| assessment of pcr for routine identification of species of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster in ruminants. | dna amplification techniques offer considerable promise for the identification of mycoplasma mycoides cluster members. they avoid antigenic cross-reactivity and variability that hamper serological methods. many sets of primers, specific of these different members and of mycoplasma putrefaciens, have been proposed. to assess the reliability of some of these pcr tests in routine laboratory diagnostic use, 230 field strains supposed to belong to this group were simultaneously identified by pcr and ... | 2004 | 15535954 |
| structure-activity relationships of diastereomeric lysine ring size analogs of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin s: mechanism of action and discrimination between bacterial and animal cell membranes. | structure-activity relationships were examined in seven gramicidin s analogs in which the ring-expanded analog gs14 [cyclo-(vklkvdyplkvkldyp)] is modified by enantiomeric inversions of its lysine residues. the conformation, amphiphilicity, and self-association propensity of these peptides were investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. (31)p nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and dye leakage experiments were performed to evalu ... | 2005 | 15542606 |
| reclassification of mesoplasma pleciae as acholeplasma pleciae comb. nov. on the basis of 16s rrna and gyrb gene sequence data. | genomic dna sequence data for the 16s rrna gene and the gyrb gene of mesoplasma pleciae ps-1(t) (=atcc 49582(t)=nbrc 100476(t)) demonstrate a much closer relationship to acholeplasma laidlawii and acholeplasma oculi than to other species in the order entomoplasmatales. in addition, the preferred use of ugg rather than uga as the codon for tryptophan in the gyrb sequence probably places the organism outside the order entomoplasmatales. it is proposed that m. pleciae be reclassified in the genus a ... | 2004 | 15545416 |
| conditional expression of liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein augments acholeplasma laidlawii-induced granulysin gene expression in a human monocytic cell line, thp-1. | the antimicrobial protein granulysin is considered to play an important role in the defence mechanism against bacterial infection. we previously reported that acholeplasma laidlawii-induced transactivation of the granulysin promoter in a human monocytic cell line, thp-1, is regulated by activator protein-1 and ccaat/enhancer binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta), but not by nuclear factor-kappab. moreover, liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (lip), a c/ebpbeta isoform, was strongly indu ... | 2005 | 15606802 |
| [change in lectin specificity of winter wheat seedlings in the course of infection with mycoplasms]. | the activity of soluble lectins in leaves and roots of seedlings of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivar mironovskaya 808 increased 1 day and 2 days, respectively, after infection with the mycoplasma acholeplasma laidlawii 118. analysis of acid-soluble proteins of wheat leaves by page revealed the appearance of 22- and 20-kda polypeptides, the disappearance of a 14-kda polypeptide, and an increase in the content of polypeptides with molecular weights of 76, 48, 25, and 18 kda. the 18-kda ... | 2004 | 15609859 |
| dose-dependent activation of microglial cells by toll-like receptor agonists alone and in combination. | microglial cells express toll-like receptors (tlrs) recognising exogenous and endogenous ligands. upon stimulation with agonists of tlr2, tlr4, and tlr9, nitric oxide (no) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) were released by primary mouse microglial cell cultures. endotoxin was most potent in stimulating microglia followed by pneumolysin, cytosine-guanosine (cpg) oligodesoxynucleotide (odn), and tripalmitoyl-s-glyceryl-cysteine. maximum stimulation of tlr2, tlr4, and tlr9 resulted in app ... | 2004 | 15652406 |
| the nomenclatural types of the orders acholeplasmatales, halanaerobiales, halobacteriales, methanobacteriales, methanococcales, methanomicrobiales, planctomycetales, prochlorales, sulfolobales, thermococcales, thermoproteales and verrucomicrobiales are the genera acholeplasma, halanaerobium, halobacterium, methanobacterium, methanococcus, methanomicrobium, planctomyces, prochloron, sulfolobus, thermococcus, thermoproteus and verrucomicrobium, respectively. opinion 79. | the judicial commission of the international committee on systematics of prokaryotes has corrected the nomenclatural types of 12 orders: acholeplasmatales, halanaerobiales, halobacteriales, methanobacteriales, methanococcales, methanomicrobiales, planctomycetales, prochlorales, sulfolobales, thermococcales, thermoproteales and verrucomicrobiales. | 2005 | 15653928 |
| [monosaccharide composition of some mollicutes]. | when studying a small group of mollicutes which interact in different way with the host organism (mycoplasma fermentans pg18--is considered a commensal of the human urogenital tract, and sometimes manifests as aids cofactor, acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 is saprophytic but it is connected with various pathologies in human organism, a. laidlawii var. granulum 118--agent of the yellow of cereals--palegreen dwarfness) the author has found the carbohydrate composition of their cell surface. glycocalix ... | 2004 | 15765866 |
| [amino acid assimilation by representatives of the acholeplasma genus]. | amino acid assimilation by different representatives of acholeplasma genus has been investigated. it was shown that all 7 investigated typical strains acholeplasma laidlawii pg-8, a. granularum bts-39, a. modicum pg-49, a. oculi 19-l, a. morum 72-043, a. axanthum s-743, a. hippikon c-1 and 37 phytopathogenic strains isolated from the affected plants were able to assimilate asparagine, glutamine, threonine, histidine and proline. a majority of acholeplasmas were able to metabolize phenylalanine, ... | 2005 | 15765878 |
| phenatic acids a and b, new potentiators of antifungal miconazole activity produced by streptomyces sp. k03-0132. | two new phenols, designated phenatic acids a and b, were isolated along with known actiphenol, from the culture of streptomyces sp. k03-0132 by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography and hplc. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including mainly various nmr experiments. they have a common 1-hydroxy 2, 4-dimethyl benzene ring. these compounds potentiate miconazole activity against candida albicans. phenatic acid b also showed moderate antimicrobial activity ag ... | 2005 | 15981411 |
