| differential proliferative response in the postischemic hippocampus, temporal cortex, and olfactory bulb of young adult macaque monkeys. | we investigated the fate of proliferating cells in the adult monkey brain after global ischemia. we used the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) to label s-phase cells and their progeny in japanese macaques subjected to global cerebral ischemia for 20 min or to a sham operation. subsequently, newly generated cells were identified by brdu immunohistochemistry, and their immunophenotype was determined quantitatively, using specific markers. the ischemic insult significantly increased the n ... | 2003 | 12673828 |
| rapid learning of sequential tool use by macaque monkeys. | earlier reports have described monkeys in their natural habitat as being capable of purposefully using tools for activities such as obtaining food. however, little is known regarding the extent of macaque monkeys' ability to understand the functional meaning of objects as tools. we have trained japanese macaques in tool-use behavior to demonstrate their abilities to solve stick problems involving the use of a novel tool and a sequential combination of different tools. results suggest that macaqu ... | 2003 | 12676278 |
| plasmodium coatneyi-infected erythrocytes bind to c32 amelanotic melanoma cells under static and flow conditions. | the ability of plasmodium coatneyi-infected red blood cells (irbcs) to bind to c32 amelanotic melanoma cells was examined under static and physiologic flow conditions in vitro. six blood samples obtained from p. coatneyi-infected japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) with severe manifestations of disease were used in the static adhesion assay. all blood samples constantly exhibited binding of irbcs to c32 cells under static conditions. immunofluorescence staining with anti-cd36 mab revealed a posit ... | 2003 | 12679569 |
| clinal variation of maxillary sinus volume in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | macaques (genus macaca) are unique among cercopithecids in that they possess a maxillary sinus, and among anthropoids in that they demonstrate a relatively weak relationship between the size of this sinus and the cranium. to test the hypothesis that extrinsic factors may contribute to maxillary sinus size variation, a sample of 46 japanese macaque (m. fuscata) crania from known localities were subjected to computed tomography (ct) imaging, and sinus volume and nasal cavity area were analyzed rel ... | 2003 | 12682923 |
| mother-infant relationships and maternal estrogen metabolites changes in macaques (macaca fuscata, m. mulatta). | this research assessed mother-infant relationships in rhesus and japanese macaques living in analogous captive social groups, and monitored changes in the levels of excreted estrogen metabolites during the peripartum period. each mother-infant pair was focally observed 3 h per week during the first 12 weeks of life of newborns. fecal samples were collected twice a week from each mother, starting 4 weeks before delivery and ending 4 weeks after delivery. infant-directed behaviors appeared to be c ... | 2003 | 12687472 |
| birth-season variation in japanese macaques, macaca fuscata. | japanese macaques, macaca fuscata, exhibit an annual reproductive cycle that apparently is maintained intrinsically. translocation of nine troops to new latitudes within the northern hemisphere has had minimal effect on the timing of birth seasonality in these troops; translocation of one troop to the southern hemisphere has resulted in a 6-month forward displacement of birth seasonality in this troop. limited available evidence indicates that, in the latitudinal zone between toimisaki (31 degre ... | 2003 | 12687474 |
| bone mineral density in chimpanzees, humans, and japanese macaques. | we performed a comparative study of bone mechanical properties in the radii of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), humans (homo sapiens), and japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. we investigated: (1)cortical bone area relative to the total periosteal area (pra); (2) trabecular bone area relative to pra; (3) cortical bone density; and (4) trabecular bone density. the cortical bone area index for chimpanzees was almost the same as that of japanese macaqu ... | 2003 | 12687479 |
| stereotactic transplantation of a dopamine-producing capsule into the striatum for treatment of parkinson disease: a preclinical primate study. | the pc12 cells are well known for their ability to secrete dopamine and levodopa. in multiple animal mode encapsulated pc12 cells have been shown to ameliorate parkinsonian symptoms when transplanted into the striatum; technique is expected to be effective clinically as well. the present study was performed using nonhuman primates to ensure that the transplantation of encapsulated pc12 cells is likely to be both safe and effective in human clinical trials. | 2003 | 12691415 |
| stereotactic transplantation of a dopamine-producing capsule into the striatum for treatment of parkinson disease: a preclinical primate study. | the pc12 cells are well known for their ability to secrete dopamine and levodopa. in multiple animal mode encapsulated pc12 cells have been shown to ameliorate parkinsonian symptoms when transplanted into the striatum; technique is expected to be effective clinically as well. the present study was performed using nonhuman primates to ensure that the transplantation of encapsulated pc12 cells is likely to be both safe and effective in human clinical trials. | 2003 | 12691415 |
| effects of reversible shutdown of the monkey flocculus on the retention of adaptation of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. | there are two different proposals regarding the role of the cerebellar flocculus in the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex: that the flocculus is the site for both the induction and retention of the adaptation, or that the flocculus plays an important role in the induction, but the vestibular nuclei to which the flocculus issues its efferents are the site of retention. to locate the memory trace for the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, we determined effects of acute pharmacologi ... | 2003 | 12699790 |
| prevalence of antibody against hepatitis e virus in various species of non-human primates: evidence of widespread infection in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | we screened 495 serum samples from 20 species of non-human primates for the antibody against hepatitis e virus (hev). anti-hev igg was detected in 84 of 232 (36.2%) japanese monkeys, 2 of 19 (10.5%) cynomolgus monkeys, 3 of 83 (3.6%) rhesus monkeys, and 1 of 1 (100%) taiwanese monkey, respectively. these results suggest that hev is circulating among monkeys belonging to the genus macaca. a high prevalence of anti-hev igg was observed in japanese macaques (m. fuscata) despite the fact that japan ... | 2003 | 12711819 |
| prevalence of antibody against hepatitis e virus in various species of non-human primates: evidence of widespread infection in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | we screened 495 serum samples from 20 species of non-human primates for the antibody against hepatitis e virus (hev). anti-hev igg was detected in 84 of 232 (36.2%) japanese monkeys, 2 of 19 (10.5%) cynomolgus monkeys, 3 of 83 (3.6%) rhesus monkeys, and 1 of 1 (100%) taiwanese monkey, respectively. these results suggest that hev is circulating among monkeys belonging to the genus macaca. a high prevalence of anti-hev igg was observed in japanese macaques (m. fuscata) despite the fact that japan ... | 2003 | 12711819 |
