| claudin 13, a member of the claudin family regulated in mouse stress induced erythropoiesis. | mammals are able to rapidly produce red blood cells in response to stress. the molecular pathways used in this process are important in understanding responses to anaemia in multiple biological settings. here we characterise the novel gene claudin 13 (cldn13), a member of the claudin family of tight junction proteins using rna expression, microarray and phylogenetic analysis. we present evidence that cldn13 appears to be co-ordinately regulated as part of a stress induced erythropoiesis pathway ... | 2010 | 20844758 |
| interleukin-17-mediated control of parasitemia in experimental trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible to experimental trypanosoma congolense infections, whereas c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant. infected highly susceptible balb/c mice die of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. because interleukin-17 (il-17) and th17 cells regulate inflammatory responses, we investigated their role in the pathogenesis of experimental african trypanosomiasis in mice. we show that the production of il-17 by spleen and liver cells and the serum il-17 level increased after ... | 2010 | 20855512 |
| chemosensitization of trypanosoma congolense strains resistant to isometamidium chloride by tetracyclines and enrofloxacin. | because of the development of resistance in trypanosomes to trypanocidal drugs, the livelihood of millions of livestock keepers in sub-saharan africa is threatened now more than ever. the existing compounds have become virtually useless and pharmaceutical companies are not keen on investing in the development of new trypanocides. we may have found a breakthrough in the treatment of resistant trypanosomal infections, through the combination of the trypanocide isometamidium chloride (ism) with two ... | 2010 | 20927189 |
| the course and pathology of trypanosoma congolense (broden) disease of cattle. | | 1946 | 21028280 |
| trypanosoma congolense (broden) disease of cattle; the parenchymatous lesion and its relation to the cellular defences. | | 1946 | 21028281 |
| the prevalence of african animal trypanosomoses and tsetse presence in western senegal. | in 2005, the government of senegal initiated a tsetse eradication campaign in the niayes and la petite côte aiming at the removal of african animal trypanosomosis (aat), which is one of the main constraints to the development of more effective cattle production systems. the target area has particular meteorological and ecological characteristics that provide great potential for animal production, but it is unfortunately still infested by the riverine tsetse species glossina palpalis gambiensis v ... | 2010 | 21073148 |
| dyes, trypanosomiasis and dna: a historical and critical review. | trypanosomiasis, a group of diseases including sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle in africa, and chagas' disease in south america, remains a considerable problem in the 21(st) century. the therapies that are available, however, usually have their roots in the "dye therapy" of a century ago, knowledge gained at the microscope from parasite staining procedures and converted to chemotherapy based on compounds closely related to the laboratory reagents. dyes such as trypan red and tryp ... | 2010 | 21080764 |
| a comprehensive genetic analysis of candidate genes regulating response to trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. | african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause "sleeping sickness" in humans and a similar disease in livestock. trypanosomes also infect laboratory mice and three major quantitative trait loci (qtl) that regulate survival time after infection with t. congolense have been identified in two independent crosses between susceptible a/j and balb/c mice, and the resistant c57bl/6. these were designated tir1, tir2 and tir3 for trypanosoma infection response, and range in size from 0.9-12 cm. | 2010 | 21085469 |
| [resistant sleeping sickness parasite can still be killed]. | | 2010 | 21141614 |
| spatio-temporal distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso. | in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso, the main vectors of african animal trypanosomoses are glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood (diptera: glossinidae), both of which are riverine tsetse species. the aim of our study was to understand the impact of landscape anthropogenic changes on the seasonal dynamics of vectors and associated trypanosomosis risk. three sites were selected on the basis of the level of disturbance of tsetse habitats and predominant tse ... | 2010 | 21198714 |
| virulence in trypanosoma congolense savannah subgroup. a comparison between strains and transmission cycles. | trypanosoma congolense strains have been shown to differ in their virulence both between subgroups and within the savannah subgroup between strains. this review revisits these findings and complements them with information on the virulence of t. congolense savannah subgroup strains isolated from cattle (domestic transmission cycle) in different geographical areas and of strains isolated in protected areas where trypanotolerant wildlife species are the reservoir of the trypanosomes (sylvatic tran ... | 2010 | 21204855 |
| intradermal infections of mice by low numbers of african trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but enhance susceptibility to reinfection. | antibodies are required to control blood-stage forms of african trypanosomes in humans and animals. here, we report that intradermal infections by low numbers of african trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but prime the adaptive immune response to increase susceptibility to a subsequent challenge. mice were found 100 times more resistant to intradermal infections by trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei than to intraperitoneal infections. b cell-deficient and rag2(-/-) mice a ... | 2010 | 21208931 |
| comparative histopathology of the lymph nodes, spleen, liver and kidney in experimental ovine trypanosomosis. | the infection of yankassa rams with three important trypanosome species affecting livestock, namely, trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. bruceiproduced both acute and chronic fatal conditions. chronic infections were induced in the three infections by the application of subcurative doses of diaminazene aceturate (berenil). pathological changes in the infected animals included splenomegaly and hepatomegaly which were more pronounced in acute than in chronic t. congolense infection. however, t ... | 2009 | 21344787 |
| differential protein expression throughout the life cycle of trypanosoma congolense, a major parasite of cattle in africa. | trypanosoma congolense is an important pathogen of livestock in africa. to study protein expression throughout the t. congolense life cycle, we used culture-derived parasites of each of the three main insect stages and bloodstream stage parasites isolated from infected mice, to perform differential protein expression analysis. three complete biological replicates of all four life cycle stages were produced from t. congolense il3000, a cloned parasite that is amenable to culture of major life cyc ... | 2011 | 21354217 |