| [effect of separate effectors on activity of extracellular fructosobisphosphatase of acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum, strain 118]. | the influence of 16 substances-effectors on the extracellular mollicute fructosobisphosphatase (fbphase) was studied for the first time. these effectors are used, as a rule, when studying properties of this enzyme biopreparations newly isolated from the cells of animals, plants and cells of microorganisms. it was established that optimum ph for fbphase of mollicutes is whithin 7.3-7.5 and on the basis of this index it is attributed to the group of the "neutral" of these enzymes. cations of k, mn ... | 2005 | 16018216 |
| evaluation of trna gene pcr for identification of mollicutes. | we evaluated the applicability of trna gene pcr in combination with fluorescent capillary electrophoresis with an abi310 genetic analyzer (applied biosystems, calif.) for the identification of different mollicute species. a total of 103 strains and dna extracts of 30 different species belonging to the genera acholeplasma, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma were studied. reproducible peak profiles were generated for all samples, except for one m. genitalium isolate, the three m. gallisepticum isolates, a ... | 2005 | 16145107 |
| cholesterol protects acholeplasma laidlawii against oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. | the aim of this study was to determine whether cholesterol, added to the cell growth medium or to cell suspension buffer, could protect acholeplasma laidlawii cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)). variable concentrations of cholesterol (0.05-1.0 mg/ml) were added to the a. laidlawii suspension buffer and to the growth medium. cells were then washed carefully and incubated with 0.001% (v/v) h(2)o(2) at 37 degrees c for 30 min and the viability was determined. the result ... | 2005 | 16195931 |
| [adaptive reactions of mycoplasmas in vitro: "viable but unculturable forms" and nanocells of acholeplasma laidlawii]. | the adaptation of acholeplasma laidlawii to conditions unfavorable for growth has been found to be accompanied by cell transformation into special morphological structures known as ultramicroforms (nanocells). the ratio of the cells of the two morphological types in the population depended on the growth conditions. nanocells retained viability for a long time under conditions unfavorable for growth and showed resistance to stressors. reduction in the cell size occurred due to unequal division, w ... | 2005 | 16211853 |
| [activity of lectins of winter wheat seedlings infected with mycoplasma and treated with salicylic acid]. | changes in activity of soluble and cell wall lectins have been revealed in seedlings of winter wheat triticum aestivum l. cultivar mironovskaya 808 after infection with mycoplasma acholeplasma laidlawii 118. the protective effect of salicylic acid was manifested as negating the bursts of lectin activity induced by mycoplasma infection. | 2005 | 16212262 |
| [effect of silver nitrate, adenosine-5'-monophosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate on activity of extracellular fructose bisphosphatase of acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum strain 118]. | the reactions of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis proceed in good coordination in the cells of microorganisms, and each stage of these processes is distinctly regulated. under such conditions fructose-bisphosphatase (fbpase) activity (the enzyme level being constant in the cells of microorganisms) is inhibited by adenosine-5'-monophosphate (amp) and is activated by phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) depending on the kind of the source of carbon (glycolytic or glyconeogenic) used for microorganism growth. it ... | 2005 | 16250233 |
| characterisation of the microbial diversity in a pig manure storage pit using small subunit rdna sequence analysis. | the microbial community structure of pig manure slurry (pms) was determined with comparative analysis of 202 bacterial, 44 archaeal and 33 eukaryotic small subunit (ssu) rdna partial sequences. based on a criterion of 97% of sequence similarity, the phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 108, eight and five phylotypes for the bacteria, archaea and eukarya lineages, respectively. only 36% of the bacterial phylotypes were closely related (>or=97% similarity) to any previously known sequence in ... | 2004 | 16329909 |
| tween 20-soluble membrane proteins of a choleplasma laidlawii. fractionation in the presence of a tween 20 concentration slightly above its critical micelle concentration and in the absence of detergent by means of agarose-suspension electrophoresis. | | 1976 | 16386032 |
| sequencing of the intergenic 16s-23s rrna spacer (its) region of mollicutes species and their identification using microarray-based assay and dna sequencing. | we have completed sequencing the 16s-23s rrna intergenic transcribed spacer (its) region of most known mycoplasma , acholeplasma , ureaplasma , mesoplasma , and spiroplasma species. analysis of the sequence data revealed a significant interspecies variability and low intraspecies polymorphism of the its region among mollicutes . this finding enabled the application of a combined polymerase chain reaction-microarray technology for identifying mollicutes species. the microarray included individual ... | 2006 | 16470366 |
| [molecular weight and subunit composition of extracellular fructosobisphosphatase of acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum strain 118]. | molecular weight of extracellular fructosobisphosphatase of acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum strain 118--an agent of pale-green dwarf of cereals has been determined. this enzyme is the basic factor of pathogenicity of this organism, and, maybe, of all phytoplasmas, owing to realization of the enzyme noncontrolled function in the plant organism, its habit acquires the disease symptoms characteristic of "yellows". it has been established that in the native condition the extracellular fructosob ... | 2005 | 16493888 |
| production and properties of antisera to membrane glycolipids of mycoplasma pneumoniae. | the glycolipid haptens of mycoplasma pneumoniae became immunogenic when bound to membrane proteins of acholeplasma laidlawii by reaggregation. this process consisted of the solubilization of lipid-depleted a. laidlawii membranes and m. pneumoniae glycolipids in 20 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate and dialysis of the mixed solutions against 20 mm mg(2+). the antibodies produced in rabbits to the reaggregated glycolipids inhibited the metabolism of m. pneumoniae, fixed complement with m. pneumoniae glyco ... | 1971 | 16557990 |
