| genome wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting tick resistance in cattle (bos taurus x bos indicus). | in tropical countries, losses caused by bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestation have a tremendous economic impact on cattle production systems. genetic variation between bos taurus and bos indicus to tick resistance and molecular biology tools might allow for the identification of molecular markers linked to resistance traits that could be used as an auxiliary tool in selection programs. the objective of this work was to identify qtl associated with tick resistance/susceptibi ... | 2010 | 20433753 |
| baculovirus expression, biochemical characterization and organophosphate sensitivity of rbmache1, rbmache2, and rbmache3 of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus cdnas, bmache1, bmache2, and bmache3, were previously identified as presumptively encoding acetylcholinesterases (aches), but biochemical identity was confirmed only for recombinant bmache3. in the present study, four recombinant bmache1 constructs and single recombinant constructs of bmache2 and bmache3 were expressed in baculovirus. biochemical characterization of the recombinant proteins supports classification of rbmache1, rbmache2, and rbmache3 as aches ( ... | 2010 | 20451328 |
| recombinant peptides as new immunogens for the control of the bovine tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | a candidate vaccine that effectively controls rhipicephalus microplus ticks in livestock is an attractive strategy in bovine management because of the expensive and labor-intensive treatment of animals with acaricides. however, the complex nature of ectoparasites has imposed restrictions on the development of such a vaccine, and its future efficacy is still under debate. using phage display technology, we developed specific immunogens that mimic r. microplus tick antigens and were successfully v ... | 2010 | 20488622 |
| effect of gsk-3 activity, enzymatic inhibition and gene silencing by rnai on tick oviposition and egg hatching. | glycogen synthase kinase-3 (gsk-3) is classically described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism in mammals. it has been shown to be highly conserved among several organisms, mainly in the catalytic domain region. this enzyme has already been described in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and the ovaries of females appeared to be the major site of gsk-3 transcription. the treatment with gsk-3 specific inhibitor (alsterpaullone, bromo-indirubin-oxime 6 and indirubin-3-oxime) caused a ... | 2010 | 20500916 |
| the expression of genes coding for distinct types of glycine-rich proteins varies according to the biology of three metastriate ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense. | ticks secrete a cement cone composed of many salivary proteins, some of which are rich in the amino acid glycine in order to attach to their hosts' skin. glycine-rich proteins (grps) are a large family of heterogeneous proteins that have different functions and features; noteworthy are their adhesive and tensile characteristics. these properties may be essential for successful attachment of the metastriate ticks to the host and the prolonged feeding necessary for engorgement. in this work, we an ... | 2010 | 20529354 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) on dogs from uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil. | uberlândia in minas gerais state, southeastern brazil, has 622 000 inhabitants and is located in the cerrado biome, the south american savannah. the city dog population is estimated at 82 000 and identification of tick species and infestation prevalence on this host has not been determined. a major infectious disease of dogs in the city, canine ehrlichiosis, is transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. at the same time, autochthonous leishmaniosis has been recently described in the city and ... | 2010 | 20537111 |
| haemolymph protein and lipid profile of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infected by fungi. | the current study evaluates the protein and lipid profile of haemolymph of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus engorged females infected by metarhizium anisopliae, beauveria bassiana or fusarium oxysporum. ticks were immersed or inoculated with conidial suspension. haemolymph was collected from the dorsal surface of engorged females. the results showed altered total protein amounts; however, no significant difference was observed on electrophoretic profile among haemolymph samples. in addition, ... | 2010 | 20537114 |
| humoral immune response of dairy cattle immunized with rbm95 (ku-vac1) derived from thai rhipicephalus microplus. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an important cause of economic losses in thailand through direct effects of feeding on cattle and pathogen transmission. current tick control methods rely on expensive chemical acaricides that result in environmental contamination, residues in food animal products and acaricide-resistant ticks. anti-tick vaccines based on concealed antigens have shown promising results in the control of cattle tick. thus, recombinant bm95 (rbm95) from thai r. microplus (ku- ... | 2010 | 20537117 |
| immunization of rabbits with recombinant serine protease inhibitor reduces the performance of adult female rhipicephalus microplus. | molecules secreted from the tick salivary gland modulate the vertebrate host immune response, thus representing potential targets for novel tick control measures. tick salivary gland serine protease inhibitor (serpin) is one such molecule that may facilitate tick feeding, blood meal digestion and pathogen transmission. the objective of this study was to determine the immunogenicity and protection of recombinant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus salivary gland serpin (rserpin) in rabbits. rabbi ... | 2010 | 20537119 |
| reassociation kinetics-based approach for partial genome sequencing of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the size and repetitive nature of the rhipicephalus microplus genome makes obtaining a full genome sequence fiscally and technically problematic. to selectively obtain gene-enriched regions of this tick's genome, cot filtration was performed, and cot-filtered dna was sequenced via 454 flx pyrosequencing. | 2010 | 20540747 |
| discovery and characterization of hemq: an essential heme biosynthetic pathway component. | here we identify a previously undescribed protein, hemq, that is required for heme synthesis in gram-positive bacteria. we have characterized hemq from bacillus subtilis and a number of actinobacteria. hemq is a multimeric heme-binding protein. spectroscopic studies indicate that this heme is high spin ferric iron and is ligated by a conserved histidine with the sixth coordination site available for binding a small molecule. the presence of hemq along with the terminal two pathway enzymes, proto ... | 2010 | 20543190 |
