| genetic characterization of h5n1 influenza viruses isolated from chickens in indonesia in 2010. | since 2003, highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses have caused outbreaks among poultry in indonesia every year, producing the highest number of human victims worldwide. however, little is known about the h5n1 influenza viruses that have been circulating there in recent years. we therefore conducted surveillance studies and isolated eight h5n1 viruses from chickens. phylogenic analysis of their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that all eight viruses belonged to clade 2.1.3. ... | 2012 | 22323117 |
| containment and competition: transgenic animals in the one health agenda. | the development of the one world, one health agenda coincides in time with the appearance of a different model for the management of human-animal relations: the genetic manipulation of animal species in order to curtail their ability as carriers of human pathogens. in this paper we examine two examples of this emergent transgenic approach to disease control: the development of transgenic chickens incapable of shedding avian flu viruses, and the creation of transgenic mosquitoes refractory to den ... | 2015 | 24961736 |
| decreased egg production in laying hens associated with infection with genotype 3 avian hepatitis e virus strain from china. | to determine the relationship between decreased egg production and avian hev infection, thirty healthy 23-week-old hy-line variety brown layer hens were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 hens per group. next, a genotype 3 avian hev strain from china was used to inoculate laying hens via oronasal or intravenous routes using a 50% chicken infectious dose of 500. all hens were necropsied at 14 weeks postinoculation (wpi). fecal virus shedding, viremia, seroconversion, serum alanine aminotransf ... | 2017 | 28619140 |
| [evolution and infection biology of new influenza a viruses with pandemic potential]. | wild aquatic birds are natural hosts for a large variety of influenza a viruses. occasionally, viruses are transmitted from this reservoir to other species, such as chickens, pigs, and man, and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. the h5n1-, h7n7-, h9n2-, and h2n2-viruses are considered to have high pandemic potential, because of their pathogenicity in humans and because of the lack of immune protection in the human population. howev ... | 2013 | 23275951 |
| cross-reactive influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in hiv-infected indian individuals. | the influenza-specific antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) may be important in protection against influenza. however, it is not known whether immunocompromised individuals such as hiv-infected persons who have never been vaccinated with influenza vaccine have such a response. | 2017 | 28776433 |
| introduction of an update system for vaccine strains of veterinary influenza vaccines in japan. | the basic countermeasures used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) are early detection procedures and the culling of affected chickens. however, if successive hpai outbreaks occur, the vaccination may be an option for controlling hpai. therefore, avian influenza (ai) vaccines are stocked by the japanese government. by contrast, equine influenza (ei) vaccine is an effective tool for preventing or controlling ei. because antigenic drifts affect the efficacy of ai and ei vaccines, t ... | 2015 | 25614371 |
| optimized clade 2.3.2.1c h5n1 recombinant-vaccine strains against highly pathogenic avian influenza. | a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8)-derived recombinant viruses have been used for seasonal flu vaccines; however, they are insufficient for vaccines against some human-fatal h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses (hpaiv) due to low productivity. additionally, the polymerase basic 2 (pb2) protein, an important mammalian-pathogenicity determinant, of pr8 possesses several mammalian-pathogenic mutations. we previously reported two avian pb2 genes (01310 and 0028) related to efficient replicati ... | 2017 | 28859269 |
| vaccine efficacy against indonesian highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1: systematic review and meta-analysis. | indonesia has implemented multiple strategies to control highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 (hpai/h5n1), including the licensure and use of multiple vaccine formulations. the continuous drift of indonesian hpai/h5n1 viruses and emergence of a new clade in 2012 that became dominant in 2016, demands the assessment of commercial vaccine formulations against indonesian field viruses. seven databases were explored to identify relevant literature reporting performance of commercial vaccines agains ... | 2017 | 28780119 |
| mutations driving airborne transmission of a/h5n1 virus in mammals cause substantial attenuation in chickens only when combined. | a/h5n1 influenza viruses pose a threat to human and animal health. a fully avian a/h5n1 influenza virus was previously shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon accumulation of five or six substitutions that affected three traits: polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding. here, the impact of these traits on a/h5n1 virus replication, tissue tropism, pathogenesis and transmission was investigated in chickens. the virus containing all substitutions ass ... | 2017 | 28775271 |
| phylogeny, pathogenicity, and transmission of h5n1 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | we analyzed five h5n1 avian influenza viruses (aivs) isolated from different birds in 2012 in china. based on whole-genome sequences, we divided the viruses into four genotypes. the dke26, gse43, and dke53 viruses belonged to genotypes 1-3, respectively. the cke93 and cke96 viruses were classified into genotype 4. genotypes 1-3 correspond to the viruses containing the ha gene of clade 2.3.2, and genotype 4 is the virus that bears the ha gene of clade 7.2. to better understand the pathogenicity a ... | 2017 | 28770175 |
| selection of antigenic variants of an h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vaccinated chickens. | vaccination-primed immunity in poultry has been suggested for selection of antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs). in this study, we performed two consecutive passage studies of an h5n1 hpaiv in vaccinated chickens, namely, study-i and study-ii, to select antigenic variants under immune pressure from the vaccination. in study-i, nine consecutive passages of a wild-type h5n1 hpaiv were carried out in chickens vaccinated with the homologous challenge strain. antig ... | 2017 | 28756116 |
| longitudinal study of avian influenza and newcastle disease in village poultry, mali, 2009-2011. | newcastle disease (nd) is endemic in west africa, which has also experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) h5n1 since 2006. we aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of ai and nd in village poultry in mali and to identify associated risk factors. a longitudinal serologic study was conducted between november 2009 and february 2011 using elisa commercial kits to detect antibodies. sera (5963) were collected from 4890 different poultry. ai was rare, with a seroprevalen ... | 2017 | 28665735 |