| phosphatidylethanolamine and monoglucosyldiacylglycerol are interchangeable in supporting topogenesis and function of the polytopic membrane protein lactose permease. | to determine the specific role lipids play in membrane protein topogenesis in vivo, the orientation with respect to the membrane bilayer of escherichia coli lactose permease (lacy) transmembrane (tm) domains and their flanking extramembrane domains was compared after assembly in native membranes and membranes with genetically modified lipid content using the substituted cysteine accessibility method for determining tm domain mapping. lacy assembled in the absence of the major membrane lipid phos ... | 2006 | 16698795 |
| rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. | we have developed a simple method for rapid detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures using sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). to detect eight common contaminant mollicutes, including mycoplasma (m. arginini, m. fermentans, m. orale, m. hyorhinis, m. hominis, m. salivarium, m. pirum) and acholeplasma laidlawii, four primers were prepared based on the 23s rrna regions. using these primers and a minimum of 100 fg of mycoplasma genomic dna, the 23s rrna regions ... | 2006 | 16759150 |
| [on the nature of the pathogen of pale-green dwarfism in cereals]. | the paper presents more precise data concerning optimal temperature demands to growth of white-yellow dwarfness of cereals (wydc) identified before as acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum, its relation to sterols and genome properties was determined using pulse-electrophoresis. it was established that the agent strains 84 and 118, characterized by phytopathogenicity, grew most intensively at 32 degrees c; they behaved as mesoplasmas but, as it had been found, they were capable to synthesis of ca ... | 2006 | 16786625 |
| detection of multiple mycoplasma infection in cell cultures by pcr. | a total of 301 cell cultures from 15 laboratories were monitored for mycoplasma (mollicutes) using pcr and culture methodology. the infection was detected in the cell culture collection of 12 laboratories. pcr for mollicutes detected these bacteria in 93 (30.9%) samples. although the infection was confirmed by culture for 69 (22.9%) samples, pcr with generic primers did not detect the infection in five (5.4%). mycoplasma species were identified with specific primers in 91 (30.2%) of the 98 sampl ... | 2006 | 16862282 |
| the cytoskeleton of spiroplasma: a complex linear motor. | spiroplasma are wall-less, helical bacteria from the class mollicutes. the mollicutes (mycoplasma, acholeplasma, spiroplasma) evolved by regressive evolution to generate one of the simplest and minimal free-living and self-replicating forms of life. the spiroplasmas are the more advanced members in the class and are the closest to their clostridial ancestors. spiroplasmas were discovered and identified as such only in 1972 and the finding of a unique and well-defined internal cytoskeleton, belie ... | 2006 | 16983201 |
| acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 culture adapted to unfavorable growth conditions shows an expressed phytopathogenicity. | mycoplasmas are the smallest, self-replicating, prokaryotic organisms with avid biochemical potential and spreading in higher eukaryotes in nature. in this study, acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 cells were cultivated on a deficient medium for 480 days resulting in a mycoplasma culture that was adapted in vitro to unfavorable growth conditions. cells that survive this condition had decreased sizes (about 0.2 microm) and increased phytopathogenicity. this resulted in more frequent appearance of various ... | 2007 | 17221137 |
| genetic analysis of housekeeping genes of members of the genus acholeplasma: phylogeny and complementary molecular markers to the 16s rrna gene. | the partial nucleotide sequences of the rpob and gyrb genes as well as the complete sequence of the 16s-23s rrna intergenic transcribed spacer (its) were determined for all known acholeplasma species. the same genes of mesoplasma and entomoplasma species were also sequenced and used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the species within the orders entomoplasmatales and acholeplasmatales. the comparison of the its, rpob, and gyrb phylogenetic trees with the 16s rrna phylogenetic tree reveal ... | 2007 | 17267242 |
| establishment of european pharmacopoeia mycoplasma reference strains. | european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.) general chapter 2.6.7. mycoplasma requires for the culture test reference strains of mycoplasma field isolates with fewer than 15 passages for validation and run control and in the test for inhibitory substances. low passage field isolates of 5 mycoplasma strains (mycoplasma hyorhinis, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma orale and acholeplasma laidlawii) have been prepared for this purpose and a small scale collaborative study involving europe ... | 2006 | 17270132 |
| high cationic charge and bilayer interface-binding helices in a regulatory lipid glycosyltransferase. | in the prokaryote acholeplasma laidlawii, membrane bilayer properties are sensed and regulated by two interface glycosyltransferases (gts), synthesizing major nonbilayer- (almgs gt) and bilayer-prone glucolipids. these enzymes are of similar structure, as many soluble gts, but are sensitive to lipid charge and curvature stress properties. multivariate and bioinformatic sequence analyses show that such interface enzymes, in relation to soluble ones of similar fold, are characterized by high catio ... | 2007 | 17444657 |
| the polymorphism p315l of human toll-like receptor 1 impairs innate immune sensing of microbial cell wall components. | as a pattern recognition receptor, tlr1 mediates innate immune responses to a variety of microbial cell wall components including bacterial lipoproteins. we have previously shown that the central region of the extracellular domain of human tlr1, comprising leucine-rich repeat (lrr) motifs 9-12, is required for the sensing of bacterial lipopeptides. in this study, we have investigated three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) located in this region of tlr1 by generating these var ... | 2007 | 17475868 |