| analysis of host genetic factors influencing african trypanosome species infection in a cohort of tanzanian bos indicus cattle. | trypanosomosis caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma is a major health constraint to cattle production in many african countries. one hundred and seventy one bos indicus cattle from traditional pastoral maasai (87) and more intensively managed boran (84) animals in tanzania were screened by pcr for the presence of african animal trypanosomes (trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma brucei), using blood samples archived on fta cards. all cattle sc ... | 2011 | 21377802 |
| structural characterization and epitope mapping of the glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein from trypanosoma congolense: defining assembly on the parasite cell surface. | trypanosoma congolense is an african trypanosome that causes serious disease in cattle in sub-saharan africa. the four major life cycle stages of t. congolense can be grown in vitro, which has led to the identification of several cell-surface molecules expressed on the parasite during its transit through the tsetse vector. one of these, glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp), is the first expressed on procyclic forms in the tsetse midgut and is of particular interest because it replaces the m ... | 2011 | 21471223 |
| prevalence of mixed trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | trypanosoma congolense causes the most economically important animal trypanosomosis in africa. in south africa, a rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s removed many host animals, resulting in the near-eradication of most tsetse species. further suppression was achieved through spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt); however, residual populations of glossina austeni and g. brevipalpis remained in isolated pockets. a total of 506 of these tsetse flies were captured in the hluhluwe-imfolozi ... | 2010 | 21526736 |
| trypanosoma congolense infections: induced nitric oxide inhibits parasite growth in vivo. | wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice infected intraperitoneally with 5 × 10(6) trypanosoma congolense survive for more than 30 days. c57bl/6 mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos(-/-)) and infected with 10(3) or 5 × 10(6) parasites do not control the parasitemia and survive for only 14 ± 7 or 6.8 ± 0.1 days, respectively. bloodstream trypanosomes of inos(-/-) mice infected with 5 × 10(6)t. congolense had a significantly higher ratio of organisms in the s+g2+m phases of the cell cycle th ... | 2011 | 21584233 |
| genetic and expression analysis of cattle identifies candidate genes in pathways responding to trypanosoma congolense infection. | african bovine trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma sp., is a major constraint on cattle productivity in sub-saharan africa. some african bos taurus breeds are highly tolerant of infection, but the potentially more productive bos indicus zebu breeds are much more susceptible. zebu cattle are well adapted for plowing and haulage, and increasing their tolerance of trypanosomiasis could have a major impact on crop cultivation as well as dairy and beef production. we used three strategies to obtain ... | 2011 | 21593421 |
| african trypanosoma infection in a dog in france. | | 2011 | 21622597 |
| improved pcr-rflp for the detection of diminazene resistance in trypanosoma congolense under field conditions using filter papers for sample storage. | | 2011 | 21814586 |
| il-10 limits production of pathogenic tnf by m1 myeloid cells through induction of nuclear nf-kb p50 member in trypanosoma congolense infection resistant c57bl/6 mice. | a balance between parasite elimination and control of infection-associated pathogenicity is crucial for resistance to african trypanosomiasis. by producing tnf and no, cd11b(+) myeloid cells with a classical activation status (m1) contribute to parasitemia control in experimental trypanosoma congolense infection in resistant c57bl/6 mice. however, in these mice, il-10 is required to regulate m1-associated inflammation, avoiding tissue/liver damage and ensuring prolonged survival. in an effort to ... | 2011 | 21805465 |
| epidemiological aspects of the transmission of the parasites causing human african trypanosomiasis in angola. | | 2011 | 21801505 |
| biochemical characterization of trans-sialidase ts1 variants from trypanosoma congolense. | abstract: background: animal african trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle, is a resurgent disease in africa caused by trypanosoma parasites. trans-sialidases expressed by trypanosomes play an important role in the infection cycle of insects and mammals. whereas trans-sialidases of other trypanosomes like the american t. cruzi are well investigated, relatively little research has been done on these enzymes of t. congolense. results: based on a partial sequence and an ... | 2011 | 21801439 |
| characterisation of the wildlife reservoir community for human and animal trypanosomiasis in the luangwa valley, zambia. | animal and human trypanosomiasis are constraints to both animal and human health in sub-saharan africa, but there is little recent evidence as to how these parasites circulate in wild hosts in natural ecosystems. the luangwa valley in zambia supports high densities of tsetse flies (glossina species) and is recognised as an historical sleeping sickness focus. the objective of this study was to characterise the nature of the reservoir community for trypanosomiasis in the absence of influence from ... | 2011 | 21713019 |
| prevalence of trypanosoma sp. in cattle from tanzania estimated by conventional pcr and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). | this study compared the prevalence of trypanosome infections estimated by pfr-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) with conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests. one hundred forty eight cattle blood samples were collected from robanda village, mara region, tanzania in april 2008. in conventional pcr, four sets of primers, specific for the detection of trypanosoma sp., trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, trypanosoma vivax, and trypanozoon, as well as a modified lamp were used. conv ... | 2011 | 21739311 |
| trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense "forest type" and t. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of cameroon. | in order to better understand the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis that occur together in sleeping sickness foci, a study of prevalences of animal parasites (trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense "forest type", and t. simiae) infections was conducted on domestic animals to complete the previous work carried on t. brucei gambiense prevalence using the same animal sample. 875 domestic animals, including 307 pigs, 264 goats, 267 sheep and 37 dogs were sampled in the sleeping sickness foc ... | 2011 | 21678793 |
| the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1), a controversial marker for the genetic diversity of trypanosoma evansi. | seven trypanosoma evansi isolates from china and a trypanosoma congolense sp. gifted from kenya were characterized genetically by the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna). the its-1 rdna with the length of 338-342 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced from individual isolates of t. evansi. although sequence variation between t. evansi isolates from china only was 0.3-3.8%, the constructed phylogenetic tree based on the its-1 rdna seque ... | 2011 | 21875582 |