| single gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 in the low pathogenic h9n2 backbone and its impact on pathogenicity and infectivity of novel reassortant viruses. | avian influenza a h5n1 and h9n2 viruses have been extensively circulating in various avian species and frequently infect mammals, including humans. the synchronous circulation of both viruses in egypt provides an opportunity for possible genetic assortment, posing a probable threat to global public health. to assess the potential risk of the iav reassortants derived from co-circulation of these two ai subtypes, reverse genetics technology was used to generate a set of iav reassortants carrying s ... | 2017 | 28620809 |
| temporal and spatial characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in china during 2004 to 2015. | identifying the temporal and spatial characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks is very important for developing effective and appropriate countermeasures against hpai and promoting sustainable development in the poultry industry. this study aimed to analyze four aspects of the temporal and spatial characteristics of hpai outbreaks in china, including the frequency of hpai outbreaks, numbers of dead animals (died or culled), types of hpai viruses, and species of infect ... | 2017 | 28453859 |
| different cross protection scopes of two avian influenza h5n1 vaccines against infection of layer chickens with a heterologous highly pathogenic virus. | avian influenza (ai) virus strains vary in antigenicity, and antigenic differences between circulating field virus and vaccine virus will affect the effectiveness of vaccination of poultry. antigenic relatedness can be assessed by measuring serological cross-reactivity using haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. our study aims to determine the relation between antigenic relatedness expressed by the archetti-horsfall ratio, and reduction of virus transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 ai strai ... | 2017 | 28411501 |
| role of vaccination-induced immunity and antigenic distance in the transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 epidemics in poultry cause huge economic losses as well as sporadic human morbidity and mortality. vaccination in poultry has often been reported as being ineffective in preventing transmission and as a potential driving force in the selection of immune escape mutants. we conducted transmission experiments to evaluate the transmission dynamics of hpai h5n1 strains in chickens vaccinated with high and low doses of immune escape mutants we have previou ... | 2016 | 26763336 |
| informal inter-island poultry movement in indonesia: does it pose a risk to hpai h5n1 transmission? | informal movement of domesticated poultry and wild birds is considered a major threat in terms of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 transmission between birds and from birds to humans. however, the risk of transmission from informal illegal poultry movement has received little attention in indonesia where human fatalities are the highest in the world. this research investigated the illegal movement of adult poultry between the islands of java, bali and lombok to determine the potenti ... | 2015 | 26091934 |
| two amino acid residues in ion channel protein m2 and polymerase protein pa contribute to replication difference of h5n1 influenza viruses in mice. | a/swine/fujian/1/2001 (fj1) and a/duck/zhejiang/52/2000 (dk52) are h5n1 influenza viruses that are lethal in chickens. however, in mice, fj1 is highly pathogenic, whereas dk52 cannot replicate at all. in this study, we used reverse genetics to demonstrate that amino acid residues at position 54 of polymerase acidic protein (pa) and position 26 of ion channel protein m2 of fj1 and dk52 are important determinants for replication in mice. in addition, we prove that m2 and pa proteins contribute to ... | 2013 | 24512754 |
| economic epidemiology of avian influenza on smallholder poultry farms. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is often controlled through culling of poultry. compensating farmers for culled chickens or ducks facilitates effective culling and control of hpai. however, ensuing price shifts can create incentives that alter the disease dynamics of hpai. farmers control certain aspects of the dynamics by setting a farm size, implementing infection control measures, and determining the age at which poultry are sent to market. their decisions can be influenced by the ma ... | 2013 | 24161559 |
| improving risk models for avian influenza: the role of intensive poultry farming and flooded land during the 2004 thailand epidemic. | since 1996 when highly pathogenic avian influenza type h5n1 first emerged in southern china, numerous studies sought risk factors and produced risk maps based on environmental and anthropogenic predictors. however little attention has been paid to the link between the level of intensification of poultry production and the risk of outbreak. this study revised h5n1 risk mapping in central and western thailand during the second wave of the 2004 epidemic. production structure was quantified using a ... | 2012 | 23185352 |
| changing patterns of h6 influenza viruses in hong kong poultry markets. | until 2001, h6n1 influenza viruses in the hong kong bird markets were represented by a single stable a/teal/hong kong/w312/97-like lineage. beginning in 2001, despite a reduction in overall prevalence, an increase was observed in the number of h6 viruses isolated from chickens and other hosts. to assess any changes in h6 viruses, we characterized 18 h6 viruses isolated in the hong kong bird markets from 2001 to 2003. experimental data showed that the 2003 h6 viruses had similar infectivity for c ... | 2011 | 23074660 |
| community response to avian flu in central java, indonesia. | this pilot study suggests that it is more appropriate to think of avian flu as a bio-social and bio-political challenge for indonesia than merely an epidemiological challenge involving a disease of zoonotic origin. our examination of popular perceptions of avian flu in central java reveals important differences of opinion about which types of fowl are responsible for avian flu transmission and the degree of risk h5n1 poses to humans. the opinions of backyard farmers and commercial poultry farmer ... | 2008 | 27268991 |
| high accumulation in tobacco seeds of hemagglutinin antigen from avian (h5n1) influenza. | tobacco seeds can be used as a cost effective system for production of recombinant vaccines. avian influenza is an important respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of mortality and becomes a serious threat for the poultry industry. a safe vaccine against avian flu produced at low cost could help to prevent future outbreaks. we have genetically engineered tobacco plants to express extracellular domain of hemagglutinin protein from h5n1 avian influenza virus as an inexpensive alternative f ... | 2017 | 28986672 |
