| structure and intracellular targeting of the sars-coronavirus orf7a accessory protein. | the open reading frame (orf) 7a of the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) encodes a unique type i transmembrane protein of unknown function. we have determined the 1.8 a resolution crystal structure of the n-terminal ectodomain of orf7a, revealing a compact seven-stranded beta sandwich unexpectedly similar in fold and topology to members of the ig superfamily. we also demonstrate that, in sars-cov- infected cells, the orf7a protein is expressed and retained intracellularly. confocal microsco ... | 2005 | 15642263 |
| generation of predictive pharmacophore model for sars-coronavirus main proteinase. | pharmacophore-based virtual screening is an effective, inexpensive and fast approach to discovering useful starting points for drug discovery. in this study, we developed a pharmacophore model for the main proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). then we used this pharmacophore model to search nci 3d database including 250, 251 compounds and identified 30 existing drugs containing the pharmacophore query. among them are six compounds that already exhibited anti-sar ... | 2005 | 15642409 |
| prokaryotic expression, refolding, and purification of fragment 450-650 of the spike protein of sars-coronavirus. | the spike (s) glycoprotein is one of the major structure proteins of sars-associated coronavirus (cov). fragment 450-650 (s450-650) of the s protein contains receptor-binding domain and neutralizing epitopes. in this study, s450-650 was expressed with a histidine tag in escherichia coli bl21. bacterial inclusion bodies containing the recombinant s450-650 were solubilized with 8 m urea and then applied onto a ni-nitrilotriacetic acid column. on-column refolding and purification was performed. red ... | 2005 | 15642467 |
| evasion of antibody neutralization in emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. | molecular characterization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has revealed genetic diversity among isolates. the spike (s) glycoprotein, the major target for vaccine and immune therapy, shows up to 17 substitutions in its 1,255-aa sequence; however, the biologic significance of these changes is unknown. here, the functional effects of s mutations have been determined by analyzing their affinity for a viral receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hace-2), and their sens ... | 2005 | 15642942 |
| monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals high sensitivity of the nucleocapsid protein in acute-phase sera of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients. | accurate and timely diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection is a critical step in preventing another global outbreak. in this study, 829 serum specimens were collected from 643 patients initially reported to be infected with sars-cov. the sera were tested for the n protein of sars-cov by using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on monoclonal antibodies against the n protein of sars-cov and compared to 197 control serum sampl ... | 2005 | 15642998 |
| susceptibility of different eukaryotic cell lines to sars-coronavirus. | in order to define and characterize target cells of sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) we studied the susceptibility of 23 different permanent and primary eukaryotic cell lines to sars-coronavirus. beneath vero e6 cells sars- coronavirus infection could also be demonstrated in two pig cell lines (poek, ps) and one human cell line (huh-7) using the indirect immunofluorescence assay and a newly established quantitative real-time pcr. in all susceptible cell lines mrna of the angiotensin-converting enzyme ... | 2005 | 15645376 |
| high-dose hydrocortisone reduces expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokines cxcl8 and cxcl10 in sars coronavirus-infected intestinal cells. | clinical observations and our high-density oligonucleotide microarray results demonstrated increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines after sars-cov infection. here, we investigated the influence of sars-cov infection on cxcl8 (interleukin 8) and cxcl10 (interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10) in human intestinal epithelial (caco2) cells. rt-pcr and elisa showed time-dependent up-regulation of both chemokines after sars-cov infection. electric mobility shift assay revealed increased dna b ... | 2005 | 15647850 |
| evaluation of a real-time polymerase-chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus in patients with hospitalised exacerbation of copd. | one year after the first outbreak infections with sars associated coronavirus were again reported and the clinical picture varied. because health care facilities will have to initiate immediate preventive action in cases of probable sars we tested the potential of pcr to exclude sars associated coronavirus in patients hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. based on primers published recently a real time taqman pcr was established and evaluated. lower respiratory tract specimens of patients with ... | 2004 | 15649859 |
| molecular and biological characterization of human monoclonal antibodies binding to the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were selected from semisynthetic antibody phage display libraries by using whole irradiated severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) virions as target. we identified eight human mabs binding to virus and infected cells, six of which could be mapped to two sars-cov structural proteins: the nucleocapsid (n) and spike (s) proteins. two mabs reacted with n protein. one of the n protein mabs recognized a linear epitope conserved between all publish ... | 2005 | 15650189 |
| identification of the membrane-active regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike membrane glycoprotein using a 16/18-mer peptide scan: implications for the viral fusion mechanism. | we have identified the membrane-active regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) spike glycoprotein by determining the effect on model membrane integrity of a 16/18-mer sars cov spike glycoprotein peptide library. by monitoring the effect of this peptide library on membrane leakage in model membranes, we have identified three regions on the sars cov spike glycoprotein with membrane-interacting capabilities: region 1, located immediately upstream of heptad repeat 1 ( ... | 2005 | 15650199 |
| identification of two neutralizing regions on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein produced from the mammalian expression system. | the spike (s) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) plays important roles in viral pathogenesis and potentially in the development of an effective vaccine against this virulent infectious disease. in this study, the codon-optimized s gene of sars-cov was synthesized to construct dna vaccine plasmids expressing either the full-length or segments of the s protein. high titer s-specific immunoglobulin g antibody responses were elicited in rabbits immuniz ... | 2005 | 15650214 |