| polar lipid and fatty acid profiles--re-vitalizing old approaches as a modern tool for the classification of mycoplasmas? | a set of 20 mollicutes strains representing different lines of descent, including the type species of the genus mycoplasma, mycoplasma mycoides, acholeplasma laidlawii and a strain of mesoplasma, were subjected to polar lipid and fatty acid analyses in order to evaluate their suitability for classification purposes within members of this group. complex polar lipid and fatty acid profiles were detected for each examined strain. all strains contained the polar lipids phosphocholine-6'-alpha-glucop ... | 2007 | 17482408 |
| [comparative investigation of fructosobisphosphatases of bacillus subtilis and pale-green dwarfism pathogens of cereals in the reaction of double diffusion in gel according to ouchterlony]. | serological properties of fructosobisphosphatases (fbpases) of bacillus subtilis 668 and pgd agent of cereals--the mollicute acholplasma laidlawii var. granulum st. 118 (alg 118) were studied in a comparative aspect with the help of the reaction of double diffusion in gel according to ouchterlony. it was established for each of microorganisms that their extracellular and intracellular enzymes are similar in serologic respect, and each of them is composed of two antigens, one of them being identi ... | 2007 | 17494329 |
| mycoplasma adaptation to adverse growth conditions: nanotransformation and phytopathogenicity of acholeplasma laidlawii pg8. | | 2007 | 17546953 |
| ribosomal protein gene-based phylogeny for finer differentiation and classification of phytoplasmas. | extensive phylogenetic analyses were performed based on sequences of the 16s rrna gene and two ribosomal protein (rp) genes, rplv (rpl22) and rpsc (rps3), from 46 phytoplasma strains representing 12 phytoplasma 16sr groups, 16 other mollicutes and 28 gram-positive walled bacteria. the phylogenetic tree inferred from rp genes had a similar overall topology to that inferred from the 16s rrna gene. however, the rp gene-based tree gave a more defined phylogenetic interrelationship among mollicutes a ... | 2007 | 17766869 |
| interactions of the australian tree frog antimicrobial peptides aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1 and maculatin 1.1 with lipid model membranes: differential scanning calorimetric and fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. | the interactions of the antimicrobial peptides aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1 and maculatin 1.1 with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (dmpc), dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (dmpg) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (dmpe) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) and fourier-transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy. the effects of these peptides on the thermotropic phase behavior of dmpc and dmpg are qualitatively similar and manifested by the suppression of the pretransition, and by p ... | 2007 | 17825246 |
| microbiological contamination in cell culture: a potential role for hydrogen peroxide vapour (hpv)? | | 2008 | 18083569 |
| detection of mycoplasma species in cell culture by pcr and rflp based method: effect of bm-cyclin to cure infections. | a two-stage nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay system was described that amplifies the 16s-23s rrna spacer region sequences of mycoplasma and acholeplasma infections in cell cultures and virus stocks. | 2007 | 18087086 |
| biophysical regulation of lipid biosynthesis in the plasma membrane. | we present a cellular model of lipid biosynthesis in the plasma membrane that couples biochemical and biophysical features of the enzymatic network of the cell-wall-less mycoplasma acholeplasma laidlawii. in particular, we formulate how the stored elastic energy of the lipid bilayer can modify the activity of curvature-sensitive enzymes through the binding of amphipathic alpha-helices. as the binding depends on lipid composition, this results in a biophysical feedback mechanism for the regulatio ... | 2008 | 18192365 |
| taxonomic status of the agent of cereals pale-green dwarf and proposition of founding in the class of mollicutes, of the order iii acholeplasmatales, family i acholeplasmataceae, genus ii pluraplasma gen. nov., and its first species pluraplasma granulum sp. nov. | the paper includes the data concerning the taxonomic status of the agent of cereals pale-green dwarf (acpgd) which has been defined as the phytopathogenic variant of the mollicute acholeplasma laidlawii and called a. laidlawii var. granulum. since besides phytopathogenicity acpgd has such fundamental differences from a.laidlawii as: a very large genome of 2200 thousand pairs of nucleotides (t.p.n.) to 2310 t.p.n. that practically equals a sum of genomes of a. laidlawii (1600 t.p.n.) and phytopla ... | 2007 | 18217348 |
| x-ray diffraction measurement of the monolayer spontaneous curvature of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol. | phosphatidylglycerol (pg) is an anionic lipid commonly found in large proportions in the cell membranes of bacteria and plants and, to a lesser extent, in animal cells. pg plays an important role in the regulation and determination of the elastic properties of the membrane. using small angle x-ray scattering experiments, we obtain that the monolayer spontaneous curvature of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (dopg) is -1/150+/-0.021 nm(-1) when measured in 150 mm nacl. when the experiments are carried ... | 2008 | 18405663 |
| biological enrichment of mycoplasma agents by cocultivation with permissive cell cultures. | in this study, we describe our results on the evaluation of the ability of different permissive mammalian cell lines to support the biological enrichment of mycoplasma species known to be bacterial contaminants of cell substrates. the study showed that this approach is able to significantly improve the efficiency of mycoplasma detection based on nucleic acid testing or biochemical technologies (e.g., mycoalert mycoplasma detection). of 10 different cell lines (vero, mdbk, hek-293, hep-g2, cv-1, ... | 2008 | 18606798 |
| [trehalose as a growth substrate for acholeplasma laidlawii pg8]. | | 2008 | 18683662 |
| ancient, recurrent phage attacks and recombination shaped dynamic sequence-variable mosaics at the root of phytoplasma genome evolution. | mobile genetic elements have impacted biological evolution across all studied organisms, but evidence for a role in evolutionary emergence of an entire phylogenetic clade has not been forthcoming. we suggest that mobile element predation played a formative role in emergence of the phytoplasma clade. phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that cause numerous diseases in plants. phylogenetic analyses indicate that these transkingdom parasites descended from gram-positive walled bacteria, but eve ... | 2008 | 18701718 |