| an egyptian hpai h5n1 isolate from clade 2.2.1.2 is highly pathogenic in an experimentally infected domestic duck breed (sudani duck). | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to cause major problems in poultry and can, although rarely, cause human infection. being enzootic in domestic poultry, egyptian isolates are continuously evolving, and novel clades vary in their pathogenicity in avian hosts. considering the importance of domestic ducks as natural hosts of hpai h5n1 viruses and their likelihood of physical contact with other avian hosts and humans, it is of utmost importance to characterize the p ... | 2018 | 29363279 |
| a targeted investigation to demonstrate the freedom of west timor from hpai h5n1. | in early 2004 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus caused major outbreaks of disease in poultry in indonesia. the disease was first reported in west timor in eastern indonesia in the same year, resulting in the death of approximately one hundred chickens from both commercial and backyard farms; however no evidence of disease has subsequently been reported in west timor since 2007. a targeted survey was undertaken in 2013 in 2 districts of west timor. three hundred village and comm ... | 2018 | 29406083 |
| co-circulation of influenza a h5, h7, and h9 viruses and co-infected poultry in live bird markets, cambodia. | longitudinal surveillance of 2 live bird markets in cambodia revealed year-round, high co-circulation of h5, h7, and h9 influenza viruses. we detected influenza a viruses in 51.3% of ducks and 39.6% of chickens, and co-infections, mainly by h5 and h9 viruses, in 0.8% of ducks and 4.5% of chickens. | 2018 | 29350140 |
| differential responses of innate immunity triggered by different subtypes of influenza a viruses in human and avian hosts. | innate immunity provides first line of defense against viral infections. the interactions between hosts and influenza a virus and the response of host innate immunity to viral infection are critical determinants for the pathogenicity or virulence of influenza a viruses. this study was designed to investigate global changes of gene expression and detailed responses of innate immune systems in human and avian hosts during the course of infection with various subtypes of influenza a viruses, using ... | 2017 | 29322931 |
| broadening the h5n3 vaccine immunogenicity against h5n1 virus by modification of neutralizing epitopes. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus remains to be one of the world's largest pandemic threats due to the emergence of new variants. the rapid evolution of new sub-lineages is currently the greatest challenge in vaccine development. in this study, we developed an epitope modified non-pathogenic h5n3 (a/duck/singapore/97) vaccine for broad protection against influenza h5 subtype. h5n3 hemagglutinin (ha) mutant reassortant viruses with a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) backbone were gene ... | 2017 | 29295514 |
| newcastle disease virus-based h5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus. | since december 2014, eurasian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses including h5n1, h5n2, and h5n8 subtypes (called h5nxviruses), which belong to the h5 clade 2.3.4.4, have been detected in u.s. wild birds. subsequently, highly pathogenic h5n2 and h5n8 viruses have caused outbreaks in u.s. domestic poultry. vaccination is one of the most effective ways to control influenza outbreaks and protect animal and public health. newcastle disease virus (ndv)-based influenza vaccines have b ... | 2017 | 29263888 |
| conserved peptides enhance immune efficiency of inactive vaccines against emerging avian influenza viruses in chicken. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h5n1 and h7n9 are a great threat to poultry economics and public health. vaccination can effectively inhibit the spread of aiv in poultry, which is also a viable strategy for controlling virus transmission from poultry to human. adjuvants that are commonly used in current inactivated vaccines to provide stronger anti-aiv immune responses are often limited in their capacity to quantitatively induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. herein, we asses ... | 2017 | 29230639 |
| protective efficacy of combined trivalent inactivated isa 71 oil adjuvant vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes (h9n2 and h5n1) and newcastle disease virus. | the objective of the present study was to prepare a trivalent inactivated vaccine of newcastle disease virus (ndv), h5n1, and h9n2 viruses. | 2017 | 29184367 |
| airborne transmission of highly pathogenic influenza virus during processing of infected poultry. | exposure to infected poultry is a suspected cause of avian influenza (h5n1) virus infections in humans. we detected infectious droplets and aerosols during laboratory-simulated processing of asymptomatic chickens infected with human- (clades 1 and 2.2.1) and avian- (clades 1.1, 2.2, and 2.1) origin h5n1 viruses. we detected fewer airborne infectious particles in simulated processing of infected ducks. influenza virus-naive chickens and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected chi ... | 2017 | 29047426 |
| isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to japan by international flight passengers. | the transportation of poultry and related products for international trade contributes to transboundary pathogen spread and disease outbreaks worldwide. to prevent pathogen incursion through poultry products, many countries have regulations about animal health and poultry product quarantine. however, in japan, animal products have been illegally introduced into the country in baggage and confiscated at the airport. lately, the number of illegally imported poultry and the incursion risk of transb ... | 2017 | 29034617 |
| avian influenza h5n1 vaccination efficacy in egyptian backyard poultry. | raising backyard poultry under low biosecurity conditions is a common practice in egypt. while vaccination is routinely applied in egypt in commercial settings to curb the spread of avian influenza viruses, it remains less commonly used in backyard settings. we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a h5n1 vaccine based on a contemporary egyptian clade 2.2.1.2 virus among turkeys, ducks, geese, and chickens raised together in a backyard setting. results showed that this vaccine e ... | 2017 | 28958814 |
| recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 as vaccine vectors for highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens with antibodies against newcastle disease virus. | recombinant newcastle disease virus (rndv) expressing the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv ha) induces protective immunity against hpaiv in chickens. however, the efficacy of rndv vectors is hampered when chickens are pre-immune to ndv, and most commercial chickens are routinely vaccinated against ndv. we recently showed that avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 (apmv-2, apmv-6, and apmv-10), which belong to the same genus as ndv, have low cross-reactivity wi ... | 2017 | 28957006 |
