| rapid increase of mucosal cd4 t cells followed by clearance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an aids patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) suppresses the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and leads to an increase in circulating cd4 t lymphocytes, but its effects on other immune compartments such as the intestinal mucosa are not well understood. we describe a severely immunodeficient hiv-infected patient with intractable watery diarrhea and weight loss caused by infection with cryptosporidium parvum in whom we studied virologic and immunologic changes in both peripheral bl ... | 2001 | 11231952 |
| efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in suckling calves. | the efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in suckling calves was evaluated in a multicentre, control versus placebo, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. seventy-eight six- to 48-hour-old calves were treated daily with 120 microg/kg bodyweight of halofuginone lactate administered orally for seven consecutive days, while 80 calves received a placebo. faecal samples were collected on the first day of dosing and four, seven, 14 and 21 days later, and cryptospor ... | 2001 | 11232925 |
| gastric cryptosporidiosis as a clue for the diagnosis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | cryptosporidium parvum has been detected with increasing frequency in the gastrointestinal tract, but involvement of the stomach is rarely reported. whenever found in the histologic examination of the gastrointestinal mucosa, it should raise the suspicion of an immunocompromised host. we report a case of cryptosporidium-associated erosive gastritis in a 64-year-old woman, who was found later to have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. gastroduodenoendoscopy and biopsy of the gastric mucosa p ... | 2000 | 11236271 |
| enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin g antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal illness in a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. characteristic serum immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody responses to antigens in the 27- and 17-kda size ranges have been shown to develop after infection, and several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot assay formats have been used to measure these igg levels in human serum. using a collection of serial samples from laboratory-confirmed cryptospo ... | 2001 | 11238231 |
| specific iga antibody response to coproantigens of cryptosporidium parvum in serum and saliva of calves after experimental infection. | the antibody response to coproantigens of cryptosporidium parvum was examined in saliva and sera of calves experimentally infected with c. parvum. coproantigens of c. parvum with approximate molecular masses of 17, 15 and less than 14kda were found in the feces of infected calves on day 3 or later, and 60 and 23kda coproantigens observed between days 4 and 9 post-infection, respectively. the antibody reactivity to the coproantigens was mainly attributable to iga class antibodies in saliva and wa ... | 2001 | 11240095 |
| bovine milk antibodies for health. | the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. the concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. these preparations can be used to give effective sp ... | 2000 | 11242458 |
| the immunodominant 17-kda antigen from cryptosporidium parvum is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite of the intestinal epithelium that has caused numerous outbreaks of diarrheal illness in humans. during our studies of the host immune response to c. parvum infection, we noted that two of the immunodominant surface antigens of the sporozoite stage of the parasite readily extract into triton x-114. we recently cloned the immunodominant 17-kda surface antigen and suggested that the carboxy-terminal peptide sequence may satisfy the requirements for gpi ... | 2001 | 11254960 |
| [cryptosporidium parvum infection in malnourished and non malnourished children without diarrhea in a mexican rural population]. | cryptosporidium parvum is associated with diarrheic disease and mainly affects children and immunocompromised hosts. in most of the cases, cryptosporidiosis infection is asymptomatic in immunocompetent subjects. the objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of asymptomatic infection caused by the parasite in children with and without malnutrition and to determine the risk factors associated to infection. | 2000 | 11256105 |
| concurrent cryptosporidium and parvovirus infections in a puppy. | cryptosporidium parvum, an intestinal coccidian parasite, was isolated from faeces and intestinal biopsies of a 9-week-old puppy with acute parvoviral gastroenteritis. gene sequence analysis identified a cryptosporidium genotype not previously recorded in australia. the puppy recovered after treatment with crystalloid fluids, synthetic and natural colloids and jejunostomy tube feeding. | 2001 | 11256298 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine at low temperature. | the rate of cryptosporidium parvum inactivation decreased with decreasing temperature (1-20 degrees c) for ozone and for monochloramine applied alone as well as after pre-treatment with ozone. synergy was observed at all temperatures studied for the ozone/monochloramine sequential disinfection scheme. the synergistic effect was found to increase with decreasing temperature. the inactivation rate with monochloramine after ozone pre-treatment was 5 times faster at 20 degrees c and 22 times faster ... | 2001 | 11257892 |
| genotyping cryptosporidium parvum by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal and heat shock gene regions. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) approaches utilizing nuclear dna regions of the small subunit (ssu) of ribosomal rna and heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) were established for genotyping cryptosporidium parvum. the regions were amplified (individually or in a multiplex reaction) by pcr from dna extracted from oocysts from ruminant or human hosts, then denatured and subjected to electrophoresis in a mutation detection enhancement (nondenatur ... | 2001 | 11258751 |
| tracking cryptosporidium parvum by sequence analysis of small double-stranded rna. | we sequenced a 173-nucleotide fragment of the small double-stranded viruslike rna of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from 23 calves and 38 humans. sequence diversity was detected at 17 sites. isolates from the same outbreak had identical double-stranded rna sequences, suggesting that this technique may be useful for tracking cryptosporidium infection sources. | 2001 | 11266306 |
| production and characterisation of mucoadhesive nanosuspensions for the formulation of bupravaquone. | bupravaquone is a new naphthoquinone antibiotic against cryptosporidium parvum and other parasites. it has attracted interest for the treatment of c. parvum infections, because of the lack of a drug in the treatment of mostly aids patients. the bioavailability of bupravaquone is limited when given orally. to overcome the problem of the high elimination rate caused by diarrhoea, typical for c. parvum infections, bupravaquone was formulated as a mucoadhesive nanosuspension, i.e. combining the prop ... | 2001 | 11282227 |
