl3 mrna is known to be expressed in decidual nk cells, we investigated the impact of kir3dl3 allelic variation on pre-eclampsia. no statistical difference in allele frequency o ... | 2006 | 16823588 |
| gorilla susceptibility to ebola virus: the cost of sociality. | | 2006 | 16824905 |
| pcdh11 is x/y homologous in homo sapiens but not in gorilla gorilla and pan troglodytes. | protocadherin x (pcdhx) and protocadherin y (pcdhy) are cell-surface adhesion molecules expressed predominantly in brain. the human pcdh11x/y gene pair is located in the non-pseudoautosomal x-y homologous region (xq21.3/yp11.2). the possible existence of pcdh11 gene dosage differences between human and non-human primates is of evolutionary significance with respect to species differences and escape from x inactivation, and has been repeatedly debated. previous investigations on the x/y homologou ... | 2006 | 16825765 |
| adaptive selection of mitochondrial complex i subunits during primate radiation. | mammalian oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) complexes i, iii, iv and v are assembled from both mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and nuclear dna (ndna) encoded subunits, with complex i encompassing 39 ndna and seven mtdna subunits. yet the sequence variation of the mtdna genes is more than ten fold greater than that of the ndna encoded genes of the oxphos complexes and the mtdna proteins have been found to be influenced by positive (adaptive) selection. to maintain a functional complex i, ndna and mtdn ... | 2006 | 16828987 |
| tracking the displacement of objects: a series of tasks with great apes (pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus) and young children (homo sapiens). | the authors administered a series of object displacement tasks to 24 great apes and 24 30-month-old children (homo sapiens). objects were placed under 1 or 2 of 3 cups by visible or invisible displacements. the series included 6 tasks: delayed response, inhibition test, a not b, rotations, transpositions, and object permanence. apes and children solved most tasks performing at comparable levels except in the transposition task, in which apes performed better than children. ape species performed ... | 2006 | 16834492 |
| a whole genome long-range haplotype (wglrh) test for detecting imprints of positive selection in human populations. | the identification of signatures of positive selection can provide important insights into recent evolutionary history in human populations. current methods mostly rely on allele frequency determination or focus on one or a small number of candidate chromosomal regions per study. with the availability of large-scale genotype data, efficient approaches for an unbiased whole genome scan are becoming necessary. | 2006 | 16845142 |
| bootstrap tests of significance and the case for humanlike skeletal-size dimorphism in australopithecus afarensis. | most estimates of sexual size dimorphism in australopithecus afarensis indicate that this early hominin was more dimorphic than modern humans. in contrast, a recent study reported that size variation in a. afarensis, as represented by postcranial remains from hadar and maka, ethiopia, is statistically most similar to that of modern humans, indicating a humanlike level of sexual dimorphism. here, we evaluate the evidence for humanlike dimorphism in a. afarensis. we argue that statistical support ... | 2006 | 16846631 |
| postconflict behavior in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | postconflict (pc) behaviors, including reconciliation and consolation, have been observed in many primate and several nonprimate species. using the pc-matched control (mc) method, pc behavior was examined in two groups (n=13) of captive western lowland gorillas, a species for which no conflict resolution data have been published. analyses of 223 conflicts showed significantly more affiliation between former opponents after a conflict when compared to control periods, indicating reconciliation. r ... | 2006 | 16847973 |
| characterization of bacillus anthracis-like bacteria isolated from wild great apes from cote d'ivoire and cameroon. | we present the microbiological and molecular characterization of bacteria isolated from four chimpanzees and one gorilla thought to have died of an anthrax-like disease in côte d'ivoire and cameroon. these isolates differed significantly from classic bacillus anthracis by the following criteria: motility, resistance to the gamma phage, and, for isolates from cameroon, resistance to penicillin g. a capsule was expressed not only after induction by co(2) and bicarbonate but also under normal growt ... | 2006 | 16855222 |
| accelerated evolution of protocadherin11x/y: a candidate gene-pair for cerebral asymmetry and language. | it has been argued that cerebral asymmetry (the "torque") is the characteristic that defines the human brain and that morphological findings in psychosis are consistent with a deviation in this sex-dependent dimension of brain growth. evidence from sex chromosome aneuploidies and an association within families between sex and handedness is consistent with the presence of a determinant of cerebral asymmetry (a possible correlate of language) on the x and the y chromosomes. during hominid evolutio ... | 2006 | 16874762 |
| clavicle, a neglected bone: morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates. | in spite of its importance for movements of the upper limbs, the clavicle is an infrequently studied shoulder bone. the present study compares clavicular morphology among different extant primates. methods have included the assessment of clavicular curvatures projected on two perpendicular planes that can be assessed overall as cranial and dorsal primary curvatures. results showed that in cranial view, three morphologies can be defined. one group exhibited an external curvature considerably more ... | 2006 | 16894572 |