| infectious dose-dependent accumulation of live highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in chicken skeletal muscle-implications for public health. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of h5n1 subtype are a major global threat to poultry and public health. export of poultry products, such as chicken and duck meat, is a known source for the cross-boundary spread of hpai h5n1 viruses. humans get infected with hpai h5n1 viruses either by close contact with infected poultry or through consumption of fresh/undercooked poultry meat. skeletal muscle is the largest soft tissue in chicken that has been shown to contain virus during syst ... | 2018 | 28941132 |
| mild respiratory illness among young children caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus infection in dhaka, bangladesh, 2011. | in march 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated 2 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) virus infection, detected through population-based active surveillance for influenza in bangladesh, to assess transmission and contain further spread. | 2017 | 28934459 |
| efficacy of recombinant measles virus expressing highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) antigen against hpaiv infection in monkeys. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) is a serious threat not only to domestic fowls but also to humans. vaccines inducing long-lasting immunity against hpaiv are required. in the present study, we generated recombinant measles virus (mv) expressing the hemagglutinin protein of hpaiv without the multibasic site necessary for its pathogenicity in chickens using the backbone of an mv vaccine strain (rmv-ed-h5ha) or a wild-type mv-derived mutant (rmv-hl-vko-h5ha). we examined protective e ... | 2017 | 28931922 |
| natural reassortants of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h9n2 from egypt display distinct pathogenic phenotypes in experimentally infected chickens and ferrets. | the cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1 and avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtype h9n2 among poultry in egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in egypt. the present investigations proved that reassortants of the egyptian h5n1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and h9n2 virus of the g1-b lineage can be generated by ... | 2017 | 28931674 |
| characteristics of influenza h13n8 subtype virus firstly isolated from qinghai lake region, china. | since the highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza caused thousands of deaths of wild bird in this area in 2005, qinghai lake in china has become a hot spot for study of the influence of avian influenza to migratory wild birds. however, the ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in this region are limited. this project-based avian influenza surveillance in qinghai lake region was initiated in year 2012. | 2017 | 28923071 |
| interaction of recombinant gallus gallus sept5 and brain proteins of h5n1-avian influenza virus-infected chickens. | septin forms a conserved family of cytoskeletal guanosine triphosphate (gtp) binding proteins that have diverse roles in protein scaffolding, vesicle trafficking, and cytokinesis. the involvement of septins in infectious viral disease pathogenesis has been demonstrated by the upregulation of sept5 protein and its mrna in brain tissues of h5n1-infected chickens, thus, providing evidence for the potential importance of this protein in the pathogenesis of neurovirulence caused by the avian influenz ... | 2017 | 28895884 |
| short- and long-term protective efficacy against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus following prime-boost vaccination in turkeys. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections are frequently associated with systemic disease and high mortality in domestic poultry, particularly in chickens and turkeys. clade 2.3.4.4 represents a genetic cluster within the asian hpaiv h5 goose/guangdong lineage that has transmitted through migratory birds and spread throughout the world. in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 strains entered the u.s. via the pacific flyway, reassorted with local strains of the north american lineage, and produce ... | 2017 | 28886943 |
| immunogenicity of dna vaccine against h5n1 containing extended kappa b site:in vivostudy in mice and chickens. | influenza is one of the most important illnesses in the modern world, causing great public health losses each year due to the lack of medication and broadly protective, long-lasting vaccines. the development of highly immunogenic and safe vaccines is currently one of the major problems encountered in efficient influenza prevention. dna vaccines represent a novel and powerful alternative to the conventional vaccine approaches. to improve the efficacy of the dna vaccine against influenza h5n1, we ... | 2017 | 28883819 |
| effective usage of cationic derivatives of polyprenols as carriers of dna vaccines against influenza virus. | cationic derivatives of polyprenols (trimethylpolyprenylammonium iodides - ptai) with variable chain length between 6 and 15 isoprene units prepared from naturally occurring poly-cis-prenols were tested as dna vaccine carriers in chickens and mice. this study aimed to investigate if ptai could be used as an efficient carrier of a dna vaccine. | 2017 | 28865454 |
| a two dose immunization with an inactivated reassortant h5n2 virus protects chickens against lethal challenge with homologous 2.3.2.1 clade and heterologous 2.2 clade highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses. | the present study was aimed at generating a reassortant vaccine candidate virus with clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin (ha) and its evaluation in a challenge study for protection against homologous (2.3.2.1 clade) and heterologous (2.2 clade) highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses. plasmid-based reverse genetics technique was used to rescue a 5 + 3 reassortant h5n2 strain containing the modified ha of h5n1 (clade 2.3.2.1), the neuraminidase (na) of h9n2, the matrix (m) of h5n1 and the i ... | 2018 | 29615248 |
| immunization of domestic ducks with live nonpathogenic h5n3 influenza virus prevents shedding and transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 virus to chickens. | wild ducks are known to be able to carry avian influenza viruses over long distances and infect domestic ducks, which in their turn infect domestic chickens. therefore, prevention of virus transmission between ducks and chickens is important to control the spread of avian influenza. here we used a low pathogenic wild aquatic bird virus a/duck/moscow/4182/2010 (h5n3) for prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) transmission between ducks and chickens. we first confirmed that ... | 2018 | 29614716 |
| risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in peru: a qualitative study. | interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza a virus can result from these activities. recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like h1n1 and h5n1. unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the e ... | 2018 | 29602269 |