| a new approach for targeting to cryptosporidium parvum using mucoadhesive nanosuspensions: research and applications. | a new strategy to deliver antibiotics to the cryptosporidium-infected gastrointestinal tract is presented. in an effort to augment the anticryptosporidial effect of clinically used drugs, mucoadhesive nanosuspensions were prepared. they have the ability to reside in the gastrointestinal tract for an extended period. the hydrogel contained bupravaquone nanosuspensions and an adhesive polymer (chitosan) powder dispersed in water. by the development of mucoadhesive nanosuspensions, a potential drug ... | 2001 | 11282242 |
| antigen incorporation on cryptosporidium parvum oocyst walls. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are the infective stages responsible for transmission and survival of the organism in the environment. in the present work we show that the oocyst wall, far from being a static structure, is able to incorporate antigens by a mechanism involving vesicle fusion with the wall, and the incorporation of the antigen to the outer oocyst wall. using immunoelectron microscopy we show that the antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody used for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosi ... | 2001 | 11285502 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the texas-mexico border and associated risk factors. | we examined the epidemiology of cryptosporidium parvum in children aged 6 months to 13 years living in 1) colonias along the border (n = 105), 2) a clinic in an urban border community (n = 65), and 3) clinics in a large urban nonborder area (n = 109). serum igg and iga anticryptosporidial antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). overall, 70.2% (196/279) of subjects had detectable c. parvum antibodies. prevalence rates were higher (93/105 [89%]) in the colonias and u ... | 2000 | 11289680 |
| characterization of a heavy metal atpase from the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum. | p1-atpases are transporters which pump heavy metals across membranes, either to provide enzymes with essential cofactors or to remove excess, toxic metal cations from the cytosol. the first protist p1-atpase (cpatpase2) has been isolated from the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum, an opportunistic pathogen of aids patients. this single copy gene encodes 1260 amino acids (aa), predicting a protein of 144.7 kda. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and western blot analysis c ... | 2001 | 11290416 |
| cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in zebra mussels (dreissena polymorpha): evidence from the st lawrence river. | molluscan shellfish can recover and concentrate environmentally derived waterborne pathogens and can be used for the sanitary assessment of water quality. oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum (genotype 1) were identified in zebra mussels (dreissena polymorpha) from the st. lawrence river, quebec. approximately 67 oocysts/ml of hemolymph and 129 oocysts/g of soft tissue were recovered. the adjusted concentration of oocysts per gram of tissue was 2.2 x 10(2), and approximately 4.4 x 10(2) oocysts wer ... | 2001 | 11293571 |
| cryptosporidium parvum-specific antibody responses among children residing in milwaukee during the 1993 waterborne outbreak. | a major gastroenteritis outbreak among >400,000 residents of milwaukee, wisconsin, in april 1993 was attributed to cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water. plasma specimens obtained from children (6 months to 12 years old) for routine blood lead level surveillance march-may 1993 were assayed by elisa for levels of igg antibody against the immunodominant triton-17 and 27-kda c. parvum antigens. over a 5-week period, the seroprevalence for antibodies to the 2 antigens increased from 15% t ... | 2001 | 11294669 |
| detection of viable oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum following nucleic acid sequence based amplification. | a reliable method using nucleic acid sequence based amplification (nasba) with subsequent electrochemiluminescent detection for the specific and sensitive detection of viable oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples was developed. the target molecule was a 121-nt sequence from the c. parvum heat shock protein hsp70 mrna. oocysts of c. parvum were isolated from environmental water via vortex flow filtration and immunomagnetic separation. a brief heat shock was applied to the ooc ... | 2001 | 11305648 |
| synonymous codon usage in cryptosporidium parvum: identification of two distinct trends among genes. | the usage of alternative synonymous codons in the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum has been investigated. a data set of 54 genes was analysed. overall, a- and u-ending codons predominate, as expected in an a+t-rich genome. two trends of codon usage variation among genes were identified using correspondence analysis. the primary trend is in the extent of usage of a subset of presumably translationally optimal codons, that are used at significantly higher frequencies in genes expected to be exp ... | 2001 | 11306119 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cider by flash pasteurization. | cryptosporidium parvum is a well-recognized pathogen of significant medical importance, and cider (apple juice) has been associated with foodborne cryptosporidiosis. this study investigated the effect of flash pasteurization on the viability of contaminant c. parvum oocysts. cider inoculated with oocysts was heated at 70 or 71.7 degrees c for 5, 10, or 20 s, and oocyst viability was measured by a semiquantitative in vitro infectivity assay. by infecting multiple wells of confluent madin-darby bo ... | 2001 | 11307890 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental water in hokkaido, japan. | control of cryptosporidiosis is important in public health. rivers that are polluted with cryptosporidium and drinking water that is treated for drinking water production from polluted rivers could result in the waterborne disease of cryptosporidiosis. we carried out an epidemiological study of natural water supplies in hokkaido, one of the largest dairy prefectures in japan. to detect cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental water, the filtration method was used for 28 samples, which were colle ... | 2001 | 11307921 |
| recovery of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts from source water concentrates using immunomagnetic separation. | immunomagnetic separation (ims) procedures for the simultaneous isolation of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts have recently become available. we validated dynal's gc-combo ims kit using source water at three turbidity levels (5000, 500 and 50 nephelometric turbidity units [ntu]) obtained from different geographical locations and spiked with approximately 9--11 (oo)cysts per ml. mean recoveries of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in deionized water were 62% and 69%, respectively ... | 2001 | 11311391 |