| Trypanosoma brucei brucei oligopeptidase B null mutants display increased prolyl oligopeptidase-like activity. | African trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease in man and animals caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Nagana, the cattle form of the disease, is caused by Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. An option for developing vaccines and chemotherapeutic agents against trypanosomosis is to target pathogenic factors released by the parasite during infection, namely an "anti-disease" approach. One such pathogenic factor is oligopeptidase B (TbOPB), a ... | 2011 | 22123425 |
| sialidases play a key role in infection and anaemia in trypanosoma congolense animal trypanosomiasis. | animal african trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has an important impact on millions of people in developing african countries. this parasitic disease, caused mainly by trypanosoma congolense, results in severe anaemia leading to animal death. in order to characterise potential targets for an anti-disease vaccine, we investigated a multigenic trans-sialidase family (tcots) in t. congolense. sialidase and trans-sialidase activities were quantified for the first t ... | 2011 | 22136727 |
| high prevalence of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes without a history of drug exposure. | trypanosomosis caused by trypanosoma congolense is a major constraint to animal health in sub-saharan africa. unfortunately, the treatment of the disease is impaired by the spread of drug resistance. resistance to diminazene aceturate (da) in t. congolense is linked to a mutation modifying the functioning of a p2-type purine-transporter responsible for the uptake of the drug. our objective was to verify if the mutation was linked or not to drug pressure. | 2011 | 22206039 |
| Tandem repeat protein as potential diagnostic antigen for Trypanosoma evansi infection. | Trypanosoma evansi infection (surra) causes significant losses in livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The current ELISA recommended by OIE for diagnosis of the disease is based on trypanosome lysate antigen. However, antigenic variation and unstable nature of cell lysate antigen make it difficult to standardize the assay. Thus, there are needs to develop recombinant antigen-based ELISA that improve stability, sensitivity, and specificity of the test. Since tandem repeat (TR) ... | 2011 | 21927872 |
| experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts. | in human african trypanosomosis (hat) endemic areas, there are a number of subjects that are positive to serological tests but in whom trypanosomes are difficult to detect with the available parasitological tests. in most cases and particularly in west africa, these subjects remain untreated, thus posing a fundamental problem both at the individual level (because of a possible lethal evolution of the disease) and at the epidemiological level (since they are potential reservoirs of trypanosomes). ... | 2011 | 22091459 |
| field detection of resistance to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in trypanosoma vivax from the region of the boucle du mouhoun in burkina faso. | a longitudinal study assessed the chemoresistance to isometamidium chloride (ism) and diminazene aceturate (da) in the region of the boucle du mouhoun in burkina faso. a preliminary cross-sectional survey allowed the identification of the 10 villages with the highest parasitological prevalences (from 2.1% to 16.1%). in each of these 10 villages, two herds of approximately 50 bovines were selected, one being treated with ism (1mg/kg b.w.) and the other remaining untreated as control group. all an ... | 2011 | 22264748 |
| investigation of the antitrypanosomal activity of buchholzia coriacea seed extract against a field strain of trypanosoma congolense. | the antitrypanosomal activity of the methanol extract of buchholzia coriacea seed against a field strain of trypanosoma congolense was investigated using experimentally infected mice of both sexes. monitoring of parasitaemia was by the rapid matching technique. when parasitaemia was approximately log 7.8 (63 × 10(6) parasites/ml), treatment with graded doses of the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) was instituted for 5 consecutive days. diminazene diaceturate (dimivet skm pharma pvt. ltd.) was g ... | 2011 | 22754072 |
| prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of east wollega zone, ethiopia. | trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock, especially in sub-saharan countries. this study was conducted from october 2010 to march 2011 in the diga and sasiga districts of the east wollega zone in western ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors. a total of 386 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals. packed cell volume (pcv) was determined and samples were examined for the presence of trypanos ... | 2012 | 23327311 |
| vector competence of glossina austeni and glossina brevipalpis for trypanosoma congolense in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis (nagana) has been the cause of stock losses in the recent past and still presents a major problem to livestock owners in certain areas of kwazulu- natal, south africa. over 10 000 cattle mortalities were reported in the 1990 nagana outbreak. although information on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse flies glossina brevipalpis and glossina austeni in kwazulu-natal exists, data on their vector competence are lacking. this study aimed to determine the rat ... | 2012 | 23327306 |
| refractory hypoglycaemia in a dog infected with trypanosoma congolense. | a 20 kg german shepherd dog was presented to a french veterinary teaching hospital for seizures and hyperthermia. the dog had returned 1 month previously from a six-month stay in senegal and sub-saharan africa. biochemistry and haematology showed severe hypoglycaemia (0.12 g/l), anaemia and thrombocytopenia. despite administration of large amounts of glucose (30 ml of 30% glucose iv and 10 ml of 70% sucrose by gavage tube hourly), 26 consecutive blood glucose measurements were below 0.25 g/l (ex ... | 2016 | 26795063 |
| phylogenetic and syntenic data support a single horizontal transference to a trypanosoma ancestor of a prokaryotic proline racemase implicated in parasite evasion from host defences. | proline racemase (prac) enzymes of trypanosoma cruzi (tcprac), the agent of chagas disease, and trypanosoma vivax (tvprac), the agent of livestock trypanosomosis, have been implicated in the b-cells polyclonal activation contributing to immunosuppression and the evasion of host defences. the similarity to prokaryotic prac and the absence in trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense have raised many questions about the origin, evolution, and functions of trypanosome prac (tryprac) enzymes. | 2015 | 25890302 |
| hematocrit alterations and its effects in naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds due to trypanosoma spp. on the adamawa plateau - cameroon. | an experimental study was carried out on 148 naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds with either single or mix infections of various species of trypanosomes. the objectives of this study were to determine the species of trypanosomes, observe their hematopathological consequences on host-related risk factors and to determine the packed cell volume (pcv) of the infected group. | 2015 | 27047158 |