| a naturally occurring deletion in the effector domain of h5n1 swine influenza virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates viral fitness and host innate immunity. | nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of influenza a virus regulates innate immune responses via various mechanisms. we previously showed that a naturally occurring deletion (the ealqr motif) in the ns1 effector domain of an h5n1 swine-origin avian influenza virus impairs the inhibition of type i interferon (ifn) in chicken fibroblasts and attenuates virulence in chickens. here, we found that the virus bearing this deletion in its ns1 effector domain showed diminished inhibition of ifn-related cytokine ... | 2018 | 29563291 |
| comparison of the pathogenic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6, and h5n8 viruses isolated in south korea during the 2016-2017 winter season. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n6) and a(h5n8) virus infections resulted in the culling of more than 37 million poultry in the republic of korea during the 2016/17 winter season. here we characterize two representative viruses, a/environment/korea/w541/2016 [em/w541(h5n6)] and a/common teal/korea/w555/2017 [ct/w555(h5n8)], and evaluate their zoonotic potential in various animal models. both em/w541(h5n6) and ct /w555(h5n8) are novel reassortants derived from various gene pools of w ... | 2018 | 29535296 |
| proteomic analysis of chicken embryo fibroblast cells infected with recombinant h5n1 avian influenza viruses with and without ns1 eif4gi binding domain. | non-structural 1 (ns1) protein is a key virulence factor that regulates replication of influenza virus. a recombinant h5n1 virus lacking the eif4gi-binding domain of ns1 (rns1-sd30) exhibits significantly lower pathogenicity than h5n1 virus with an intact eif4gi-binding domain (rns1-wt). to further investigate this phenomenon, we performed comparative proteomics analyses to profile host proteins in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) infected with rns1-wt and rns1-sd30 viruses. in total, 81 differ ... | 2018 | 29492200 |
| expression and immunogenicity of m2e peptide of avian influenza virus h5n1 fused to ricin toxin b chain produced in duckweed plants. | the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the virus-encoded m2 matrix protein (peptide m2e) is conserved among all subtypes of influenza a strains, enabling the development of a broad-range vaccine against them. we expressed m2e from avian influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) in nuclear-transformed duckweed plants for further development of an avian influenza vaccine. the 30-amino acid n-terminal fragment of m2, including m2e (denoted m130), was selected for expression. th ... | 2018 | 29487846 |
| induction profiles of mrna of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. | herein, the induction of tlrs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus was studied. four groups (1-4) of chickens inoculated with 106eid50of h9n2 virus were challenged with 106eid50of h5n1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post h9n2 inoculation, respectively. in groups (1-4) tlrs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken pbmcs on day 3 post h5n1 challenge. in h5n1 control grou ... | 2018 | 29476788 |
| comparative pathogenicity and transmissibility of pandemic h1n1, avian h5n1, and human h7n9 influenza viruses in tree shrews. | influenza a viruses (iavs) continuously challenge the poultry industry and human health. studies of iavs are still hampered by the availability of suitable animal models. chinese tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates physiologically and genetically, which make them a potential animal model for human diseases. in this study, we comprehensively evaluated infectivity and transmissibility in chinese tree shrews by using pandemic h1n1 (a/sichuan/1/2009, pdmh1n1), av ... | 2019 | 31921093 |
| evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia. | influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ... | 2020 | 33132612 |
| serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar. | avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ... | 2020 | 33091862 |
| immunization with plant-derived multimeric h5 hemagglutinins protect chicken against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1. | since 2003, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. in this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (h ... | 2020 | 33050224 |
| cross-protection by inactivated h5 pre-pandemic vaccine seed strains against diverse goose/guangdong lineage h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 a/goose/guangdong/1996 lineage (gs/gd) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world, and has caused lethal, sporadic infections in humans. vaccines are important in hpai control for both poultry and in pre-pandemic preparedness in humans. this study assessed inactivated pre-pandemic vaccine strains in a one health framework, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field h5n1 gs/gd viruses from the agricultural sec ... | 2020 | 32999029 |
| avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016. | 2020 | 32794162 |
| transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of cambodian influenza a/h5n1 viruses. | influenza a/h5n1 has circulated in asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. in cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. during this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. in particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) unti ... | 2020 | 32666894 |
| a modified live bat influenza a virus-based vaccine prototype provides full protection against hpaiv h5n1. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5 are a major threat for poultry holdings worldwide, here especially the zoonotic asian h5n1 viruses. these hpaivs have caused more than 500 fatal spillover infections from poultry to humans, with a looming danger of a new pandemic by establishing human-to-human transmissions. besides culling measures in infected farms in endemic areas, vaccination is the major tool against hpaiv. however, the mainly used inactivated preparations hav ... | 2020 | 32435514 |
| surveillance of influenza a virus subtype h5n1 in a live bird market in yangon, myanmar: 2017-2018. | a survey of influenza a viruses (iavs) in the mingalar taung nyunt live bird market (mtn-lbm), yangon, myanmar, was conducted from december 2017 to december 2018. during the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the mtn-lbm. ninety-one pooled samples were screened for iavs by real-time rt-pcr specific to the m gene. positive pooled samples were individually retested for iavs. in total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive fo ... | 2020 | 32386461 |