| nitric oxide inhibits the replication cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | nitric oxide (no) is an important signaling molecule between cells which has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on some virus infections. the purpose of this study was to examine whether no inhibits the replication cycle of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) in vitro. we found that an organic no donor, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine, significantly inhibited the replication cycle of sars cov in a concentration-dependent manner. we also show here that no inhibits vi ... | 2005 | 15650225 |
| [preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against sars-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid protein]. | to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid (n) protein to develop diagnostic test for sars and study the pathogenesis of the disease. | 2004 | 15650778 |
| [sero-epidemiological characteristics of antibody to sars-associated coronavirus in gansu province]. | to study the levels of sars-associated coronavirus igg antibody of sars patients, people who closely contacted sars patients and normal subjects in gansu province. | 2004 | 15650780 |
| increased sensitivity of sars-coronavirus to a combination of human type i and type ii interferons. | there is currently an urgent need to identify effective antiviral agents that will prevent and treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection. in this study, we have investigated and compared the antiviral effect of different interferons (ifns) on sars-cov replication in the epithelial kidney monkey vero cell line. the results showed that sars-cov grown in vero cells is moderately sensitive to ifn-beta and only weakly sensitive to ifn-alpha and ifn-gamma, in comparison ... | 2004 | 15651759 |
| inhibition of sars-cov replication by sirna. | serious outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), caused by the newly discovered coronavirus sars-cov, occurred between late 2002 and early 2003 and there is an urgent need for effective antiviral agents. rna interference in animals and post-transcriptional gene silencing plants is mediated by small double-stranded rna molecules named small interfering rna (sirna). recently, sirna-induced rna interference(rnai) may provide a new approach to therapy for pathogenic viruses, e.g. hiv a ... | 2005 | 15652970 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus is detected in intestinal tissues of fatal cases. | a significant percentage of confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, and the viral sequence was detectable in the stool of most patients. at present, the knowledge of the pathology of the digestive system in sars patients is limited. because a resurgence of the sars epidemic is constantly possible, there is an urgent need to understand the involvement of the digestive system in this new disease. | 2005 | 15654797 |
| development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) remains a significant public health concern after the epidemic in 2003. human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that neutralize sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) could provide protection for exposed individuals. | 2005 | 15655773 |
| characterization of cytokine/chemokine profiles of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | there is currently no optimal treatment or effective drug for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), because the immunopathologic mechanism is poorly understood. objectives: to explore the immune mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of sars, we studied the expression profile of cytokines/chemokines in the blood and the immunopathology of the lung and lymphoid tissues. | 2005 | 15657466 |
| enzymatic activity characterization of sars coronavirus 3c-like protease by fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. | to characterize enzymatic activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) and its four site-directed mutants. | 2005 | 15659121 |
| a molecular beacon, bead-based assay for the detection of nucleic acids by flow cytometry. | molecular beacons are dual-labelled probes that are typically used in real-time pcr assays, but have also been conjugated with solid matrices for use in microarrays or biosensors. we have developed a fluid array system using microsphere-conjugated molecular beacons and the flow cytometer for the specific, multiplexed detection of unlabelled nucleic acids in solution. for this array system, molecular beacons were conjugated with microspheres using a biotin-streptavidin linkage. a bridged conjugat ... | 2005 | 15659574 |
| expression of sars-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in escherichia coli and lactococcus lactis for serodiagnosis and mucosal vaccination. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is an important antigen for the early diagnosis of sars and the development of vaccines. it was expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion with human glutathione s-transferase (hgst) and was confirmed by western blotting analysis. this recombinant n protein (hgst-n) was purified and used to measure the sars-cov n-specific antibody in the sera of eight sars patients by enzyme-linked immun ... | 2005 | 15660214 |
| molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a new infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus that leads to deleterious pulmonary pathological features. due to its high morbidity and mortality and widespread occurrence, sars has evolved as an important respiratory disease which may be encountered everywhere in the world. the virus was identified as the causative agent of sars due to the efforts of a who-led laboratory network. the potential mutability of the sars-cov genome may lead to new ... | 2005 | 15661082 |
| sars molecular detection external quality assurance. | inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus samples were used for an external quality assurance study within the world health organization sars reference and verification network and other reference institutions. of 58 participants, 51 correctly detected virus in all samples > or =9,400 rna copies per milliliter and none in negative samples. commercial test kits significantly improved the outcome. | 2004 | 15663861 |