| anthrax in western and central african great apes. | during the period of december 2004 to january 2005, bacillus anthracis killed three wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and one gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a tropical forest in cameroon. while this is the second anthrax outbreak in wild chimpanzees, this is the first case of anthrax in gorillas ever reported. the number of great apes in central africa is dramatically declining and the populations are seriously threatened by diseases, mainly ebola. nevertheless, a considerable ... | 2006 | 16900500 |
| clinical response decision tree for the mountain gorilla (gorilla beringeii) as a model for great apes. | disease is one of the main threats to the remaining great ape populations of the world. the decision to intervene in the health of the great apes for population sustainability is controversial. humans' increasing negative influence on great ape health has mandated the reevaluation of current management policies. the mountain gorilla veterinary project (mgvp) has been making health intervention decisions since 1986. the decision to intervene has often been made subjectively due to poorly defined ... | 2006 | 16900503 |
| identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates. | killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (kir) are essential immuno-surveillance molecules. they are expressed on natural killer and t cells, and interact with human leukocyte antigens. kir genes are highly polymorphic and contribute vital variability to our immune system. numerous kir genes, belonging to five distinct lineages, have been identified in all primates examined thus far and shown to be rapidly evolving. since few kir remain orthologous between species, with only one of them, kir2dl4, sh ... | 2006 | 16911775 |
| evolution of an intronic microsatellite polymorphism in toll-like receptor 2 among primates. | nonhuman primates express varying responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis: new world monkeys appear to be resistant to tuberculosis (tb) while old world monkeys seem to be particularly susceptible. the aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of the regulatory guanine-thymine (gt) repeat polymorphisms in intron 2 of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) associated with the development of tb in humans and to determine any variations in these microsatellite polymorphisms in primates. we sequenced the ... | 2006 | 16912902 |
| impacts of roads and hunting on central african rainforest mammals. | road expansion and associated increases in bunting pressure are a rapidly growing threat to african tropical wildlife. in the rainforests of southern gabon, we compared abundances of larger (>1 kg) mammal species at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (comparing a 130-km2 oil concession that was almost entirely protected from bunting with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). at each of 12 study sites that were evenly ... | 2006 | 16922241 |
| phylogeny of primate t lymphotropic virus type 1 (ptlv-1) including various new asian and african non-human primate strains. | to further unravel intra- and interspecies ptlv-1 evolution in asia and africa, we phylogenetically analysed 15 new stlv-1 ltr and env sequences discovered in eight different asian and african non-human primate species. we show that orang-utan stlv-1s form a tight, deeply branching monophyletic cluster between asian stlv-1 macaque species clades, suggesting natural cross-species transmission. novel viruses of macaca maura, macaca nigra and siamang cluster with other sulawesian stlv-1s, demonstra ... | 2007 | 16931175 |
| functional morphology of the first cervical vertebra in humans and nonhuman primates. | the cervical vertebral column bears or balances the weight of the head supported by the nuchal muscles that partly originate from the cervical vertebrae. the position of the head relative to the vertebral column, and consequently locomotion and posture behavior, could thus be associated with the form of the cervical vertebrae. in spite of this assumption and some empirical indications along these lines, primate vertebral morphologies have been reported to be very similar and not clearly related ... | 2006 | 16955497 |
| differential use of attentional and visual communicative signaling by orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla) in response to the attentional status of a human. | in this study we investigated the communicative abilities of 10 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and seven western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and particularly focused on their sensitivity to the attentional state of a human experimenter when choosing from a repertoire of both auditory and visual communication strategies. in experiment 1 a banana was placed in front of the subject's cage and a human experimenter was either present or absent. the subject's behavior was recorded for 60 ... | 2006 | 16967515 |
| genomic structure of swine taste receptor family 1 member 3, tas1r3, and its expression in tissues. | taste receptor family 1 member 3, tas1r3, is shown to be involved in sweet and umami tastes in mouse, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene has been reported in rat, gorilla, and human. pigs are frequently used as models for human diseases, and are also considered to be source animals for xenotransplantation to humans due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. therefore, in the present study, the genomic structure of the swine tas1r3 gene was determined, and tas1r3 expre ... | 2006 | 16974084 |