| localization and function of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus vitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase. | the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an important parasite of cattle in many areas of the tropics. characterization of molecules involved in mechanisms such as vitellogenesis and embryo development may contribute to a better understanding of this parasite's physiology. the vitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase (vtdce) is the most active enzyme involved in vitellin hydrolysis in r. microplus eggs. here we show an association between vtdce and vitellin in an additional site, apart f ... | 2010 | 20561398 |
| haplotypes that include the integrin alpha 11 gene are associated with tick burden in cattle. | infestations on cattle by the ectoparasite boophilus (rhipicephalus) microplus (cattle tick) impact negatively on animal production systems. host resistance to tick infestation has a low to moderate heritability in the range 0.13 - 0.64 in australia. previous studies identified a qtl on bovine chromosome 10 (bta10) linked to tick burden in cattle. | 2010 | 20565915 |
| cell death in salivary glands of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) females at semi-engorged feeding stage. | the ultrastructure of the salivary glands of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females is described during feeding. in beginning of feeding, individuals show acini i with many mitochondria and wide basal labyrinth in peripheral cells; glycoprotein granules only in b and c3 cells (acini ii); and epithelial interstitial cells with developed basal labyrinth between f cells (acini iii). semi-engorged females show cells in degeneration, with autophagic vacuoles, lysosomes, myelin figures, and irreg ... | 2010 | 20568983 |
| survey of rhipicephalus microplus resistance to ivermectin at cattle farms with history of macrocyclic lactones use in yucatan, mexico. | engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 30 cattle farms in yucatan, mexico to evaluate ivermectin resistance. the larval progeny of each tick sample were produced in laboratory and evaluated using the larval immersion test to obtain the larval mortality. concentration-mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to generate lethal concentrations (lc). resistance ratio (rr) of each tick sample was calculated by dividing its lc with that of an ivermectin-susceptible str ... | 2010 | 20570047 |
| recombinant mid gut antigen (bm95) as a vaccine against indian rhiphicephalus haemaphysaloides in bos indicus cattle. | in the present study, we report for the first time the efficacy of recombinant bm95 mid gut antigen isolated from an argentinean strain of rhipicephalus microplus strain a in controlling the tick infestations in india. the synthetic gene for bm95 optimized for expression in yeast was obtained and used to generate yeast transformants expressing bm95 which was purified to apparent homogeneity. liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein confirmed its identity as bm95. ... | 2011 | 20580387 |
| a novel amino acid substitution in the para-sodium channel gene in rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) associated with knockdown resistance. | resistance acquired by the tick rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini) to different types of ixodicides in mexico has had a negative impact on national and local livestock, mainly due to the transmission of diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis, among others. the technique used for the diagnosis of resistance was that in the bioassays noted in the norma oficial mexicana (nom-006-zoo-1994). the purpose of this investigation was the determination of resistance to pyrethroids through isoleucin ... | 2010 | 20585841 |
| swift sympatric adaptation of a species of cattle tick to a new deer host in new caledonia. | the occurrence and frequency of sympatric speciation in natural systems continue to be hotly debated issues in evolutionary biology. this might reflect the timescale over which evolution occurs resulting in there being few compelling observations of the phenomenon (lake fishes, phytophagous insects and island trees). despite predictions, few examples of sympatric speciation have been recorded in animal parasites, at least widely accepted as such. here we show that, in new caledonia, the monophas ... | 2010 | 20601171 |
| efficiency of lecanicillium lecanii to control the tick rhipicephalus microplus. | rhipicephalus microplus, known as the cattle tick, causes serious economic losses in the brazilian cattle industry each year. traditional parasite control is primarily based on the use of chemical acaricides, which unfortunately have many negative side effects. biological control is seen as a promising alternative to chemical acaricide use. this study evaluates the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium lecanii for effectiveness in controlling engorged females, eggs, and larvae of r. microplus. c ... | 2010 | 20605335 |
| heterozygote deficiencies in parasite populations: an evaluation of interrelated hypotheses in the raccoon tick, ixodes texanus. | population genetics is increasingly being used to study the biology of parasites at the scales of both the host (infrapopulation, ip) and host population (component population, cp). in this study we tested three mechanistic hypotheses that could explain deviations from hardy-weinberg equilibrium (hwe) expectations due to heterozygote deficits (hds) at the cp scale in raccoon ticks (ixodes texanus; n=718) collected from raccoons (procyon lotor; n=91) and genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. these ... | 2011 | 20606689 |
| the application of phage-displayed peptide libraries to ligand detection in eggs and larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite of cattle and is one of the major limiting factors in the use of bos taurus cattle in tropical and subtropical countries. current control relies heavily on chemotherapy with synthetic acaricides, which is threatened by the development of resistant tick populations. novel approaches to target discovery in cattle ticks may provide alternative strategies for the control of these parasites. the value of phage-display technology ... | 2010 | 20609525 |
| spread of parasites transported with their hosts: case study of two species of cattle tick. | like all parasites, ticks can be spread easily along with their hosts. ticks are obligate parasites of vertebrates, to which they attach themselves for varying periods of time, and are well-adapted to this mode of transport. once the transport stage is complete and they have detached at destination, they are also able to wait several months for the arrival of a new host on which they will continue their life cycle. this leads to the establishment of a secondary tick population. two tropical catt ... | 2010 | 20617654 |
| cross immunity with haemaphysalis longicornis glutathione s-transferase reduces an experimental rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestation. | recombinant glutathione s-transferase of haemaphysalis longicornis (rgst-hl) was expressed in escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography and used in the immunization of cattle. western blot analysis showed positive antibody response in cattle immunized with rgst-hl. the tests also showed that immunized bovine sera recognize native rhipicephalus microplus proteins in different tissue extracts. furthermore, the vaccine potential of rgst-hl was investigated against infestation of herefor ... | 2011 | 20619263 |
