| human immunodeficiency virus tat-activated expression of poliovirus protein 2a inhibits mrna translation. | to study the effect of poliovirus protein 2a on cellular rna translation, the tat control system of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was used. protein 2a was expressed from a plasmid construct (phiv/2a) incorporating the hiv long terminal repeat. protein synthesis was measured by using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter gene driven by the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. when hiv/2a was cotransfected with the reporter, addition of a tat-producing plasmid caused at least a ... | 1989 | 2538833 |
| cell-mediated immune responses to poliovirus. i. conditions for induction, characterization of effector cells, and cross-reactivity between serotypes for delayed hypersensitivity and t cell proliferative responses. | human polioviruses are categorized into three distinct serotypes (types 1, 2, and 3) based upon their reactivity with specific antibodies. although a great deal of information has been amassed about the induction and characterization of poliovirus antibody responses, little is known about cell-mediated immunity to poliovirus and its role in protection. here, we show that intracutaneous injection of ultraviolet light-inactivated poliovirus into the tailbase of balb/c mice induces delayed hypersen ... | 1989 | 2539264 |
| anti-thymocyte serum delays clearance of poliovirus from the mouse central nervous system. | antibody is of primary importance for protection from poliovirus-induced paralysis (poliomyelitis) and from other enterovirus infections. however, the components of the immune response involved in the clearance of an established enterovirus infection of the central nervous system (cns) are not known. to assess the effect of thymus-dependent immune functions on a cns poliovirus infection, adult balb/c mice inoculated intracerebrally with the w-2 strain of human poliovirus type 2 (pv2) were treate ... | 1989 | 2539386 |
| mapping of attenuating sequences of an avirulent poliovirus type 2 strain. | a mouse model for poliomyelitis was used to identify genomic sequences that attenuate neurovirulence of poliovirus strain p2/p712. this type 2 strain is avirulent in primates and mice yet grows as well as virulent strains in cell culture. the approach used was to exchange portions of the genome of the mouse-virulent p2/lansing strain with the corresponding region from p2/p712 to identify sequences that could attenuate lansing neurovirulence in mice. a full-length infectious cdna of p2/p712 was a ... | 1989 | 2539491 |
| the cellular 68,000-mr protein kinase is highly autophosphorylated and activated yet significantly degraded during poliovirus infection: implications for translational regulation. | we investigated the possible translational regulatory roles played by the interferon-induced, double-stranded-rna-activated protein kinase (p68) and its natural substrate, eucaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif-2), in poliovirus-infected cells. we demonstrated that protein kinase p68 was both highly autophosphorylated and activated during poliovirus infection. in accordance with these results, immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that phosphorylation of the endogenous eif-2 alpha subunit also incr ... | 1989 | 2539516 |
| differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line sh-sy5y. | a base change from c to u at position 472 of the 5' noncoding region of the poliovirus genome is known to be a major determinant of attenuation in the p3/sabin vaccine strain. to determine the biochemical basis for the attenuated phenotype imparted by this mutation, a cell line in which replication of neurovirulent and attenuated viruses could be distinguished was identified. a pair of p3/sabin-p2/lansing viral recombinants that differ only at position 472 was used; the viruses replicated equall ... | 1989 | 2539524 |
| antigen-driven immunoglobulin production by human colostral lymphocytes. | it has long been recognized that human milk contains substantial quantities of secretory iga which is elaborated by plasma cells located proximal to the ductal epithelium. the presence of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages in the milk itself raises the question of whether these "shed" milk cells might potentially serve a function with regard to protecting the suckling neonate from infection. the functionality of milk b-lymphocytes has remained particularly controversial. in this report, w ... | 1989 | 2539581 |