| a juvenile early hominin skeleton from dikika, ethiopia. | understanding changes in ontogenetic development is central to the study of human evolution. with the exception of neanderthals, the growth patterns of fossil hominins have not been studied comprehensively because the fossil record currently lacks specimens that document both cranial and postcranial development at young ontogenetic stages. here we describe a well-preserved 3.3-million-year-old juvenile partial skeleton of australopithecus afarensis discovered in the dikika research area of ethio ... | 2006 | 16988704 |
| focusing on comparative ape population genetics in the post-genomic age. | the initial human and chimpanzee genome sequences have been published, and additional primate genomes, including those of gorilla and orang-utan, are in progress. with these new resources, we can now address what makes our species unique, by focusing on the underlying genetic differences associated with phenotypes. comparative primate population genomics, including studies of structural changes, mobile elements, gene expression and functional analyses, will shed light on how natural selection an ... | 2006 | 17010600 |
| repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 alleles of the tata-box binding protein gene: an evolutionary approach. | the variability and mutational changes of the cag microsatellite in the tata-box binding protein gene (tbp) were studied. we sequenced the microsatellite of the tbp gene of 25 unrelated individuals from northern germany (10 sca17 patients and 15 unaffected control individuals). in addition, the microsatellites were sequenced from individuals of 10 northern german families with at least one family member affected by sca17. to study also the evolutionary history of this cag/caa microsatellite in n ... | 2007 | 17033685 |
| relationship of bone utilization and biomechanical competence in hominoid mandibles. | this investigation explores regional variation in bone mass in the mandibles of large-bodied hominoids with respect to the masticatory biomechanical environment. cortical area, subperiosteal area, mandibular length, maximum and minimum area moments of inertia are sampled at 7 sections along the mandibular corpus in 20 specimens each of homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla. the null hypothesis is that bone is utilized similarly among species, between sexes and among c ... | 2007 | 17045235 |
| variations of the mandibular shape in extant hominoids: generic, specific, and subspecific quantification using elliptical fourier analysis in lateral view. | while a number of studies have documented the mandibular variations in hominoids, few focused on evaluating the variation of the whole outline of this structure. using an efficient morphometrical approach, i.e. elliptical fourier analysis, mandibular outlines in lateral view from 578 adult hominoids representing the genera hylobates, pongo, gorilla, pan, and homo were quantified and compared. this study confirms that elliptical fourier analysis provides an accurate characterization of the shape ... | 2007 | 17063462 |
| the complex evolutionary history of gorillas: insights from genomic data. | relatively little is known about the evolutionary and demographic histories of gorillas, one of our closest living relatives. in this study, we used samples from both western (gorilla gorilla) and eastern (gorilla beringei) gorillas to infer the timing of the split between these geographically disjunct populations and to elaborate the demographic history of gorillas. here we present dna sequences from 16 noncoding autosomal loci from 15 western gorillas and 3 eastern gorillas, including 2 noninv ... | 2007 | 17065595 |
| the orang-utan mating system and the unflanged male: a product of increased food stress during the late miocene and pliocene? | the orang-utan is unique among apes in having an unusually long male developmental period and two distinct adult male morphs (flanged and unflanged), which generally, but not exclusively, employ different reproductive strategies (call-and-wait vs. sneak-and-rape). both morphs have recently been shown to have roughly similar levels of reproductive success in the one site where such a study has been conducted. this is in stark contrast to the unimale polygynous gorilla, in which dominant males sir ... | 2007 | 17083968 |
| distinguishing gorilla mitochondrial sequences from nuclear integrations and pcr recombinants: guidelines for their diagnosis in complex sequence databases. | nuclear integrations of mitochondrial dna (numts) are widespread in many taxa and if left undetected can confound phylogeny interpretation and bias estimates of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) diversity. this is particularly true in gorillas, where recent studies suggest multiple integrations of the first hypervariable (hv1) domain of the mitochondrial control region. problems can also arise through the inadvertent incorporation of artifacts produced by in vitro recombination between sequence types du ... | 2007 | 17084645 |
| description of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain of a gorilla (john daniels i). | | 1927 | 17104159 |
| a note on a rare type of pterion in the gorilla. | | 1930 | 17104273 |
| on a post-frontal and orbital element in a young gorilla skull. | | 1931 | 17104339 |
| the so-called maxillary antrum of the gorilla. | | 1938 | 17104738 |
| bed and bed-site reuse by western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) in moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. | in this paper we describe bed (nest) and bed-site reuse by western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) in moukalaba-doudou national park, south-eastern gabon. during an eight-month study 44 bed sites and 506 beds were found. among these, 38.6% of bed sites and 4.1% of beds were reused. we analyzed the monthly frequency of bed-site reuse in relation to rainfall, fruit abundance, and fruit consumption by the gorillas. the different frequency of bed-site reuse in the rainy and dry seasons was not ... | 2007 | 17106788 |