| invasion of mosquito salivary glands by malaria parasites: prerequisites and defense strategies. | the interplay between vector and pathogen is essential for vector-borne disease transmission. dissecting the molecular basis of refractoriness of some vectors may pave the way to novel disease control mechanisms. a pathogen often needs to overcome several physical barriers, such as the peritrophic matrix, midgut epithelium and salivary glands. additionally, the arthropod vector elicites immune responses that can severely limit transmission success. one important step in the transmission of most ... | 2010 | 20621627 |
| comparative microarray analysis of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus expression profiles of larvae pre-attachment and feeding adult female stages on bos indicus and bos taurus cattle. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an obligate blood feeder which is host specific to cattle. existing knowledge pertaining to the host or host breed effects on tick transcript expression profiles during the tick - host interaction is poor. | 2010 | 20637126 |
| bm86 homologues and novel ataq proteins with multiple epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domains from hard and soft ticks. | tick control on livestock relies principally on the use of acaricides but the development of acaricide resistance and concerns for environmental pollution underscore the need for alternative control methods, for instance through the use of anti-tick vaccines. two commercial vaccines based on the recombinant bm86 protein from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were developed. partial protection of the bm86 vaccine against other rhipicephalus (boophilus) and hyalomma tick species suggests t ... | 2010 | 20647015 |
| an insight into the sialotranscriptome of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. | rhipicephalus sanguineus, known as the brown dog tick, is a common ectoparasite of domestic dogs and can be found worldwide. r.sanguineus is recognized as the primary vector of the etiological agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and canine babesiosis. here we present the first description of a r. sanguineus salivary gland transcriptome by the production and analysis of 2,034 expressed sequence tags (est) from two cdna libraries, one consctructed using mrna from dissected salivary glands from ... | 2010 | 20650005 |
| endophytic and entomopathogenic strains of beauveria sp to control the bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | pathogenicity of strains of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana and endophytic strains of beauveria sp against the bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus was tested in laboratory bioassays and under field conditions. suspensions containing 10(5), 10(7) and 10(9) conidia/ml were prepared of each fungal strain for laboratory bioassays. the ticks were maintained at 28 degrees c, 90 +/- 5% relative humidity, and the following variables were evaluated: initial female weight, egg w ... | 2010 | 20662157 |
| characterization of proteinases from the midgut of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus involved in the generation of antimicrobial peptides. | abstract: | 2010 | 20663211 |
| amblyomma imitator ticks as vectors of rickettsia rickettsii, mexico. | real-time pcr of amblyomma imitator tick egg masses obtained in nuevo leon state, mexico, identified a rickettsia species. sequence analyses of 17-kd common antigen and outer membrane protein a and b gene fragments showed to it to be r. rickettsii, which suggested a potential new vector for this bacterium. | 2010 | 20678325 |
| pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from grand cayman. | the grand cayman population of aedes aegypti is highly resistant to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. glutathione transferase, cytochrome p450, and esterase levels were increased in the grand cayman population relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, but synergist studies did not implicate elevated insecticide detoxification as a major cause of resistance. the role of target site resistance was therefore investigated. two substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel were identified, v101 ... | 2010 | 20682868 |
| acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae and other important acari: a review. | the two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae koch is one of the economically most important pests in a wide range of outdoor and protected crops worldwide. its control has been and still is largely based on the use of insecticides and acaricides. however, due to its short life cycle, abundant progeny and arrhenotokous reproduction, it is able to develop resistance to these compounds very rapidly. as a consequence, it has the dubious reputation to be the"most resistant species" in terms of the ... | 2010 | 20685616 |
| diagnoses of fipronil resistance in brazilian cattle ticks (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) using in vitro larval bioassays. | fipronil is a phenylpyrazolic insecticide that is widely used in agriculture and has been recently used to control the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. because of the serious problems associated with resistance to the available acaricides, this product has been used as an important alternative to control acaricide-resistant ticks. the objective of this work was to analyse the fipronil sensitivity of ticks that were collected from farms with a history of fipronil use by larval bi ... | 2010 | 20688434 |
| the comparative prevalence of five ixodid tick species infesting cattle and goats in maputo province, mozambique. | this study compares the prevalence of ixodid tick species on cattle and goats in maputo province. adult ticks as well as the nymphs of three species, and only the adults of two species were collected from sets of five cattle at 21 localities throughout the province and compared with those collected from similar sets of goats at the same places. amblyomma hebraeum adults and/or nymphs were present on cattle and on goats at all 21 localities, and 90 cattle and 22 goats were infested with adult tic ... | 2009 | 20698440 |
| identification of a mutation in the para-sodium channel gene of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus associated with resistance to flumethrin but not to cypermethrin. | a mutation in the domain ii s4-5 linker region of the para-sodium channel gene has been associated previously with synthetic pyrethroid (sp) resistance in the cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus) in australia. this is a c→a mutation at nucleotide position 190, which results in a leucine to isoleucine amino acid substitution (l64i). in a survey of 15 cattle tick populations with known sp resistance status, sourced from queensland and new south wales in australia, there was a strong relationship ... | 2010 | 20708620 |
