| human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase (isoform 1, brain): kinetic properties of the adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domains. | recombinant human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (paps) synthetase, isoform 1 (brain), was purified to near-homogeneity from an escherichia coli expression system and kinetically characterized. the native enzyme, a dimer with each 71 kda subunit containing an adenosine triphosphate (atp) sulfurylase and an adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase domain, catalyzes the overall formation of paps from atp and inorganic sulfate. the protein is active as isolated, but activity is enhanced by t ... | 2004 | 15065880 |
| [76 years since discovery of a penicillin-producing organism (1928-2003)]. | | 2003 | 15106310 |
| elicitor effects on penicillium chrysogenum morphology in submerged cultures. | changes in morphology and sporulation were investigated in liquid cultures of penicillium chrysogenum p2 supplemented with carbohydrate oligosaccharides. sodium alginate and locust-bean (ceratonia siliqua) gum-derived oligosaccharides were used as elicitors. spore germination was inhibited by the addition of og (oligoguluronate) elicitor (30% inhibition when compared with control). addition of any of the elicitors to stirred-tank cultures increased hyphal-tip numbers, clump area and spore counts ... | 2004 | 15134576 |
| antibodies to molds and satratoxin in individuals exposed in water-damaged buildings. | immunoglobulin (ig)a, igm, and igg antibodies against penicillium notatum, aspergillus niger, stachybotrys chartarum, and satratoxin h were determined in the blood of 500 healthy blood donor controls, 500 random patients, and 500 patients with known exposure to molds. the patients were referred to the immunological testing laboratory for health reasons other than mold exposure, or for measurement of mold antibody levels. levels of iga, igm, and igg antibodies against molds were significantly gre ... | 2003 | 15143855 |
| contribution of a selected fungal population to proteolysis on dry-cured ham. | the proteolytic changes taking place in dry-cured hams lead to increases in free amino acids. such free amino acids not only contribute to flavour, but also serve as precursors of volatile compounds. several months of ripening time are required to allow the particular flavour to develop. the fungal population allowed to grow on the surface of some types of dry-cured could play a key role on proteolysis, as it has been shown for dry-cured sausages. the purpose of this work was to study the possib ... | 2004 | 15172485 |
| allergic inflammation induced by a penicillium chrysogenum conidia-associated allergen extract in a murine model. | recent evidence has shown that viable conidia from the fungus penicillium chrysogenum induce allergic effects in mice. the present study was conducted to determine the specific allergic dose response of c57bl/6 mice to the protease extract, pen ch, isolated from viable p. chrysogenum conidia. | 2004 | 15180764 |
| central nervous system infection due to penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from three subsequent cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens of a 73-year-old male patient without immunological compromise. the isolated was tested against five antifungal agents according to the nccls m38-p macrodilution method. mics were determined as follows: amphotericin b (amb), 2 microg ml(-1); fluconazole (flz), 8 microg ml(-1); itraconazole (itz), 1 microg ml(-1); flucytosine (5fc), 0.125 microg ml(-1); and terbinafine (trb), 0.06 microg ml(-1). the pat ... | 2004 | 15189193 |
| molecular characterization of penicillium chrysogenum virus: reconsideration of the taxonomy of the genus chrysovirus. | molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequencing of penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv) dsrnas indicated that pcv virions contained four dsrna segments with sizes of 3562, 3200, 2976 and 2902 bp. each dsrna segment had unique sequences and contained a single large open reading frame (orf). in vitro translation of transcripts derived from full-length cdna clones of pcv dsrnas yielded single products of sizes similar to those predicted from the deduced amino acid sequences of the individual or ... | 2004 | 15218197 |
| the influence of small oligosaccharides on the immune system. | in this study, oligosaccharides known to enhance the synthesis of penicillin by penicillium chrysogenum have been presented to human immune cells and their effect measured. in addition a range of commercially available oligosaccharides have been tested. results obtained indicate that oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation greater than 6 and with a tendency to form helical structures are most effective at influencing the immune system as measured by the production of reactive oxidising ... | 2004 | 15220076 |
| culturability and toxicity of sick building syndrome-related fungi over time. | two experiments were conducted regarding the culturability and toxicity of fungi located on building materials over time and the efficacy of seven laboratory techniques in recovering culturable fungi from sample swabs. in the first experiment, eight sections of drywall were inoculated with stachybotrys chartarum and stored at 25 +/- 5 degrees celsius and 20-60% relative humidity (rh) for up to two years. another eight sections of ceiling tile were stored at 100% rh for 1 year. six sections of ce ... | 2004 | 15238302 |
| an investigation into techniques for cleaning mold-contaminated home contents. | this study examined the efficacy of the following treatments to reduce selected fungal spore and mycotoxin levels on materials commonly found in home contents: (1) gamma irradiation at a 10-13 kilogray exposure, (2) a detergent/bleach wash, and (3) a steam cleaning technique. a minimum of six replicates were performed per treatment. paper, cloth, wood, and carpet were inoculated with either fungal spores (stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum, or chaetomium globosum) ... | 2004 | 15238314 |
| structural determination of pb binding sites in penicillium chrysogenum cell walls by exafs spectroscopy and solution chemistry. | | 1999 | 15263327 |
| penicillium chrysogenum pex5p mediates differential sorting of pts1 proteins to microbodies of the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha. | we have isolated the penicillium chrysogenum pex5 gene encoding the receptor for microbody matrix proteins containing a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (pts1). pc-pex5 contains 2 introns and encodes a protein of approximately 75 kda. p. chrysogenum pex5 disruptants appear to be highly unstable, show poor growth, and are unable to sporulate asexually. furthermore, pex5 cells mislocalize a fluorescent pts1 reporter protein to the cytosol. pc-pex5 was expressed in a pex5 null mutant of the yeas ... | 2004 | 15275666 |