| density-based load estimation using two-dimensional finite element models: a parametric study. | a parametric investigation was conducted to determine the effects on the load estimation method of varying: (1) the thickness of back-plates used in the two-dimensional finite element models of long bones, (2) the number of columns of nodes in the outer medial and lateral sections of the diaphysis to which the back-plate multipoint constraints are applied and (3) the region of bone used in the optimization procedure of the density-based load estimation technique. the study is performed using two ... | 2006 | 17132530 |
| gorilla conservation project takes 'one-health' approach. benefits extend beyond endangered apes. | | 2006 | 17133698 |
| shining the light on the "800-lb gorilla" of professional rivalry in case management. | | 2006 | 17135871 |
| decaying wood is a sodium source for mountain gorillas. | like several other non-human primates, mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda consume decaying wood, an interesting but puzzling behaviour. this wood has little obvious nutritional value; it is low in protein and sugar, and high in lignin compared to other foods. we collected pieces of wood eaten and avoided by gorillas, and other foods consumed by gorillas, and measured their sodium content. wood was substantially higher in sodium than other d ... | 2006 | 17148393 |
| another gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in a mirror. | various attempts have been made to explain why gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) find it difficult to recognize their mirror image. one of the most oft-cited reasons is aversion to eye contact, which stops gorillas from looking into a mirror and thus prevents them from carrying out a suitable exploration that could lead to self-recognition. in the experimental design used here the subject was first habituated both to observers and to the mirror as an object before being exposed to the latter. t ... | 2007 | 17154375 |
| ebola outbreak killed 5000 gorillas. | over the past decade, the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has repeatedly emerged in gabon and congo. each human outbreak has been accompanied by reports of gorilla and chimpanzee carcasses in neighboring forests, but both the extent of ape mortality and the causal role of zebov have been hotly debated. here, we present data suggesting that in 2002 and 2003 zebov killed about 5000 gorillas in our study area. the lag between neighboring gorilla groups in mortality onset was close to the zebov ... | 2006 | 17158318 |
| plant dna sequences from feces: potential means for assessing diets of wild primates. | analyses of plant dna in feces provides a promising, yet largely unexplored, means of documenting the diets of elusive primates. here we demonstrate the promise and pitfalls of this approach using dna extracted from fecal samples of wild western gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza). from these dna extracts we amplified, cloned, and sequenced small segments of chloroplast dna (part of the rbcl gene) and plant nuclear dna (its-2). the obtained sequences ... | 2007 | 17216626 |
| the evolutionary history of human and chimpanzee y-chromosome gene loss. | recent studies have suggested that gene gain and loss may contribute significantly to the divergence between humans and chimpanzees. initial comparisons of the human and chimpanzee y-chromosomes indicate that chimpanzees have a disproportionate loss of y-chromosome genes, which may have implications for the adaptive evolution of sex-specific as well as reproductive traits, especially because one of the genes lost in chimpanzees is critically involved in spermatogenesis in humans. here we have ch ... | 2007 | 17218643 |
| haplotype structure of fshb, the beta-subunit gene for fertility-associated follicle-stimulating hormone: possible influence of balancing selection. | follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) is essential for human reproduction. the unique functions of this hormone are provided by the fsh receptor-binding beta-subunit encoded by the fshb gene. resequencing and genotyping of fshb in three european, two asian and one african population, as well as in the great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan), revealed low diversity and significant excess of polymorphisms with intermediate frequency alleles. statistical tests for fshb showed deviations from neutr ... | 2007 | 17227474 |
| the vertebral column of a young gorilla. | | 1889 | 17231834 |
| the articular processes of the vertebrae in the gorilla compared with those in man, and on costo-vertebral variation in the gorilla. | | 1892 | 17232009 |
| variations in crania of gorilla savagei. | | 1895 | 17232136 |
| note on a foetus of gorilla savagei. | | 1898 | 17232361 |
| genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli). | recently developed methods of individual-based analysis of genetic data allow an unprecedented opportunity to understand the relationships among fragmented populations. by defining population structure and identifying migrant individuals, such analyses can provide a framework to aid in evaluating the threats posed by inbreeding and reduced genetic variability as a consequence of limited gene flow among fragments. here we investigate population structure in the critically endangered cross river g ... | 2007 | 17257109 |