| vitellin- and hemoglobin-digesting enzymes in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae and females. | the aim of the present study was to address the involvement of rhipicephalus microplus larval cysteine endopeptidase (rmlce) in protein digestion in r. microplus larvae and adult females. in this work, an improved purification protocol for native rmlce was developed. partial amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme indicates that it is the same enzyme as boophilus microplus cathepsin-l1 (bmcl1). when vitellin (vt) degradation by egg and larval enzymes was analyzed, stage-specific differences f ... | 2010 | 20708708 |
| acaricidal activity of eugenol based compounds against scabies mites. | human scabies is a debilitating skin disease caused by the "itch mite" sarcoptes scabiei. ordinary scabies is commonly treated with topical creams such as permethrin, while crusted scabies is treated with topical creams in combination with oral ivermectin. recent reports of acaricide tolerance in scabies endemic communities in northern australia have prompted efforts to better understand resistance mechanisms and to identify potential new acaricides. in this study, we screened three essential oi ... | 2010 | 20711455 |
| female ixodid ticks grow endocuticle during the rapid phase of engorgement. | lees (proc zool soc lond 121:759-772, 1952) concluded that the ixodid tick ixodes ricinus grows endocuticle during the slow but not during the rapid, phase of engorgement, a conclusion supported by andersen and roepstorff (insect biochem mol biol 35:1181-1188, 2005) for the same species. in this study analysis of dimensional data and cuticle weight measurements from female ixodid ticks (amblyomma hebraeum) were used to test this hypothesis. both approaches showed that endocuticle growth continue ... | 2011 | 20711799 |
| multiple transcripts encode glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pdh) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the production of nadph. here we describe the identification of four transcripts (g6pdh-a, -b, -c, and -d) that putatively encode the enzyme in the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the genomic dna that is spliced to produce g6pdh-a and -b is 8,600-9,000 bases in length and comprises 12 exons. comparison of the r. microplus g6pdh gene structure with those available from insects and mamma ... | 2011 | 20711800 |
| rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in west-africa. | the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is known to be a highly reproductive and efficient vector of babesia bovis, two characters which make this tick a threat to livestock keeping in many continents. the authors identified this tick in ivory coast, west africa, in 2007, and hypothesized the spread to be minimal, as this tick was not observed in previous years. to determine the extent of its distribution and to a lesser extent the possible impact of the tick on the livelihoods of iv ... | 2011 | 20711801 |
| molecular cloning of a small heat shock protein (shspii) from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus salivary gland. | immunoscreening of a cdna expression library of the rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus tick with purified rabbit anti-r annulatus salivary glands antigens polyclonal antibodies led to the identification of a 661bp sequence. the sequence includes an open reading frame of 543bp encoding a protein of 180 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 20.51kda, isoelectric point of 9.071 and with no signal sequence. comparison of the deduced amino acids with protein data bank showed that the ident ... | 2010 | 20723560 |
| efficiency of sulphur in garlic extract and non-sulphur homeopathy in the control of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of a non-sulphur-based homeopathic preparation and a sulphur-containing natural product derived from allium sativum (linnaeus) against infestation by the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae). a total of 24 crossbred calves (7 : 8 holstein : zebu), aged 6-8 months and maintained in individual stables under tick-free conditions, were divided into three groups. group 1 (control group) received n ... | 2011 | 20819153 |
| two initial vaccinations with the bm86-based gavacplus vaccine against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus induce similar reproductive suppression to three initial vaccinations under production conditions. | the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, affects livestock production in many regions of the world. up to now, the widespread use of chemical acaricides has led to the selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and to environmental contamination. gavacplus is a subunit vaccine based on the recombinant bm86 tick antigen expressed in yeast, capable to control infestations of r. microplus under controlled and production conditions. the vaccine constitutes the core element of broad control ... | 2010 | 20846415 |
| differential transcription of two highly divergent gut-expressed bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acari: ixodida). | the transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the arthropoda. we describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (ra86) of the bm86 gut antigen from rhipicephalus appendiculatus. bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the r. appendiculatus ra86 proteins contain 654 and 693 amino acids, with only 80% amino acid sequence identity. reverse-transcription pcr of gut cdna showed transcr ... | 2011 | 20854482 |
| effects of urea on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | this study aimed at evaluating the effects of urea on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the experiment was divided into two stages. in stage i, brachiaria brizantha was placed into 30 pots, each with an area of 18 cm(2).these were divided into three groups of ten pots each: g1 non-treated control group, g2 treated with 15 g of urea per pot and g3 treated with 15 g of urea+10% of ammonium sulphate. three engorged female ticks were placed in each pot and then 1.8l of water were added. in the se ... | 2010 | 20855169 |
| identification of a dieldrin resistance-associated mutation in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae), is a major vector of tick fever organisms affecting cattle in many parts of the world, including australia, africa, and south america. control of the southern cattle tick through acaricide use is an important approach in disease management. resistance has emerged to many of the acaricides currently and previously used, including the cyclodienes. although cyclodiene resistance mechanisms have been charac ... | 2010 | 20857747 |
| laboratory evaluation of verbutin as a synergist of acaricides against larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | synergistic effects of verbutin, a member of aryl alkynyl derivatives, to three commonly used acaricides were evaluated with the modified food and agricultural organization larval packet test (fao-lpt) against both susceptible and resistant strains of the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae). these tick strains demonstrated various levels of resistance to coumaphos (2.5-8.2x), permethrin (57.9-711.7x), and amitraz (3.5-177.5x). verbutin alone w ... | 2010 | 20857748 |