| antibodies to sars coronavirus in civets. | using three different assays, we examined 103 serum samples collected from different civet farms and a market in china in june 2003 and january 2004. while civets on farms were largely free from sars-cov infection, approximately 80% of the animals from one animal market in guangzhou contained significant levels of antibody to sars-cov, which suggests no widespread infection among civets resident on farms, and the infection of civets in the market might be associated with trading activities under ... | 2004 | 15663874 |
| virtual screening of novel noncovalent inhibitors for sars-cov 3c-like proteinase. | the sars coronavirus 3c-like proteinase is considered as a potential drug design target for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). owing to the lack of available drugs for the treatment of sars, the discovery of inhibitors for sars coronavirus 3c-like proteinase that can potentially be optimized as drugs appears to be highly desirable. we have built a "flexible" three-dimensional model for sars 3c-like proteinase by homology modeling and multicanonical molecular dynamics meth ... | 2005 | 15667124 |
| structure-based preliminary analysis of immunity and virulence of sars coronavirus. | the research on sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) has not stopped since its discovery, but the pathogenesis of sars is still unclear. to explore the possible molecular mechanisms of the invasion and virulence of sars-cov, we investigated the structural basis of the viral proteins using computational biology. forty-five motifs relating to superantigens, toxins and other bioactive molecules were detected in the proteins of sars-cov. the results showed that the distribution of the motifs varie ... | 2004 | 15671749 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome, a pathological immune response to the new coronavirus--implications for understanding of pathogenesis, therapy, design of vaccines, and epidemiology. | findings coming from autopsies and serum of sars patients suggest an important immune-inflammatory implication in the evolution to respiratory distress. conditions such as hiv infection or treatment with immunosuppressors (in cancer or autoimmune diseases) are not among the bad prognosis factors for development of distress. to date, there have been no reported case fatalities in children, probably due to their more immature immune system. our conclusions follow: (1) the milder form of sars in ch ... | 2004 | 15671750 |
| evaluation of a safe and sensitive spike protein-based immunofluorescence assay for the detection of antibody responses to sars-cov. | previously, we have identified a truncated antigenic fragment named protein c [441 to 700 amino acids (a.a.)] as the immunodominant fragment of spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov). we have now successfully expressed protein c using the baculovirus system in s. frugiperda (sf-9) cells. this recombinant baculovirus expressing protein c was first characterized using five sars convalescent human sera and five normal human sera. the results showed that ... | 2004 | 15680149 |
| programmed ribosomal frameshifting in decoding the sars-cov genome. | programmed ribosomal frameshifting is an essential mechanism used for the expression of orf1b in coronaviruses. comparative analysis of the frameshift region reveals a universal shift site u_uua_aac, followed by a predicted downstream rna structure in the form of either a pseudoknot or kissing stem loops. frameshifting in sars-cov has been characterized in cultured mammalian cells using a dual luciferase reporter system and mass spectrometry. mutagenic analysis of the sars-cov shift site and mas ... | 2005 | 15680415 |
| inhibition of beta interferon induction by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus suggests a two-step model for activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel coronavirus termed sars-cov. we and others have previously shown that the replication of sars-cov can be suppressed by exogenously added interferon (ifn), a cytokine which is normally synthesized by cells as a reaction to virus infection. here, we demonstrate that sars-cov escapes ifn-mediated growth inhibition by preventing the induction of ifn-beta. in sars-cov-infected cells, no endogenous ifn-beta transcripts and no ifn-beta promo ... | 2005 | 15681410 |
| civets are equally susceptible to experimental infection by two different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus isolates. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was caused by a novel virus now known as sars coronavirus (sars-cov). the discovery of sars-cov-like viruses in masked palm civets (paguma larvata) raises the possibility that civets play a role in sars-cov transmission. to test the susceptibility of civets to experimental infection by different sars-cov isolates, 10 civets were inoculated with two human isolates of sars-cov, bj01 (with a 29-nucleotide deletion) and gz01 (without the 29-nucleotide deletio ... | 2005 | 15681462 |
| civets are equally susceptible to experimental infection by two different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus isolates. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was caused by a novel virus now known as sars coronavirus (sars-cov). the discovery of sars-cov-like viruses in masked palm civets (paguma larvata) raises the possibility that civets play a role in sars-cov transmission. to test the susceptibility of civets to experimental infection by different sars-cov isolates, 10 civets were inoculated with two human isolates of sars-cov, bj01 (with a 29-nucleotide deletion) and gz01 (without the 29-nucleotide deletio ... | 2005 | 15681462 |
| folding of the sars coronavirus spike glycoprotein immunological fragment (sars_s1b): thermodynamic and kinetic investigation correlating with three-dimensional structural modeling. | spike glycoprotein of sars coronavirus (s protein) plays a pivotal role in sars coronavirus (sars_cov) infection. the immunological fragment of the s protein (ala251-his641, sars_s1b) is believed to be essential for sars_cov entering the host cell through s protein-ace-2 interaction. we have quantitatively characterized the thermally induced and guhcl-induced unfolding features of sars_s1b using circular dichroism (cd), tryptophan fluorescence, and stopped-flow spectral techniques. for the therm ... | 2005 | 15683230 |
| [prokaryotic expression of sars coronavirus spike protein and construction of its dna vaccine]. | to study the immunological characteristics of the spike (s) protein of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and analyze the feasibility of using this protein as the component for sars vaccine development. | 2005 | 15683993 |
| function of hab18g/cd147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | to identify the function of hab18g/cd147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov), we analyzed the protein-protein interaction among hab18g/cd147, cyclophilin a (cypa), and sars-cov structural proteins by coimmunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance analysis. although none of the sars-cov proteins was found to be directly bound to hab18g/cd147, the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars-cov was bound to cypa, which interacted with hab18g/cd147. fur ... | 2005 | 15688292 |