| new aspects of chromosomal evolution in the gorilla and the orangutan. | it is well-accepted that studies of chromosomal changes which have occurred during the evolution of the great apes and the human provide clues towards the phylogeny of these species. applying recently developed molecular cytogenetic approaches, this study on the chromosomes of the orangutan and the gorilla revealed the presence of cryptic, until now, unrecognized cytogenetic rearrangements mainly within the evolutionary dynamic subcentromeric and subtelomeric regions. on four orangutan chromosom ... | 2007 | 17273792 |
| yaws disease in a wild gorilla population and its impact on the reproductive status of males. | we evaluated the prevalence of skin lesions in a gorilla population in the republic of congo. the observed lesions were typical of yaws, a treponematosis described in gorillas and humans living in tropical regions. among the 377 gorillas identified, 17% presented skin lesions, mainly on their faces. the worst cases presented physical handicaps because of the deep lesions. as in humans, lesions break out when individuals are young. lesions were more prevalent among males than females above 8 year ... | 2007 | 17274014 |
| ontogeny and phylogeny of the pelvis in gorilla, pongo, pan, australopithecus and homo. | to examine the evolutionary differences between hominoid locomotor systems, a number of observations concerning the growth of the pelvis among the great apes as compared to modern and fossil hominids are reported. we are interested in the size and shape of the coxal bones at different developmental stages across species that may elucidate the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny (i.e., heterochrony) in the hominoid pelvis. our hypotheses are: (1) do rates of absolute growth differ?, (2) d ... | 2007 | 17303939 |
| the shape of the hominoid proximal femur: a geometric morphometric analysis. | as part of the hip joint, the proximal femur is an integral locomotor component. although a link between locomotion and the morphology of some aspects of the proximal femur has been identified, inclusive shapes of this element have not been compared among behaviourally heterogeneous hominoids. previous analyses have partitioned complex proximal femoral morphology into discrete features (e.g. head, neck, greater trochanter) to facilitate conventional linear measurements. in this study, three-dime ... | 2007 | 17310545 |
| ophthalmic examination of the captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | this study examined the captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) eye as compared and contrasted with the human eye. bilateral ophthalmic examinations of western lowland gorillas (n = 5) while under general anesthesia were performed opportunistically, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilated fundus examination, cycloplegic retinoscopy, schiotz tonometry, corneal diameter and thickness measurements, a-scan and b-scan ultrasonography, keratometry, and cultures of the eyelid margi ... | 2005 | 17312760 |
| clostridium septicum myositis in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | a 10-yr-old male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with a history of conspecific bite wounds was evaluated for acute onset of depression, anorexia, and right hemiparesis. the animal was immobilized for diagnostic examination and treatment for suspected toxic shock from a necrotizing, emphysematous wound infection, but was euthanized due to complications during recovery. gross and histopathologic examination revealed acute necrotizing myositis, fasciitis, cellulitis, and emphysema in the affected ... | 2005 | 17312773 |
| preliminary evaluation of blood lipid profiles in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | published serum cholesterol values in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) are much higher than human ranges, with a national mean of 7.36 mmol/l (284 mg/dl, n = 863). complete blood lipid profiles were examined in 15 captive gorillas. high-density lipoprotein (hdl) was found to decrease more rapidly with age than total cholesterol, resulting in an increasing ratio of cholesterol hdl with age. the ratio of apolipoprotein b to apolipoprotein al also increased with age. estab ... | 2006 | 17312789 |
| resolution of a hyperprolactinemia in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas are one of the most common causes of infertility in women. prolactin plays an important role in lactation and is involved in producing some of the normal mammalian breeding and maternal behaviors. elevated serum prolactin concentrations can adversely affect the reproductive cycle in females by inhibiting the normal lutenizing hormone surge that stimulates ovulation. a 17-year-old western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) presented with low fertility ... | 2006 | 17315448 |
| cholesterol values in free-ranging gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla and gorilla beringei) and bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | cholesterol concentrations in captive gorillas and orangutans vary widely within species and average approximately 244 mg/dl for gorillas and 169 mg/dl for orangutans as published previously. the international species inventory system reports higher concentrations of 275 and 199 mg/dl for gorillas and orangutans, respectively. it is unknown whether these values were typical, influenced by captive management, or both. to answer this question, banked serum samples from free-ranging mountain gorill ... | 2006 | 17319127 |
| genomic relationships and speciation times of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla inferred from a coalescent hidden markov model. | the genealogical relationship of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla varies along the genome. we develop a hidden markov model (hmm) that incorporates this variation and relate the model parameters to population genetics quantities such as speciation times and ancestral population sizes. our hmm is an analytically tractable approximation to the coalescent process with recombination, and in simulations we see no apparent bias in the hmm estimates. we apply the hmm to four autosomal contiguous human-ch ... | 2007 | 17319744 |