| prevalence of enteropathogens in suckling and weaned piglets with diarrhoea in southern germany. | faecal samples from suckling (n = 205) and weaned piglets (n = 82) with diarrhoea from 24 farms in southern germany were examined for shedding of important metazoic parasitic, viral and bacterial pathogens using culture, microscopic and electronmicroscopic methods. escherichia coli isolates were tested further for the enterotoxin genes est-ia and elt-i by colony blot hybridization. isospora suis was diagnosed in 26.9% and cryptosporidium parvum in 1.4% of the piglets investigated. the proportion ... | 2001 | 11315526 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation. | the effect of ultraviolet radiation from low- and medium-pressure mercury arc lamps on cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was studied using a collimated beam apparatus. experiments were conducted using parasites suspended in both filtered surface water and phosphate buffered laboratory water. inactivation of oocysts was measured as reduction in infectivity using a cd-1 neonatal mouse model and was found to be a non-linear function of uv dose over the range of germicidal doses tested (0.8-119 mj/cm2) ... | 2001 | 11317885 |
| specific detection of neospora caninum oocysts in fecal samples from experimentally-infected dogs using the polymerase chain reaction. | neospora caninum oocysts, passed in the feces of a definitive host (dog), were isolated, and genomic dna was extracted. a polymerase cahin reaction (pcr) targeting the n. caninum-specific nc 5 genomic sequence was performed using the isolated dna. a synthesized competitor molecule containing part of the nc 5 sequence was included in the assay as a check against false-negative pcr results and to quantify n. caninum oocyst dna in fecal samples. a standard curve of the ratio of fluorescence intensi ... | 2001 | 11318571 |
| quantification of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mouse fecal specimens using immunomagnetic particles and two-color flow cytometry. | although single-color flow cytometry has been shown to be more sensitive than fluorescence microscopy for the quantification of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, this method has not been optimized. monoclonal antibody ow50, specific to the cell wall of oocysts, was conjugated to superparamagnetic particles, to fluorescein isothiocyanate, and to r-phycoerythrin. the oocysts were then double stained with the fluorochrome-labeled ow50 and were placed in tubes with known numbers of highly fluorescent ... | 2001 | 11318573 |
| myosin diversity in apicomplexa. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen was used to examine the diversity of myosins in 7 apicomplexan parasites: toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium falciparum, neospora caninum, eimeria tenella, sarcocystis muris, babesia bovis, and cryptosporidium parvum. using degenerate pcr primers compatible with the majority of known myosin classes, putative myosin sequences were obtained from all of these species. all of the sequences obtained showed greatest similarity to previously identified apicomplexan m ... | 2001 | 11318578 |
| pyruvate : nadp+ oxidoreductase from the mitochondrion of euglena gracilis and from the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum: a biochemical relic linking pyruvate metabolism in mitochondriate and amitochondriate protists. | most eukaryotes perform the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh). eukaryotes that lack mitochondria also lack pdh, using instead the o(2)-sensitive enzyme pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), which is localized either in the cytosol or in hydrogenosomes. the facultatively anaerobic mitochondria of the photosynthetic protist euglena gracilis constitute a hitherto unique exception in that these mitochondria oxidize pyruvate with the o(2)-s ... | 2001 | 11319255 |
| [isolation and incidence of cryptosporidium and giardia from river water]. | a study was conducted during the period from july to october in 1999, surface water samples were collected from 13 rivers in hyogo prefecture serving as tap water sources and examined for cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts using the immunomagnetic separation method. in 9 (69%) of the 13 rivers, cryptosporidium oocyst was detected. giardia cyst was detected in 5 (38%) of the 13 rivers. the cryptosporidium oocyst positive rate was comparable to that of fecal bacteriological indicators, whic ... | 2001 | 11321780 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum infections in weaned piglets and fattening porkers in kanagawa prefecture, japan. | fecal samples from 232 weaned piglets (1 and 3 months old) and 252 fattening porkers (6 months old) in 8 stock-raising farms located in kanagawa prefecture, japan, from june 1998 to june 2000 were examined to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection. detection of oocysts was performed using the ethyl acetate fecal concentration method and immunofluorescent staining. c. parvum oocysts were identified in 77 (33.2%) 1-3 months old weaned piglets from four farms. the odds of excreting a ... | 2001 | 11326125 |
| fecal shedding of giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium parvum, salmonella organisms, and escherichia coli o157:h7 from llamas in california. | to evaluate fecal shedding of giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium parvum, salmonella organisms, and escherichia coli o157:h7 from llamas in california with respect to host factors and management practices. | 2001 | 11327478 |
| development of a nested-pcr assay for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in finished water. | a nested-pcr assay, incorporating an internal positive control, was developed for cryptosporidium monitoring in finished water. this assay was capable of reproducibly detecting 8 oocysts in spiked-filtered water samples collected from 5 south australian water treatment plants. the rt-pcr assay of kaucner and stinear (appl. environ. microbiol. 64(5) (1998) 1743) was also evaluated for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum. initially, under our experimental conditions, a detection level of 27 oo ... | 2001 | 11329665 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in raw water from the atibaia river, campinas, brazil. | cryptosporidium parvum and giardia duodenalis are waterborne parasites that have caused several outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease associated with drinking water. due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these protozoa in water in the southeast of brazil, an investigation was conducted to verify the presence of cysts and oocysts in superficial raw water of the atibaia river. the water samples were submitted to membrane filtration (3.0 microm) and elution was processed by (1) scrapin ... | 2001 | 11340486 |
| the role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. | the feeding and reproductive habits of non-biting synanthropic flies make them important mechanical vectors of human pathogens. synanthropic flies are major epidemiologic factors responsible for the spread of acute gastroenteritis and trachoma among infants and young children in (predominantly) developing countries. house flies are involved in mechanical transmission of nosocomial infections with multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital environments. | 2001 | 11358717 |
| tap water and hiv. | | 1996 | 11361504 |