| development and comparison of the real-time amplification based methods--nasba-beacon, rt-pcr taqman and rt-pcr hybridization probe assays--for the qualitative detection of sars coronavirus. | the aim of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive and robust procedure for the qualitative detection of sars coronavirus rna. three unique detection formats were developed for real-time rna amplification assays: a post amplification detection step with a virus-specific internal capture probe based on taqman (rt-pcr taqman assay), hybridization probe (rt-pcr hybridization probe assay) and a real-time assay with virus-specific molecular beacon probes (nasba-beacon assay). the analytical sens ... | 2004 | 15689078 |
| three-dimensional model of a substrate-bound sars chymotrypsin-like cysteine proteinase predicted by multiple molecular dynamics simulations: catalytic efficiency regulated by substrate binding. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a contagious and deadly disease caused by a new coronavirus. the protein sequence of the chymotrypsin-like cysteine proteinase (ccp) responsible for sars viral replication has been identified as a target for developing anti-sars drugs. here, i report the atvrlq(p1)a(p1')-bound ccp 3d model predicted by 420 different molecular dynamics simulations (2.0 ns for each simulation with a 1.0-fs time step). this theoretical model was released at the protein da ... | 2004 | 15690493 |
| molecular modeling and chemical modification for finding peptide inhibitor against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main proteinase. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a respiratory disease caused by a newly found virus, called sars coronavirus. in this study, the cleavage mechanism of the sars coronavirus main proteinase (mpro or 3clpro) on the octapeptide nh2-avlq downward arrowsgfr-cooh was investigated using molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics simulations based on the experimental structure of the proteinase. it has been observed that the catalytic dyad (his-41/cys-145) site between domains i and ii attract ... | 2005 | 15691506 |
| 1h, 13c, and 15n resonance assignments of the n-terminal domain of the sars cov nucleocapsid protein. | | 2005 | 15692748 |
| sars-cov protease inhibitors design using virtual screening method from natural products libraries. | two natural products databases, the marine natural products database (mnpd) and the traditional chinese medicines database (tcmd), were used to find novel structures of potent sars-cov protease inhibitors through virtual screening. before the procedure, the databases were filtered by lipinski's rof and xu's extension rules. the results were analyzed by statistic methods to eliminate the bias in target-based database screening toward higher molecular weight compounds for enhancing the hit rate. e ... | 2005 | 15693056 |
| cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human. | the genomic sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses from human and palm civet of the 2003/2004 outbreak in the city of guangzhou, china, were nearly identical. phylogenetic analysis suggested an independent viral invasion from animal to human in this new episode. combining all existing data but excluding singletons, we identified 202 single-nucleotide variations. among them, 17 are polymorphic in palm civets only. the ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous nucleotide substitution ... | 2005 | 15695582 |
| detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus rna in plasma during the course of infection. | we examined severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) rna in plasma of 32 patients (probable sars cases) by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay and reported that the highest detection rate, 75%, was found between day 5 and day 7 of illness, followed by rates of 64, 50, and 38% found between day 8 and day 11, day 2 and day 4, and day 12 and day 16, respectively. analysis of sequential sars-cov load in plasma from six cases revealed different patterns ... | 2005 | 15695719 |
| novel immunofluorescence assay using recombinant nucleocapsid-spike fusion protein as antigen to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel and highly infectious virus named sars coronavirus (sars-cov). among the serological tests currently available for the detection of sars-cov, a whole-virus-based immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was considered one of the most sensitive assays and served as a "gold standard" during the sars epidemic in singapore in 2003. however, the need to manipulate live sars-cov in the traditional ifa limits its wide application due to the requiremen ... | 2005 | 15699428 |
| using cellular automata to generate image representation for biological sequences. | a novel approach to visualize biological sequences is developed based on cellular automata (wolfram, s. nature 1984, 311, 419-424), a set of discrete dynamical systems in which space and time are discrete. by transforming the symbolic sequence codes into the digital codes, and using some optimal space-time evolvement rules of cellular automata, a biological sequence can be represented by a unique image, the so-called cellular automata image. many important features, which are originally hidden i ... | 2005 | 15700108 |
| animal coronaviruses: what can they teach us about the severe acute respiratory syndrome? | in 2002, a new coronavirus (cov) emerged in the people's republic of china, associated with a severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and mortality in humans. the epidemic rapidly spread throughout the world before being contained in 2003, although sporadic cases occurred thereafter in asia. the virus is thought to be of zoonotic origin from a wild animal reservoir (himalayan palm civets [paguma larvata] are suspected), but the definitive host is unknown. there is concern about possible transmi ... | 2004 | 15702725 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus 3a protein may function as a modulator of the trafficking properties of the spike protein. | background: a recent publication reported that a tyrosine-dependent sorting signal, present in cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein of most coronaviruses, mediates the intracellular retention of the spike protein. this motif is missing from the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov), resulting in high level of surface expression of the spike protein when it is expressed on its own in vitro. presentation of the hypothesis: it has been shown that the severe ... | 2005 | 15703085 |