| uptake of the beta-lactam precursor alpha-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum is mediated by the acidic and the general amino acid permease. | external addition of the beta-lactam precursor alpha-aminoadipic acid to the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum leads to an increased intracellular alpha-aminoadipic acid concentration and an increase in penicillin production. the exact route for alpha-aminoadipic acid uptake is not known, although the general amino acid and acidic amino acid permeases have been implicated in this process. their corresponding genes, pcgap1 and pcdip5, of p. chrysogenum were cloned and functionally expres ... | 2004 | 15294814 |
| transglycosylation catalyzed by a penicillium chrysogenum exo-1,5-alpha-l-arabinanase. | penicillium chrysogenum exo-arabinanase (abnx), which releases arabinobiose from the nonreducing terminus of alpha-1,5-l-arabinan, was found to possess trans-arabinobiosylation activity on various acceptors, such as aliphatic alcohols, sugars, and sugar alcohols. abnx was found to prefer primary hydroxyl groups in polyhydric alcohols as acceptors over primary hydroxyl groups in monohydric alcohols. among the 21 different compounds tested, glycerol was the best acceptor for the enzyme. the transf ... | 2004 | 15342117 |
| fungi and the indoor environment: their impact on human health. | | 2004 | 15350789 |
| development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from soil and plant debris. | a new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (awpda) with mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. the medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, botran (active ingredient: dichloran), bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and mertect, and two b ... | 2004 | 15381969 |
| the mineral nutrition of penicillium chrysogenum q176. | | 1950 | 15400320 |
| the influence of available carbohydrates upon ammonia accumulation by penicillium notatum westl. | | 1949 | 15403082 |
| [considerations on the application of crude stabilized filtrates of penicillium notatum for pleuro-pulmonary suppurations]. | | 1950 | 15423268 |
| [properties of a stabilized filtrate of penicillium notatum]. | | 1950 | 15423271 |
| [culture filtrate of penicillium notatum as a solvent of crystallized penicillin; action of the filtrate on repair of experimental wounds]. | | 1950 | 15433823 |
| the cell wall stress response in aspergillus niger involves increased expression of the glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-encoding gene (gfaa) and increased deposition of chitin in the cell wall. | perturbation of cell wall synthesis in saccharomyces cerevisiae, either by mutations in cell wall synthesis-related genes or by adding compounds that interfere with normal cell wall assembly, triggers a compensatory response to ensure cell wall integrity. this response includes an increase in chitin levels in the cell wall. here it is shown that aspergillus niger also responds to cell wall stress by increasing chitin levels. the increased chitin level in the cell wall was accompanied by increase ... | 2004 | 15470111 |
| mould extracts increase the allergic response to ovalbumin in mice. | exposure to moulds in indoor air is thought to induce asthma in susceptible persons. moulds may contain several potent allergens. however, more importantly, moulds may increase the allergic response to other allergens (adjuvant effect). previously, we have found that a beta-1,3-glucan from the cell wall of the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum increases the allergic response to the model allergen ovalbumin (ova) in a mouse model. | 2004 | 15479281 |
| assessment of anthracene toxicity toward environmental eukaryotic microorganisms: tetrahymena pyriformis and selected micromycetes. | the toxicity of anthracene, a nonmutagenic, noncarcinogenic, low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the environment, was assessed using a ciliated protozoan, tetrahymena pyriformis, and a selection of 10 micromycetes from different taxonomic groups living in two environmental compartments, namely aquatic and soil ecosystems. with t. pyriformis, a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was shown on the cell proliferation rate, ic(50) = 33.40+/-4.84 mg/l (kinetic method ... | 2005 | 15482845 |
| cherry chlorotic rusty spot and amasya cherry diseases are associated with a complex pattern of mycoviral-like double-stranded rnas. i. characterization of a new species in the genus chrysovirus. | cherry chlorotic rusty spot (ccrs) and amasya cherry disease (acd) display similar symptoms and are associated with a series of dsrnas. however, a direct comparison has been lacking. here, a side-by-side analysis confirmed that both diseases were symptomatologically very similar, as were the number (10-12) and size of their associated dsrnas. sequence determination of four of these dsrnas revealed that they were essentially identical for ccrs and acd. the largest (3399 bp), which potentially enc ... | 2004 | 15483256 |
| survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 in roast beef and salami after exposure to an alkaline cleaner. | survival and growth of wild-type (edl 933) and rpos-deficient (frik 816-3) strains of escherichia coli o157:h7 after exposure to an alkaline cleaner for 2 min and inoculating into roast beef (ph 6.3) and hard salami (ph 4.9) at low (0.003 to 0.52 cfu/g) and high (0.69 to 31.5 cfu/g) populations were determined. roast beef was stored at 4 and 12 degrees c; salami was stored at 4, 12, and 20 degrees c. at 4 degrees c, untreated cells of both strains showed greater reductions in populations in sala ... | 2004 | 15508618 |
| rapid identification of microbial vocs from tobacco molds using closed-loop stripping and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | several microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) that can serve as potential chemical markers for microbial contamination in tobacco have been identified. four different fungal species, aspergillus niger (an), a. ornatus (ao), pencillium chrysogenum (pc) and rhizopus stolonifer (rs), commonly reported in moldy tobacco were cultured and screened for mvocs. because the mvocs emitted by a microbial species are substrate specific, the fungal strains were separately grown on potato dextrose agar ... | 2004 | 15517467 |
| penicillium chrysogenum glucose oxidase -- a study on its antifungal effects. | purification and characterization of the high molecular mass candida albicans-killing protein secreted by penicillium chrysogenum. | 2004 | 15546411 |