| roxithromycin. | the pwa health group now distributes roxithromycin (ruclid) for cryptosporidiosis. cryptosporidium parvum is a single-cell parasite that produces chronic watery diarrhea in people with compromised immune systems. roxithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, currently is used extensively in europe and latin america to treat a number of bacterial infections, including chlamydia, sinusitis, and skin and respiratory problems. at the 1994 international aids conference, reports of two clinical studies showe ... | 1995 | 11362281 |
| cdc provides guidelines on suspect water supplies. centers for disease control and prevention. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommends that immunocompromised people avoid exposure to cryptosporidium in outbreak settings by drinking water that is boiled, filtered, or bottled. a parasite, cryptosporidium is spread when persons ingest infected feces of humans or animals, or eat raw or undercooked vegetables contaminated with an egg-like form of the parasite. symptoms include watery diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever; in immunoco ... | 1995 | 11362676 |
| government says tap water may contain deadly parasite. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) and the environmental protection agency (epa) are warning people, particularly those with suppressed immune systems, of the risks of cryptosporidiosis. a waterborne parasite found in u.s. lakes, rivers and reservoirs, cryptosporidium parvum can emerge in tap water, and can prove fatal to people with aids. the cdc and the epa have developed guidelines that stop just short of recommending that people with aids avoid drinking tap water altogether ... | 1995 | 11362695 |
| incoming ntz blocked by us customs. people with aids health group. | u.s. customs in chula vista, california, seized an incoming shipment of nitrazoxanide (ntz), the first drug that shows promise against cryptosporidium parvum infection in people living with hiv/aids. cryptosporidiosis is a source of diarrhea that has resulted in the death of thousands of people with aids. ntz, approved in mexico with a broad anti-parasitic indication, is the first therapy to show effectiveness in more than half the patients treated for cryptosporidiosis. the pwa health group, an ... | 1996 | 11363831 |
| nitazoxanide for cryptosporidial diarrhea. | the treatment of cryptosporidiosis has focused primarily on controlling its main symptom, diarrhea. cryptosporidiosis is found in 10 to 20 percent of people with aids who have diarrhea, and as many as 45 million people are exposed to it every year through municipal water systems. nitazoxanide (ntz) is an anthelminthic drug that has been available for several years in developing countries where tapeworm and liver fluke infestations are common, and physicians in texas sometimes prescribe it becaus ... | 1998 | 11365264 |
| diarrhea drug rejection raises a ruckus. | the food and drug administration's (fda) advisory committee has voted against approval of ntz (cryptaz) for treating cryptosporium-related diarrhea. the clinical data presented by the drug's sponsor, unimed pharmaceuticals, was found to be mediocre and incomplete. the company had only presented open-label data, which is not central to a drug's approval. patients with cd4 counts above 180 are usually able to clear the parasite (cryptosporidium parvum) from their intestines, unaided by other thera ... | 1998 | 11365474 |
| species-specific, nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism detection of single cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | concurrent with recent advances seen with cryptosporidium parvum detection in both treated and untreated water is the need to properly evaluate these advances. a micromanipulation method by which known numbers of c. parvum oocysts, even a single oocyst, can be delivered to a test matrix for detection sensitivity is presented. using newly developed nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism primers, pcr sensitivity was evaluated with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 10 oocysts. pcr detection rates ( ... | 2001 | 11375178 |
| quantitative shedding of two genotypes of cryptosporidium parvum in california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi). | sixteen percent of california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) were found to be shedding an average of 53,875 cryptosporidium parvum oocysts/g of feces. male squirrels had a higher prevalence and higher intensity of shedding than did female squirrels. the majority of c. parvum isolates matched a bovine-murine genotype, with a few isolates resembling a porcine genotype. higher intensities of shedding by males may enhance dissemination and genotypic mixing of this protozoa given males' pro ... | 2001 | 11375204 |
| cryptosporidium parvum activates nuclear factor kappab in biliary epithelia preventing epithelial cell apoptosis. | our previous studies have shown that cryptosporidium parvum induces biliary epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo and causes apoptosis in bystander uninfected biliary epithelia in vitro. we analyzed c. parvum-induced nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) activation in human biliary epithelial cells and assessed its relevance to epithelial cell apoptosis. | 2001 | 11375958 |
| photobiological effects of polychromatic medium pressure uv lamps. | ultraviolet (uv) light has become widely accepted for the disinfection of potable water, process water and wastewater as an alternative to chlorination. to avoid the failure of a uv disinfection system due to the recovery of micro-organisms, certain additional wavelengths in the uv area are emitted by newly developed uv lamps. to reduce the chance of microbial recovery after ultraviolet irradiation, damage must be inflicted in as many areas of the micro-organism as possible. the effective killin ... | 2001 | 11379220 |
| mechanical transport and transmission of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by wild filth flies. | over the course of six months wild filth flies were collected from traps left for 7-10 days in a barn with or without a calf shedding cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 oocysts in diarrheic feces. the oocysts of c. parvum transported on the flies' exoskeletons and eluted from their droplets left on visited surfaces were infectious for mice. the mean number of oocysts carried by a fly varied from 4 to 131, and the total oocyst number per collection varied from 56 to approximately 4.56 x 10(3). fly ... | 2000 | 11388511 |
| [training for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in the national laboratory system of cuba]. | a national training project in the diagnosis of intestinal parasites was conducted in 1997. an initial national course was followed respectively by courses in the central, eastern, and western provinces. our results showed that cryptosporidium parvum, cyclospora cayetanensis, and leukocytes showed a significantly lower percentage of errors after the training than before (p < 0.01). the same occurred with entamoeba histolytica/e. dispar and chilomastix mesnilii (p < 0.05). among the helminths, ta ... | 2001 | 11395809 |
| (31)p nmr of apicomplexans and the effects of risedronate on cryptosporidium parvum growth. | high-resolution 303.6 mhz (31)p nmr spectra have been obtained of perchloric acid extracts of plasmodium berghei trophozoites, toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. essentially complete resonance assignments have been made based on chemical shifts and by coaddition of authentic reference compounds. signals corresponding to inorganic pyrophosphate were detected in all three species. in t. gondii and c. parvum, additional resonances were observed corresponding to linea ... | 2001 | 11396947 |