| reference gene selection for quantitative real-time pcr analysis in virus infected cells: sars corona virus, yellow fever virus, human herpesvirus-6, camelpox virus and cytomegalovirus infections. | ten potential reference genes were compared for their use in experiments investigating cellular mrna expression of virus infected cells. human cell lines were infected with cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, camelpox virus, sars coronavirus or yellow fever virus. the expression levels of these genes and the viral replication were determined by real-time pcr. genes were ranked by the bestkeeper tool, the genorm tool and by criteria we reported previously. ranking lists of the genes tested were ... | 2005 | 15705200 |
| border screening for sars. | with the rapid international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) from march through may 2003, canada introduced various measures to screen airplane passengers at selected airports for symptoms and signs of sars. the world health organization requested that all affected areas screen departing passengers for sars symptoms. in spite of intensive screening, no sars cases were detected. sars has an extremely low prevalence, and the positive predictive value of screening is essentially ... | 2005 | 15705315 |
| anti-sars-cov immunoglobulin g in healthcare workers, guangzhou, china. | to determine the prevalence of inapparent infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) among healthcare workers, we performed a serosurvey to test for immunoglobulin (ig) g antibodies to the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) among 1,147 healthcare workers in 3 hospitals that admitted sars patients in mid-may 2003. among them were 90 healthcare workers with sars. as a reference group, 709 healthcare workers who worked in 2 hospitals that never admitted any sars patients were similarly tested ... | 2005 | 15705328 |
| sars clinical features, united states, 2003. | we compared the clinical features of 8 u.s. case-patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) to 65 controls who tested negative for sars coronavirus (sars-cov) infection. shortness of breath, vomiting, diarrhea, progressive bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph, and need for supplemental oxygen were significantly associated with confirmed sars-cov infection. | 2005 | 15705339 |
| sars: the flying death. | | 2003 | 15707076 |
| characterization of viral proteins encoded by the sars-coronavirus genome. | a new disease, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), emerged at the end of 2002 and caused profound disturbances in over 30 countries worldwide in 2003. a novel coronavirus was identified as the aetiological agent of sars and the 30kb viral genome was deciphered with unprecedented speed in a coordinated manner by the global community. since then, much progress has been made in the virological and molecular characterization of the proteins encoded by sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) genome, ... | 2005 | 15708633 |
| recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. | immunization with a killed or inactivated viral vaccine provides significant protection in animals against challenge with certain corresponding pathogenic coronaviruses (covs). however, the promise of this approach in humans is hampered by serious concerns over the risk of leaking live severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) viruses. in this study, we generated a sars vaccine candidate by using the live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) as a vector. the full-length sars-cov envelo ... | 2005 | 15708987 |
| recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. | immunization with a killed or inactivated viral vaccine provides significant protection in animals against challenge with certain corresponding pathogenic coronaviruses (covs). however, the promise of this approach in humans is hampered by serious concerns over the risk of leaking live severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) viruses. in this study, we generated a sars vaccine candidate by using the live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) as a vector. the full-length sars-cov envelo ... | 2005 | 15708987 |
| recombinant mouse hepatitis virus strain a59 from cloned, full-length cdna replicates to high titers in vitro and is fully pathogenic in vivo. | mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) is the prototype of group ii coronaviruses and one of the most extensively studied coronaviruses. here, we describe a reverse genetic system for mhv (strain a59) based upon the cloning of a full-length genomic cdna in vaccinia virus. we show that the recombinant virus generated from cloned cdna replicates to the same titers as the parental virus in cell culture ( approximately 10(9) pfu/ml), has the same plaque morphology, and produces the same amounts and proportions ... | 2005 | 15709029 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein is a viral structural protein. | the present study showed the association of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scov) accessory protein, 3a, with plasma membrane and intracellular scov particles in infected cells. 3a protein appeared to undergo posttranslational modifications in infected cells and was incorporated into scov particles, establishing that 3a protein was a scov structural protein. | 2005 | 15709039 |
| outbreak of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | | 2005 | 15712093 |
| the transmembrane oligomers of coronavirus protein e. | we have tested the hypothesis that severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus protein e (scove) and its homologs in other coronaviruses associate through their putative transmembrane domain to form homooligomeric alpha-helical bundles in vivo. for this purpose, we have analyzed the results of molecular dynamics simulations where all possible conformational and aggregational space was systematically explored. two main assumptions were considered; the first is that protein e contains one ... | 2005 | 15713601 |
| sars-cov sampling from 3 portals. | | 2005 | 15714659 |
| occupational health response to sars. | | 2005 | 15714660 |
| tracing sars-coronavirus variant with large genomic deletion. | | 2005 | 15714661 |
| antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives against sars-coronavirus. | glycyrrhizin (gl) was shown to inhibit sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) replication in vitro. here the anti-sars-cov activity of 15 gl derivatives was tested. the introduction of 2-acetamido-beta-d-glucopyranosylamine into the glycoside chain of gl resulted in 10-fold increased anti-sars-cov activity compared to gl. amides of gl and conjugates of gl with two amino acid residues and a free 30-cooh function presented up to 70-fold increased activity against sars-cov but also increased cytotoxicity resu ... | 2005 | 15715493 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in tears. | | 2005 | 15722333 |