| resets of torsional eye position errors in different lighting conditions. | to investigate a resetting mechanism of torsional eye position errors, spontaneous scanning eye movements and visually guided eye movements in different lighting conditions were recorded three dimensionally. two monkeys (macaca fuscata, ts, mi) were engaged in this experiment. a dual scleral search coil method was used for three-dimensional (3-d) eye movement recordings. in complete darkness, the thickness of listing's plane at the onset of spontaneous saccades (0.51/0.37 degrees (ts/mi)) and th ... | 2003 | 12725916 |
| increased plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sicam-1) and soluble vascular cell molecule-1 (svcam-1) associated with disease severity in a primate model for severe human malaria: plasmodium coatneyi-infected japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | in the present study, we investigated plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sicam-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (svcam-1) in seven japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) infected with plasmodium coatneyi. concentrations of sicam-1 and svcam-1 were significantly elevated in the severe phase; the levels were maximally increased up to six times and three times those before infection, respectively. we subsequently examined kinetic profiles of sicam-1 and svcam-1 concentr ... | 2003 | 12808217 |
| same-sex sexual partner preference in hormonally and neurologically unmanipulated animals. | proximate and ultimate biological theories for understanding sexual behavior predict that sexual dimorphism in sexual partner preference should be ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. a review of the literature found evidence for same-sex sexual partner preference in a small number of species (female pukekos, cows, domestic rams, female uganda kobs, female japanese macaques). thus, theoretical predictions concerning the development and evolution of sexual partner preference appear to hold true exce ... | 2002 | 12836731 |
| inferior parietal somatosensory neurons coding face-hand coordination in japanese macaques. | neuronal activities of the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (area 7b or pf) were investigated in five awake japanese monkeys. there were neurons which had specific combinations of receptive field (rf) locations, most typically in both the face and hand; we refer to the seas face-hand neurons. the most interesting property of the face-hand neurons is that some of these neurons responded to specific behavior executed with synergism between the face (especially the mouth) and hand move ... | 2003 | 12850820 |
| inferior parietal somatosensory neurons coding face-hand coordination in japanese macaques. | neuronal activities of the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (area 7b or pf) were investigated in five awake japanese monkeys. there were neurons which had specific combinations of receptive field (rf) locations, most typically in both the face and hand; we refer to the seas face-hand neurons. the most interesting property of the face-hand neurons is that some of these neurons responded to specific behavior executed with synergism between the face (especially the mouth) and hand move ... | 2003 | 12850820 |
| age differences in food intake and dietary selection of wild male japanese macaques. | age differences in food intake and dietary selection were studied for 8 months among wild male japanese macaques ( macaca fuscata) under non-predatory situations. juveniles' feeding time was longer than adult males' in some months, in particular in mating seasons, but did not differ in the other months. juveniles' feeding speed was slower than that of adult males. however, the age difference in average feeding speed was smaller (90%) than that in expected daily energy expenditure (62-58%). the e ... | 2003 | 12851832 |
| tissue distribution, molecular cloning, and gene expression of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase in japanese monkey. | cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (gpx-1) is an important antioxidant enzyme that scavange hydrogen peroxide in mammalian cells. the level of gpx-1 activity in japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) tissues was determined and it was found to be high in the liver, kidney, and adrenal gland followed by the small intestine. we also cloned the gpx-1 cdna that included the whole protein-coding region. the active-site selenocysteine was assumed to be encoded by a tga codon. compared to the gpx-1s of other ma ... | 2003 | 12867715 |
| age-related differences in social grooming among adult female japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata). | the present study investigated the influence of dominance rank in combination with kinship on age-related differences in social grooming among adult females in a free-ranging group of japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata). eighty-three adult females were divided into six sub-groups according to age-class (younger: 5-9 years old; middle: 10-14 years old; older: 15-22 years old) and dominance rank (high and low rank). the ratio of the number of unrelated females that each female groomed to the total ... | 2003 | 12884114 |
| age-related differences in social grooming among adult female japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata). | the present study investigated the influence of dominance rank in combination with kinship on age-related differences in social grooming among adult females in a free-ranging group of japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata). eighty-three adult females were divided into six sub-groups according to age-class (younger: 5-9 years old; middle: 10-14 years old; older: 15-22 years old) and dominance rank (high and low rank). the ratio of the number of unrelated females that each female groomed to the total ... | 2003 | 12884114 |
| cholesterol-fed ovariectomized monkeys are good animal models for human atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. | although it is well known that the incidence of atherosclerosis is markedly increased in postmenopausal women, antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapies are not clear. one of the reasons for this is due to the lack of appropriate animal models for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. therefore, we attempted to develop an animal model for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women and examined the antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapy. adult ovariectomiz ... | 2003 | 12884115 |