| treatment of diarrhea caused by cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. | a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 50 adults and 50 children from the nile delta of egypt, to evaluate the efficacy of nitazoxanide in treating diarrhea caused by cryptosporidium parvum. nitazoxanide was administered in 500-mg doses twice daily for 3 days in adults and adolescents, in 200-mg doses twice daily for 3 days in children aged 4-11 years, and in 100-mg doses twice daily for 3 days in children aged 1-3 years. at 7 days after initiation of t ... | 2001 | 11398117 |
| prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools--united states, 1999. | as a result of the 1998 outbreak of infection with the chlorine-sensitive pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7 at a waterpark in georgia, many public health departments updated their guidelines for disinfecting pools following a fecal accident. many of these guidelines recommended treating all fecal accidents as if they contained the highly chlorine-resistant parasite cryptosporidium parvum, generally resulting in hyperchlorination and pool closures of up to a day. to determine whether fecal accide ... | 2001 | 11400955 |
| cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 infections in free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) of the bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | for behavioral research and due to growing ecotourism, some populations of free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) have become habituated to humans. molecular analysis of two cryptosporidium sp. oocyst isolates originating from two human-habituated gorilla groups and two oocyst isolates from non-habituated gorillas yielded positive identification of c. parvum genotype 2 (g2; i.e., "cattle", "animal-adapted", or "zoonotic"). as g2 is cross-transmissible between humans and animal ... | 2001 | 11403378 |
| sensitive genotyping of cryptosporidium parvum by pcr-rflp analysis of the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp70) gene. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 587-bp region of the cryptosporidium parvum 70-kda heat shock protein (hsp70) gene was developed for the detection and discrimination of the two major genotypes of c. parvum, genotype 1 and genotype 2. ten cryptosporidium isolates from non-immunocompromised people were identified as genotypes 1 and 2 (five each) by dna sequencing of the 587-bp pcr product. this distinction was also achieved with the combinat ... | 2001 | 11410346 |
| viability and infectivity of oocysts recovered from clams, ruditapes philippinarum, experimentally contaminated with cryptosporidium parvum. | this study confirms the important role of marine bivalve molluscs, destined for human consumption, as transmitters of cryptosporidiosis, zoonotic diarrhoeal disease caused by cryptosporidium parvum. c. parvum oocysts recovered from seawater clams (ruditapes philippinarum) were viable and infective in five of eight infected neonatal cd-1 swiss mice. oocysts were observed in clam gill and gastrointestinal tract tissue homogenates as well as in gill histological sections, by an immunofluorescent an ... | 2001 | 11411939 |
| inhibition of cryptosporidium infection in mice treated with a cyclodextrin inclusion complex with diloxanide furoate. | the efficacies of diloxanide furoate, beta-cyclodextrin and a cyclodextrin inclusion complex against cryptosporidium parvum were evaluated in a suckling murine model. efficacy was established by numbers of oocysts recovered from the intestinal tract of mice on day 7 postinfection. the level of infection in treated mice was significantly lower than in control mice and, surprisingly, the most efficacious treatment was beta-cyclodextrin, an excipient used in pharmaceutical technology. | 2001 | 11411943 |
| serological response to cryptosporidium parvum in adult cattle from the andean region of colombia. | single faecal and serum samples were individually collected from 135 asymptomatic adult cows on seven farms in cundinamarca (colombian andean region). tests for the presence of oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum (carbol fuchsin stain) and eimeria spp (flotation in saturated saline solution) revealed that none of the animals had coccidia in their faeces. the igg antibody levels to c. parvum were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique and the reactivity to c. parvum anti ... | 2001 | 11411953 |
| use of percoll for the infection of cells in vitro with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | a method for the infection of non-adherent thp-1 cells and adherent mdbk cells with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using isotonic percoll solutions was developed. excystation was maximal after 2 h, but toxicity increased with the oocyst/cell ratio and the incubation time. the infection rates did not increase with the oocyst/cell ratio and both cell types were equally parasitized. | 2001 | 11412917 |
| [importance of the different species and genotypes of cryptosporidium in public health]. | until recently, only the bovine and human genotypes of cryptosporidium parvum had been considered to infect man and to be potential pathogens. lately, symptomatic infections with c. felis, c. meleagridis, and c. parvum-like dog genotype have been described in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. these findings suggest that zoonotic parasites could also play an important role in public health. | 2001 | 11416981 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of cryptosporidium species and isolates. | recent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis from contaminated water supplies have led to a need for the detection of cryptosporidium oocysts from various hosts and contaminating sources. the presence of nonpathogenic species or strains of cryptosporidium is important for diagnostic purposes as there is a potential for false- positive detection of pathogenic parasites. the present review focuses on phenotypic differences and recent advances in genotypic analyses of the genus cryptosporidium with an emp ... | 2001 | 11420647 |
| 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone, a dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) analogue, inhibits plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei growth. | dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and its analogue, 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (alpha-epi-br), may have activity against viral and parasitic infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and cryptosporidium parvum. therefore, we evaluated its antimalarial effects on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei. in vitro, chloroquine (cq)-sensitive and resistant strains of p. falciparum parasitized red blood cells were incubated with escalating doses of alpha-epi-br or cq. in vivo, 62 ra ... | 2000 | 11421378 |