| pcmtr, an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of penicillium chrysogenum. | the gene encoding an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of penicillium chrysogenum was cloned, functionally expressed and characterized in saccharomyces cerevisiae m4276. the permease, designated pcmtr, is structurally and functionally homologous to mtr of neurospora crassa, and unrelated to the amino acid permease (aap) family which includes most amino acid permeases in fungi. database searches of completed fungal genome sequences reveal that mtr type permeases are not widely di ... | 2004 | 15581852 |
| the naga gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase. | we purified the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and its n-terminal sequence was determined, showing the presence of a mixture of two proteins (p1 and p2). a genomic dna fragment was cloned by using degenerated oligonucleotides from the nt sequences. the nucleotide sequence showed the presence of an orf (naga gene) lacking introns, with a length of 1791 bp, and coding for a protein of 66.5 kda showing similarity to acetylglucosaminidases. the naga ... | 2005 | 15621446 |
| proper folding of the antifungal protein paf is required for optimal activity. | the penicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein paf is secreted into the supernatant after elimination of a preprosequence. paf is actively internalized into the hyphae of sensitive molds and provokes growth retardation as well as changes in morphology. thus far, no information is available on the exact mode of action of paf, nor on the function of its prosequence in protein activity. therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of secreted paf as well as of intracellularly retained pro-paf and ... | 2005 | 15636746 |
| new insights into the target site and mode of action of the antifungal protein of aspergillus giganteus. | the antifungal protein (afp) secreted by aspergillus giganteus exerts growth inhibitory effects on various filamentous fungi. in order to obtain more information on the mode of action of afp, we used transmission electron microscopy in this study to compare the cellular ultrastructure of the afp-sensitive aspergillus niger and of the afp-resistant penicillium chrysogenum upon afp treatment. furthermore, afp was localized by immunogold staining in both fungi. severe membrane alterations in a. nig ... | 2005 | 15636747 |
| allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana. | background: beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of beauveria species has not been widely studied. methods: ige-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. skin reactivity to b. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal s ... | 2005 | 15644142 |
| molecular and structural analysis of immunoglobulin e-binding epitopes of pen ch 13, an alkaline serine protease major allergen from penicillium chrysogenum. | through proteomic and genomic approaches we have previously identified and characterized an alkaline serine protease that is a major allergen (88% frequency of ige binding) of penicillium chrysogenum (pen ch 13). | 2004 | 15663570 |
| antibiotics in the chemical communication of fungi. | in dual cultures oudemansiella mucida and xerula melanotricha (basidiomycetes) react to the presence of living penicillium notatum or p. turbatum with an increased production of strobilurin a (1) or x (2). p. notatum in turn reacts to the two basidiomycetes or their antibiotic strobilurin a alone with the production of n-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-2-aminobenzoic acid amide (3) or chrysogine (4). p. melinii and p. urticae overgrow o. mucida due to complete resistance to strobilurin a. p. brevicompactum ... | 2004 | 15666540 |
| mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the czech republic. | toxigenic and allergen-producing fungi represent a serious hazard to human food and animal feed safety. ninety-four fungal species were isolated from mite-infested samples of seeds taken from czech seed stores. fungi were isolated from the surface of four kinds of seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, and mustard) and from the gut and external surface of five species of mites (i.e., acarus siro l., 1758, caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (zachvatkin, 1973), lepidoglyphus destructor (schrank, 1781), tyrophagus ... | 2004 | 15666776 |
| overproduction of a single protein, pc-pex11p, results in 2-fold enhanced penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum. | current industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics, using the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, is the result of many years of strain improvement by classical mutagenesis. more efficient production strains showed significant increases in the number and volume fraction of microbodies in their cells, organelles that harbor key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. we have isolated the p. chrysogenum cdna encoding pc-pex11p, a peroxin that is involved in m ... | 2004 | 15670713 |
| expression of agsa, one of five 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthase-encoding genes in aspergillus niger, is induced in response to cell wall stress. | 1,3-alpha-d-glucan is an important component of the cell wall of filamentous fungi. we have identified a family of five 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthase-encoding genes in aspergillus niger. the agsa gene was sequenced and the predicted protein sequence indicated that the overall domain structure of 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthases is conserved in fungi. using rt-pcr and northern blot analysis, we found that expression of the agsa gene and to a lesser extent also of agse were induced in the presence of th ... | 2004 | 15670714 |
| modelling the effect of ethanol on growth rate of food spoilage moulds. | the effect of ethanol (e) on the radial growth rate (mu) of food spoilage moulds (aspergillus candidus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, cladosporium cladosporioides, eurotium herbariorum, mucor circinelloides, mucor racemosus, paecilomyces variotii, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium digitatum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium at a(w) 0.99, 25 degrees c. in order to model this effect, the monod type equation described previousl ... | 2005 | 15698687 |
| the penicillium chrysogenum-derived antifungal peptide shows no toxic effects on mammalian cells in the intended therapeutic concentration. | certain filamentous fungi, such as the penicillin-producing strain penicillium chrysogenum, secrete small, highly basic and cysteine-rich proteins with antifungal effects. affected fungi include a number of important zoopathogens, including those infecting humans. recent studies, however, have pointed to a membrane-perturbing effect of these antifungal compounds, apparent as a potassium efflux from affected fungal cells. if present on mammalian cells, this would severely hinder the potential the ... | 2005 | 15702351 |