| cholesterol-fed ovariectomized monkeys are good animal models for human atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. | although it is well known that the incidence of atherosclerosis is markedly increased in postmenopausal women, antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapies are not clear. one of the reasons for this is due to the lack of appropriate animal models for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women. therefore, we attempted to develop an animal model for atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women and examined the antiatherosclerotic effects of estrogen replacement therapy. adult ovariectomiz ... | 2003 | 12884115 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationship of herv-w family in the macaca fuscata. | a human endogenous retrovirus, herv-w, has recently been identified on human chromosome 7 and contains a single complete open reading frame putatively encoding an envelope protein. its env gene was expressed in various tissues, and mainly in human placenta. we investigated env gene of the herv-w family in the macaca fuscata (japanese monkey). the env gene expression was detected in various tissues (testis, prostate, kidney, cerebellum, thymus, placenta, intestine, stomach, ovary) of the japanese ... | 2003 | 12898334 |
| radiation damage to the normal monkey brain: experimental study induced by interstitial irradiation. | radiation damage to normal brain tissue induced by interstitial irradiation with iridium-192 seeds was sequentially evaluated by computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and histological examination. this study was carried out in 14 mature japanese monkeys. the experimental area received more than 200-260 gy of irradiation developed coagulative necrosis. infiltration of macrophages to the periphery of the necrotic area was seen. in addition, neovascularization, hyalinization o ... | 2003 | 12908010 |
| radiation damage to the normal monkey brain: experimental study induced by interstitial irradiation. | radiation damage to normal brain tissue induced by interstitial irradiation with iridium-192 seeds was sequentially evaluated by computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and histological examination. this study was carried out in 14 mature japanese monkeys. the experimental area received more than 200-260 gy of irradiation developed coagulative necrosis. infiltration of macrophages to the periphery of the necrotic area was seen. in addition, neovascularization, hyalinization o ... | 2003 | 12908010 |
| polymerase chain reaction amplification of samples from japanese monkeys using primers for human short tandem repeat loci. | we examined the species specificity of six commercially available human short tandem repeat systems (for csf1po, tpox, th01, f13a01, fesfps and vwa) using six samples obtained from the japanese monkey macaca fuscata. macaque genes were amplified with human tpox and f13a01 primers. during electrophoresis, macaque polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products amplified with the tpox primer migrated more slowly than human ones, and migrated close to human csf1po bands. macaque pcr products amplified wit ... | 2003 | 12935590 |
| polymerase chain reaction amplification of samples from japanese monkeys using primers for human short tandem repeat loci. | we examined the species specificity of six commercially available human short tandem repeat systems (for csf1po, tpox, th01, f13a01, fesfps and vwa) using six samples obtained from the japanese monkey macaca fuscata. macaque genes were amplified with human tpox and f13a01 primers. during electrophoresis, macaque polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products amplified with the tpox primer migrated more slowly than human ones, and migrated close to human csf1po bands. macaque pcr products amplified wit ... | 2003 | 12935590 |
| peripartum sex steroid changes and maternal style in rhesus and japanese macaques. | the subtle and complex relationships between the sequential maturation of the endocrine systems during pregnancy and parturition, and the hormonal role in activating the central nervous system to express maternal behavior in primates, are far from being completely understood. recent studies on the association between sex steroids and maternal behavior have yielded conflicting results in this group. here we use a comparative approach to assess the correlation between changes in the peripartum end ... | 2003 | 12957476 |
| [on a virus considered as the foamy virus, isolated in renal cell cultures of japanese monkey]. | | 1959 | 13820256 |
| distribution of some viral antibodies in wild japanese monkeys on mt. takasaki. | | 1962 | 13961867 |
| distribution of some viral antibodies in wild japanese monkeys on mt. takasaki. | | 1962 | 13961867 |
| hominid bipedalism: independent evidence for the food-carrying theory. | habitual food carrying has been suggested as a possible major factor in making bipedal locomotion biologically advantageous so that it was selected for in early hominid evolution. this speculation, supported by slight observations of captive macaques, has now acquired greater plausibility from four recent independent reports of wild and semi-feral bipedal, food-carrying apes and monkeys from the congo, tanganyika, japan, and a puerto rican monkey colony. the most striking evidence of the relatio ... | 1964 | 14186472 |
| hominid bipedalism: independent evidence for the food-carrying theory. | habitual food carrying has been suggested as a possible major factor in making bipedal locomotion biologically advantageous so that it was selected for in early hominid evolution. this speculation, supported by slight observations of captive macaques, has now acquired greater plausibility from four recent independent reports of wild and semi-feral bipedal, food-carrying apes and monkeys from the congo, tanganyika, japan, and a puerto rican monkey colony. the most striking evidence of the relatio ... | 1964 | 14186472 |
| serological study of some viruses in wild japanese monkeys on mt. takasaki. | | 1964 | 14187459 |
| serological study of some viruses in wild japanese monkeys on mt. takasaki. | | 1964 | 14187459 |
| histochemical investigations on the fundic glands in the japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata yakui). | | 1965 | 14288683 |
| histochemical investigations on the fundic glands in the japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata yakui). | | 1965 | 14288683 |
| [antibodies against measles virus in a japanese monkey macaca fuscata]. | | 1961 | 14481302 |
| do infant japanese macaques ( macaca fuscata) categorize objects without specific training? | in the present study, we examined whether infant japanese macaques categorize objects without any training, using a similar technique also used with human infants (the paired-preference method). during the familiarization phase, subjects were presented twice with two pairs of different objects from one global-level category. during the test phase, they were presented twice with a pair consisting of a novel familiar-category object and a novel global-level category object. the subjects were teste ... | 2004 | 14505179 |
| natural imitation induced by joint attention in japanese monkeys. | to examine whether joint attention enables japanese monkeys to imitate human actions, we presented an oral action and manual actions directed towards targets to three monkeys who had joint attention through communicative eye-gaze and pointing gestures and to one monkey who had incomplete joint attention and who had acquired imperative pointing but not the use of eye-gaze gestures. two of the monkeys who were already capable of joint attention were also able to imitate naturally, while the monkey ... | 2003 | 14511838 |