| acaricidal effect and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from cuminum cyminum, pimenta dioica and ocimum basilicum against the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | acaricidal activity of essential oils extracted from cumin seeds (cuminum cyminum), allspice berries (pimenta dioica) and basil leaves (ocimum basilicum) were tested on 10-day-old rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick larvae using the lpt. two-fold dilutions of the three essential oils were tested from a starting dilution of 20% down to 1.25%. results showed a high toxicological effect for cumin, producing 100% mortality in all tested concentrations on r. microplus larvae. similarly, allspice ... | 2010 | 20865426 |
| in vitro and in vivo efficacy of acorus calamus extract against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | to develop a environment friendly control measure against cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, medicinally important plants were identified and extracts were prepared. twelve 95% ethanolic, thirteen 50% hydroethanolic and nine hot water extracts were prepared and tested against laboratory reared homogenous colony of r. (b.) microplus. amongst the 34 extracts, 26 extracts showed no mortality within 72 h of application while 12.0 ± 4.9% to 35.0 ± 9.6% mortality of treated ticks was re ... | 2010 | 20886235 |
| lectins: production and practical applications. | lectins are proteins found in a diversity of organisms. they possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes with known carbohydrate specificity since they have at least one non-catalytic domain that binds reversibly to specific monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. this articles aims to review the production and practical applications of lectins. lectins are isolated from their natural sources by chromatographic procedures or produced by recombinant dna technology. the yields of animal lectins a ... | 2010 | 20890754 |
| evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke. | the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of leaf hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of aegle marmelos (linn.) correa ex roxb, andrographis lineata wallich ex nees., andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) wallich ex nees., cocculus hirsutus (l.) diels, eclipta prostrata l., and tagetes erecta l. against the adult cattle tick haemaphysalis bispinosa neumann 1897 (acarina: ixodidae), the larvae of rhipicephalus ( ... | 2010 | 20922419 |
| differential expression of genes in resistant versus susceptible gyr x holstein cattle challenged with the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus causes major losses in cattle production systems in tropical regions. bos indicus breeds are more resistant to ticks than b. taurus breeds. resistance genes could be an alternative to control this parasite. we examined the pattern of gene expression of three calcium-binding-protein genes: translationally controlled tumor protein 1 (tpt1), allergen bos d3 (s100a7), calcium channel protein transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (trpv6), and the ... | 2010 | 20927715 |
| metarhizium anisopliae host-pathogen interaction: differential immunoproteomics reveals proteins involved in the infection process of arthropods. | metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus well characterized for the biocontrol of a wide range of plagues. its pathogenicity depends on the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the host cuticle. to identify proteins involved in the infection process and in host specify, immunoproteomic analysis was performed using antiserum produced against crude extract of m. anisopliae cultured in the presence of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and dysdercus peruvianus cuticles. spots d ... | 2010 | 20943140 |
| in vitro acaricidal effect of tannin-rich plants against the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal effects of lyophilized extracts of four tannin rich plants (acacia pennatula, piscidia piscipula, leucaena leucocephala and lysiloma latisiliquum) against diverse stages of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, and to asses whether tannins were involved in the acaricidal effect using polyethylene glycol (peg) to block tannins. larval immersion (lit) and adult immersion (ait) tests were used to evaluate the acaricidal effect of ... | 2010 | 20947253 |
| metarhizium anisopliae lipolytic activity plays a pivotal role in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infection. | lipases secreted by metarhizium anisopliae, an important biological control agent, could potentially be involved in the host infection process. here, we present the activity profile during the host infection process and the effect of lipase activity inhibitor ebelactone b on infection. the previous treatment of spores with lipase activity inhibitor, ebelactone b, completely inhibited lipolytic activity and prevented the infection of the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus host. the results herei ... | 2010 | 20965056 |
| acaricidal efficacy against cattle ticks and acute oral toxicity of lippia javanica (burm f.) spreng. | in search for low-cost, safe and environmentally benign plant-based alternatives to commercial pesticides, the efficacy of lippia javanica aqueous leaf extracts in controlling ticks on cattle, acute oral toxicity in mice and phytochemistry were evaluated. l. javanica aqueous leaf extracts at 10% and 20% w/v were effective at controlling cattle ticks but not as good as an amitraz-based acaricide tickbuster. however, they can provide an effective tick control option where synthetic products are un ... | 2010 | 20978842 |
| d.d.t. and cattle ticks. | | 1945 | 21010551 |
| a new method for the control of cattle ticks in tropical regions. | | 1946 | 21015596 |
| bm86 midgut protein sequence variation in south texas cattle fever ticks. | abstract: | 2010 | 21047431 |
| rhipicephalus microplus salivary gland molecules induce differential cd86 expression in murine macrophages. | abstract: | 2010 | 21054882 |
| potential synergistic effect of melia azedarach fruit extract and beauveria bassiana in the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in cattle infestations. | the use of a concentrate emulsion of melia azedarach green fruits and a suspension of the fungus beauveria bassiana was evaluated in the control of rhipicephalus microplus on artificially infested cattle. the evaluation was conducted following the protocol established by the brazilian agriculture ministry. five groups of 4 or 5 animals were allocated to one of the following treatments: emulsion concentrate of m. azedarach at 0.25% (t azed 0.25%), emulsion concentrate of m. azedarach at 0.5% (t a ... | 2010 | 21055878 |
| evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis pathogenicity for a strain of the tick, rhipicephalus microplus, resistant to chemical pesticides. | the pathogenicity of four native strains of bacillus thuringiensis against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrine) (acari: ixodidae) was evaluated. a r. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines, was used in this study. adult r. microplus females were bioassayed using the immersion test of drummond against 60 b. thuringiensis strains. four strains, gp123, gp138, gp130, and gp140, were found to be toxic. for the immersion test, the total protein co ... | 2010 | 21062139 |
| transcriptomic analysis of the temporal host response to skin infestation with the ectoparasitic mite psoroptes ovis. | infestation of ovine skin with the ectoparasitic mite psoroptes ovis results in a rapid cutaneous immune response, leading to the crusted skin lesions characteristic of sheep scab. little is known regarding the mechanisms by which such a profound inflammatory response is instigated and to identify novel vaccine and drug targets a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship is essential. the main objective of this study was to perform a combined network and pathway analysis of the in v ... | 2010 | 21067579 |
| the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 gene plays a critical role in the fitness of ticks fed on cattle during acute babesia bovis infection. | abstract: | 2010 | 21092112 |
| species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and in a subtropical region of south-east africa. | the species and distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa and maputo province, mozambique were determined from collections made from these animals at 72 localities in the former region and 30 in the latter. eleven ixodid and one argasid species were recovered in the eastern cape province and 15 ixodid species in maputo province. the most common ticks infesting cattle and goats in both provinces were amblyomma hebraeum, ... | 2009 | 21105593 |
| epidemiological analysis of tick-borne diseases in zambia. | tick-borne diseases are a constraint to livestock production in many developing countries as they cause high morbidity and mortality, which results in decreased production of meat, milk and other livestock by-products. the most important tick-borne diseases of livestock in sub-saharan africa are east coast fever (caused by theileria parva), babesiosis (caused by babesia bigemina and b. bovis), anaplasmosis (caused by anaplasma marginale) and heartwater (caused by ehrlichia ruminantium). despite ... | 2010 | 21106294 |
| megaselia scalaris reared on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus laboratory cultures. | different laboratory cultures of the acarine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1888) (ixodida: ixodidae) were infested by small megaselia scalaris (loew, 1866) (diptera: phoridae) flies. larvae of this species exhibited opportunistic parasitism predominantly on engorged female ticks, causing severe damage to their cuticle through which the flies were able to reach r. microplus internal organs, on which they fed until developing into pupae in the tick's remains. the flies were ... | 2010 | 21143490 |
| evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. | green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) using aqueous leaf extract of mimosa pudica gaertn (mimosaceae) against the larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi, filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), and rhipicephalu ... | 2010 | 21181192 |
| ticks on birds in a forest fragment of brazilian cerrado (savanna) in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil. | this is a report of tick species, parasite prevalence and infestation intensity of birds in a forest fragment (18° 56' 57'' s and 48° 12' 14'' w) within the brazilian cerrado (savanna), in the municipality of uberlândia, state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 162 birds from 26 species were captured. one adult tick, 296 larvae and 67 nymphs were found on passerine birds. of these, it was identified 31 larvae and 27 nymphs of amblyomma longirostre, 17 nymphs of a. nodosum, one a. cajennense lar ... | 2010 | 21184702 |
| bartonella and babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in taiwan. | bartonella and babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in taiwan were investigated. blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. bartonella and babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n=254) of the ticks either by culture or dna extraction, pcr testing and dn ... | 2010 | 21194750 |
| vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases. | the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) represent a group of parasitic and related infectious diseases such as amebiasis, chagas disease, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. together, these conditions are considered the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries, where they produce a level of global disability and human suffering equivalent to better known conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome an ... | 2011 | 21198676 |
| assessment of bacterial diversity in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus through tag-encoded pyrosequencing. | ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, hinders livestock production in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where it is endemic. tick microbiomes remain largely unexplored. the objective of this study was to explore the r. microplus microbiome by applying the bacterial 16s tag-encoded flx-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (btefap) technique to characterize its bacterial ... | 2011 | 21211038 |
| the penultimate arginine of the carboxyl terminus determines slow desensitization in a p2x receptor from the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | p2x ion channels have been functionally characterized from a range of eukaryotes. although these receptors can be broadly classified into fast and slow desensitizing, the molecular mechanisms underlying current desensitization are not fully understood. here, we describe the characterization of a p2x receptor from the cattle tick boophilus microplus (bmp2x) displaying extremely slow current kinetics, little desensitization during atp application, and marked rundown in current amplitude between se ... | 2011 | 21212138 |
| hemelipoglycoprotein from the ornate sheep tick, dermacentor marginatus: structural and functional characterization. | tick carrier proteins are able to bind, transport, and store host-blood heme, and thus they function also as antioxidants. nevertheless, the role of carrier proteins in ticks is not fully understood. some of them are found also in tick males which do not feed on hosts to such an extent such as females (there are differences in male feeding in different tick species) and thus they are not dealing with such an excess of heme; some of the carrier proteins were found in salivary glands where the pro ... | 2011 | 21214898 |