| mycoplasma species in chicken flocks with different management systems. | chicken flocks hatched together but reared under different management systems were examined for mycoplasmas over a two-year period. on the farm a multiple-age flocks were reared in close contact. this farm had not been depopulated for over 15 years. on farms b, c and d single-age flocks were reared and the farms were depopulated every year. on farm a 218 birds from 20 flocks were tested: mycoplasmas were isolated from 202 (92.7%). on farms b, c and d 289 birds from seven flocks were tested: myco ... | 1987 | 18766648 |
| mycoplasma species isolated from six avian species. | mycoplasmas were isolated from chickens, chicken embryos, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons and japanese quail and their embryos. altogether 792 birds and embryos were examined and 411 of them (52%) were infected with mycoplasmas. isolates were identified by indirect immunofluorescence using monospecific rabbit antisera against 16 recognised species of avian mycoplasma (am) and two species of acholeplasma. in all 633 strains of mycoplasma were detected and most of these belonged to recognised am sp ... | 1987 | 18766652 |
| [the heat shock protein of alpha-crystallin type from mycoplasma (acholeplasma laidlawii)]. | a considerable increase in several heat shock proteins (hsps) amount in acholeplasma laidlawii cells has been revealed after temperature rising of liquid culture; and the quantity of small hsp, named p17, was increased in a hundred of times. the p17 protein was isolated and identified as hsp of alpha-crystallin type (alpha-hsp). it became possible as a result of sequencing of 15 amino acids from n-terminal of the p17 polypeptide chain, followed by revealing of a corresponding open reading frame ... | 2008 | 18771176 |
| mycoplasma infection of geese. 1. incidence of mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas in geese. | this paper presents data about the isolation of members of the order mycoplasmatales from material of goose origin. acholeplasma laidlawii strains were isolated from 2 to 8 day old goslings with heavy fibrinous airsacculitis, peritonitis and perihepatitis. losses reached 30% of the flock by the end of the 8th week of age. acholeplasma axanthum strains were detected in goose-embryos that died on the 13th day of incubation. a significant loss (up to 60%) of embryos was observed in the flock and so ... | 1975 | 18777290 |
| adaptation of mycoplasmas to adverse growth conditions: morphology, ultrastructure, and genome expression of mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 cells. | | 2008 | 18853779 |
| range of phytoplasma concentrations in various plant hosts as determined by competitive polymerase chain reaction. | abstract for competitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr), an internal standard dna template was developed that consisted of a highly conserved, internally deleted 16s rdna fragment of an aster yellows phytoplasma. the internal standard was calibrated using a quantified culture of acholeplasma laidlawii. serial dilutions of the internal standard and fixed amounts of target templates from infected plants were coamplified with the same primers, and the products obtained were quantified using an enz ... | 2000 | 18944479 |
| lipid-engineered escherichia coli membranes reveal critical lipid headgroup size for protein function. | escherichia coli membranes have a substantial bilayer curvature stress due to a large fraction of the nonbilayer-prone lipid phosphatidylethanolamine, and a mutant (ad93) lacking this lipid is severely crippled in several membrane-associated processes. introduction of four lipid glycosyltransferases from acholeplasma laidlawii and arabidopsis thaliana, synthesizing large amounts of two nonbilayer-prone, and two bilayer-forming gluco- and galacto-lipids, (i) restored the curvature stress with the ... | 2009 | 18981182 |
| molecular ecology of a facultative swine waste lagoon. | to investigate the microbial ecology of three facultative swine waste lagoons. | 2009 | 19243502 |
| spiroplasmas are the causal agents of citrus little-leaf disease. | a spiroplasma isolated from citrus with little-leaf disease was grown in a cell-free medium and injected into leafhoppers (euscelis plebejus). injected leafhoppers, but not those fed on infected plants, transmitted the spiroplasma to white clover (trifolium repens cv. s100) and sweet orange (citrus sinensis cv. valencia). infected clover plants were severely stunted; infected sweet orange plants showed typical symptoms of citrus little-leaf disease. the spiroplasma was detected in clover and swe ... | 1974 | 19280788 |
| high-yield expression and purification of a monotopic membrane glycosyltransferase. | membrane proteins are essential to many cellular processes. however, the systematic study of membrane protein structure has been hindered by the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of these proteins. protein overexpression using escherichia coli is commonly used to produce large quantities of protein, but usually yields very little membrane protein. furthermore, optimization of the expressing conditions, as well as the choice of detergent and other buffer components, is thought to be crucia ... | 2009 | 19332126 |
| oligonucleotide array-based detection and genotyping of mollicutes (acholeplasma, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma). | an oligonucleotide array was developed to detect and genotype mollicutes based on the internal transcribed spacer (its) sequence. the results of the assay were compared with those of a pcr-rflp assay. the proposed oligonucleotide array containing 5 genus- and 23 species-specific probes was able to detect mycoplasma species, including m. penetrans and m. spermatophilum, that were not detected by the pcrrflp assay. therefore, the results demonstrated that the proposed oligonucleotide array was eff ... | 2009 | 19349751 |
| membrane lipid fluidity and physical state and the activity of the na, mg-atpase of acholeplasma laidlawii b. | | 1982 | 19431488 |
| evolution and biochemistry of family 4 glycosidases: implications for assigning enzyme function in sequence annotations. | glycosyl hydrolase family 4 (gh4) is exceptional among the 114 families in this enzyme superfamily. members of gh4 exhibit unusual cofactor requirements for activity, and an essential cysteine residue is present at the active site. of greatest significance is the fact that members of gh4 employ a unique catalytic mechanism for cleavage of the glycosidic bond. by phylogenetic analysis, and from available substrate specificities, we have assigned a majority of the enzymes of gh4 to five subgroups. ... | 2009 | 19625389 |