| identification and characterization of a trypanosoma congolense 46 kda protein as a candidate serodiagnostic antigen. | trypanosoma congolense is a major livestock pathogen in africa, causing large economic losses with serious effects on animal health. reliable serodiagnostic tests are therefore urgently needed to control t. congolense infection. in this study, we have identified one t. congolense protein as a new candidate serodiagnostic antigen. the 46.4 kda protein (tcp46, gene id: tcil3000.0.25950) is expressed 5.36 times higher in metacyclic forms than epimastigote forms. the complete nucleotide sequences of ... | 2014 | 24492330 |
| antitrypanosomal activity of verbascum sinaiticum benth. (scrophulariaceae) against trypanosoma congolense isolates. | african trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with a large impact on the livelihood of the rural poor in sub-saharan africa. the available drugs for managing this disease are old, expensive and are facing the problem of drug resistance. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of verbascum sinaiticum benth. against trypanosoma congolense field isolate. | 2016 | 27629546 |
| identification and characterization of guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase of trypanosoma congolense as a drug target. | trypanosoma congolense is one of the most prevalent pathogens which causes trypanosomosis in african animals, resulting in a significant economic loss. in its life cycle, t. congolense is incapable of synthesizing purine nucleotides via a de novo pathway, and thus relies on a salvage pathway to survive. in this study, we identified a gene from t. congolense, tcil3000_5_1940, as a guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase (gmpr), an enzyme that modulates the concentration of intracellular guanosine in ... | 2017 | 28366788 |
| characterization of calflagin, a flagellar calcium-binding protein from trypanosoma congolense. | identification of species-specific trypanosome molecules is important for laboratory- and field-based research into epidemiology and disease diagnosis. although trypanosoma congolense is the most important trypanosome pathogen of cattle in africa, no species-specific molecules found in infective bloodstream forms (bsf) of the parasites have been identified, thus limiting development of diagnostic tests. | 2016 | 27055052 |
| proteomic selection of immunodiagnostic antigens for trypanosoma congolense. | animal african trypanosomosis (aat) presents a severe problem for agricultural development in sub-saharan africa. it is caused by several trypanosome species and current means of diagnosis are expensive and impractical for field use. our aim was to discover antigens for the detection of antibodies to trypanosoma congolense, one of the main causative agents of aat. we took a proteomic approach to identify potential immunodiagnostic parasite protein antigens. one hundred and thirteen proteins were ... | 2014 | 24922510 |
| recombinant expression and biochemical characterisation of two alanyl aminopeptidases of trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosoma congolense is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes african animal trypanosomosis, a wasting disease of cattle and small ruminants. current control methods are unsatisfactory and no conventional vaccine exists due to antigenic variation. an anti-disease vaccine approach to control t. congolense has been proposed requiring the identification of parasitic factors that cause disease. immunoprecipitation of t. congolense antigens using sera from infected trypanotolerant cattle allowed th ... | 2013 | 24177338 |
| purification, crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of trypanosoma congolense insect-stage surface antigen (tccissa). | trypanosoma congolense is a major contributor to the vast socioeconomic devastation in sub-saharan africa caused by animal african trypanosomiasis. these protozoan parasites are transmitted between mammalian hosts by tsetse-fly vectors. a lack of understanding of the molecular basis of tsetse-trypanosome interactions stands as a barrier to the development of improved control strategies. recently, a stage-specific t. congolense protein, t. congolense insect-stage surface antigen (tccissa), was id ... | 2012 | 23192033 |
| cristaxenicin a, an antiprotozoal xenicane diterpenoid from the deep sea gorgonian acanthoprimnoa cristata. | a new xenicane diterpenoid, cristaxenicin a (1), has been isolated from the deep sea gorgonian acanthoprimnoa cristata. the structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis including nmr and ms. the absolute configuration of 1 was determined on the basis of quantum chemical calculation of cd spectra. cristaxenicin a (1) showed antiprotozoal activities against leishmania amazonensis and trypanosoma congolense with ic(50) values of 0.088 and 0.25 μm, respectively. | 2012 | 23057655 |
| the cd20 homolog ms4a8a integrates pro- and anti-inflammatory signals in novel m2-like macrophages and is expressed in parasite infection. | recently, we identified the cd20 homolog ms4a8a as a novel molecule expressed by tumor-associated macrophages that directly enhances tumor growth. here, we analyzed ms4a8a(+) macrophages in m2-associated infectious pathologies. in late-stage trypanosoma congolense and taenia crassiceps infections, ms4a8a expression was detected in hepatic and peritoneal macrophages respectively. innate immunity in these infections is modulated by toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling and tlr2/4/7 agonists strongly ... | 2012 | 22806454 |
| identification of potential protein partners that bind to the variant surface glycoprotein in trypanosoma equiperdum. | trypanosoma equiperdum possesses a dense coat of a variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) that is used to evade the host immune response by a process known as antigenic variation. soluble and membrane forms of the predominant vsg from the venezuelan t. equiperdum teap-n/d1 strain (svsg and mvsg, respectively) were purified to homogeneity; and antibodies against svsg and mvsg were raised, isolated, and employed to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies that structurally mimic the vsg surface. prospective ... | 2017 | 28183369 |
| evaluating the impact of targeting livestock for the prevention of human and animal trypanosomiasis, at village level, in districts newly affected with t. b. rhodesiense in uganda. | uganda has suffered from a series of epidemics of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), a tsetse transmitted disease, also known as sleeping sickness. the area affected by acute trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense hat (rhat) has been expanding, driven by importation of infected cattle into regions previously free of the disease. these regions are also affected by african animal trypanosomiasis (aat) demanding a strategy for integrated disease control. | 2017 | 28162093 |
| conjugates of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and salicylhydroxamate and lipocations display potent antiparasite effects by efficiently targeting the trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense mitochondrion. | we investigated a chemical strategy to boost the trypanocidal activity of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-dhba)- and salicylhydroxamic acid (sham)-based trypanocides with triphenylphosphonium and quinolinium lipophilic cations (lc). three series of lc conjugates were synthesized that were active in the submicromolar (5a-d and 10d-f) to low nanomolar (6a-f) range against wild-type and multidrug resistant strains of african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei brucei and t. congolense). this represente ... | 2017 | 28112515 |