| natural imitation induced by joint attention in japanese monkeys. | to examine whether joint attention enables japanese monkeys to imitate human actions, we presented an oral action and manual actions directed towards targets to three monkeys who had joint attention through communicative eye-gaze and pointing gestures and to one monkey who had incomplete joint attention and who had acquired imperative pointing but not the use of eye-gaze gestures. two of the monkeys who were already capable of joint attention were also able to imitate naturally, while the monkey ... | 2003 | 14511838 |
| neuronal activities in the monkey primary and higher-order gustatory cortices during a taste discrimination delayed go/nogo task and after reversal. | the correlation between different gustatory areas in the frontal operculum, orbitofrontal area, and insula and the representation of different aspects of cues during a salt-water discrimination delayed go/nogo task was studied in a japanese monkey. four groups were identified among 169 neurons responding to cues before/after task reversal. group i (n=78) responded to the physicochemical nature of the cue, group ii (n=8) responded to both the physicochemical nature of the cue and the subsequent b ... | 2003 | 14512141 |
| differences in the endocrine and behavioral profiles during the peripartum period in macaques. | the present investigation aims to assess the changes in both social interaction and sex steroids excreted in feces of group-living japanese macaques and rhesus monkeys. by comparing profiles of estrone conjugates (e1c) and pregnanediol-glucuronide (pdg) with the behavioral propensities of two closely related species living in similar environments, we could test the hypothesis that the social behavior of pregnant females shows significant hormonally mediated changes during the late prepartum and ... | 2003 | 14637215 |
| comparison of mineral contents between the arteries in upper and lower limbs of japanese monkeys. | to examine whether the calcium accumulation in aged arteries is related to the way of walking, the mineral contents were determined in the arteries of japanese monkeys of quadrupedal walk by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. sixteen japanese monkeys consisting of 7 males and 9 females ranging in age from 2 to 33 yr were studied. the accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred progressively in most, but not all, of the arteries with aging. it was found that ... | 2003 | 14645997 |
| comparison of mineral contents between the arteries in upper and lower limbs of japanese monkeys. | to examine whether the calcium accumulation in aged arteries is related to the way of walking, the mineral contents were determined in the arteries of japanese monkeys of quadrupedal walk by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. sixteen japanese monkeys consisting of 7 males and 9 females ranging in age from 2 to 33 yr were studied. the accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred progressively in most, but not all, of the arteries with aging. it was found that ... | 2003 | 14645997 |
| biomechanical constraints in hindlimb joints during the quadrupedal versus bipedal locomotion of m. fuscata. | the operant-trained japanese monkey, macaca fuscata, can walk with both a quadrupedal (qp) and a bipedal (bp) gait on the surface of a treadmill belt, which moves at different speeds. the animal can also learn to transform its locomotor pattern from qp to bp, and vice versa, without a break in forward walking speed. this nonhuman primate model provides an intriguing opportunity to compare the kinematics of multiple body segments during qp and bp walking of the same subject. we found that m. fusc ... | 2004 | 14653163 |
| reactive and anticipatory control of posture and bipedal locomotion in a nonhuman primate. | bipedal locomotion is a common daily activity. despite its apparent simplicity, it is a complex set of movements that requires the integrated neural control of multiple body segments. we have recently shown that the juvenile japanese monkey, m. fuscata, can be operant-trained to walk bipedally on moving treadmill. it can control the body axis and lower limb movements when confronted by a change in treadmill speed. m. fuscata can also walk bipedally on a slanted treadmill. furthermore, it can lea ... | 2004 | 14653164 |
| integration of multiple motor segments for the elaboration of locomotion: role of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum. | this chapter provides a conceptual overview of the role and operation of higher structures of the central nervous system (cns) in the control of posture and locomotion in the mammal, including the nonhuman primate and the human. both quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion require the integrated neural control of multiple body segments against gravity. during development, and in selected instances in the adult, motor learning is required, particularly for merging anticipatory and reactive cns process ... | 2004 | 14653178 |
| vocal individual discrimination in japanese monkeys. | the present study determines which features of the coo call are used by japanese monkeys macaca fuscata for vocal individual discrimination. first, two female japanese monkeys were trained to discriminate conspecific individuals vocally, using an operant conditioning. using as stimuli three unknown individuals with 30 calls per individual, the two monkeys succeeded in discriminating new call exemplars from the three stimulus individuals. a discriminant analysis performed on calls used as stimuli ... | 2004 | 14673661 |
| vocal individual discrimination in japanese monkeys. | the present study determines which features of the coo call are used by japanese monkeys macaca fuscata for vocal individual discrimination. first, two female japanese monkeys were trained to discriminate conspecific individuals vocally, using an operant conditioning. using as stimuli three unknown individuals with 30 calls per individual, the two monkeys succeeded in discriminating new call exemplars from the three stimulus individuals. a discriminant analysis performed on calls used as stimuli ... | 2004 | 14673661 |
| endocrinologic comparison of activin a secretion during pregnancy and early lactation in japanese monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans. | secretion of activin a in japanese monkeys and chimpanzees during pregnancy and early postpartum periods was investigated, and the results were compared with those in humans. plasma activin a increased throughout pregnancy in japanese monkeys, and the level was significantly higher in the third and fourth quarters than in the first quarter. after parturition in the japanese monkey, circulating activin a decreased to levels seen during the normal menstrual cycle. in chimpanzees, plasma activin a ... | 2003 | 14709796 |
| endocrinologic comparison of activin a secretion during pregnancy and early lactation in japanese monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans. | secretion of activin a in japanese monkeys and chimpanzees during pregnancy and early postpartum periods was investigated, and the results were compared with those in humans. plasma activin a increased throughout pregnancy in japanese monkeys, and the level was significantly higher in the third and fourth quarters than in the first quarter. after parturition in the japanese monkey, circulating activin a decreased to levels seen during the normal menstrual cycle. in chimpanzees, plasma activin a ... | 2003 | 14709796 |