| effect of two systemic fungicides on cellulose decomposing fungi of tomato plants and on some enzymatic activities. | kocide 101 (77% cupric hydroxide) and ridomil plus (15% metalaxyl and 35% copper oxychloride) were used in the treatment of tomato plants. the two fungicides exerted a depressive effect on the total counts and on the individual cellulose decomposing fungal species associated with the roots and shoots of tomato. when these fungicides were incorporated in the liquid culture medium specified for growth and extracellular enzyme production by some selected fungal species, there was a significant redu ... | 2004 | 15704330 |
| regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. | the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin is one of the mainly used antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases. it is produced as end product by some filamentous fungi only, most notably by aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. the penicillin biosynthesis is catalysed by three enzymes which are encoded by the following three genes: acva (pcbab), ipna (pcbc) and aata (pende). the genes are organised into a gene cluster. although the production of secondary metabolites ... | 2004 | 15719552 |
| novel genes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis: the three-component isopenicillin n epimerase system. | cephalosporin is one of the best beta-lactam antibiotics, widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases. it is synthesized by acremonium chrysogenum. the levels of cephalosporin produced by the improved strains obtained by classical mutation and selection procedures are still low compared to the penicillin titers obtained from the high-producing penicillium chrysogenum strains. most of the genes encoding the cephalosporin biosynthesis enzymes have been cloned, and some improvement of cepha ... | 2004 | 15719553 |
| compartmentalization and transport in beta-lactam antibiotics biosynthesis. | classical strain improvement of beta-lactam producing organisms by random mutagenesis has been a powerful tool during the last century. current insights in the biochemistry and genetics of beta-lactam production, in particular in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, however, make a more directed and rational approach of metabolic pathway engineering possible. besides the need for efficient genetic methods, a thorough understanding is needed of the metabolic fluxes in primary, intermed ... | 2004 | 15719554 |
| dose-dependent allergic responses to an extract of penicillium chrysogenum in balb/c mice. | indoor mold has been associated with the development of allergic asthma. penicillium chrysogenum, a common indoor mold, is known to have several allergens and can induce allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic penicilliosis. our hypothesis is that soluble components of p. chrysogenum (pce) can dose-dependently induce responses typical of allergic asthma in balb/c mice. mice were exposed to 10, 20, 50, or 70 microg of pce by involuntary aspiration four times over a 4-week period. serum an ... | 2005 | 15725516 |
| occurrence of mycotoxin in farro samples from southern italy. | the occurrence of nine mycotoxins and of contamination by pre- and postharvest fungal pathogens of cereals was investigated in samples of stored triticum monococcum l., triticum dicoccon schrank (emmer), and triticum spelta l. (spelt). in italy, all three species are collectively referred to as farro. the samples examined were harvested in summer 2000 from eight different sites in southern italy. conventional fluorimetric and diode array-based high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analys ... | 2005 | 15726990 |
| steroids' transformations in penicillium notatum culture. | the application of penicillium notatum genus for biotransformations of steroids has been investigated. the reactions observed include insertion of an oxygen atom into d-ring of steroids, 15alpha-hydroxylation of 17alpha-methyl testosterone derivatives, ester bond hydrolysis, and degradation of a testosterone derivatives side chain. microbial production of testolactones, the biologically active compounds, was also achieved using this strain in up to 98% yield. | 2005 | 15763598 |
| genome physical mapping from large-insert clones by fingerprint analysis with capillary electrophoresis: a robust physical map of penicillium chrysogenum. | physical mapping with large-insert clones is becoming an active area of genomics research, and capillary electrophoresis (ce) promises to revolutionize the physical mapping technology. here, we demonstrate the utility of the ce technology for genome physical mapping with large-insert clones by constructing a robust, binary bacterial artificial chromosome (bibac)-based physical map of penicillium chrysogenum. we fingerprinted 23.1x coverage bibac clones with five restriction enzymes and the snaps ... | 2005 | 15767275 |
| general characterization of noncommercial microbial lipases in hydrolytic and synthetic reactions. | fourteen noncommercial preparations of microbial lipases were investigated with respect to their catalytic activity for hydrolysis and synthesis of ester bonds. six of the lipases were derived from microorganisms that have not previously been described as lipase producers, and another four were characterized for the first time. the synthetic reactions were carried out in two solvents of different polarities (n-heptane and acetone) using a series of fatty acids and primary and secondary alcohols ... | 2005 | 15767695 |
| an approach to prevent aggregation during the purification and crystallization of wild type acyl coenzyme a: isopenicillin n acyltransferase from penicillium chrysogenum. | acyl coenzyme a: isopenicillin n acyltransferase (at) from penicillium chrysogenum is an enzyme of interest for the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. severe aggregation problems with wild type at have, however, prevented significant progress in the structure-function analysis of this enzyme for a decade. in this study, we show an approach to solve this aggregation problem by using dynamic light scattering (dls) analysis to probe the aggregation state of the protein in the presence of vari ... | 2005 | 15802222 |
| why did the fleming strain fail in penicillin industry? | penicillin, discovered 75 years ago by sir alexander fleming in penicillium notatum, laid the foundations of modern antibiotic chemotherapy. early work was carried out on the original fleming strain, but it was later replaced by overproducing strains of penicillium chrysogenum, which became the industrial penicillin producers. we show how a c(1357)-->t (a394v) change in the gene encoding paha in p. chrysogenum may help to explain the drawback of p. notatum. paha is a cytochrome p450 enzyme invol ... | 2005 | 15809010 |