| infectious respiratory illnesses and their impact on healthcare workers: a review. | respiratory illnesses are increasingly recognised as a growing concern for healthcare workers (hcws) and patients. the recent hospital-based outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has once again highlighted the vulnerability of hcws. the new epidemic of the 21st century resulted in tremendous economic and psychological impact with its high rates of mortality and nosocomial transmission. even as the epidemic was brought under control within months, many details about the sars corona ... | 2005 | 15726228 |
| clinical characteristics and mechanism of liver damage in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | abnormal liver function was found in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). this study was undertaken to explore the clinical characteristics and mechanisms of liver damage. | 2005 | 15730921 |
| object-oriented biological system integration: a sars coronavirus example. | the importance of studying biology at the system level has been well recognized, yet there is no well-defined process or consistent methodology to integrate and represent biological information at this level. to overcome this hurdle, a blending of disciplines such as computer science and biology is necessary. | 2005 | 15731211 |
| amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the s2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus s protein induce neutralizing antibodies: implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents. | the spike (s) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) interacts with cellular receptors to mediate membrane fusion, allowing viral entry into host cells; hence it is recognized as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies, and therefore knowledge of antigenic determinants that can elicit neutralizing antibodies could be beneficial for the development of a protective vaccine. here, we expressed five different fragments of s, covering the entire ectodomain (amin ... | 2005 | 15731223 |
| animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for sars. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in china and spread globally as a human pandemic. it is caused by a new coronavirus (cov) of suspect animal origin. the emergence of sars stunned medical scientists, but veterinary virologists had previously recognized covs as causing fatal respiratory or enteric disease in animals with interspecies transmission and wildlife reservoirs. because of its public health impact, major efforts are focused on development of sars vaccines. occurrence of co ... | 2004 | 15742624 |
| b-cell responses in patients who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome target a dominant site in the s2 domain of the surface spike glycoprotein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a recently emerged infectious disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus. examination of the immune responses of patients who have recovered from sars should provide important information for design of a safe and effective vaccine. we determined the continuous viral epitopes targeted by antibodies in plasma samples from convalescent sars patients through biopanning with a vast m13 phage display dodecapeptide library. these epitopes converged to ve ... | 2005 | 15731234 |
| exogenous ace2 expression allows refractory cell lines to support severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. | of 30 cell lines and primary cells examined, productive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (urbani strain) (sars-cov) infection after low-multiplicity inoculation was detected in only six: three african green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines (vero, vero e6, and ma104), a human colon epithelial line (caco-2), a porcine kidney epithelial line [pk(15)], and mink lung epithelial cells (mv 1 lu). sars-cov produced a lytic infection in vero, vero e6, and ma104 cells, but there was no vis ... | 2005 | 15731278 |
| exogenous ace2 expression allows refractory cell lines to support severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. | of 30 cell lines and primary cells examined, productive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (urbani strain) (sars-cov) infection after low-multiplicity inoculation was detected in only six: three african green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines (vero, vero e6, and ma104), a human colon epithelial line (caco-2), a porcine kidney epithelial line [pk(15)], and mink lung epithelial cells (mv 1 lu). sars-cov produced a lytic infection in vero, vero e6, and ma104 cells, but there was no vis ... | 2005 | 15731278 |
| development of a quantitative assay for sars coronavirus and correlation of gapdh mrna with sars coronavirus in clinical specimens. | to develop a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (q-rt-pcr) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) detection and explore the potential of using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) mrna as an internal control to exclude false negative results. | 2005 | 15735160 |
| sars transmission pattern in singapore reassessed by viral sequence variation analysis. | epidemiological investigations of infectious disease are mainly dependent on indirect contact information and only occasionally assisted by characterization of pathogen sequence variation from clinical isolates. direct sequence analysis of the pathogen, particularly at a population level, is generally thought to be too cumbersome, technically difficult, and expensive. we present here a novel application of mass spectrometry (ms)-based technology in characterizing viral sequence variations that o ... | 2005 | 15736999 |
| multi-zone modeling of probable sars virus transmission by airflow between flats in block e, amoy gardens. | more than 300 residents of a private high-rise housing estate were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome within a short period during the 2003 epidemic in hong kong. the outbreak occurred after the identified index patient visited a flat on a middle floor in block e of the amoy gardens estate on two nights. approximately 45% of the subsequently infected people resided in block e, while the other 55% of infected cases mainly resided in six other blocks close to block e. the distribution ... | 2005 | 15737152 |
| identification of single-chain antibody fragments specific against sars-associated coronavirus from phage-displayed antibody library. | to develop early diagnostic reagents, effective vaccines, and even drugs against sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov), the human single fold single-chain antibody fragments, (scfv) libraries i+j (tomlinson i+j) were used to identify novel scfvs, which can specifically bind to sars-cov. interestingly, two scfvs (b5 and b9) exhibited higher binding specificity to sars-cov with the od(450) value 0.608 and 0.545, respectively, and their coding sequences shared the identical sequence composed of v( ... | 2005 | 15737606 |
| phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons of structural and non-structural sars coronavirus proteins in taiwan. | taiwan experienced a large number of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) viral infections between march and july 2003; by september of that year, 346 sars cases were confirmed by rt-pcr or serological tests. in order to better understand evolutionary relationships among sars coronaviruses (scovs) from different international regions, we performed phylogenetic comparisons of full-length genomic and protein sequences from 45 human scovs (including 12 from taiwan) and two civet scovs. all the ... | 2004 | 15737918 |
| new antiviral drugs, vaccines and classic public health interventions against sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by one of two recently discovered coronaviruses. the virus is emergent from south east (se) asian mammals: either the civet cat, a related species or a rat species. the virus has a long incubation period and low reproduction number (r0 value) and hence the first outbreak in 2004 was controlled by hygiene and quarantine. however, the healthcare system was compromised and the economic cost was extremely high. fortunately, the virus is easily culti ... | 2005 | 15739618 |
| current status of anti-sars agents. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a disease that has newly emerged in the 21st century, and is both severe and highly contagious. sars first surfaced in late 2002 and spread within a few months from its origin in guandong province, china, to more than 30 countries (world health organization, 2003). in this review, several antiviral substances shown to be active in vitro will be introduced and summarized in the order of the virus' replication steps; that is, binding to cellular receptor ... | 2005 | 15739619 |
| the protein x4 of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus is expressed on both virus-infected cells and lung tissue of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients and inhibits growth of balb/c 3t3 cell line. | the genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) includes sequences encoding the putative protein x4 (orf8, orf7a), consisting of 122 amino acids. the deduced sequence contains a probable cleaved signal peptide sequence and a c-terminal transmembrane helix, indicating that protein x4 is likely to be a type i membrane protein. this study was conducted to demonstrate whether the protein x4 was expressed and its essential function in the process of sars-cov infe ... | 2005 | 15740663 |
| isolation of virus from a sars patient and genome-wide analysis of genetic mutations related to pathogenesis and epidemiology from 47 sars-cov isolates. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is a fatal disease. prevention of future outbreaks is essential and requires understanding pathogenesis and evolution of the virus. we have isolated a sars-cov in china and analyzed 47 sars-cov genomes with the aims to reveal the evolution trends of the virus and provide insights into understanding pathogenesis and sars epidemic. specimen from a sars patient was inoculated into cell culture. the presence of ... | 2005 | 15744567 |
| controlling emerging infectious diseases like sars. | to control emerging infectious diseases like sars, it is necessary to resort to basic control measures that limit exposures to infectious individuals. these measures include isolating cases at diagnosis, quarantining household members and tracing contacts of diagnosed cases, providing the community with advice on how to reduce exposures, and closing schools. to justify such intervention it is important to understand how well each of these measures helps to limit transmission. in this paper, we d ... | 2005 | 15748730 |
| identification of a critical neutralization determinant of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus: importance for designing sars vaccines. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is not only responsible for receptor binding, but also a major antigenic determinant capable of inducing protective immunity. in this study, we demonstrated that the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of s protein is an important immunogenic site in patients with sars and rabbits immunized with inactivated sars-cov. serum samples from convalescent sars patients and immunized rabbits had potent neutralizing ac ... | 2005 | 15749124 |
| epitope mapping and biological function analysis of antibodies produced by immunization of mice with an inactivated chinese isolate of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). | inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) has been tested as a candidate vaccine against the re-emergence of sars. in order to understand the efficacy and safety of this approach, it is important to know the antibody specificities generated with inactivated sars-cov. in the current study, a panel of twelve monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was established by immunizing balb/c mice with the inactivated bj01 strain of sars-cov isolated from the lung tissue of a sar ... | 2005 | 15749129 |
| from genome to antivirals: sars as a test tube. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic brought into the spotlight the need for rapid development of effective anti-viral drugs against newly emerging viruses. researchers have leveraged the 20-year battle against aids into a variety of possible treatments for sars. most prominently, based solely on viral genome information, silencers of viral genes, viral-enzyme blockers and viral-entry inhibitors were suggested as potential therapeutic agents for sars. in particular, inhibitors o ... | 2005 | 15749283 |
| quarantine for sars, taiwan. | during the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in taiwan, >150,000 persons were quarantined, 24 of whom were later found to have laboratory-confirmed sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) infection. since no evidence exists that sars-cov is infective before the onset of symptoms and the quarantined persons were exposed but not symptomatic, we thought the quarantine's effectiveness should be investigated. using the taiwan quarantine data, we found that the onset-to-diagnosis time of p ... | 2005 | 15752447 |
| late recognition of sars in nosocomial outbreak, toronto. | late recognition of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was associated with no known sars contact, hospitalization before the nosocomial outbreak was recognized, symptom onset while hospitalized, wards with sars clusters, and postoperative status. sars is difficult to recognize in hospitalized patients with a variety of underlying conditions in the absence of epidemiologic links. | 2005 | 15752456 |