| retrospective evaluation of measles antibody titers in vaccinated captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | retrospective analyses of banked serum samples and medical records from captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at lincoln park zoo showed that vaccination of gorillas with a human vaccine induced antibody production. no significant relationship was found between the groups that received one, two, or three vaccinations and the probability of seroconversion. these data also suggested that antibodies in western lowland gorillas persist for at least 11 yr. this information is use ... | 2005 | 17323559 |
| mental rotation of anthropoid hands: a chronometric study. | it has been shown that mental rotation of objects and human body parts is processed differently in the human brain. but what about body parts belonging to other primates? does our brain process this information like any other object or does it instead maximize the structural similarities with our homologous body parts? we tried to answer this question by measuring the manual reaction time (mrt) of human participants discriminating the handedness of drawings representing the hands of four anthrop ... | 2007 | 17334535 |
| tempo and mode of evolution of the rh blood group genes before and after gene duplication. | the rh blood group genes became duplicated in a common ancestor of human-chimpanzee-gorilla. we compared the evolutionary rates of the rh blood group genes for each exon for branches connecting to humans, having duplicated rh loci, and to orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys, species having a single rh locus. our results show that evolutionary rates of nonsynonymous substitutions at exon 7 became accelerated in the human lineage. furthermore, we surveyed the sequence variation in the region ... | 2007 | 17334753 |
| evolutionary divergence of the pre-promotor region of ribosomal dna in the great apes. | the human ribosomal intergenic spacer (rigs) differs considerably on nucleotide sequence and regulatory elements positioning from their counterparts in the mouse, rat and xenopus laevis. in the present study, we have pcr amplified, cloned and sequenced the rigs fragments of about 4.5 kb length, located approximately 2 kb upstream of the rrna transcription start point for the great apes, pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus. alignment of the primates' orthologic nucle ... | 2006 | 17343212 |
| full-length sequence analysis of the hla-drb1 locus suggests a recent origin of alleles. | the hla region harbors some of the most polymorphic loci in the human genome. among them is the class ii locus hla-drb1, with more than 400 known alleles. the age of the polymorphism and the rate at which new alleles are generated at hla loci has caused much controversy over the years. previous studies have mostly been restricted to the 270 base pairs that constitute the second exon and represent the most variable part of the gene. here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the hla-drb1 lo ... | 2007 | 17345114 |
| evolutionary genomic remodelling of the human 4q subtelomere (4q35.2). | in order to obtain insights into the functionality of the human 4q35.2 domain harbouring the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (fshd) locus, we investigated in african apes genomic and chromatin organisations, and the nuclear topology of orthologous regions. | 2007 | 17359533 |
| recent integrations of mammalian hmg retropseudogenes. | we propose that select retropseudogenes of the high mobility group nonhistone chromosomal protein genes have recently integrated into mammalian genomes on the basis of the high sequence identity of the copies to the cdna sequences derived from the original genes. these include the hmg1 gene family in mice and the hmgn2 family in humans. we investigated orthologous loci of several strains and species of mus for presence or absence of apparently young hmg1 retropseudogenes. three of four analysed ... | 2006 | 17406091 |
| tool use during display behavior in wild cross river gorillas. | during the course of a 3-year ecological study on cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) at the kagwene mountain in cameroon, we observed three cases of tool use which may be unique to the gorillas of this region and possibly learned through interactions with humans. a non-habituated group of cross river gorillas threw fistfuls of grass toward humans in display contexts. an individual gorilla was also observed to throw a detached branch toward researchers during another encounter. the thi ... | 2007 | 17410549 |
| spontaneous external endometriosis in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla). | the present report describes a case of external endometriosis in a 28 year old female gorilla (gorilla gorilla). microscopical examination of a pelvic mass observed at necropsy revealed ovarian tissue together with uterine glands and stroma, fibrous tissue and many siderophages. theories of pathogenesis of external endometriosis are briefly reviewed. | 1985 | 17422589 |
| gorilla-like anatomy on australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests au. afarensis link to robust australopiths. | mandibular ramus morphology on a recently discovered specimen of australopithecus afarensis closely matches that of gorillas. this finding was unexpected given that chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans. because modern humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and many other primates share a ramal morphology that differs from that of gorillas, the gorilla anatomy must represent a unique condition, and its appearance in fossil hominins must represent an independently derived morphology. t ... | 2007 | 17426152 |