| pursuit-related neurons in the supplementary eye fields: discharge during pursuit and passive whole body rotation. | the primate frontal cortex contains two areas related to smooth-pursuit: the frontal eye fields (fefs) and supplementary eye fields (sefs). to distinguish the specific role of the sefs in pursuit, we examined discharge of a total of 89 pursuit-related neurons that showed consistent modulation when head-stabilized japanese monkeys pursued a spot moving sinusoidally in fronto-parallel planes and/or in depth and with or without passive whole body rotation. during smooth-pursuit at different frequen ... | 2004 | 14711976 |
| pursuit-related neurons in the supplementary eye fields: discharge during pursuit and passive whole body rotation. | the primate frontal cortex contains two areas related to smooth-pursuit: the frontal eye fields (fefs) and supplementary eye fields (sefs). to distinguish the specific role of the sefs in pursuit, we examined discharge of a total of 89 pursuit-related neurons that showed consistent modulation when head-stabilized japanese monkeys pursued a spot moving sinusoidally in fronto-parallel planes and/or in depth and with or without passive whole body rotation. during smooth-pursuit at different frequen ... | 2004 | 14711976 |
| the three-dimensional microanatomy of meissner corpuscles in monkey palmar skin. | the meissner corpuscle is a rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the dermal papillae of digital skin. for an analysis of how the sensory endings detect tissue deformations, an examination of their fine structure and relationships with dermal collagen was carried out in the japanese monkey, macaca fuscata, using a combination of three methods: sem of cell architecture denuded by 6n sodium hydroxide maceration, sem of collagen networks exposed by a mild alkaline corrosion, and tem according to a co ... | 2003 | 14724379 |
| field testing a global positioning system (gps) collar on a japanese monkey: reliability of automatic gps positioning in a japanese forest. | a global positioning system (gps) collar recorded the locations of an adult female japanese macaque over a 9-day period in a habitat with mixed suburban and rural land-uses in chiba prefecture, japan. the gps device acquired positions even in forested areas. the gps data located the female mostly in forested areas, although the female had ranged through a habitat with inter-mingled fields, orchards, quarries, and residential areas. however, the gps position acquisition rate was low compared to s ... | 2004 | 14735391 |
| genotyping from semen of wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | the noninvasive collection of animal cells is crucial for dna analyses in wild populations that cannot be disturbed by capture. we describe the collection of 68 semen samples following copulation and masturbation events in wild habituated and nonhabituated troops of japanese macaques on the protected island of yakushima. we used this dna to amplify 390 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial dna control region in 16 individuals from eight troops, and found a monomorphic pattern in agreement with th ... | 2004 | 14752811 |
| molecular cloning of protamine-2 and expression with aging in japanese monkey (macaca fuscata). | in order to isolate genes relating spermatogenesis with postnatal development and aging, we have attempted to obtain genes showing differences in expression in testis of japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata) by means of differential display pcr, and we have cloned, sequenced and characterized protamine-2 (prm2) of japanese monkey. the predicted open reading frame encoded a protein of 103 amino acid residues, most of which are common to those of other mammals. northern analysis revealed that the prm ... | 2004 | 14986146 |
| molecular cloning of protamine-2 and expression with aging in japanese monkey (macaca fuscata). | in order to isolate genes relating spermatogenesis with postnatal development and aging, we have attempted to obtain genes showing differences in expression in testis of japanese monkeys ( macaca fuscata) by means of differential display pcr, and we have cloned, sequenced and characterized protamine-2 (prm2) of japanese monkey. the predicted open reading frame encoded a protein of 103 amino acid residues, most of which are common to those of other mammals. northern analysis revealed that the prm ... | 2004 | 14986146 |
| non-offspring nursing by a nulliparous pregnant female just before first parturition in free-ranging japanese macaques. | a nulliparous pregnant japanese macaque, macaca fuscata, suckled her 1-year-old sister 44 days before her own parturition. other japanese macaque yearlings did not hold the nipples of this nulliparous female in their mouths. although this non-offspring nursing before first parturition did not improve the rate of milk secretion, the nulliparous female may have improved her indirect fitness and her suckling behavior. | 2004 | 14986148 |
| acquisition of operant-trained bipedal locomotion in juvenile japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): a longitudinal study. | this study investigated developmental aspects of the acquisition of operant-trained bipedal (bp) standing and bp walking in the normally quadrupedal (qp) juvenile japanese monkey (m. fuscata). four male monkeys (age: 1.6 to 2.4 years, body weight: 3.3 to 4.6 kg) were initially operantly trained to stand upright on a smooth floor and a stationary treadmill belt (width = 60 cm, walking length = 150 cm). they were then trained to walk bipedally on the moving treadmill belt (speed: 0.4-0.7 m/s). a r ... | 2003 | 14999136 |
| acquisition of operant-trained bipedal locomotion in juvenile japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): a longitudinal study. | this study investigated developmental aspects of the acquisition of operant-trained bipedal (bp) standing and bp walking in the normally quadrupedal (qp) juvenile japanese monkey (m. fuscata). four male monkeys (age: 1.6 to 2.4 years, body weight: 3.3 to 4.6 kg) were initially operantly trained to stand upright on a smooth floor and a stationary treadmill belt (width = 60 cm, walking length = 150 cm). they were then trained to walk bipedally on the moving treadmill belt (speed: 0.4-0.7 m/s). a r ... | 2003 | 14999136 |
| observing conspecifics scratching induces a contagion of scratching in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | although a large number of studies have examined self-directed behaviors (sdbs) such as scratching and self-grooming as nonverbal leakage of negative emotional arousal in humans, few studies have investigated the informative function of sdbs in nonhuman primates. the present study investigated whether viewing another monkey scratching itself elicited negative arousal from conspecific observers in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). an experimental situation was created in which the target monkey ... | 2004 | 15008669 |
| observing conspecifics scratching induces a contagion of scratching in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | although a large number of studies have examined self-directed behaviors (sdbs) such as scratching and self-grooming as nonverbal leakage of negative emotional arousal in humans, few studies have investigated the informative function of sdbs in nonhuman primates. the present study investigated whether viewing another monkey scratching itself elicited negative arousal from conspecific observers in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). an experimental situation was created in which the target monkey ... | 2004 | 15008669 |