| development of serum-free media for the cultivation and recovery of acholeplasma laidlawii used for challenge testing sterilizing-grade filters in biopharmaceutical applications. | a serum-free cultivation broth and recovery agar for use in 0.1 micron-rated filter characterization and validation studies for biopharmaceutical applications were developed using acholeplasma laidlawii as the test microorganism. selection criteria were (a) a single-stage, serum-free broth medium to support high-titer cell growth and yield a cellular morphology suitable for bacterial challenge testing within 24 h and (b) a serum-free agar growth medium that can recover cells using conventional e ... | 2008 | 19634344 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of mollicutes in cell culture by polymerase chain reaction. | infections with mollicutes species (such as mycoplasma, acholeplasma, and ureaplasma) can induce a variety of problems in living organisms and laboratory cell cultures. therefore, it is necessary to establish a routine diagnostic protocol for mycoplasma infection in order to ensure reliable research results, as well as the safety of commercial biological products. for that purpose a novel pcr-based procedure using specific designed primers complementary to 16s rrna genome region of mollicute spe ... | 2010 | 19810046 |
| [elaboration of the in vitro model system to study the interaction of phytopathogenic mollicutes with plant cells]. | the model system based on the sugar beet calluses infected by mycoplasms (mollicutes) was elaborated, and changes in the callus cells morphology under the effect of these microorganisms were also studied. the calluses of sugar beet 3k51 cultivated on the gamborg medium were infected by phytopathogenic mollicute acholaplasma laidlawii var. granulum str.118. under the effect of mollicute infection one could observe changes in the cell morphology of sugar beet calluses: the plant cells were transfo ... | 2009 | 19938618 |
| sensitive and selective detection of mycoplasma in cell culture samples using cantilever sensors. | in this article we report a new biosensor-based method that is more sensitive and rapid than the current approach for detecting mycoplasma in cell culture samples. piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (pemc) sensors respond to mass change via resonant frequency change. they are sensitive at femtogram level and can be used directly in liquid for label-free detection. common cell culture contaminant, acholeplasma laidlawii was detected in both buffer and cell culture medium. two diffe ... | 2010 | 20014143 |
| nutritional effects of culture media on mycoplasma cell size and removal by filtration. | careful media filtration prior to use is an important part of a mycoplasma contamination prevention program. this study was conducted to increase our knowledge of factors that influence efficient filtration of mycoplasma. the cell size of acholeplasma laidlawii was measured after culture in various nutritional conditions using scanning electron microscopy. the maximum cell size changed, but the minimum cell size remained virtually unchanged and all tested nutritional conditions resulted in a pop ... | 2010 | 20149685 |
| the growth and long term survival of acholeplasma laidlawii in media products used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. | acholeplasma laidlawii is a potential contaminant of bovine serum and has also been found as a contaminant in serum free cell culture media products. anecdotal evidence of a. laidlawii contamination of tryptone soya broth circulated for a number of years before it was acknowledged that the organism could contaminate microbiological broth powders. the occasional occurrence of a. laidlawii in broth powders and possibly in powdered components of cell culture media as part of the normal bioburden po ... | 2010 | 20153666 |
| validation of a microbiological method using acholeplasma laidlawii for assessing performance of microporous membranes for mycoplasma clearance. | while no recognized industry standard currently exists for mycoplasma clearance testing of membrane filters, several methods have been used by membrane manufacturers and contract test laboratories. this validation exercise documents one approach to mycoplasma clearance testing and incorporates validation guidelines recognized in the biopharmaceutical industry today. the benefits of this method are (1) the consistent production of small monodisperse cells, 0.37 x 0.41 microm, at titers in excess ... | 2009 | 20158050 |
| evaluation of mycoplasma inactivation during production of biologics: egg-based viral vaccines as a model. | although mycoplasmas are generally considered to be harmless commensals, some mycoplasma species are able to cause infections in pediatric, geriatric, or immunocompromised patients. thus, accidental contamination of biologics with mycoplasmas represents a potential risk for the health of individuals who receive cell-derived biological and pharmaceutical products. to assess the efficiency of inactivation of mycoplasmas by the agents used in the manufacture of egg-derived influenza vaccines, we ca ... | 2010 | 20228111 |
| atomic force microscopy analysis of dna extracted from the vegetative cells and the viable, but nonculturable, cells of two mycoplasmas (acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 and mycoplasma hominis pg37). | this article reports on a study of some characteristics of dna extracted from the vegetative and viable, but nonculturable (vbnc), cells of two mycoplasma species (acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 and mycoplasma hominis pg37) using atomic force microscopy (afm). dna images were obtained by operating the afm microscope in the tapping mode. it was found that dna from the vbnc forms of m. hominis pg37 has decreased sizes (height: 0.177 +/- 0.026 nm vs. 0.391 +/- 0.041 nm for the vegetative forms, and wid ... | 2010 | 20495768 |
| effects of mycoplasmal upper respiratory tract disease on morbidity and mortality of gopher tortoises in northern and central florida. | gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus) populations on four tracts of public lands in northern and central florida were studied from 1998 to 2001 to assess the effects of mycoplasmal upper respiratory tract disease (urtd). adult gopher tortoises (n=205) were marked for identification, serum and nasal flush samples were obtained for mycoplasmal diagnostic assays, and clinical signs of urtd (nasal discharge, ocular discharge, palpebral edema, and conjunctivitis) were evaluated. a subset of tortoises ... | 2010 | 20688675 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of four species of mycoplasma isolated in 2008 and 2009 from cattle in japan. | we examined the susceptibility in vitro of 99 isolates of mycoplasma (m. bovirhinis, m. bovis, m. alkalescens and m. bovoculi) and one of acholeplasma laidlawii collected in 2008 and 2009 from japanese homebred cattle and cows imported from australia to 13 antimicrobial agents. mycoplasma species isolated from homebred cattle were susceptible to spectinomycin and fluoroquinolones but resistant to macrolides, tetracyclines, thiamphenicol and flumequine. kanamycin, lincomycin and chloramphenicol m ... | 2010 | 20710124 |
| detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates using reverse transcription-pcr assays. | to assess the limit of detection (lod) and the feasibility of 16s rrna-based reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays for advanced detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates. | 2011 | 20854458 |
| responses of acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 cells to cold shock and oxidative stress: proteomic analysis and stress-reactive mycoplasma proteins. | | 2010 | 20886746 |
| mycoplasma testing of cell substrates and biologics: review of alternative non-microbiological techniques. | mycoplasmas, particularly species of the genera mycoplasma and acholeplasma, are known to be occasional microbial contaminants of cell cultures that produce biologics. this presents a serious concern regarding the risk of mycoplasma contamination for research laboratories and commercial facilities developing and manufacturing cell-derived biological and biopharmaceutical products for therapeutic use. potential undetected contamination of these products or process intermediates with mycoplasmas r ... | 2011 | 21232597 |
| [oligomeric forms, functions and cellular localization of alpha-crystallin type protein from acholeplasma laidlawii]. | alpha-crystallin type heat shock protein (alpha-hsp) ibpa from acholeplasma laidlawii was expressed in escherichia coil and isolated from cell extract on ni-sepharose column. recombinant ibpa, like other alpha-hsps, spontaneously formed oligomeres in vitro. high resolution electron microscopy revealed regular structures with 15 nm in diameter. evaluation of molecular mass of ibpa oligomers was performed by gel filtration. most of oligomers consist of 24 subunits. recombinant ibpa prevents heat d ... | 2010 | 21268853 |
| mycoplasma detection. | mycoplasma is the generic term used by cell biologists to denote organisms belonging to the order mycoplasmatales, which can infect cell cultures. of particular interest are those organisms that belong to the families mycoplasmataceae (mycoplasma) and acholeplasmataceae (acholeplasma). | 1990 | 21374116 |
| [effect of wheat germ agglutinin on acholeplasma--the pathogen of phytomycoplasmosis]. | introduction of wheat germ agglutinin (wga) to cultural medium of pale green dwarf agent of wheat acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum str. 118 gives rise to pleiotropic responses of acholeplasma: activation of growth process, an increase of common protein in comparison with control, a decrease of hemagglutinating activity which results in a decrease of the adhesion properties of pathogen. | 2010 | 21381316 |
| mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections. | organisms of the class mollicutes (meaning soft-skin) have regressively evolved, by genome reduction, from gram-positive bacterial ancestors, namely certain clostria (1). the taxonomy of the class mollicutes, containing four orders, five familes, and eight genera, is shown in table 1 (2) the term "mollicute" is sometimes trivially used to describe any organism in the class. the term "mycoplasma" might be used best to describe any member of the genus mycoplasma, but is also used, as in this chapt ... | 1998 | 21390755 |
| [effect of acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum on lectin activity of sugar beet calluses]. | the dynamics of lectin activity of sugar beet calluses infected by mollicute acholeplasma laidlawii var granulum str. 118 was studied. activity of acid-soluble lectins of sugar beet cell cultures increased 4.5 times during some first hours after infecting by acholeplasma. at early stages of infecting by mollicute qualitative changes were also revealed in the protein spectra of acid-soluble lectins of sugar beet calluses. | 2011 | 21442949 |
| purification and functional analysis of recombinant acholeplasma laidlawii histone-like hu protein. | hu is a most abundant dna-binding protein in bacteria. this protein is conserved either in its heterodimeric form or in one of its homodimeric forms in all bacteria, in plant chloroplasts, and in some viruses. hu protein non-specifically binds and bends dna as a hetero- or homodimer and can participate in dna supercoiling and dna condensation. it also takes part in some dna functions such as replication, recombination, and repair. hu does not recognize any specific sequences but shows some speci ... | 2011 | 21443922 |
| [comparative proteomic characteristic of mycoplasmas (mollycutes)]. | saturating proteome identification and the study of post-translational protein modifications of acholeplasma laidlawii using combination of single- and two-dimension gel electrophoresis followed by mass-spectrometry analysis have been carried out. results were compared to the earlier identified proteome of mycoplasma gallisepticum. it was found that m. gallisepticum and a. laidlawii express 61 and 58% of the annotated orfs respectively. all subunits of dna-polymerase iii were identified during o ... | 2011 | 21460883 |
| nutritional effects on the growth, cell size, and resistance to stress of acholeplasma laidlawii. | due to their lack of a cell wall, mycoplasmas are useful models for the study of biological membranes. however, they are much less appreciated by cell culture laboratories due to their unfortunate tendency to contaminate cell culture lines (1-5). one of the primary protections of a cell line is through filtration of cell culture media. it is necessary to use 0.1 μm-rated filters because mycoplasmas can often penetrate the more commonly used 0.2 (or 0.22) μm-rated filters. in the battle against m ... | 2010 | 21502068 |
| the acylation state of surface lipoproteins of mollicute acholeplasma laidlawii. | acylation of the n-terminal cys residue is essential, ubiquitous, and uniquely bacterial posttranslational modification, which allows anchoring of proteins to the lipid membrane. in gram-negative bacteria acylation proceeds through three sequential steps requiring lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase, lipoprotein signal peptidase, and, finally, lipoprotein n-acyl transferase. the apparent lack of genes coding for recognizable homologs of lipoprotein n-acyl transferase in gram-positive bacteria ... | 2011 | 21540185 |