| determination of the susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by larval immersion test (lit) in uruguay. | rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in uruguay, and the law regulates its control. it is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. resistance to macrocyclic lactones (mls) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. the objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different uruguayan counties to ivermectin (iv ... | 2011 | 21277092 |
| gender-associated genes in filarial nematodes are important for reproduction and potential intervention targets. | a better understanding of reproductive processes in parasitic nematodes may lead to development of new anthelmintics and control strategies for combating disabling and disfiguring neglected tropical diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. transcriptomatic analysis has provided important new insights into mechanisms of reproduction and development in other invertebrates. we have performed the first genome-wide analysis of gender-associated (ga) gene expression in a filarial nema ... | 2011 | 21283610 |
| control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestations by the combination of subolesin vaccination and tick autocidal control after subolesin gene knockdown in ticks fed on cattle. | tick subolesin was shown in immunization trials using the recombinant protein to protect hosts against tick infestations. in this study, we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of ticks after subolesin knockdown by rna interference (rnai) could be used for the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick infestations in cattle and suggested that the combination of these methods could increase the efficacy of cattle tick control under some circumstances. the greatest tick co ... | 2011 | 21288805 |
| haplotypes of the bovine igg2 heavy gamma chain in tick-resistant and tick-susceptible breeds of cattle. | bovines present contrasting, heritable phenotypes of infestations with the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. tick salivary glands produce igg-binding proteins (igbps) as a mechanism for escaping from host antibodies that these ectoparasites ingest during blood meals. allotypes that occur in the constant region of igg may differ in their capacity to bind with tick igbps; this may be reflected by the distribution of distinct allotypes according to phenotypes of tick infestations. i ... | 2011 | 21301827 |
| rna interference in ticks. | ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases(1) and the most important vectors affecting cattle industry worldwide(2). ticks are classified in the subclass acari, order parasitiformes, suborder ixodida and are distributed worldwide from arctic to tropical regions(3). despite efforts to control tick infestations, these ectoparasites remain a serious problem for human and ... | 2011 | 21304465 |
| resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos in populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) from small farms of the state of são paulo, brazil. | a field survey of resistance was conducted based on the larval packet test technique with synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and organophosphates (chlorpyriphos) in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus field populations from six different regions of the state of são paulo (brazil). 82.6% of the populations showed resistance to cypermethrin, 86.36% to deltamethrin and 65.25% to chlorpyriphos, with 50% presenting resistance to both sp and op acaricide. according to the questionna ... | 2011 | 21306827 |
| oocysts of hepatozoon canis in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from a naturally infected dog. | canine hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoans of the genus hepatozoon. several tick species have been implicated as potential vectors. therefore, extensive studies are needed to determine the 'natural' endemic cycle of this parasite. this paper presents the first report of the presence of hepatozoon canis oocysts in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from an infected dog. | 2011 | 21324597 |
| acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized zno nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites. | the present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno nps) prepared by wet chemical method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent against the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, canestrini (acari: ixodidae); head louse pediculus humanus capitis, de geer (phthiraptera: pediculidae); larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictu ... | 2011 | 21340566 |
| detection of theileria and babesia in brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) in the state of minas gerais, brazil. | intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genera theileria and babesia are known to infect both wild and domestic animals, and both are transmitted by hard-ticks of the family ixodidae. the prevalences of hemoprotozoa and ectoparasites in 15 free-living mazama gouazoubira, two captive m. gouazoubira and four captive blastocerus dichotomus from the state of minas gerais, brazil, have been determined through the examination of blood smears and the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr). t ... | 2010 | 21354704 |
| a further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum. | ticks--vectors of medical and veterinary importance--are themselves also significant pests. tick salivary proteins are the result of adaptation to blood feeding and contain inhibitors of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, and angiogenesis, as well as vasodilators and immunomodulators. a previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of amblyomma variegatum is revisited in light of recent advances in tick sialomes and provides a database to perform a proteomic study ... | 2011 | 21362191 |
| structural and biochemical characterization of a recombinant triosephosphate isomerase from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | triosephosphate isomerase (tim) is an enzyme with a role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the interconversion between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. this enzyme has been used as a target in endoparasite drug development. in this work we cloned, expressed, purified and studied kinetic and structural characteristics of tim from tick embryos, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (bmtim). the km and vmax of the recombinant bmtim with glyceraldehyde 3-phospha ... | 2011 | 21396445 |
| acaricidal properties of the essential oil and precocene ii obtained from calea serrata (asteraceae) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). | calea serrata less. (asteraceae), an endemic species of south brazil known as "quebra-tudo", is used in afro-brazilian religious rituals and in folk medicine for treating liver disorders. phytochemical studies of the n-hexane extract of this plant demonstrated the presence of precocene ii, a benzopyran derivative known for its insecticidal activity. the aim of this work was to isolate this benzopyran and determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of c. serrata and further to evaluat ... | 2011 | 21402447 |