| chlorine dioxide inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators. | cryptosporidium parvum, which is resistant to chlorine concentrations typically used in water treatment, is recognized as a significant waterborne pathogen. recent studies have demonstrated that chlorine dioxide is a more efficient disinfectant than free chlorine against cryptosporidium oocysts. it is not known, however, if oocysts from different suppliers are equally sensitive to chlorine dioxide. this study used both a most-probable-number-cell culture infectivity assay and in vitro excystatio ... | 2001 | 11425712 |
| low-pressure uv inactivation and dna repair potential of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | because cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are very resistant to conventional water treatment processes, including chemical disinfection, we determined the kinetics and extent of their inactivation by monochromatic, low-pressure (lp), mercury vapor lamp uv radiation and their subsequent potential for dna repair of uv damage. a uv collimated-beam apparatus was used to expose suspensions of purified c. parvum oocysts in phosphate-buffered saline, ph 7.3, at 25 degrees c to various doses of monochromat ... | 2001 | 11425717 |
| decrease in cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in vitro by using the membrane filter dissolution method for recovering oocysts from water samples. | exposure of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to solutions used for cellulose acetate membrane (cam) dissolution filtration reduced their infectivity in hct-8 cells. ethanol (95% [vol/vol] and 70% [vol/vol]) alone and short exposure times to acetone decreased infectivity. these findings contrast with similar experiments using excystation assays and infectivity in mice. | 2001 | 11425759 |
| effect of high-rate algal ponds on viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | the physicochemical conditions of high-rate algal ponds were responsible for a more than 97% reduction in the infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in neonatal mice. the use of semipermeable bags of cellulose showed that ph, ammonia, and/or light seems to be a major factor for the inactivation of oocysts in wastewater, supporting the importance of alga-based systems for safer reuse of treated wastewater. | 2001 | 11425762 |
| chemical and physical factors affecting the excystation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were examined to ascertain excystation requirements and the effects of gamma irradiation. oocysts and excysted sporozoites were examined for dye permeability and infectivity. maximum excystation occurred when oocysts were pretreated with acid and incubated with bile salts, and potassium or sodium bicarbonate. pretreatment with hanks' balanced salt solution or nacl lowered excystation; however, this effect was overcome with acid. sodium ions were replaceable with po ... | 2001 | 11426720 |
| human t and b cell immunoreactivity to a recombinant 23-kda cryptosporidium parvum antigen. | cryptosporidial infection in humans results in parasite-specific igg, igm, and iga antibody responses, but little is known of the cell-mediated immune responses to cryptosporidial antigens. in a convenience sample of 35 haitian residents, there was a high level of cryptosporidial exposure (>90%) as determined by immunoblot reactivity of serum against cryptosporidial antigens. an attempt was made to determine if there was a relationship between antibody and t cell-mediated responses to recombinan ... | 2001 | 11426740 |
| the emerging nosocomial pathogens cryptosporidium, escherichia coli o157:h7, helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis c: epidemiology, environmental survival, efficacy of disinfection, and control measures. | new and emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to public health and may be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks. cryptosporidium parvum and escherichia coli are gastrointestinal pathogens that have caused nosocomial infections via person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination, or contaminated water or food. helicobacter pylori has been transmitted via inadequately disinfected endoscopes. finally, hepatitis c may be acquired by healthcare personnel by percutaneous or mucous membr ... | 2001 | 11428444 |
| complete development and long-term maintenance of cryptosporidium parvum human and cattle genotypes in cell culture. | this study describes the complete development (from sporozoites to sporulated oocysts) of cryptosporidium parvum (human and cattle genotypes) in the hct-8 cell line. furthermore, for the first time the complete life cycle was perpetuated in vitro for up to 25 days by subculturing. the long-term maintenance of the developmental cycle of the parasite in vitro appeared to be due to the initiation of the auto-reinfection cycle of c. parvum. this auto-reinfection is characterised by the production an ... | 2001 | 11429168 |
| large sequence variation at two microsatellite loci among zoonotic (genotype c) isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. | the genetic polymorphism among 57 cryptosporidium parvum isolates belonging to genotype 'c' was studied by pcr amplification and the sequencing of two microsatellite loci (ml1 and ml2). a comparative analysis of dna sequences showed the presence of three (ml1-238, ml1-226, and ml1-220) and seven (ml2-231, ml2-229, ml2-227, ml2-213, ml2-193, ml2-191, and ml2-187) different alleles at these two loci. alleles differed by expansions/contractions of the microsatellite repeats that generated length po ... | 2001 | 11429171 |
| treatment with beta-cyclodextrin of natural cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs under field conditions. | following the unexpected activity of the excipient beta-cyclodextrin against experimental infection by cryptosporidium parvum in suckling mice, its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of natural infections in lambs was evaluated under field conditions. fifty-three crossbred neonatal lambs were randomly selected for the study. treatment consisted of oral administration of an aqueous suspension of beta-cyclodextrin at a dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight. to test prophylactic efficacy, the susp ... | 2001 | 11429179 |
| intestinal and systemic infection, hiv, and mortality in zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition. | persistent diarrhea-malnutrition syndrome is a complex of infection and immune failure that involves protein, calorie and micronutrient depletion, and metabolic disturbances. we report an analysis of the impact of hiv infection on infectious disease, clinical presentation, and mortality in zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition. | 2001 | 11429515 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools--united states, 1999. | | 2001 | 11439939 |
| an epidemiological survey on cryptosporidium parvum infection of inhabitants in chorwon-gun, kangwon-do. | the present study was undertaken to know the infection status of cryptosporidium parvum among the residents of chorwon-gun, kangwon-do in 1993. total 461 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing in chorwon-gun during the period of august 12 to september 14, 1993. fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined after modified acid fast staining. of the 461 fecal samples, 9 (1.9%) were positive for c. parvum oocysts. the positive cases were limited to thi ... | 2001 | 11441509 |