| the animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review. | pathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in south america and asia. chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. however, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. in this r ... | 2016 | 27719692 |
| structural characterization reveals a novel bilobed architecture for the ectodomains of insect stage expressed trypanosoma brucei pssa-2 and trypanosoma congolense isa. | african trypanosomiasis, caused by parasites of the genus trypanosoma, is a complex of devastating vector-borne diseases of humans and livestock in sub-saharan africa. central to the pathogenesis of african trypanosomes is their transmission by the arthropod vector, glossina spp. (tsetse fly). intriguingly, the efficiency of parasite transmission through the vector is reduced following depletion of trypanosoma brucei procyclic-specific surface antigen-2 (tbpssa-2). to investigate the underlying ... | 2016 | 27671214 |
| semen characteristics and reaction time of yankasa rams experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi infection. | trypanosomosis is a serious, often fatal disease of domestic animals and humans, and a major constraint to livestock productivity and agricultural development in areas of africa, latin america, the middle east, and asia. it is caused by hemoflagelate protozoan of the genus trypanosoma. several species of trypanosoma such as trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma brucei, and trypanosoma evansi are known to infect domestic animals. trypanosoma evansi is one of the most widespread p ... | 2016 | 27188633 |
| animal african trypanosomiasis: time to increase focus on clinically relevant parasite and host species. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat), caused by trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-saharan africa, particularly affecting cattle. despite this, our detailed knowledge largely stems from the human pathogen trypanosoma brucei and mouse experimental models. in the postgenomic era, the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the aat-relevant species of parasite or host and their model organism counterparts are increasingly a ... | 2016 | 27167665 |
| high frequency of (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) type among (diptera: glossinidae) in a historic trypanosoma foci in north-eastern gabon: preliminary study. | human african trypanosomiasis became a neglected disease after the 1960s, when case numbers dropped dramatically. it again became a public health problem in sub-saharan africa at the end of the 1990s, when new cases were reported, notably in central africa, and specifically in gabon, where historic foci existed and new cases have been reported. therefore, the present study reports on an entomological survey conducted in may 2012 to determine the pathogenic trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fl ... | 2016 | 27113105 |
| evolutionary diversification of the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor from an ancestral haemoglobin receptor. | the haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor of the african trypanosome species, trypanosoma brucei, is expressed when the parasite is in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, allowing it to acquire haem through the uptake of haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes. here we show that in trypanosoma congolense this receptor is instead expressed in the epimastigote developmental stage that occurs in the tsetse fly, where it acts as a haemoglobin receptor. we also present the structure of the t. congolense rece ... | 2016 | 27083048 |
| animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy cattle of north cameroon: epidemiological implications. | the control of animal trypanosomosis consists, amongst other things, of the punctual treatment of new cases, primarily diagnosed by pastoralists on the basis of clinical signs. this practice suggests that many apparently healthy infected animals are left untreated. in this study animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy zebu cattle was evaluated, the distribution of the vectors established and the epidemiological implications discussed. | 2016 | 27075986 |
| survey on trypanosoma spp. infection of dogs in gabon and its epidemiological implications for sleeping sickness. | this survey screened native dogs (canis familiaris) in gabon (africa) for trypanosome infection. a total of 376 apparently healthy dogs, divided into two populations, were examined. the first group included 252 semi-domesticated dogs inhabiting 16 villages of the ogooué-ivindo province, a rural inland area in northeast gabon, and the second group 124 dogs belonging to protection companies or families from libreville (n = 113) and port-gentil (n = 11), in the coastal area of gabon. both study are ... | 2016 | 26947985 |
| community-based tsetse fly control significantly reduces fly density and trypanosomosis prevalence in metekel zone, northwest, ethiopia. | african animal trypanosomosis is a great obstacle to livestock production where tsetse flies play a major role. metekel zone is among the tsetse-infested areas. community-based tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control using targets was conducted from june 2011 to may 2012 in metekel zone, ethiopia, to decrease trypanosomosis and tsetse fly. cloth screen targets were developed, impregnated with 0.1 % deltamethrin, and deployed alongside rivers by the research team together with the community animal ... | 2016 | 26885985 |
| a tegm6-4r antigen-based immunochromatographic test (ict) for animal trypanosomosis. | animal trypanosomosis is a disease that is distributed worldwide which results in huge economic losses due to reduced animal productivity. endemic regions are often located in the countryside where laboratory diagnosis is costly or inaccessible. the establishment of simple, effective, and accurate field tests is therefore of great interest to the farming and veterinary sectors. our study aimed to develop a simple, rapid, and sensitive immunochromatographic test (ict) for animal trypanosomosis ut ... | 2015 | 26290217 |
| a tsetse and tabanid fly survey of african great apes habitats reveals the presence of a novel trypanosome lineage but the absence of trypanosoma brucei. | tsetse and tabanid flies transmit several trypanosoma species, some of which are human and livestock pathogens of major medical and socioeconomic impact in africa. recent advances in molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses have revealed a growing diversity of previously unidentified tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes potentially pathogenic to livestock and/or other domestic animals as well as wildlife, including african great apes. to map the distribution, prevalence and co-occurrence of kno ... | 2015 | 26219672 |
| determination of the prevalence of trypanosome species in cattle from monduli district, northern tanzania, by loop mediated isothermal amplification. | bovine african trypanosomosis (bat) remains one of the major vector-borne diseases with serious impediment to cattle production and economic advancement in sub-saharan africa. the present study evaluated the performance of the trypanosome-species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), using parasite dna obtained from 295 indigenous tanzanian short horn zebu (tshz) and boran crosses in monduli district within northern tanzania, against routine microscopy on giemsa-stained blood f ... | 2015 | 25953023 |