| radiation and phylogeography in the japanese macaque, macaca fuscata. | the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) presumably differentiated from eastern rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) populations during the pleistocene and the two species are closely related. in order to analyse speciation and subspeciation events in the japanese macaque and to describe historical and current relationships among their populations, we sequenced and analysed a fragment of 392bp of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region in 50 individuals belonging to six populations of japanese macaque ... | 2004 | 15012947 |
| converging patterns of inputs from oral structures in the postcentral somatosensory cortex of conscious macaque monkeys. | single neuronal activities were recorded in the oral region of the postcentral gyrus in conscious japanese monkeys. among 5,756 neurons isolated, receptive fields (rfs) and submodalities were identified in 1,502 neurons in area 3b, 970 in area 1, and 1,461 in area 2. the relative incidence of neurons that had bilateral rfs increased gradually upon moving caudally from area 3b to area 2 (bilateral integration). a total of 276 neurons had bimaxillary rfs covering both the maxillary and mandibular ... | 2004 | 15014923 |
| converging patterns of inputs from oral structures in the postcentral somatosensory cortex of conscious macaque monkeys. | single neuronal activities were recorded in the oral region of the postcentral gyrus in conscious japanese monkeys. among 5,756 neurons isolated, receptive fields (rfs) and submodalities were identified in 1,502 neurons in area 3b, 970 in area 1, and 1,461 in area 2. the relative incidence of neurons that had bilateral rfs increased gradually upon moving caudally from area 3b to area 2 (bilateral integration). a total of 276 neurons had bimaxillary rfs covering both the maxillary and mandibular ... | 2004 | 15014923 |
| evaluation of the species specificity for six human short tandem repeat loci csf1po, tpox, th01, f13a01, fesfps and vwa, in the japanese macaque. | we examined six human short tandem repeat (str) loci (c-fms proto-oncogene for csf-1 receptor, csf1po; thyroid peroxidase, tpox; tyrosine hydroxylase, th01; coagulation factor xiii a subunit, f13a01; c-fes/fps proto-oncogene, fesfps and von willebrand factor, vwa) in the japanese macaque, macaca fuscata, using commercially available human str kits. no products were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the human csf1po, th01, fesfps and vwa primers. macaque dnas were amplified with ... | 2004 | 15039053 |
| cloning cyp2d21 and cyp3a22 cdnas from liver of miniature pigs. | to compare the identity of the primary structure of drug-metabolizing cytochrome p450 between miniature pigs and humans, two cdna clones, coding for miniature pig cyp2d21 and cyp3a22, were isolated. the deduced amino acid sequences of cyp2d21 and cyp3a22 were 78.3 and 75.0% identical to human cyp2d6 and cyp3a4, respectively. these values were nearly the same as those of bovine, dog, and some rodent isoforms, and 12.2 to 18.4% lower than those of nonhuman primates such as cynomolgus monkeys, japa ... | 2004 | 15039288 |
| individual vocal differences of the coo call in japanese monkeys. | we investigated individual vocal characteristics of the coo call in japanese monkeys. the goal of the study was to determine which parameters are individual discriminators (for individuals of different ages and sexes) and to test whether those differences were similar for individuals of same age and sex. a discriminant analysis realized on eight individuals pointed out that three parameters (call duration, start and end frequencies of the fundamental component) differentiated individuals efficie ... | 2004 | 15060986 |
| individual vocal differences of the coo call in japanese monkeys. | we investigated individual vocal characteristics of the coo call in japanese monkeys. the goal of the study was to determine which parameters are individual discriminators (for individuals of different ages and sexes) and to test whether those differences were similar for individuals of same age and sex. a discriminant analysis realized on eight individuals pointed out that three parameters (call duration, start and end frequencies of the fundamental component) differentiated individuals efficie ... | 2004 | 15060986 |
| prolonged expression of c-fos protein in the lateral habenular nucleus of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) after eye enucleation. | to elucidate the effect of traumatic stress on the lateral habenular nucleus, we investigated the time course of the expression of c-fos protein in this nucleus of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) after enucleation of one eye using c-fos protein immunocytochemistry. c-fos protein-like immunoreactive neurons were significantly increased; the increase started 1 h after the enucleation and remained high for 3-9 h in the lateral habenular nucleus on both sides. these results suggest that the pro ... | 2004 | 15067200 |
| activation of hepatocyte growth factor in monkey stomach following gastric mucosal injury. | hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is involved in the proliferation and migration of various types of epithelial cells. hgf is produced as a single-chain precursor (pro-hgf) and functions after activation by hgf activator (hgfa). in this study, we aimed to examine the activation of pro-hgf to mature hgf and the expressions of hgf-related molecules, such as hgfa and hgfa inhibitor type 1 (hai-1), in a monkey model of gastric mucosal injury. | 2004 | 15069619 |
| activation of hepatocyte growth factor in monkey stomach following gastric mucosal injury. | hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is involved in the proliferation and migration of various types of epithelial cells. hgf is produced as a single-chain precursor (pro-hgf) and functions after activation by hgf activator (hgfa). in this study, we aimed to examine the activation of pro-hgf to mature hgf and the expressions of hgf-related molecules, such as hgfa and hgfa inhibitor type 1 (hai-1), in a monkey model of gastric mucosal injury. | 2004 | 15069619 |
| scalenus muscles in macaque monkeys. | the attachment and innervation of the scalenus muscles in both sides of two japanese monkeys and a rhesus monkey were observed to discuss their morphological significance while comparing their findings in humans. the scalenus ventralis muscle in macaques had almost the same attachments as the scalenus anterior muscle in humans and was innervated by the cervical nerve branches, which were lower in spinal segment than in humans and had a close relationship with the branches to the intertransversus ... | 2004 | 15088790 |
| scalenus muscles in macaque monkeys. | the attachment and innervation of the scalenus muscles in both sides of two japanese monkeys and a rhesus monkey were observed to discuss their morphological significance while comparing their findings in humans. the scalenus ventralis muscle in macaques had almost the same attachments as the scalenus anterior muscle in humans and was innervated by the cervical nerve branches, which were lower in spinal segment than in humans and had a close relationship with the branches to the intertransversus ... | 2004 | 15088790 |