| the substrate specificity of sars coronavirus 3c-like proteinase. | the 3c-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars) has been proposed to be a key target for structural based drug design against sars. we have designed and synthesized 34 peptide substrates and determined their hydrolysis activities. the conserved core sequence of the native cleavage site is optimized for high hydrolysis activity. residues at position p4, p3, and p3' are critical for substrate recognition and binding, and increment of beta-sheet conformation tendency ... | 2005 | 15752746 |
| growth kinetics of sars-coronavirus in vero e6 cells. | vero e6 cells are commonly used for in vitro studies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and for antiviral evaluation purposes. a better understanding of the sars-cov growth kinetics in vero e6 cells is crucial to help elucidate the mechanism of antiviral activity of selective antiviral agents. in this study, the growth kinetics of sars-cov in vero e6 cells were studied by quantitation of intra- and extracellular viral rna load as well as extracellular viru ... | 2005 | 15752773 |
| use of the cooh portion of the nucleocapsid protein in an antigen-capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific and sensitive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | antibody detection with a recombinant cooh portion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein, n13 (amino acids 221 to 422), was demonstrated to be more specific and sensitive than that with the full-length n protein, and an n13-based antigen-capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay providing a convenient and specific test for serodiagnosis and epidemiological study of sars was developed. | 2005 | 15753261 |
| the development of vaccines against sars corona virus in mice and scid-pbl/hu mice. | we have investigated to develop novel vaccines against sars cov using cdna constructs encoding the structural antigen; spike protein (s), membrane protein (m), envelope protein (e), or nucleocapsid (n) protein, derived from sars cov. mice vaccinated with sars-n or -m dna using pcdna 3.1(+) plasmid vector showed t cell immune responses (ctl induction and proliferation) against n or m protein, respectively. ctl responses were also detected to sars dna-transfected type ii alveolar epithelial cells ... | 2005 | 15755609 |
| evaluation of modified vaccinia virus ankara based recombinant sars vaccine in ferrets. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by a newly identified coronavirus (sars-cov) remains a threat to cause epidemics as evidenced by recent sporadic cases in china. in this communication, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of two sars vaccine candidates based on the recombinant modified vaccinia ankara (mva) expressing sars-cov spike or nucleocapsid proteins in ferrets. no clinical signs were observed in all the ferrets challenged with sars-cov. on the other hand, vaccination did n ... | 2005 | 15755610 |
| longitudinally profiling neutralizing antibody response to sars coronavirus with pseudotypes. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) spike protein (s) is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. retroviral sars-cov s pseudotypes have been constructed and used to develop an in vitro microneutralization assay that is both sensitive and specific for sars-cov neutralizing antibodies. neutralization titers measured by this assay are highly correlated to those measured by an assay using replication-competent sars-cov. no cross-neutralization occurred with hu ... | 2005 | 15757556 |
| sars-associated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was isolated from a pig during a survey for possible routes of viral transmission after a sars epidemic. sequence and epidemiology analyses suggested that the pig was infected by a sars-cov of human origin. | 2005 | 15757562 |
| biochemical and immunological studies of nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome and 229e human coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious health threat and its early diagnosis is important for infection control and potential treatment of the disease. diagnostic tools require rapid and accurate methods, of which a capture elisa method may be useful. toward this goal, we have prepared and characterized soluble full-length nucleocapsid proteins (n protein) from sars and 229e human coronaviruses. n proteins form oligomers, mostly as dimers at low concentration. these two n proteins ... | 2005 | 15759315 |
| sars control and psychological effects of quarantine, toronto, canada. | | 2005 | 15759346 |
| subcellular localization and membrane association of sars-cov 3a protein. | sars-cov 3a protein was a unique protein of sars coronavirus (sars-cov), which was identified in sars-cov infected cells and sars patients' specimen. recent studies revealed that 3a could interact specifically with many sars-cov structural proteins, such as m, e and s protein. expressed 3a protein was reported to localize to golgi complex in sars-cov infected cells. in this study, it was shown that 3a protein was mainly located in golgi apparatus with different tags at n- or c-terminus. the loca ... | 2005 | 15763150 |
| in vitro inhibition of sars virus replication by human interferons. | four different types of human interferon, interferon-beta (ifn-beta), recombinant ifn-alpha2a and ifn-alpha2b and natural ifn-alpha were tested for antiviral activity against sars-coronavirus. the experiments were performed using in vitro cultivated monkey vero e6 cells. ifn-beta was found to be the most highly active antiviral agent, followed by natural ifn-alpha, whereas the 2 recombinant ifn-alpha2 species were poorly active in the system used. these results suggest that ifn-beta as well as n ... | 2004 | 15764169 |
| evolution of pulmonary pathology in severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is characterized by fever with rapid progression to acute respiratory distress and it is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. transmission patterns suggest spread by respiratory droplet or close person-to-person contact. to elucidate the correlation of clinical presentation to the pathogenesis and course of the disease, we reviewed the pulmonary pathologic specimens of sars patients taken at different stages of the disease. | 2005 | 15765160 |
| treatment and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. although many different treatments were used during the outbreak, none were implemented in a controlled fashion. thus, the optimal treatment for sars is unknown. since the outbreak, much work has been done testing new agents against sars using in-vitro methods and a ... | 2005 | 15766649 |