| micro rna expression profiles in peripheral blood cells of rats that were experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense and different trypanosoma brucei subspecies. | to identify mirnas whose expression are differentially regulated during trypanosome infections a microarray targeting more than 600 rat mirna was used to analyze the mirna expression profiles between uninfected rats and animals infected by trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei s.l. the potential targets of dysregulated mirnas as well as their biological pathways and functions were predicted using several bioinformatics software tools. irrespective of the infecting trypanosome species, ei ... | 2015 | 25797398 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and its fly vectors in three selected settlement areas of hawa-gelan district, western ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the species diversity of fly vectors and estimating the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out from october 2009 to may 2010 in selected settlement areas of the hawa-gelan district in the western wollega zone of ethiopia. standard methods of sampling and identification were employed for both entomological and parasitological examination. three species of the genus glossina (glossina pallidipes, glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossi ... | 2014 | 25686018 |
| phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of mursi cattle breed in the bodi and mursi districts of south omo zone, southwest ethiopia. | the study was conducted to characterize the morphological features of mursi cattle breed and to identify the species of trypanosome infecting the cattle and its prevalence in these traditionally managed cattle in the bodi and mursi pastoral communities. cattle body description and measurements were made on 201 matured animals. blood samples were collected from 409 animals into heparin-treated capillary tubes and were centrifuged to 12,000 rpm for 5 min to identify trypanosome species from the we ... | 2015 | 25510298 |
| the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei to isometamidium chloride and its synthetic impurities. | since the 1950s, the chemotherapy of animal african trypanosomosis in cattle has essentially relied on only two compounds: isometamidium chloride (ism), a phenanthridine, and diminazene aceturate, an aromatic diamidine. the commercial formulations of ism, including veridium(®) and samorin(®), are a mixture of different compounds: ism is the major component, mixed with the red isomer, blue isomer and disubstituted compound. to investigate the pharmacological effects of these individual compounds ... | 2014 | 24836423 |
| analysis of peptidase activities of a cathepsin b-like (tcocbc1) from trypanosoma congolense. | the substrate specificity of tcocbc1 was evaluated using two internally quenched fluorescent peptide libraries with randomized sequences designed to detect carboxydipeptidase (abz-gxxzxk(dnp)-oh) and endopeptidase (abz-gxxzxxq-eddnp) activities at acidic and neutral phs, respectively. all the data obtained with tcocbc1 were compared with those of human cathepsin b, including the ph profiles of the hydrolytic reactions. the most relevant observation is the preference of tcocbc1 for substrates wit ... | 2014 | 24726393 |
| functional expression of tcoat1 reveals it to be a p1-type nucleoside transporter with no capacity for diminazene uptake. | it has long been established that the trypanosoma brucei tbat1/p2 aminopurine transporter is involved in the uptake of diamidine and arsenical drugs including pentamidine, diminazene aceturate and melarsoprol. accordingly, it was proposed that the closest trypanosoma congolense paralogue, tcoat1, might perform the same function in this parasite, and an apparent correlation between a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in that gene and diminazene tolerance was reported for the strains examined. ... | 2013 | 24533295 |
| a comparative evaluation of pcr- based methods for species- specific determination of african animal trypanosomes in ugandan cattle. | in recent years, pcr has been become widely applied for the detection of trypanosomes overcoming many of the constraints of parasitological and serological techniques, being highly sensitive and specific for trypanosome detection. individual species-specific multi-copy trypanosome dna sequences can be targeted to identify parasites. highly conserved ribosomal rna (rrna) genes are also useful for comparisons between closely related species. the internal transcribed spacer regions (its) in particu ... | 2013 | 24499678 |
| domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in northern tanzania. | pig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-saharan africa. domestic pigs from the arusha region of northern tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using pcr-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis. | 2013 | 24499540 |
| molecular detection of equine trypanosomes in the sudan. | equine trypanosomosis (et) is a protozoan disease affecting equines in many parts of the world. we examined 509 samples collected from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western sudan to estimate the endemicity of et using the generic its1-pcr diagnostic methods. results revealed that horses and donkeys were infected by trypanosoma brucei subgroup, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. the prevalence of trypanosoma spp. was higher in horses (12.7% ... | 2014 | 24439848 |
| determination of the prevalence of african trypanosome species in indigenous dogs of mambwe district, eastern zambia, by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | dogs have been implicated to serve as links for parasite exchange between livestock and humans and remain an important source of emerging and re-emerging diseases including trypanosome infections. yet, canine african trypanosomosis (cat), particularly in indigenous dogs (mongrel breed) remains under- reported in literature. this study evaluated the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) in detecting trypanosomes in blood from indigenous dogs of tsetse-infested mambwe distri ... | 2014 | 24411022 |
| a longitudinal survey of african animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the jos plateau, nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors. | trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of livestock in nigeria and a major constraint to the rural economy. the jos plateau, nigeria was free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and the absence of animal trypanosomiasis attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to inhabit the plateau. the jos plateau now plays a significant role in the national cattle industry, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd and supporting 300,000 pasto ... | 2013 | 23958205 |
| expression, immunolocalization and serodiagnostic value of tc38630 protein from trypanosoma congolense. | animal african trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to livestock sector development in sub-saharan africa. the disease, mainly caused by trypanosoma congolense, has a limitation in its diagnosis and treatment. there is urgent need for a simple, rapid detection technique to replace the few available serological tests that are of variable sensitivity and specificity. currently, there is a promising use of recombinant proteins to improve on the trypanosome lysate to detect antibodies. in this res ... | 2013 | 23820607 |