| potential for ebola transmission between gorilla and chimpanzee social groups. | over the past decade ebola hemorrhagic fever has emerged repeatedly in gabon and congo, causing numerous human outbreaks and massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. why ebola has emerged so explosively remains poorly understood. previous studies have tended to focus on exogenous factors such as habitat disturbance and climate change as drivers of ebola emergence while downplaying the contribution of transmission between gorilla or chimpanzee social groups. here we report recent observation ... | 2007 | 17427138 |
| influence of social and environmental factors on nesting behaviour in captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | field studies on gorilla sleeping sites usually emphasize environmental influences on nest site selection, as individual nesting behaviours are usually not observed directly. in captivity, nesting behaviour and influencing factors are often overlooked. in the present study, the sleeping sites of members of a captive group of 16-21 gorillas were analysed, based on 152 nights over a 5-year period. subadults tended to sleep apart from adults but clustered around the oldest blackback male. full sibl ... | 2007 | 17429209 |
| hla-e polymorphism in amerindians from mexico (mazatecans), colombia (wayu) and chile (mapuches): evolution of mhc-e gene. | human leukocyte antigen (hla)-e is a nonclassical class i (ib) gene with a restricted polymorphism. only eight dna alleles and three proteins of this gene have been described and their frequencies analyzed in caucasian, oriental, asian indian, and negroid populations. in the present study, hla-e polymorphism has been analyzed in six amerindian and mestizo populations from north and south america and compared with previously described populations. hla-e*0101 is the most frequent allele found in a ... | 2007 | 17445187 |
| mhc-f polymorphism and evolution. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-f class ib locus shows a limited polymorphism, and the function of its mainly intracellular protein is not clear. we have identified human leukocyte antigen (hla)-f orthologous dna sequences in pongidae in order to study the mhc-f gene evolution and its products' function. hla-f orthologous complementary dna transcripts are found in chimpanzee and in the new primate species studied (bonobo, gorilla and orangutan). analyses of the predicted amino acid se ... | 2007 | 17445188 |
| hla-g polymorphism and evolution. | six proteins, one null allele and 22 human leukocyte antigen (hla)-g alleles were found in humans. bonobo, chimpanzee and gorilla only show one allele and orangutan shows five alleles. all cercopithecus alleles show stop codons at position 164 (macaca mulatta with seven dna alleles, macaca fascicularis with seven dna alleles and cercopithecus aethiops with three dna alleles). cotton-top tamarin new world monkeys showed 20 dna and protein alleles; the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-g new ... | 2007 | 17445193 |
| spontaneous adenomyosis in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes): a first report and review of the primate literature: case report. | adenomyosis is a non-neoplastic condition characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrium in the myometrium with hyperplasia of adjacent smooth muscle. common symptoms in women include debilitating pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding, and the condition has been paradoxically associated with both multiparity and subfertility. adenomyosis spontaneously occurs in humans and some non-human primates, including the baboon and macaque, where it has been associated with primary infertility an ... | 2007 | 17452396 |
| fine-tuning of social play in juvenile lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | social play, which involves cooperation, communication, and learning, may represent a suitable field for the investigation of cognitive ability in a given species. we collected data on a captive group of gorillas in order to evaluate the potential cognitive skill of juveniles in fine-tuning play behavior. this study revealed that juvenile gorillas are able to "place" the play session in a proper spatial/temporal context, thus evaluating a complex net of factors (e.g., play partner, play roughnes ... | 2007 | 17455241 |
| the role of behavioral research in the conservation of chimpanzees and gorillas. | chimpanzees and gorillas are among man's closest living relatives, sharing most of the human genetic code and having many similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. like humans, these apes make and use tools and have strong family bonds. chimpanzees even show population-specific behaviors similar to those of human cultures. however, chimpanzee and gorilla populations are in dramatic decline due to bushmeat hunting, habitat loss, and the varied risks of small, isolated populatio ... | 2007 | 17484681 |
| habituation of western gorillas: the process and factors that influence it. | habituation of western gorillas to human presence is generally an expensive, lengthy and difficult process. here we describe the habituation process for two groups of western gorillas at the mondika research center, with the hope that the lessons we learned will facilitate future gorilla studies. we expand upon earlier studies by describing the process through complete habituation for both males and females, and for more than one group. the major obstacle to habituation was developing sufficient ... | 2007 | 17486627 |