| development and evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for quantitative and qualitative recognition of h5 subtype of avian influenza viruses. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) h5n1 were first identified in southeast asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. the viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species and deadly infections in humans. multiple conventional methods have been so far introduced for the dete ... | 2020 | 32291998 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 presents in vitro characteristics consistent with its predicted tropism for avian species. | avian influenza a viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. since 1997, several highly pathogenic h5n1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. during 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern france. different subtypes circulated, including the a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 h5n1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the ... | 2020 | 32267129 |
| mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ... | 2020 | 31982962 |
| reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china. | human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ... | 2020 | 31951605 |
| immunopathological immunohistochemical study of low pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 infection in lovebirds (agapornis spp.) in indonesia. | to date, persistent infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 (lpai h5n1) in chickens is widespread in indonesia. commercially available ornamental birds on markets play an important role in triggering the occurrence of aiv outbreaks. thus, the presence of aiv in ornamental birds such as lovebirds needs to be closely monitored. here, the presence of lpai h5n1 was investigated in lovebirds with no clinical signs that, although apparently healthy, can be a continuous s ... | 2019 | 31749584 |
| evolution of h5-type avian influenza a virus towards mammalian tropism in egypt, 2014 to 2015. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of the h5-subtype have circulated continuously in egypt since 2006, resulting in numerous poultry outbreaks and considerable sporadic human infections. the extensive circulation and wide spread of these viruses in domestic poultry have resulted in various evolutionary changes with a dramatic impact on viral transmission ability to contact mammals including humans. the transmitted viruses are either (1) adapted well enough in their avian hosts to ... | 2019 | 31703251 |
| genetic characteristics and polymorphisms in the chicken interferon-induced transmembrane protein (ifitm3) gene. | the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (ifitm3) gene is classified as a small interferon-stimulated gene and is associated with a broad spectrum of antiviral functions against several fatal enveloped viruses, including influenza a viruses (iavs). the rs12252 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) of the ifitm3 gene in humans was associated with susceptibility to h1n1 influenza in a 2009 pandemic. in addition, overexpression of the ifitm3 protein potently inhibits the highly pathogenic avia ... | 2019 | 31410631 |
| a computationally designed h5 antigen shows immunological breadth of coverage and protects against drifting avian strains. | since the first identification of the h5n1 goose/guangdong lineage in 1996, this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, becoming endemic in domestic poultry. sporadic transmission to humans has raised concerns of a potential pandemic and underscores the need for a broad cross-protective influenza vaccine. here, we tested our previously described methodology, termed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra), to generate a novel hemagglutinin (ha) gene, term ... | 2019 | 30905528 |
| analysis of the efficacy of an adjuvant-based inactivated pandemic h5n1 influenza virus vaccine. | this paper describes a preclinical study analyzing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of kazfluvac®, an adjuvant-based inactivated pandemic influenza a/h5n1 virus vaccine. in this study, laboratory animals (ferrets and mice) were vaccinated by the intramuscular or intraperitoneal route at an interval of 14 days with two doses of the vaccine containing different concentrations of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein. ha protein without adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide and merthiolate) w ... | 2019 | 30740636 |
| identification and analysis of long non-coding rnas in response to h5n1 influenza viruses in duck (anas platyrhynchos). | long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) are important component of mammalian genomes, where their numbers are even larger than that of protein-coding genes. for example, human (homo sapiens) (96,308 vs. 20,376) and mouse (mus musculus) (87,774 vs. 22,630) have more lncrna genes than protein-coding genes in the noncodev5 database. recently, mammalian lncrnas were reported to play critical roles in immune response to influenza a virus infections. such observation inspired us to identify lncrnas related to ... | 2019 | 30634898 |
| mutation of influenza a virus pa-x decreases pathogenicity in chicken embryos and can increase the yield of reassortant candidate vaccine viruses. | the pa-x protein of influenza a virus has roles in host cell shutoff and viral pathogenesis. while most strains are predicted to encode pa-x, strain-dependent variations in activity have been noted. we found that pa-x protein from the a/pr/8/34 (pr8) strain had significantly lower repressive activity against cellular gene expression than pa-x proteins from the avian strains a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1) (t/e) and a/chicken/rostock/34 (h7n1). loss of normal pa-x expression, either by mutation ... | 2019 | 30381488 |
| chickens expressing ifit5 ameliorate clinical outcome and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza and velogenic newcastle disease viruses. | innate antiviral immunity establishes first line of defense against invading pathogens through sensing their molecular structures such as viral rna. this antiviral potential of innate immunity is mainly attributed to a myriad of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). amongst well-characterized isgs, we have previously shown that antiviral potential of chicken ifn-induced proteins with tetratricopeptides repeats 5 (chifit5) is determined by its interaction potential with 5'ppp containing viral rna. here, w ... | 2018 | 30271403 |
| evaluation of the potential defensive strategy against influenza a in cell line models. | background: influenza virus can cause both seasonal infections and unpredictable pandemics. rapidly evolving avian h5n1 and h7n9 viruses have a potential pandemic threat for humans. since avian influenza can be transmitted by domestic birds, serving as a key link between wild birds and humans, an effective measure to control the influenza transmission would be eradication of the infection in poultry. it is known that the virus penetrates into the cell through binding with the terminal oligosacc ... | 2018 | 29946435 |