| [its1, 5.8s and a-type its2 rdna sequences from plasmoidum vivax and development of a method for retrospective pcr diagnosis of malaria by stained thick blood smears]. | stages life cycle of the malaria parasite differ in the rate of replication and the structural properties of functionally active a-, s-, and o-type ribosomes. regions of a-type rdna including its1, 5.8s, and its2 from two strains of plasmodium vivax with different incubation periods were amplified and sequenced. no substantial differences in the sequences of two strains were revealed. phylogenetic analysis of the obtained and homologous sequences of its1 rdna of a, s, and o types of p. vivax; a ... | 2001 | 11443936 |
| role of disinfectant concentration and ph in the inactivation kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of disinfectant concentration and ph on the inactivation kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone, monochloramine, and ozone/monochloramine at 20 degrees c. experimental results revealed that the ct (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) required to achieve a certain level of c. parvum inactivation was unique, thus demonstrating the validity of the ct concept for these single disinfectant and sequential disi ... | 2001 | 11452604 |
| infection transmission system models for microbial risk assessment. | chemical risk assessments often focus on measuring exposure as if individuals were subject only to exogenous environmental sources of risk. for infectious diseases, exposure might not only depend on exogenous sources of microbes, but also on the infection status of other individuals in the population. for example, waterborne infections from agents such as cryptosporidium parvum and escherichia coli: o157:h7 might be transmitted from contaminated water to humans through drinking water; from inter ... | 2001 | 11453296 |
| evaluation and optimization of a reusable hollow fiber ultrafilter as a first step in concentrating cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water. | experiments with a small-scale hollow fiber ultrafiltration system (50,000 mwco) was used to characterize the filtration process and identify conditions that optimize the recovery of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from 2 l samples of water. seeded experiments were conducted using deionized water as well as four environmental water sources (tap, ground, arkansas river, and rio grande river; 0-30.9ntu). optimal and consistent recovery of spiked oocysts was observed (68-81%), when the membrane was ... | 2001 | 11456179 |
| experimental investigations and numerical modelling of cryptosporidium parvum transport behaviour in aquifers. | the purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the potential for transfer of the protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium parvum through aquifers to drinking water wells. therefore, the factors characterising this transport were experimentally determined. we have developed a continuously recirculating column assay. the latter allows small amounts of c. parvum oocysts to be manipulated providing as much protection as possible from the risks of contamination. as the analysis of oocyst samples ... | 2001 | 11464738 |
| the effect of temperature on the efficacy of ozonation for inactivating cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | examination of the effects of water temperature on the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone, ozonation experiments were conducted in a semi-batch mode with a wide temperature range of 3-30 degrees c. inactivation was assessed in terms of mice infectivity and in vitro excystation. the temperature dependency of the ct products by a reduction in infectivity of 2 log10 could be described successfully by the arrhenius equation, 1/ct = 1.086 x 10(18)e-12520/k where ct is the integ ... | 2001 | 11464746 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with sequential application of ozone and combined chlorine. | single-step inactivation experiments with ozone and monochloramine revealed the presence of a ct lag followed by pseudo-first order inactivation kinetics. sequential disinfection experiments with ozone followed by monochloramine revealed that ozone pretreatment resulted in the removal of a more prominent ct lag observed for monochloramine. in addition, the rate of inactivation for ozone-pretreated oocysts was approximately 2.5x greater than that observed for the post-lag phase portion of the mon ... | 2001 | 11464747 |
| comparative effectiveness of uv wavelengths for the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water were exposed to distinct wavelength bands of collimated beam ultraviolet (uv) radiation across the germicidal uv wavelength range (210-295 nm) that were emitted from a medium pressure (mp) mercury vapour lamp. the dose of uv radiation transmitted though each narrow bandpass filter was measured utilising potassium ferrioxalate actinometry. oocyst infectivity was determined using a cell culture assay and titre was expressed as an mpn. the log10 inactivation ... | 2001 | 11464748 |
| detection of viable cryptosporidium parvum using dna-modified liposomes in a microfluidic chip. | this paper describes a microfluidic chip that enables the detection of viable cryptosporidium parvum by detecting rna amplified by nucleic-acid-sequence-based amplification (nasba). the mrna serving as the template for nasba is produced by viable c. parvum as a response to heat shock. the chip utilizes sandwich hybridization by hybridizing the nasba-generated amplicon between capture probes and reporter probes in a microfluidic channel. the reporter probes are tagged with carboxyfluorescein-fill ... | 2001 | 11467540 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum using oligonucleotide-tagged liposomes in a competitive assay format. | to meet the technical challenge of accurately and rapidly detecting cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental water, the authors developed a single-use visual-strip assay. the first step in the overall assay procedure involves extracting c. parvum's mrna coding for heat-shock protein hsp70, followed by amplification using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) methodology as described previously (baeumner, a. j.; humiston, m.; montagna, r. a.; durst, r. a. anal. chem., in press) ... | 2001 | 11467568 |
| detecting living cryptosporidium. | | 2001 | 11467581 |
| genetic and biological diversity among isolates of neospora caninum. | neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes bovine abortion. the epidemiology of n. caninum is poorly understood and little is known about the genetic diversity of the parasite, or whether individual isolates differ in virulence. such diversity may, among other factors, underlie the range of pathologies seen in cattle. in this study we analysed biological and genetic variation in 6 isolates of n. caninum originating from canine and bovine hosts by measurement of growth rate in vitro, we ... | 2001 | 11467779 |
| inactivation of bacillus subtilis spores and formation of bromate during ozonation. | inactivation of b. subtilis spores with ozone was investigated to assess the effect of ph and temperature, to compare the kinetics to those for the inactivation of c. parvum oocysts, to investigate bromate formation under 2-log inactivation conditions, and to assess the need for bromate control strategies. the rate of b. subtilis inactivation with ozone was independent of ph, decreased with temperature (activation energy of 42,100 jmol(-1)), and was consistent with the ct concept. b. subtilis wa ... | 2001 | 11471695 |