| evolutionary history of chromosome 11 featuring four distinct centromere repositioning events in catarrhini. | panels of bac clones used in fish experiments allow a detailed definition of chromosomal marker arrangement and orientation during evolution. this approach has disclosed the centromere repositioning phenomenon, consisting in the activation of a novel, fully functional centromere in an ectopic location, concomitant with the inactivation of the old centromere. in this study, appropriate panels of bac clones were used to track the chromosome 11 evolutionary history in primates and nonprimate boreoe ... | 2007 | 17490852 |
| fluorescent (f) bodies in the spermatozoa of man and the great apes. | mature spermatozoa of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) were stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. fluorescent (f) bodies were visualized in the spermatozoa of the chimpanzee and gorilla but were absent in the orangutan, in which there is no brilliant fluorescence in any chromosome. the f bodies appeared to be randomly located in the sperm heads of these two species, as they usually are in human spermatozoa. however, the propor ... | 1976 | 17494623 |
| molar crown formation in the late miocene asian hominoids, sivapithecus parvada and sivapithecus indicus. | during the past decade, studies of enamel development have provided a broad temporal and geographic perspective on evolutionary developmental biology in miocene hominoids. here we report some of the first data for molar crown development in one hominoid genus, sivapithecus. the data are compared to a range of extant and extinct hominoids. crown formation times (cfts), daily rates of enamel secretion (dsr), retzius line number and periodicity, and relative enamel thickness (ret) were calculated i ... | 2007 | 17512035 |
| response of captive lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to different housing conditions: testing the aggression-density and coping models. | several studies have suggested that primates react differently to spatial reduction. in this article, the authors tested some general hypotheses on primate response to spatial reduction by studying the apenheul lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla; apeldoorn, the netherlands). the frequency of conflicts did not greatly change between the 2 housing settings, thus not supporting the density- aggression model. indoor, gorillas performed touching behavior more often and increased their level of ... | 2007 | 17516795 |
| the 800-lb gorilla we all ignore: treatment of nsclc in elderly and ps 2 patients. | patients with non-small cell lung cancer,nsclc, typically have advanced disease on presentation. first-line palliative platinum-based doublet chemotherapy has emerged as the standard of care in fit, younger patients. however, patients with advanced age and/or impaired performance status have been relatively underrepresented in clinical trials. retrospective analyses and the few existing prospective randomized trials in these populations have suggested a poorer overall prognosis, yet also provide ... | 2007 | 17519883 |
| sex-biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | we explored two hypotheses related to potential differences between sexes in dispersal behaviour in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). direct observations suggest that immature females have more opportunities to move between breeding groups than immature males. the distribution of kin dyadic relationships within and between groups does not, however, support this hypothesis. at larger geographical scales, dispersal is likely to be easier for males than females because of the soli ... | 2007 | 17561888 |
| the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the facial skeleton of the african apes. | this paper aims to test the contribution of ontogenetic scaling to sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton in the african apes. specifically, it addresses whether males and females of each species share a common postnatal ontogenetic shape trajectory for the facial skeleton. where trajectories are found to differ, it is tested whether male and female trajectories: 1) diverge early, or 2) diverge later after sharing a common trajectory earlier in the postnatal period. where ontogenetic shape tra ... | 2007 | 17582464 |
| potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas despite female dispersal. | female philopatry and male dispersal are the norm for most mammals, and females that remain in their natal region often derive foraging or social benefits from proximity to female kin. however, other factors, such as constraints on group size or a shortage of potential mates, may promote female dispersal even when female kin associations would be beneficial. in these cases, female kin associations might develop, not through female philopatry, but through female emigration to the same group. to d ... | 2007 | 17609183 |
| the origins of hiv and implications for the global epidemic. | hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. recently, the ancestral strains of hiv-1 groups m and n were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south cameroon. lately, hiv-1 group o-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), called sivgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) ... | 2007 | 17618555 |
| scaling of neuron number and volume of the pulvinar complex in new world primates: comparisons with humans, other primates, and mammals. | the lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar (lp-pulvinar complex) are the principal thalamic nuclei associated with the elaborate development of the dorsal and ventral streams of the parietal cortex in primates. in humans, a novel site of origin for a subpopulation of pulvinar neurons has been observed, the ganglionic eminence of the telencephalon. this additional site of neuron origin has been proposed to contribute to the pulvinar's evolutionary expansion (letinic and rakic [2001] nat neurosci ... | 2007 | 17640049 |