| acaricidal activity of palicourea marcgravii, a species from the amazon forest, on cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | leaves of palicourea marcgravii were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol in order to evaluate their acaricidal activity on larvae and adult stages of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest bioactivity of the tested extracts, which contained 0.12% monofluoroacetic acid. on engorged female, the ethyl acetate extract showed a lethal concentration 50% - lc(50)=30.08 mg ml(-1), inhibitory concentration 50% - ic(50)=5 ... | 2011 | 21411227 |
| colonization of grande comore island by a lineage of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. | union of the comoros suffered a severe east coast fever epidemic in 2004. rhipicephalus appendiculatus was probably involved in pathogen transmission as this competent tick species, although previously absent from comoros, was sampled on 4 animals on one geographical site during the epidemic. we carried out an entomological survey on all three islands of union of the comoros to establish cattle tick species distribution with a special emphasis on r. appendiculatus. we investigated r. appendicula ... | 2011 | 21414194 |
| an important role of a pyrethroid-sensing residue f1519 in the action of the n-alkylamide insecticide btg 502 on the cockroach sodium channel. | deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, and btg 502, an alkylamide insecticide, target voltage-gated sodium channels. deltamethrin binds to a unique receptor site and causes prolonged opening of sodium channels by inhibiting deactivation and inactivation. previous (22)na(+) influx and receptor binding assays using mouse brain synaptoneurosomes showed that btg 502 antagonized the binding and action of batrachotoxin (btx), a site 2 sodium channel neurotoxin. however, the effect of btg 502 has not ... | 2011 | 21426938 |
| phenotype changes inherited by crossing pyrethroid susceptible and resistant genotypes from the cattle tick riphicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | dialelic crosses and backcrosses of pyrethroid resistant (rr) and susceptible (ss) rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick strains were carried out and the substitution (phe-ile) within the sodium channel gene was monitored in order to analyze the effects of the genotype on the pyrethroid resistance phenotype as measured by the larval packet test (lpt). parental strains: susceptible (ss) and resistant (rr); dialelic crosses: rs (?rr × ?ss), and sr (?ss × ?rr); and backcrosses: rs × ss, rs × rr, ... | 2011 | 21431928 |
| selective control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in lages, state of santa catarina, brazil. | an examination of a selective control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of lages, state of santa catarina, southern brazil, from may 2007 to april 2009. forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). at 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by ... | 2011 | 21439225 |
| in vitro activity of artemisia annua l (asteraceae) extracts against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the activity of plant extracts on parasites may indicate groups of substances that are potentially useful for controlling rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro action of artemisia annua extracts on this tick. the concentrations of the sesquiterpene lactones artemisinin and deoxyartemisinin present in plant extracts were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography. four extracts produced from the concentrated crude extract (cce ... | 2011 | 21439229 |
| retraction. detection and identification of ehrlichia species in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in cattle from xiamen, china. | | 2011 | 21443413 |
| bacillus sp. cdb3 isolated from cattle dip-sites possesses two ars gene clusters. | contamination of soil and water by arsenic is a global problem. in australia, the dipping of cattle in arsenic-containing solution to control cattle ticks in last centenary has left many sites heavily contaminated with arsenic and other toxicants. we had previously isolated five soil bacterial strains (cdb1-5) highly resistant to arsenic. to understand the resistance mechanism, molecular studies have been carried out. two chromosome-encoded arsenic resistance (ars) gene clusters have been cloned ... | 2011 | 21476346 |
| efficacy and blood sera analysis of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) on treated cattle. | the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin at a concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight was determined against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini), along with the concentration-time blood sera profile in treated cattle. the therapeutic efficacy against ticks of all parasitic stages on cattle at the time of treatment was >99.9%, and the mean tick number, index of fecundity, engorgement weight, and egg mass weight ... | 2011 | 21485367 |
| efficacy of spinosad against acaricide-resistant and -susceptible rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and acaricide-susceptible amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis. | various acaricide-resistant strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, representative of the major resistance mechanisms found in mexico and brazil, were exposed to spinosad using the food and agriculture organization of the united nations larval packet test and adult immersion test (ait). larvae of all strains tested were found to be susceptible to spinosad. conversely, spinosad did not show toxic activity toward engorged females used in the ait. in vitro tests against larvae, nymphs, and ... | 2011 | 21485374 |
| functional characterization of two defensin isoforms of the hard tick ixodes ricinus. | abstract: | 2011 | 21504572 |
| temporal characterisation of the organ-specific rhipicephalusmicroplus transcriptional response to anaplasma marginale infection. | arthropods transmit important infectious diseases of humans and animals. importantly, replication and the development of pathogen infectivity are tightly linked to vector feeding on the mammalian host; thus analysis of the transcriptomes of both vector and pathogen during feeding is fundamental to understanding transmission. using anaplasma marginale infection of rhipicephalusmicroplus as the experimental model, we tested three hypotheses exploring the temporal and organ-specific nature of the t ... | 2011 | 21514300 |
| copper nanoparticles synthesized by polyol process used to control hematophagous parasites. | the present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities of the hematophagous (blood feeding) larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi, filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus, say (diptera: culicidae), and the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, canestrini (acari: ixodidae). the metallic copper nanoparticles (cu nps) synthesized by polyol process from copper acetate as precursor and tween 80 were used as both the medium and the stabilizing ... | 2011 | 21526405 |
| detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china. | abstract: | 2011 | 21529349 |