| preliminary investigation of trypanosomosis in exotic dog breeds from zambia's luangwa and zambezi valleys using lamp. | abstract. canine african trypanosomosis (cat) is rarely reported in the literature. in this preliminary study, we evaluated the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) against microscopy to detect cat in six exotic dog breeds naturally infected with trypanosomes from zambia's south luangwa national park and chiawa game management area. to our knowledge, this is the first report of cat in zambia. the patients exhibited a variety of aspecific clinical signs. the lamp did not o ... | 2013 | 23716412 |
| livestock trypanosomosis in uganda: parasite heterogeneity and anaemia status of naturally infected cattle, goats and pigs. | the prevalence and pathogenic effects of trypanosomosis were determined in cattle, goats and pigs reared in kasese, jinja and rakai districts, uganda; presence of trypanosomes was detected by buffy coat technique (bct). the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle was 7.6% (144/1,891), 0.7% in goats (4/573) and 2.3% in pigs (9/386). internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) of ribosomal dna polymerase chain reaction was utilised to identify trypanosomes to species level and revealed infections ... | 2013 | 23344247 |
| structure of the trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor and implications for nutrient uptake and innate immunity. | african trypanosomes are protected by a densely packed surface monolayer of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). a haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (hphbr) within this vsg coat mediates heme acquisition. hphbr is also exploited by the human host to mediate endocytosis of trypanolytic factor (tlf)1 from serum, contributing to innate immunity. here, the crystal structure of hphbr from trypanosoma congolense has been solved, revealing an elongated three α-helical bundle with a small membrane distal h ... | 2013 | 23319650 |
| molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected nigerian cattle. | microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected nigerian cattle. in 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma vivax, while pcr detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and trypanosoma evansi. pcr detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of t. brucei, t. congolense, t. vivax and t. evansi ... | 2013 | 23245680 |
| identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the malanga (kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo. | the malanga sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. however, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. no active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. to understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal african trypanosomiasis in the malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blo ... | 2012 | 22992486 |
| comparative serum biochemical changes induced by experimental infection of t. brucei and t. congolense in pigs. | a comparative evaluation of the serum biochemical parameters was carried out in groups of young pigs aged 3-5 months experimentally infected with single infection of trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense, and a mixed infection of the two species. all the parameters studied (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and creatinine) with the exception of total protein and urea varied significantly (p<0.05) between the infected groups and uninfected ... | 2012 | 22858639 |
| comparative serum biochemical changes in mongrel dogs following single and mixed infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei. | the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ap), alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and the serum levels of conjugated bilirubin (cb), blood urea nitrogen (bun) and creatinine were studied following single and mixed infections of mongrel dogs with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei. twenty mongrel dogs of both sexes aged between 3 and 6 months, and weighing between 2.5 and 5.9 kg were used for the study. the dogs were kept in clean metal cages in ... | 2012 | 22694831 |
| biological and structural characterization of trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase c and implications for design of parasite selective inhibitors. | trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase c (tcrpdec) is a potential new drug target for the treatment of chagas disease but has not been well studied. this study reports the enzymatic properties of various kinetoplastid pdecs and the crystal structures of the unliganded tcrpdec1 catalytic domain and its complex with an inhibitor. mutations of pdec during the course of evolution led to inactivation of pdec in trypanosoma brucei/trypanosoma evansi/trypanosoma congolense, whereas the enzyme is active in ... | 2012 | 22356915 |
| antigenic diversity is generated by distinct evolutionary mechanisms in african trypanosome species. | antigenic variation enables pathogens to avoid the host immune response by continual switching of surface proteins. the protozoan blood parasite trypanosoma brucei causes human african trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") across sub-saharan africa and is a model system for antigenic variation, surviving by periodically replacing a monolayer of variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) that covers its cell surface. we compared the genome of trypanosoma brucei with two closely related parasites trypano ... | 2012 | 22331916 |
| a multigene family encoding surface glycoproteins in trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of the most important livestock disease in africa, expresses specific surface proteins involved in its parasitic lifestyle. unfortunately, the complete repertoire of such molecules is far from being deciphered. as these membrane components are exposed to the host environment, they could be used as therapeutic or diagnostic targets. by mining the t. congolense genome database, we identified a novel family of lectin-like glycoproteins (tcoclecs). these m ... | 2017 | 28357394 |
| cattle breeding, trypanosomosis prevalence and drug resistance in northern togo. | african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a major disease of cattle in togo and its control is essentially based on chemotherapy. however, because of excessive use of trypanocides during the past decades, chemo-resistance in the parasites has developed. in order to assess the current situation of aat and resistance to trypanocidal drugs in northern togo, a study was conducted on cattle from december 2012 to august 2013 in the regions of kara and savanes. an initial cross-sectional survey was carrie ... | 2017 | 28288771 |
| stigmasterol retards the proliferation and pathological features of trypanosoma congolense infection in rats and inhibits trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. | stigmasterol has been reported to possess antitrypanosomal activity using in vitro model but information on the in vivo antitrypanosomal effects which is necessary in drug development process has not been evaluated. hence, the present study investigates the in vivo effects of stigmasterol against t. congolense in addition to its inhibitory effects of trypanosomal sialidase. stigmasterol, at 100mg/kg bw, did not significantly (p>0.05) reduce the progression of t. congolense infection in animals b ... | 2017 | 28249250 |