| sensitivity of different zygomycetes to the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf). | the effects of the penicillium. chrysogenum low molecular mass antifungal protein (paf) on selected fungal species belonging in the zygomycetes were investigated. a total of 21 fungal isolates from 15 different genera (absidia, actinomucor, cokeromyces, gilbertella, micromucor, mortierella, mucor, mycotypha, rhizomucor, rhizopus, saksenaea, syncephalastrum, thamnostylum, umbelopsis and zygorhynchus) were tested. the inhibitory potentials of paf at 50 microg ml(-1) on the germination of the spora ... | 2005 | 15812858 |
| favolon b, a new triterpenoid isolated from the chilean mycena sp. strain 96180. | a new biologically active triterpenoid, favolon b (1), was isolated from fermentation broths of mycena sp. strain 96180. favolon b showed antifungal activities towards botrytis cinerea, mucor miehei, paecilomyces variotii and penicillium notatum. no activities were observed against bacteria and yeasts. the structure of favolon b was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. | 2005 | 15813182 |
| sorbicillactone a: a structurally unprecedented bioactive novel-type alkaloid from a sponge-derived fungus. | this chapter deals with the discovery of sorbicillactone a, as an illustrative example of the fruitful cooperation within biotecmarin--its isolation and chemical characterization, and its biological activities. sorbicillactone a was isolated from a strain of penicillium chrysogenum cultured from a sample of the mediterranean sponge ircinia fasciculata; it possesses a unique bicyclic lactone structure, seemingly derived from sorbicillin. among the numerous known sorbicillin-derived structures, it ... | 2003 | 15825646 |
| impaired penicillin production in lysine regulatory mutants of penicillium chrysogenum. | lysine-regulatory mutants of penicillium chrysogenum which excrete lysine were found to be deficient in production of penicillin. a revertant recovered the ability to produce penicillin. | 1974 | 15830488 |
| isolation and characterisation of antibiotic producing microorganisms in composted nigerian soil. | compost samples obtained from different locations within the premises of the university of lagos were analysed to determine the presence and types of antibiotic-producing bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes using nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar and starch casein nitrate agar respectively as culture media. a variety of bacteria were isolated and these included staphylococcus aureus, b. subtilis, b. pumilis, b. lactesporus, b. megaterium, b. pulvifaciens, b. licheniformis, streptococus spp., cor ... | 2004 | 15847340 |
| production and properties of alpha-amylase from penicillium chrysogenum and its application in starch hydrolysis. | fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase by a plate culture method. penicillium chrysogenum showed high enzymatic activity. alpha-amylase production by p. chrysogenum cultivated in liquid media containing maltose (2%) reached its maximum at 6-8 days, at 30 degrees c, with a level of 155 u ml(-1). some general properties of the enzyme were investigated. the optimum reaction ph and temperature were 5.0 and 30-40 degrees c, respectively. the enzyme was stable at a ph range fro ... | 2005 | 15881598 |
| cultivation conditions and properties of extracellular crude lipase from the psychrotrophic fungus penicillium chrysogenum 9'. | among 97 fungal strains isolated from soil collected in the arctic tundra (spitsbergen), penicillium chrysogenum 9' was found to be the best lipase producer. the maximum lipase activity was 68 units ml(-1) culture medium on the fifth day of incubation at ph 6.0 and 20 degrees c. therefore, p. chrysogenum 9' was classified as a psychrotrophic microorganism. the non-specific extracellular lipase showed a maximum activity at 30 degrees c and ph 5.0 for natural oils or at ph 7.0 for synthetic substr ... | 2005 | 15895263 |
| virulence of fungal spores determined by tracheal inoculation of goats following inhalation of aerosolized sterile feedyard dust. | to compare the virulence of spores of 7 fungi by tracheal inoculation of goats following exposure of goats to an aerosol of sterilized feedyard dust. animals-54 weanling boer-spanish goats. | 2005 | 15900941 |
| antifungal protein paf severely affects the integrity of the plasma membrane of aspergillus nidulans and induces an apoptosis-like phenotype. | the small, basic, and cysteine-rich antifungal protein paf is abundantly secreted into the supernatant by the beta-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum. paf inhibits the growth of various important plant and zoopathogenic filamentous fungi. previous studies revealed the active internalization of the antifungal protein and the induction of multifactorial detrimental effects, which finally resulted in morphological changes and growth inhibition in target fungi. in the present study, we offer de ... | 2005 | 15917545 |
| double blind placebo controlled exposure to molds: exposure system and clinical results. | the objective was to develop an experimental setup for human exposure to mold spores, and to study the clinical effect of this exposure in sensitive subjects who had previously experienced potentially building-related symptoms (brs) at work. from three water-damaged schools eight employees with a positive histamine release test to penicillium chrysogenum were exposed double- blinded to either placebo, approximately 600,000 spores/m3 air of p. chrysogenum or approximately 350,000 spores/m3 of tri ... | 2005 | 15926947 |
| characterization of pei-modified biomass and biosorption of cu(ii), pb(ii) and ni(ii). | the objective of this work is to develop a surface-modified biosorbent with enhanced sorption capacity for heavy metal ions. the biomass of penicillium chrysogenum was modified with polyethylenimine (pei) and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. the crosslinked pei was chemically bonded on the biomass surface through the amine and carboxylate groups on the pristine biomass. the presence of the amine group was confirmed by x-ray photon spectroscopy (xps) and fourier transform infrared (ftir) ana ... | 2005 | 15927227 |
| secretion systems for secondary metabolites: how producer cells send out messages of intercellular communication. | many secondary metabolites (e.g. antibiotics and mycotoxins) are toxic to the microorganisms that produce them. the clusters of genes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites frequently contain genes for resistance to these toxic metabolites, such as different types of multiple drug resistance systems, to avoid suicide of the producer strains. recently there has been research into the efflux systems of secondary metabolites in bacteria and in filamentous fungi, such as ... | 2005 | 15939351 |