| cdc says there are ways to reduce enteric pathogen transmission in swimming pools. | | 2001 | 11474628 |
| glycerol jelly (gj) mount: a new and simple method for routine stool examination using a modified glycerol jelly reagent. | wet mount is the basic primary technique for stool examination in laboratories, allowing only the use of x10 and x40 objectives which do not sometimes reveal relevant details to make an exact identification of certain protozoa. in a modification of the glycerol jelly (gj) reagent, which is used in permanent preparation of helminths, five concentrations were prepared and tested for fixing the cover glass instantly while maintaining the high translucency of the fecal films. gj reagent (7 gm gelati ... | 2001 | 11478460 |
| intestinal microsporidiosis in hiv-infected children with acute and chronic diarrhea. | a prospective study of intestinal microsporidiosis in hiv-positive children was conducted at the queen sirikit national institute of child health and phramongkutklao hospital, bangkok, thailand. hospitalized hiv-positive children with and without diarrhea were enrolled in this study. microsporidial spores identified by calcofluor fluorescent and gram-chromotrope stain were confirmed by electron microscopy. as well as cryptosporidium parvum, microsporidia was the most common protozoa found in the ... | 2001 | 11485091 |
| intestinal parasites in hiv-2 associated aids cases with chronic diarrhoea in guinea-bissau. | previous studies from african countries where hiv-1 infection is prevalent have shown that infections with cryptosporidium parvum, isospora belli and microsporidia are frequently associated with chronic diarrhoea in aids patients. the information about the occurrence of these parasites in hiv-2 associated aids cases with chronic diarrhoea is limited. we have performed a study of stool parasites in patients from guinea-bissau, the country with the highest prevalence of hiv-2 in the world. stool s ... | 2001 | 11495643 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection requires host cell actin polymerization. | the intracellular protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum accumulates host cell actin at the interface between the parasite and the host cell cytoplasm. here we show that the actin polymerizing proteins arp2/3, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), and neural wiskott aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) are present at this interface and that host cell actin polymerization is necessary for parasite infection. | 2001 | 11500478 |
| development and application of a quantitative, specific assay for cryptosporidium parvum oocyst detection in high-turbidity environmental water samples. | chlorine-resistant cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. current methods of detecting these organisms in water are insensitive, labor-intensive, highly subjective, and severely limited by sample turbidity. we describe here an alternative technique utilizing electrochemiluminescence (ecl) technology for detecting c. parvum oocysts in environmental water samples. this method is quantitative, reproducible, and requires only ... | 2001 | 11504397 |
| expression of il-15 and il-4 in ifn-gamma-independent control of experimental human cryptosporidium parvum infection. | we have previously demonstrated interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) in intestinal mucosa after experimental human cryptosporidium parvum infection, but expression was limited to sensitized volunteers. to characterize ifn-gamma-independent mechanisms in control of infection, jejunal biopsies from immunocompetent volunteers experimentally challenged with c. parvum were examined by in situ hybridization for interleukin (il-)15 and il-4 mrna with confirmation by immunohistochemistry. cytokine expression wa ... | 2001 | 11509007 |
| characterization of a monoclonal antibody reacting with antigen-4 domain of gp900 in cryptosporidium parvum invasive stages. | cryptosporidium parvum (protozoa, apicomplexa) infects the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, where it grows and divides within a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole. gp900, an abundant glycoprotein of c. parvum merozoites and sporozoites, is localized in micronemes and at the surface of invasive stages and participates in the invasion process. here, we describe a new monoclonal antibody (mab) against gp900. as shown by immunofluorescence of excysted parasites and immunoelectron m ... | 2001 | 11510991 |
| direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens. | humans have very close interactions with working, food-producing, and companion animals. according to the american veterinary medical association, there are more than one hundred million cat and dog pets in the united states. furthermore, non-traditional pets like reptiles and exotic birds are not unusual companion animals in households. in addition to sharing with animals our living and/or working space and time, we also share, unfortunately, many disease causing microorganisms. in the past few ... | 2001 | 11512628 |
| glutamine transporter in crypts compensates for loss of villus absorption in bovine cryptosporidiosis. | cryptosporidium parvum infection represents a significant cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. we studied the effect of luminally applied glutamine and the pg synthesis inhibitor indomethacin on nacl absorption from infected calf ileum in ussing chambers. infected ileum displayed a decrease in both mucosal surface area and nacl absorption. indomethacin and glutamine or its stable derivative alanyl-glutamine increased the net absorption of na(+) in infected tissue in an additive manner and to ... | 2001 | 11518676 |
| contamination of river water by cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in western japan. | in japan, only a few rivers have been inspected for cryptosporidium parvum contamination, and the methods used had low sensitivity. in 1998 and 1999, we used a method with higher sensitivity to examine all large rivers used as sources of water supply in one prefecture (which we divided into four areas) in western japan for cryptosporidium oocysts. one sample was collected at each of 156 sites along 18 rivers, and samples were tested for cryptosporidium oocysts by immunomagnetic separation. sampl ... | 2001 | 11525974 |
| exogenous interleukin-12 (il-12) exacerbates cryptosporidium parvum infection in gamma interferon knockout mice. | experimental infection of balb/c- or c57bl/6-gamma-interferon-knockout (gko) mice with cryptosporidium parvum results in infection in both strains with different outcomes of disease. the balb/c-gko mice recover from infection, whereas the c57bl/6-gko mice succumb to infection in less than 2 weeks. differences in cytokine mrna expression suggested that recovery may involve other cytokines. to determine whether the addition of either a th1 or th2 cytokine could alter the outcome of infection, we t ... | 2001 | 11527435 |
| cryptosporidium meleagridis from humans: molecular analysis and description of affected patients. | to genetically characterize an unusual genotype of cryptosporidium from the stools of humans with diarrhoea and to identify risk factors in the affected patients. | 2001 | 11545566 |