| trypanosomiasis challenge estimation using the diminazene aceturate (berenil) index in zebu in gabon. | a longitudinal study was conducted within a cattle ranch in gabon to determine the diminazene aceturate (berenil) index (dai) in a group of zebu, raised under low tsetse density; this measure providing an assessment of trypanosomiasis risk. the objective was to evaluate the trypanosomiasis pressure thus informing trypanosomiasis control methods and cattle management. twenty female adult zebu were monitored for 24 weeks during the dry season. blood samples were collected on a weekly basis and sub ... | 2017 | 28194625 |
| in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo activity of diamidines against trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax. | african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is caused by the tsetse-transmitted protozoans, trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax, leading to huge agricultural losses throughout sub-saharan africa. three drugs are available to treat nagana in cattle (diminazene diaceturate, homidium- and isometamidium chloride). with increasing reports of drug-resistant populations, new molecules should be investigated as potential candidates to combat nagana. dicationic compounds have demonstrated excellent efficacy agai ... | 2017 | 28193658 |
| molecular identification of trypanosome species in trypanotolerant cattle from the south of gabon. | the aim of this study was to provide information on trypanosome species infecting trypanotolerant cattle from southern gabon. the study was conducted on 224 trypanotolerant cattle from three regions located in southern gabon, using its1 primer-based pcr. seventy-two (32%) n'dama cattle were found polymerase chain reaction (pcr) positive with trypanosomes. the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 57% (63/110), 4% (4/100), and 36% (5/14) in the gala section of the nyanga ranch, the miyama ranc ... | 2017 | 28145221 |
| development of a rapid antibody test for point-of-care diagnosis of animal african trypanosomosis. | trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax are the main causative agents of animal african trypanosomosis (aat), a disease which hinders livestock production throughout sub-saharan africa and in some parts of south america. although two trypanocidal drugs are currently available, the level of treatment is low due to the difficulty in diagnosing the disease in the field. the major clinical signs of aat such as anaemia, weight loss, and infertility, are common to several other endemic livestock diseases. ... | 2017 | 28043385 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in omo-ghibe tsetse belt, south ethiopia. | african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock from anemia, loss of condition, emaciation and death in untreated cases. it is one of the major constraints to improved livestock production and productivity in ethiopia. entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted in the omo-ghibe tsetse belt of south ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the apparent tsetse density (ad), and identify the potential ... | 2017 | 28007483 |
| trypanocidal activity of 2,5-diphenyloxazoles isolated from the roots of oxytropis lanata. | eleven 2,5-diphenyloxazole derivatives (1-11), together with six known isoflavonoid derivatives, were isolated from the roots of oxytropis lanata. the 2,5-diphenyloxazole (1) obtained proved to be identical to a standard sample used as a scintillator and liquid laser dye. the other oxazole derivatives isolated were found to have one to four hydroxy and/or o-methyl groups in their phenyl rings. seven of the oxazole derivatives obtained are new (3-9). the inhibitory activity of the isolated compou ... | 2016 | 27797518 |
| cloning, expression, molecular characterization and preliminary studies on immunomodulating properties of recombinant trypanosoma congolense calreticulin. | trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites, which are pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. several mammalian species, including humans, can be infected by different species of the genus trypanosoma (t. congolense, t. evansi, t. brucei, t. vivax) exhibiting more or less virulent and pathogenic phenotypes. a previous screening of the excreted-secreted proteins of t. congolense demonstrated an overexpression of several proteins correlated with the virulence and pathogenicity of the ... | 2016 | 27688033 |
| novel trypanocide from an extract of pleurotus sajor-caju against trypanosoma congolense. | control of african trypanosomiasis relies on chemotherapy, but the development of resistance and the problem of drug residues require research for alternatives. triterpenes and phenolics, the major constituents of pleurotus sajor-caju (fr.) singer (pleurotaceae), are reported to be effective against trypanosomiasis. | 2017 | 27650882 |
| mif-mediated hemodilution promotes pathogenic anemia in experimental african trypanosomosis. | animal african trypanosomosis is a major threat to the economic development and human health in sub-saharan africa. trypanosoma congolense infections represent the major constraint in livestock production, with anemia as the major pathogenic lethal feature. the mechanisms underlying anemia development are ill defined, which hampers the development of an effective therapy. here, the contribution of the erythropoietic and erythrophagocytic potential as well as of hemodilution to the development of ... | 2016 | 27632207 |
| comparative evaluation of the nested its pcr against the 18s pcr-rflp in a survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in kwale county, kenya. | we compared the nested internal transcribed spacer (its) pcr and the 18s pcr-rflp (restriction-fragment length polymorphism) pan-trypanosome assays in a cross-sectional survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in 358 cattle in kwale county, kenya. the prevalence of trypanosomiasis as determined by the nested its pcr was 19.6% (70/358) and by 18s pcr-rflp was 16.8% (60/358). of the pathogenic trypanosomes detected, the prevalence of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax was greater than that of tr ... | 2016 | 27423733 |
| trypanocidal activity of ethanolic extracts of commiphora swynnertonii burtt on trypanosoma congolense. | african trypanosomosis is the disease caused by extracellular protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma transmitted by tsetse flies. the current study has evaluated the trypanocidal activity of commiphora swynnertonii extracts on trypanosoma congolense. | 2016 | 27392030 |
| host intracellular signaling events and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in african trypanosomiasis. | pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, possess specific molecules or proteins that are recognized by several host innate immune receptors, leading to the activation of several intracellular signaling molecules and pathways. the magnitude and quality of these events significantly affect the outcome of infection. african trypanosomes, including trypanosoma congolense, are capable of manipulating the host immune response, including the activity of macrophages, which are the key immune ... | 2016 | 27242788 |