| evolution of beta-lactam biosynthesis genes and recruitment of trans-acting factors. | penicillins and cephalosporins belong chemically to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics. the formation of hydrophobic penicillins has been reported in fungi only, notably penicillium chrysogenum and emericella nidulans, whereas the hydrophilic cephalosporins are produced by both fungi, e.g., acremonium chrysogenum (cephalosporin c), and bacteria. the producing bacteria include gram-negatives and gram-positives, e.g. lysobacter lactamdurans (cephabacins) and streptomyces clavuligerus (cephamycin ... | 2005 | 15950251 |
| fungal biomass with grafted poly(acrylic acid) for enhancement of cu(ii) and cd(ii) biosorption. | the biomass of penicillium chrysogenum was modified by graft polymerization of acrylic acid (aac) on the surface of ozone-pretreated biomass. the sorption capacity for copper and cadmium increased significantly as a large number of carboxyl groups were present on the biomass surface, especially when the carboxylic acid group was converted to carboxylate ions using naoh. when modeled using the langmuir isotherm, the sorption capacities were 1.70 and 1.87 mmol g(-1) for copper and cadmium, respect ... | 2005 | 15952845 |
| modeling the effect of ethanol vapor on the germination time of penicillium chrysogenum. | the influence of ethanol vapor on germination of penicillium chrysogenum was determined on yeast nitrogen base plus glucose agar medium at 25 degrees c. ethanol vapors were generated by 0 to 6% (wt/wt) ethanol solutions at the bottom of hermetically closed petri dishes. the logistic equation was used to describe the data as the percentage of germination versus time and to estimate the germination time. the effect of ethanol concentration on germination time was described by a new reparameterized ... | 2005 | 15954708 |
| effect of herbizid and touchdown herbicides on soil fungi and on production of some extracellular enzymes. | glucophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi were significantly reduced in soil samples treated with 0.019-0.152 mg a.i./kg soil of the herbicides herbizid and touchdown. the decrease was regularly correlated with the doses of the two herbicides and persisted till the end of the experiment (12 weeks). the isolated fungi were found to be able to produce hydrolytic extracellular enzymes in solid media but with variable capabilities. the ability to produce enzymes was adversily affected by the incor ... | 2005 | 15957238 |
| sorbicillin analogues and related dimeric compounds from penicillium notatum. | in our screening of microorganisms for new natural products, the fungus penicillium notatum delivered further members of the sorbicillin family, namely, the sohirnones a [3, 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)hex-4-en-1-one], b [4a, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethylphenyl)hexa-2,4-dien-1-one], and c [5, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethylphenyl)hex-4-en-1-one]. a stable tautomer of oxosorbicillinol (7) was characterized as 6, and the recently described 7-deacetoxyyanuthone (8) was reisolated. the addit ... | 2005 | 15974609 |
| microfungi in cultivated fields in eskişehir provience (turkey). | the soil microfungi flora was investigated in four locations of eskişehir (turkey). 56 soil samples were seasonaly collected from 14 stations in the areas of karacahöyük, bahçecik, ogu i, and ogu ii. a total of 110 species belonging to 32 genera were encountered including absidia, acremonium, alternaria, aspergillus, beauveria, botryoderma, chaetomium, chrysosporium, cladosporium, eupenicillium, eurotium, fusarium, geotrichum, gliocladium, gonytrichum, metarrhizium, mucor, myrothecium, paecilomy ... | 2005 | 16028200 |
| lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum by an omega-aminotransferase and to saccharopine by a lysine 2-ketoglutarate reductase. characterization of the omega-aminotransferase. | the biosynthesis and catabolism of lysine in penicillium chrysogenum is of great interest because these pathways provide 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of the tripeptide delta-l-2-aminoadipyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine that is an intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis. in vivo conversion of labelled l-lysine into two different intermediates was demonstrated by hplc analysis of the intracellular amino acid pool. l-lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid by an omega-aminotransferase and to sacchar ... | 2005 | 16049680 |
| hemolysin chrysolysin from penicillium chrysogenum promotes inflammatory response. | some strains of penicillium chrysogenum produce a proteinaceous hemolysin, chrysolysintm, when incubated on sheep's blood agar at 37 degrees c but not at 23 degrees c. however, 92% (11/12) of the indoor air isolates produced hemolysis but only 43% (3/7) of the non-indoor air isolates did so. chrysolysin is an aggregating protein composed of approximately 2kda monomers, contains one cysteine amino acid, and has an isoelectric point of 4.85. treatment of murine macrophage cell line raw 264.7 with ... | 2005 | 16078642 |
| effect of chlorine dioxide gas on fungi and mycotoxins associated with sick building syndrome. | the growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. the efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of stachybotrys chartarum, chaetomium globosum, penicillium chrysogenum, and cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas a ... | 2005 | 16151130 |
| characterization of the oat1 gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding an omega-aminotransferase: induction by l-lysine, l-ornithine and l-arginine and repression by ammonium. | the penicillium chrysogenum oat1 gene, which encodes a class iii omega-aminotransferase, was cloned and characterized. this enzyme converts lysine into 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde, and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. the enzyme is related to ornithine-5-aminotransferases and to the lysine-6-aminotransferases encoded by the lat genes found in bacterial cephamycin gene clusters. expression of oat1 is ind ... | 2005 | 16163487 |
| synthesis of penicillium chrysogenum acetyl-coa:isopenicillin n acyltransferase in hansenula polymorpha: first step towards the introduction of a new metabolic pathway. | the enzyme acetyl-coa:isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat) is a peroxisomal enzyme that mediates the final step of penicillin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungi penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. however, the precise role of peroxisomes in penicillin biosynthesis is still not clear. to be able to use the power of yeast genetics to solve the function of peroxisomes in penicillin biosynthesis, we introduced iat in the yeast hansenula polymorpha. to this purpose, the p. chrysogen ... | 2005 | 16169289 |