| mitigation strategies to reduce the generation and transmission of airborne highly pathogenic avian influenza virus particles during processing of infected poultry. | airborne transmission of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses has occurred among poultry and from poultry to humans during home or live-poultry market slaughter of infected poultry, and such transmission has been experimentally reproduced. in this study, we investigated simple, practical changes in the processing of h5n1 virus-infected chickens to reduce infectious airborne particles and their transmission. our findings suggest that containing the birds during the killing and bl ... | 2018 | 29891217 |
| functional growth inhibition of influenza a and b viruses by liquid and powder components of leaves from the subtropical plant melia azedarach l. | we evaluated the anti-influenza-virus effects of melia components and discuss the utility of these components. the effects of leaf components of melia azedarach l. on viruses were examined, and plaque inhibition tests were performed. the in vivo efficacy of m. azedarach l. was tested in a mouse model. leaf components of melia azedarach l. markedly inhibited the growth of various influenza viruses. in an initial screening, multiplication and haemagglutination (ha) activities of h1n1, h3n2, h5, an ... | 2018 | 29633076 |
| surveillance in 2013 of avian influenza virus from live-bird markets in bangkok, thailand. | live-bird markets have been implicated in transmission of avian influenzaviruses, most recently of influenza a (h7n9) in china. low pathogenic avianinfluenza (lpai) viruses, such as h7n9, cause asymptomatic infections in poultry,and active surveillance is required to detect infection and to prevent transmissionto humans. although limited numbers of live birds for consumption are sold inbangkok live bird markets (lbm), transmission of h7n9 in nearby china hasprompted a program of active surveilla ... | 2017 | 29644818 |
| modeling the spread of bird flu and predicting outbreak diversity. | avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is an epidemic caused by h5n1 virus that primarily affects birds like chickens, wild water birds, etc. on rare occasions, these can infect other species including pigs and humans. in the span of less than a year, the lethal strain of bird flu is spreading very fast across the globe mainly in south east asia, parts of central asia, africa and europe. in order to study the patterns of spread of epidemic, we made an investigation of outbreaks of the epid ... | 2008 | 32288641 |
| clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1 avian influenza viruses circulate at the interface of migratory and domestic birds around qinghai lake in china. | during 2012-2015, six h5n1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from domestic birds and the environment around qinghai lake. phylogenetic analysis of ha genes revealed that a/chicken/gansu/xg2/2012 (ck/gs/xg2/12) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1a, while a/environment/qinghai/1/2013 (en/qh/1/13), a/chicken/qinghai/qh1/2015 (ck/qh/qh1/15), a/chicken/qinghai/qh2/2015 (ck/qh/qh2/15), a/chicken/qinghai/qh3/2015 (ck/qh/qh3/15), and a/goose/qinghai/qh6/2015 (gs/qh/qh6/15) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c. further ... | 2019 | 31383307 |
| wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is essentially a poultry disease. wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of hpai has changed in recent years. after its emergence in southeastern asia in 1996, h5 hpai virus of the goose/guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. in order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbi ... | 2018 | 29670093 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, western china, 2020. | in january 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in xinjiang, western china. the virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. antigenically, this subclade is similar to the h5n1 vaccine seed virus re-11. | 2020 | 33030424 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31713401 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31131580 |
| variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus h5n3 under immune pressure. | mutations arising in influenza viruses that have undergone immune pressure may promote a successful spread of mutants in nature. in order to evaluate the variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus a/duck/moscow/4182-c/2010(h5n3) and to determine the common epitopes between it and highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses (hpaiv), a set of escape mutants was selected due to action of mabs specific against a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83(h5n2), a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) and a/duck/novosibirsk/ ... | 2020 | 33151742 |
| haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different h5n1 viruses in chickens. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. the currently available avian influenza h5n1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling h5n1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed. | 2020 | 33059676 |
| experimental infection and pathology of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow and chicken in house crows (corvus splendens). | we investigated the experimental infection of two highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses isolated from crow (a/crow/assam/142119/2008) and chicken (a/chicken/sikkim/151466/2009) in house crows (corvus splendens). both viruses caused infection in crows, where four out of six and three out of six crows succumbed to h5n1 infection within 11 days post challenge by crow and chicken viruses, respectively. the major clinical signs in crows were wing paralysis, circling and torticollis. the viru ... | 2020 | 32985206 |
| enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. | in 2016/2017, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of the goose/guangdong lineage spread from asia to europe, causing the biggest and most widespread hpai epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in europe. we hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 h5n8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older hpaiv viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses, allowing more ef ... | 2020 | 32928280 |
| orally administered recombinant baculovirus vaccine elicits partial protection against avian influenza virus infection in mice. | avian influenza outbreaks have placed a tremendous economic burden on the poultry industry, necessitating the need for an effective vaccine. although multiple vaccine candidates are available, its development is hindered by several drawbacks associated with the vaccine platforms and as such, more improvements to the vaccines are needed. therefore, in this study, the vaccine efficacy in the murine models was assessed prior to evaluation in chickens. an oral recombinant baculovirus (rbv) vaccine e ... | 2020 | 32910984 |
| continued evolution of h5nx avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets: pathogenic potential in poultry and mammalian models. | the genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. this is of particular concern in bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the a(h5n1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three a(h5) genotypes, designated h5n1-r1, h5n1-r2, and h5n2-r3, that arose from reassortment of a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. the ... | 2020 | 32907981 |