| [activity of plant cells oxidative enzymes in conditions of experimental mycoplasmosis]. | changes in activity of oxidative enzymes was shown when infecting the callus culture of sugar beet cells by phytopathogenic mollicute acholeplasma laidlawii var granulum 118. maximum indices of the enzyme activity were fixed 3 hours after infecting with regard to control: it was 49% for peroxidase, 38% for catalase and 45% for polyfenoloxidase. the decrease of enzymatic activity to 22%, 12% and 19%, respectively, was registered 5 hours after infecting, and after that all these indices became sta ... | 2011 | 21598658 |
| extracellular vesicles derived from acholeplasma laidlawii pg8. | extracellular vesicle production is believed to be a ubiquitous process in bacteria, but the data on such a process in mollicutes are absent. we report the isolation of ultramicroforms - extracellular vesicles from supernatants of acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 (ubiquitous mycoplasma; the main contaminant of cell culture). considering sizes, morphology, and ultrastructural organization, the ultramicroforms of a. laidlawii pg8 are similar to membrane vesicles of gram-positive and gram-negative bacter ... | 2011 | 21623458 |
| isolation and identification of acholeplasma sp. from the mud crab, scylla serrata. | for the first time, a mollicute-like organism (mlo) was cultured from moribund mud crabs (scylla serrata) during an outbreak of clearwater disease in zhejiang province, china. the mlo displayed a fried-egg colony morphology in culture, did not possess a cell wall, and was not retained by 0.45?µm and 0.2?µm filters. it was able to ferment glucose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose, but it did not utilize arginine and urea. the mlo grew in the absence of bovine serum and was not susceptible to digiton ... | 2011 | 21808652 |
| preparation of reference strains for validation and comparison of mycoplasma testing methods. | aims: to optimize growth conditions for preparation of stocks of mycoplasma reference strains to obtain highly viable and disperse samples with low ratios of genomic copy (gc) number to that of colony forming units (cfu). these stocks are required for assessment of relative limits of detection (lod) of alternative nucleic acid testing (nat)-based methods in comparison to the conventional microbiological methods. methods and results: a kinetics study was used to assess the changes in ratios bet ... | 2011 | 21794032 |
| the complete genome and proteome of acholeplasma laidlawii. | we present the complete genome sequence and proteogenomic map for acholeplasma laidlawii pg-8a: class mollicutes, order acholeplasmatales, family acholeplasmataceae. the genome of a. laidlawii is represented by a single 1 496 992 b.p. circular chromosome with the average g+c content of 31 mol%. this is the longest genome among the mollicutes with a known nucleotide sequence. it contains genes of polymerase type i, sos-response, and signal transduction systems, as well as rna regulatory elements, ... | 2011 | 21784942 |
| adaptation of mycoplasmas to environmental conditions: features of the proteome shift in acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 at persistent exposure to stressors. | | 2011 | 21725891 |
| unadapted and adapted to starvation acholeplasma laidlawii cells induce different responses of oryza sativa, as determined by proteome analysis. | for the first time, we studied the phytopathogenicity toward oryza sativa l. of unadapted and adapted to unfavorable environment (starvation) cells of acholeplasma laidlawii pg8 - ubiquitous mycoplasma found in the soil, waste waters, tissues of the highest eukaryotes and being the basic contaminant of cell cultures and a causative agent of phytomycoplasmoses. the features of morphology, ultrastructural organization and proteomes of unadapted and adapted cells of the mycoplasma and infected plan ... | 2011 | 21835275 |
| A PCR assay and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism combination identifying the 3 primary Mycoplasma species causing mastitis. | The focus of the current research was to develop real-time PCR assays with improved sensitivity and the capacity to simultaneously speciate the 3 most common mycoplasma mastitis agents: Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma californicum, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Real-time PCR was chosen because it provides rapid results. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used as the gold standard for evaluating candidate real-time PCR assays. To ascertain the real-time PCR assay specificity, reference strains of ... | 2012 | 22192198 |
| the identification and characterization of ibpa, a novel α-crystallin-type heat shock protein from mycoplasma. | α-crystallin-type small heat shock proteins (shsps) are expressed in many bacteria, animals, plants, and archaea. among mycoplasmas (mollicutes), predicted shsp homologues so far were found only in the acholeplasmataceae family. in this report, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of a novel shsp orthologue, ibpa protein, present in acholeplasma laidlawii. importantly, similar to the endogenously expressed shsp proteins, the recombinant ibpa protein was able to spontaneously g ... | 2011 | 22002515 |
| detection and differentiation of avian mycoplasmas by surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy based on silver nanorod array. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a bacterial pathogen of poultry that is estimated to cause annual losses exceeding $780 million. the national poultry improvement plan guidelines recommend regular surveillance and intervention strategies to contain m. gallisepticum infections and ensure mycoplasma-free avian stocks, but several factors make its detection and diagnosis a major challenge. current techniques are laborious, require special expertise, and are typically plagued by false results. in this st ... | 2011 | 22210215 |
| gamma irradiation of animal sera for inactivation of viruses and mollicutes--a review. | animal-derived materials such as animal sera represent a low, but finite, risk for introduction of an adventitious agent (virus or mollicute) into a biological bulk harvest during upstream manufacturing processes involving mammalian cell substrates. viral and mollicute (mycoplasma sp. and acholeplasma sp.) contamination events have been relatively rare, but many of those that have been reported have been attributed to use of infected animal sera in growth media during cell expansion. the risk of ... | 2011 | 21871817 |