| immunoglobulin g antibodies against environmental moulds in a norwegian healthy population shows a bimodal distribution for aspergillus versicolor. | immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies against moulds related to indoor dampness problems are used as biomarkers to indicate exposure. in the present study, we evaluated the frequency of mould exposure in an adult healthy population by examining levels of mould-specific igg antibodies in norwegian blood donors. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 106 blood donor sera were analyzed for igg antibodies to aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, cladosporium herbarum, stachybotrys chartarum ... | 2005 | 16179015 |
| cross-reactivity of aspergillus, penicillium, and stachybotrys antigens using affinity-purified antibodies and immunoassay. | in this study, the author examined the cross-reactivities of stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus niger/fumigatus, and penicillium notatum with affinity-purified rabbit sera. the molds were grown for expression of maximum numbers of antigens, after which they were extracted and mixed with commercially available extracts. the mixture was used for antibody preparation in rabbits, measurement of antibody levels, and for the demonstration of the degree of cross-reactivity. control rabbits were inject ... | 2004 | 16201672 |
| nonpathogenic, environmental fungi induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils. | eosinophils and their products are probably important in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, and in host immunity to certain organisms. an association between environmental fungal exposure and asthma has been long recognized clinically. although products of microorganisms (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) directly activate certain inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), the mechanism(s) that triggers eosinophil degranulation is unknown. in this study we investigated whe ... | 2005 | 16210651 |
| chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from the leaves of sesuvium portulacastrum. | sesuvium portulacastrum has long been used as a remedy for fever and scurvy. hydrodistillation was used to extract the essential oil from the fresh leaves of sesuvium portulacastrum. the essential oil yield obtained was 0.15%. using gc-ms analysis, alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, alpha-terpinene, o-cymene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinene, bornyl acetate, tridecane, trans-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene were identified. the hole plate diffusion method was used for antibacterial testi ... | 2006 | 16243465 |
| enzymic analysis of nadph metabolism in beta-lactam-producing penicillium chrysogenum: presence of a mitochondrial nadph dehydrogenase. | based on assumed reaction network structures, nadph availability has been proposed to be a key constraint in beta-lactam production by penicillium chrysogenum. in this study, nadph metabolism was investigated in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of an industrial p. chrysogenum strain. enzyme assays confirmed the nadp(+)-specificity of the dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway and the presence of nadp(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. pyruvate decarboxylase/nadp(+)-linked acetalde ... | 2006 | 16253533 |
| enumeration and detection of aerosolized aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium chrysogenum conidia and hyphae using a novel double immunostaining technique. | the identification of collected airborne unicellular fungal conidia and hyphae using nonviable techniques is subjective and an imprecise process. similarly, to determine whether an individual is allergic to a particular genus requires a separate immunodiagnostic analysis. this study demonstrates the development of a novel double immunostaining halogen assay, which enables (1) the simultaneous identification of collected airborne fungal conidia and hyphae of aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium ... | 2005 | 16280129 |
| polyethylenimine-modified fungal biomass as a high-capacity biosorbent for cr(vi) anions: sorption capacity and uptake mechanisms. | heavy metal pollution in the aqueous environment is a problem of global concern. biosorption has been considered as a promising technology for the removal of low levels of toxic metals from industrial effluents and natural waters. a modified fungal biomass of penicillium chrysogenum with positive surface charges was prepared by grafting polyethylenimine (pei) onto the biomass surface in a two-step reaction. the presence of pei on the biomass surface was verified by ftir and x-ray photoelectron s ... | 2005 | 16294892 |
| amplification and disruption of the phenylacetyl-coa ligase gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding an aryl-capping enzyme that supplies phenylacetic acid to the isopenicillin n-acyltransferase. | a gene, phl, encoding a phenylacetyl-coa ligase was cloned from a phage library of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78. the presence of five introns in the phl gene was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-pcr. the phl gene encoded an aryl-coa ligase closely related to arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumaroyl-coa ligase. the phl protein contained most of the amino acids defining the aryl-coa (4-coumaroyl-coa) ligase substrate-specificity code and differed from acetyl-coa ligase and other acyl-coa ligases. the ... | 2006 | 16321143 |
| generation of highly purified and functionally active human th1 cells against aspergillus fumigatus. | invasive aspergillosis remains a serious complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (sct). since it became clear that lymphocytes provide a critical secondary defense against fungi, adoptive transfer of functionally active anti-aspergillus t cells might be an option to restore adaptive immune effector mechanisms. using the interferon (ifn)-gamma secretion assay, we isolated human activated t cells upon stimulation with a cellular extract of aspergillus fumigatus. cu ... | 2006 | 16322466 |
| effects of lysine analogs on penicillium chrysogenum. | [this corrects the article on p. 706 in vol. 34.]. | 1978 | 16345287 |
| alteration of acrylonitrile-methylacrylate-butadiene terpolymer by nocardia rhodochrous and penicillium notatum. | [c]barex-210, a terpolymer of acrylonitrile, methylacrylate, and butadiene, was tested for bioconversion. powdered samples of polymer, each specifically c labeled at different carbon atoms of the polymer, were incubated with either nocardia rhodochrous or penicillium notatum in an enriched growth medium for various periods of time. after 6 months of incubation, the c-labeled polymer was transformed from a high-molecular-weight material completely soluble in dimethyl formamide (dmf) into both a l ... | 1980 | 16345541 |