| continuous reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenetic avian influenza viruses demonstrating high risk to public health. | since it firstly emerged in china in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) has rapidly replaced predominant h5n1 to become the dominant h5 subtype in china, especially in ducks. not only endemic in china, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in south korea, japan, and europe. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaivs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. phylogenetic analys ... | 2020 | 32824873 |
| vaccine efficacy on the novel reassortant h9n2 virus in indonesia. | vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the avian influenza (ai) viruses in indonesia. the variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. in this study, we identified the reassortant h9n2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. the reassortant h9n2 viruses derived the pb2 gene from the h5n1 virus. the pathogenicity t ... | 2020 | 32785201 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy comparison of mdck cell-based and egg-based live attenuated influenza vaccines of h5 and h7 subtypes in ferrets. | during a pandemic, the availability of specific pathogen free chicken eggs is a major bottleneck for up-scaling response to the demand for influenza vaccine. this has led us to explore the use of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells for the manufacture of live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) that provides production flexibility and speed. the present study reports the comparison of the immunogenicity and efficacy of two mdck-based laivs against two egg-based laivs prepared from the same pa ... | 2020 | 32741671 |
| 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza a(h5n1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity. | influenza a virus (iav) infection represents a global health challenge. excavating antiviral active components from traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is a promising anti-iav strategy. our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (dap), a major ingredient of a tcm herb called andrographis paniculata, shows anti-iav activity that is mainly effective against a/chicken/hubei/327/2004 (h5n1), a/duck/hubei/xn/2007 (h5n1), and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) in vitro and in viv ... | 2020 | 32702348 |
| evolution and extensive reassortment of h5 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in china over the past decade. | lethal infection of wild birds with different subtypes of h5 viruses continuously occur. to investigate the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of h5 viruses in wild birds, we performed a detailed genetic and biologic analysis of 27 viruses, including h5n1, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8 subtypes, that were responsible for avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds in china over the past decade. we found that these 27 viruses, bearing different clades/subclades of ha, were complicated reassortants and formed ... | 2020 | 32686602 |
| patterns of avian influenza a (h5) and a (h9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in bangladesh. | in order to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus spread in endemically infected countries, a detailed understanding of infection patterns is required. we conducted cross-sectional studies in bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. although all sampled birds were negative for h5 virus by rt-pcr, h5 antibodies were detected in unvaccinated birds on all three farming systems. higher ... | 2020 | 32639112 |
| a77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide, inhibits influenza a virus replication in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the activity of janus kinases. | the newly reassorted iav subtypes from zoonotic reservoirs respond poorly to current vaccines and antiviral therapy. there is an unmet need in developing novel antiviral drugs for better control of iav infection. the cellular factors that are crucial for virus replication have been sought as novel molecular targets for antiviral therapy. recent studies have shown that janus kinases (jak), jak1, and jak2, play an important role in iav replication. leflunomide is an anti-inflammatory drug primaril ... | 2020 | 32598086 |
| contributions of ha1 and ha2 subunits of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n1 causes a devastating disease in poultry. vaccination is an effective method of controlling avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in poultry. the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is the major determinant recognized by the immune system of the host. cleavage of the ha precursor ha0 into ha1 and ha2 subunits is required for infectivity of the aiv. we evaluated the individual contributions of ha1 and ha2 subunits to the induction of hpaiv serum ... | 2020 | 32582071 |
| immune response and protective efficacy of inactivated and live influenza vaccines against homologous and heterosubtypic challenge. | inactivated (whole-virion, split, subunit, and adjuvanted) vaccines and live attenuated vaccine were tested in parallel to compare their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. homologous and heterosubtypic protection against the challenge with influenza h5n1 and h1n1 viruses in a mouse model were studied. single immunization with live or inactivated whole-virion h5n1 vaccine elicited a high level of serum antibodies and provided complete protection against the challenge with the lethal a/chicke ... | 2020 | 32571185 |
| pathological and molecular characterization of h5 avian influenza virus in poultry flocks from egypt over a ten-year period (2009-2019). | avian influenza virus (aiv) remains one of the enzootic zoonotic diseases that challenges the poultry industry in egypt. in the present study, a total of 500 tissue samples were collected from 100 chicken farms (broilers and layers) suspected to be infected with aiv through the period from 2009 to 2019 from dakahlia governorate, egypt. these samples were pooled in 100 working samples and screened for aiv then the positive samples were subjected to histopathological examination combined with real ... | 2020 | 32527004 |
| genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 and h5n2 from egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1, clade 2.2.1, and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses, g1-b lineage, are endemic in poultry in egypt and have co-circulated for almost a decade. surprisingly, no inter-subtypic reassortment events have been reported from the field during that time. after the introduction of hpaiv h5n8, clade 2.3.4.4b, in egyptian poultry in 2016, suddenly hp h5n2 reassortants with h9n2 viruses emerged. the current analyses focussed on studying 32 duck flocks, 4 broiler ... | 2020 | 32454245 |