| butyltin residues in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals and in plastic products. | butyltin compounds (bts) including mono-(mbt), di-(dbt) and tributyltin (tbt) were determined in livers of humans and wild terrestrial mammals, such as raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoids) and monkeys (macaca fuscata) from japan. in addition, 22 samples of plastic products were analyzed. bt residues were detected in all the liver samples of humans and raccoon dogs, with concentrations of <360 ng/g wet wt, whereas concentrations in the liver of monkeys were either less than the detection limit ... | 1999 | 15093048 |
| head movements during locomotion in a gibbon and japanese macaques. | kinematic analysis of head and body movements during locomotion in macaca fuscata and hylobates lar revealed that coordinated head rotation and translation that have been reported to play an important role in stabilizing gaze during locomotion for humans are also observed in non-human primates. the fact that well-coordinated head movements were observed in two species, and during both bipedal and quadrupedal walking, suggests that the head orientation during locomotion is well regulated in the m ... | 2004 | 15094468 |
| vestibular projection to the periarcuate cortex in the monkey. | vestibular inputs to the cerebral cortex are important for spatial orientation, body equilibrium, and head and eye movements. we examined vestibular input to the periarcuate cortex in the japanese monkey by analyzing laminar field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve. laminar field potential analysis in the depths of the cerebral cortex showed that vestibular-evoked potentials consisted of early-positive and late-negative potentials and early-negative and late-posi ... | 2004 | 15099704 |
| ovarian cycle phase and same-sex mating behavior in japanese macaque females. | the relationship of the ovarian cycle phase to same-sex mounting activity in adult female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) was studied during the 1997/1998 mating season. fecal samples were collected from eight female subjects two to three times per week and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for fecal hormone levels. hormone profiles of estrone (e1) and pregnanediol (pdg) were used to separate ovarian cycles into three phases: follicular, periovulatory, and luteal. patterns of same-sex and hetero ... | 2004 | 15152371 |
| do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? a kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained japanese macaques. | in this study, we examined the kinematics of bipedal walking in macaque monkeys that have been highly trained to stand and walk bipedally, and compared them to the kinematics of bipedal walking in ordinary macaques. the results revealed that the trained macaques walked with longer and less frequent strides than ordinary subjects. in addition, they appear to have used inverted pendulum mechanics during bipedal walking, which resulted in an efficient exchange of potential and kinetic energy. these ... | 2004 | 15183673 |
| do males have a better chance of mating when the number of estrous females is equal to or greater than the males' ordinal rank? testing the hypothesis in japanese macaques. | this study was designed to test the hypothesis that male primates in multi-male/multi-female social groups with a clear male dominance hierarchy have a better chance of mating when the number of estrous females is equal to or greater than, as opposed to less than, the males' ordinal rank. i studied a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata fuscata) troop during mating seasons from 1992 to 1995. the mean daily operational sex ratio (osr; the number of estrous females per troop male), which was calculate ... | 2004 | 15195331 |
| energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in japanese macaques. | we investigated the energetic costs of quadrupedal and bipedal walking in two japanese macaques. the subjects were engaged in traditional bipedal performance for years, and are extremely adept bipeds. the experiment was conducted in an airtight chamber with a gas analyzer. the subjects walked quadrupedally and bipedally at fixed velocities (<5 km/hr) on a treadmill in the chamber for 2.5-6 min. we estimated energy consumption from carbon dioxide (co2) production. while walking bipedally, energet ... | 2004 | 15197820 |
| organization of prefrontal outflow toward frontal motor-related areas in macaque monkeys. | linkage between the prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex is mediated by nonprimary motor-related areas of the frontal lobe. in an attempt to analyse the organization of the prefrontal outflow from area 46 toward the frontal motor-related areas, we investigated the pattern of projections involving the higher-order motor-related areas, such as the presupplementary motor area (pre-sma) and the rostral cingulate motor area (cmar). tracer injections were made into these motor-related areas ... | 2004 | 15217388 |
| organization of prefrontal outflow toward frontal motor-related areas in macaque monkeys. | linkage between the prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex is mediated by nonprimary motor-related areas of the frontal lobe. in an attempt to analyse the organization of the prefrontal outflow from area 46 toward the frontal motor-related areas, we investigated the pattern of projections involving the higher-order motor-related areas, such as the presupplementary motor area (pre-sma) and the rostral cingulate motor area (cmar). tracer injections were made into these motor-related areas ... | 2004 | 15217388 |
| expression and identification of herv-w family in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | we investigated structural genes (gag, pol, env) of herv-w family in the macaca fuscata (japanese monkey). those genes are expressed in various tissues (testis, prostate, kidney, cerebellum, thymus, pancreas, intestine, stomach, ovary) of the japanese monkey in rt-pcr and sequencing analyses. nine clones for gag, thirty-one clones for pol and thirty-four clones for env fragments of the herv-w family in monkey tissues were identified and analyzed. these clones showed a high degree of sequence sim ... | 2004 | 15226587 |
| expression and identification of herv-w family in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). | we investigated structural genes (gag, pol, env) of herv-w family in the macaca fuscata (japanese monkey). those genes are expressed in various tissues (testis, prostate, kidney, cerebellum, thymus, pancreas, intestine, stomach, ovary) of the japanese monkey in rt-pcr and sequencing analyses. nine clones for gag, thirty-one clones for pol and thirty-four clones for env fragments of the herv-w family in monkey tissues were identified and analyzed. these clones showed a high degree of sequence sim ... | 2004 | 15226587 |
| latency of adaptive vergence eye movements induced by vergence-vestibular interaction training in monkeys. | clear vision of objects that move in depth toward or away from an observer requires vergence eye movements. the vergence system must interact with the vestibular system to maintain the object images on the foveae of both eyes during head movement. previous studies have shown that training with sinusoidal vergence-vestibular interaction improves the frequency response of vergence eye movements during pitch rotation: vergence eye velocity gains increase and phase-lags decrease. to further understa ... | 2004 | 15252701 |