| isolation, purification, and some properties of penicillium chrysogenum tannase. | tannase isolated from penicillium chrysogenum was purified 24-fold with 18.5% recovery after ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae-cellulose column chromatography, and sephadex g-200 gel filtration. optimum enzyme activity was recorded at ph 5.0 to 6.0 and at 30 to 40 degrees c. the enzyme was stable up to 30 degrees c and within the ph range of 4.0 to 6.5. the k(m) value was found to be 0.48 x 10 m when tannic acid was used as the substrate. metal salts at 20 mm inhibited the enzyme to different ... | 1983 | 16346377 |
| separation of fungal propagules by partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. | conidia of penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium frequentans and sporangiospores of rhizopus rhizopodiformis, rhizomucor pusillus, and mucor racemosus were subjected to partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. the partition behavior differed drastically between the conidia of the two penicillium species and the sporangiospores of the three species of phycomycetes. this difference in partition behavior can be used for purification of fungi belonging to different taxonomical groups. p. fr ... | 1984 | 16346569 |
| effect of penicillium chrysogenum on lignin transformation. | a strain of penicillium chrysogenum has been isolated from pine forest soils in tenerife (canary islands). this strain was capable of utilizing hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated aromatic compounds, in particular cinnamic acid, as its sole carbon source. in an optimum medium with high levels of nitrogen (25.6 mm) and low levels of glucose (5.5 mm), it was able to decolorize poly b-411 and to transform kraft, organosolv, and synthetic dehydrogenative polymerisate lignins. after 30 days of incubatio ... | 1994 | 16349361 |
| comparative study of penicillin production with vegetative and spore inoculum of penicillium chrysogenum. | | 1961 | 16349598 |
| sorbic hydroxamic acid, an antifungal agent effective over a wide ph range. | sorbic hydroxamic acid was prepared from sorbic acid by esterification and treatment with hydroxylamine (mp 133 to 135 c, pk(a) 8.8). its ultraviolet spectrum in acid solution had a single absorption maximum at 262 mmu; in alkaline solution the maximal absorption shifted to 255 mmu and significant absorption appeared at 280 to 300 mmu. at concentrations of 0.1% (w/v), sorbic hydroxamic acid prevented the growth of aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, botrytis cinerea, cladosporium herbarum, a ... | 1963 | 16349636 |
| acylation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid by penicillium chrysogenum. | | 1966 | 16349678 |
| effect of growth rate on the synthesis of penicillin by penicillium chrysogenum in batch and chemostat cultures. | the kinetics of penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum wis 54-1255 in a glucose-limited chemostat and in batch cultures are reported. the specific production rate of penicillin, q(pen) (units per milligram of dry weight per hour) was independent of specific growth rate over the range 0.014 to 0.086 hr. growth was stopped by restricting the glucose supply to the "maintenance ration," that is, the glucose requirement of the organism at zero growth rate with all other nutrients in excess. ... | 1967 | 16349736 |
| volatile flavor compounds produced by molds of aspergillus, penicillium, and fungi imperfecti. | strains of molds aspergillus niger, a. ochraceus, a. oryzae, a. parasiticus, penicillium chrysogenum, p. citrinum, p. funiculosum, p. raistrickii, p. viridicatum, alternaria, cephalosporium, and fusarium sp. were grown on sterile coarse wheat meal at 26 to 28 c for 120 h. the volatiles from mature cultures were distilled at low temperature under reduced pressure. the distillates from traps -40 and -78 c were extracted with methylene chloride and subsequently concentrated. all the concentrates th ... | 1974 | 16349989 |
| genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed genes from penicillium chrysogenum grown with a repressing or a non-repressing carbon source. | penicillium chrysogenum is an economically important ascomycete used as industrial producer of penicillin. however, with the exception of penicillin biosynthesis genes, little attention has been paid to the genetics of other aspects of the metabolism of this fungus. in this article we describe the first attempt of systematic analysis of expressed genes in p. chrysogenum, using a suppression subtractive hybridization approach to clone and identify sequences of genes differentially expressed in me ... | 2006 | 16362424 |
| intestinal invasion and disseminated disease associated with penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium sp., other than p. marneffei, is an unusual cause of invasive disease. these organisms are often identified in immunosuppressed patients, either due to human immunodeficiency virus or from immunosuppressant medications post-transplantation. they are a rarely identified cause of infection in immunocompetent hosts. | 2005 | 16371150 |
| antimicrobial activity of glycosidase inhibitory protein isolated from cyphomandra betacea sendt. fruit. | broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of an invertase inhibitory protein (iip) isolated from cyphomandra betacea ripe fruits is documented. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. this iip inhibited the growth of xylophagous and phytopatogenic fungi (ganoderma applanatum, schizophyllum commune, lenzites elegans, pycnoporus sanguineous, penicillium notatum, aspergillus niger, phomopsis sojae and fusarium mango) and phytop ... | 2006 | 16406143 |
| microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. | discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment. conventional treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. biosorption of heavy metals by metabolically inactive non-living biomass of microbial or plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. due to unique chemical compos ... | 2007 | 16427277 |
| pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells. | alkaline serine proteases from six prevalent airborne penicillium and aspergillus species have been identified as a group of major allergens (group 13). after entering human airways, the allergens are in initial contacts with respiratory epithelial cells. the purpose of this study is to investigate interactions between the pen ch 13 allergen from p. chrysogenum and human lung epithelial cells. | 2006 | 16436150 |
| bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of vernonia amygdalina. | phytochemical analysis of the leaves of vernonia amygdalina yielded two known sesquiterpene lactones: vernolide and vernodalol. the two compounds were tested by agar dilution method against 10 bacteria strains and 5 fungi species. both compounds exhibited a significant bactericidal activity against five gram positive bacteria while lacking efficacy against the gram negative strains. in the antifungal test, while vernolides exhibited high activity with lc(50) values of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/ml agai ... | 2006 | 16458461 |