| latency of adaptive vergence eye movements induced by vergence-vestibular interaction training in monkeys. | clear vision of objects that move in depth toward or away from an observer requires vergence eye movements. the vergence system must interact with the vestibular system to maintain the object images on the foveae of both eyes during head movement. previous studies have shown that training with sinusoidal vergence-vestibular interaction improves the frequency response of vergence eye movements during pitch rotation: vergence eye velocity gains increase and phase-lags decrease. to further understa ... | 2004 | 15252701 |
| seasonal variations in the activity budget of japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of yakushima: effects of food and temperature. | seasonal variations in the activity budget of japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of yakushima were studied over the course of 1 year. on an annual basis, they spent 38% of the daytime feeding, 16% traveling, 14% in social interactions, and 32% engaged in resting. the effects of temperature and food-related factors (i.e., food distribution, feeding speed, and food abundance) on the seasonal variations of activity budget were examined by stepwise multiple regression analysis. when the temp ... | 2004 | 15258960 |
| grooming relationships of adolescent orphans in a free-ranging group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) at katsuyama: a comparison among orphans with sisters, orphans without sisters, and females with a surviving mother. | the present study examined grooming relationships of adolescent females in a free-ranging group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) at katsuyama. to assess whether the loss of the mother influenced the grooming relationships of adolescent females (5-7 years old), we compared the time spent in grooming interactions and the number of grooming partners among the following three groups: 6 adolescent orphans with sisters, 9 adolescent orphans without sisters, and 11 adolescent non-orphans with surv ... | 2005 | 15349793 |
| relationship between ovarian cycle phase and sexual behavior in female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | we conducted behavioral observations simultaneously with fecal sample collection on eight nonlactating females 2-3 times per week, october 1997-march 1998, to examine the relationship between ovarian hormones and the sexual behavior of female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) during the mating season. we analyzed samples by enzyme immunoassay for fecal hormone levels. hormone profiles of estrone-glucuronide (e1) and pregnanediol-glucuronide (pdg) were used to separate ovarian cycles into three ... | 2004 | 15386230 |
| differential effects of ambient temperature and humidity on allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching in wild japanese macaques. | this study presents data on the effects of variations in ambient temperature and humidity on behaviors related to the care of the pelage (allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching) in wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui). the amount of time monkeys spent allogrooming was essentially unaffected by variations in ambient temperature and relative humidity. frequency of scratching and, to a lesser extent, time spent self-grooming significantly increased when ambient temperature and/or rela ... | 2005 | 15386284 |
| behavioral and emotional response of japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) mothers after their offspring receive an aggression. | the authors of this study investigated the behavioral and emotional response of female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) to an aggression received by their offspring to evaluate the existence of cognitive empathic responses in a naturalistic setting. after their offspring received an aggression, mothers did not direct increased affiliative contacts to them. the factors likely to affect the degree of distress in the offspring or the perceived risk for the mother failed to appropriately modulate ... | 2004 | 15482062 |
| inter- and intra-specific gene-density-correlated radial chromosome territory arrangements are conserved in old world monkeys. | recently it has been shown that the gene-density correlated radial distribution of human 18 and 19 homologous chromosome territories (cts) is conserved in higher primates in spite of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during evolution. however, these observations were limited to apes and new world monkey species. in order to provide further evidence for the evolutionary conservation of gene-density-correlated ct arrangements, we extended our previous study to old world monkeys. they compri ... | 2005 | 15545738 |
| cerebral metabolic reduction in severe malaria: fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging in a primate model of severe human malaria with cerebral involvement. | cerebral metabolic changes in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) infected with plasmodium coatneyi, a primate model of severe human malaria with cerebral involvement, were directly evaluated by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (fdg-pet). we observed diffuse and heterogeneous reduction of metabolism in the cerebral cortex in the acute phase of malaria infection. neuropathologic examination showed preferential sequestration of parasitized red blood cells in the cerebral microvascula ... | 2004 | 15569780 |
| hormone profiles and reproductive characteristics in wild female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). | in this study we investigated the reproductive characteristics of wild female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata) in 2 nonconsecutive years using noninvasive methods to monitor physiological events. we detected ovulation dates and ascertained conceptions from fecal hormone profiles. first ovulations occurred from middle october to early november in 1997, and from middle to late november in 1999. most females conceived during their first ovarian cycle. on average, postconception bleeding o ... | 2004 | 15580584 |
| animal models for the study of helicobacter-induced gastric carcinoma. | helicobacter pylori is considered to have a close association with gastric cancer. many epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between chronic h. pylori infection and subsequent development of gastric carcinoma in humans. to clarify this link more clearly, it is necessary to use this bacterium in experimental studies to develop gastric carcinoma in suitable experimental animals. persistent h. pylori infection was seen in the japanese monkey model, and has recently been achieved ... | 2004 | 15614454 |
| molecular characterization of two monkey dihydrodiol dehydrogenases. | japanese monkey liver contains multiple forms of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase with 3(20)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. here we have purified the major and minor forms (dd1 and dd4) of the enzyme from cynomolgus monkey liver, and isolated cdna species for the two enzyme forms by reverse transcription-pcr. the cdnas encoded proteins comprising of 323 amino acids, in which the sequence identity between dd1 and dd4 was 83%. the sequences deduced from the cdnas for dd1 and dd4 perfectly ma ... | 2002 | 15618685 |