| nontranslated cellular mrnas are associated with the cytoskeletal framework in influenza virus or adenovirus infected cells. | in an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the selective shutoff of host protein synthesis in influenza virus and adenovirus infected cells, we analyzed the subcellular location of representative cellular and viral mrnas. earlier work has shown that the majority of cellular mrnas remain polysome associated after infection by either virus and that both the initiation and elongation steps of host protein synthesis were blocked in infected cells (m. g. katze, d. decorato, and r. ... | 1989 | 2539695 |
| genetic diversity of enterovirus subgroups. | enterovirus serotypes were studied using nucleic acid hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis. a great majority of enteroviruses could be roughly divided into two larger subgroups the first consisting of poliovirus and certain coxsackievirus a serotypes. the second subgroup included coxsackie b viruses, most echo viruses, enterovirus 71 and representatives of coxsackie a viruses. enterovirus 70 showed low homology to the viruses in both groups. interestingly, echo virus 22 failed to react ... | 1989 | 2539795 |
| clearance of a persistent human enterovirus infection of the mouse central nervous system by the antiviral agent disoxaril. | enteroviruses can cause persistent central nervous system (cns) infections in agammaglobulinemic individuals. because these infections are rarely cured by passive administration of antibody, a chemotherapeutic approach would be advantageous. in this study, the efficacy of the antienterovirus (and antipicornavirus) drug disoxaril was demonstrated in a murine model of persistent enterovirus infection. disoxaril is a hydrophobic antiviral compound that blocks picornavirus uncoating. the w-2 strain ... | 1989 | 2540248 |
| lack of evidence for strand-specific inhibition of poliovirus rna synthesis by 3-methylquercetin. | buffalo green monkey cells were infected with poliovirus-1 in the presence of 3-methylquercetin or guanidine, and the formation of positive- and negative-strand viral rna was monitored using single-stranded rna probes. both 3-methylquercetin and guanidine prevented the formation of plus-strand as well as minus-strand viral rna, although, due to the high multiplicity of infection used, a high number of genomic viral rna was always present in the cells. | 1989 | 2540709 |
| no evidence for the contamination of live oral poliomyelitis vaccines with simian immunodeficiency virus. | | 1989 | 2540773 |
| quantitation of poliovirus antigens in inactivated viral vaccines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using animal sera and monoclonal antibodies. | recent advances in methods for the manufacture of inactivated poliovirus vaccines have resulted in increased vaccine immunogenicity. in conjunction with this capability it is important to have available highly sensitive and quantitative potency assays. the potential suitability of enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) was evaluated using animal sera with neutralizing antibodies or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for antigen detection in potency tests. the monoclonal antibodies developed, which bo ... | 1989 | 2541133 |
| substitution in the poliovirus replicase gene determines actinomycin d sensitivity of viral replication at elevated temperature. | a series of ts+ revertants and recombinants derived from a temperature-sensitive plurimutant of poliovirus type 1 showed identical plaquing efficiencies at 37 degrees c and at 39 degrees c and exhibited similar yields and plaque morphology to wild-type virus. however, these viruses were characterized by clear inhibition of viral rna synthesis at 39 degrees c, as measured by uridine incorporation in the presence of actinomycin d. similarly, virus yields were decreased by one log in the presence o ... | 1989 | 2541579 |
| potentiation of the poliocidal effectiveness of free chlorine by a buffer. | poliovirus 1 was inactivated by free chlorine at ph 9.0 three times more rapidly in boric acid (0.05 m)-naoh buffer than in purified (carbon-filtered, deionized) water. thus, at a given concentration of free chlorine, it took three times longer to inactivate the same fraction of the poliovirus in purified water than in the boric acid-naoh buffer. conversely, in a given period of time, three times more chlorine was required to inactivate a given percentage of the virus in purified water than in t ... | 1989 | 2542352 |
| radiometric cytolysis inhibition assay, a new rapid test for neutralizing antibodies to intact and trypsin-cleaved poliovirus. | we have developed a new rapid test, the radiometric cytolysis inhibition assay (racina), for the determination of neutralizing poliovirus antibodies. hela cells prelabeled with 51cr, [3h]leucine, or, preferentially, with [3h]uridine are used as sensitive quantitative indicators of residual infectious virus. both suspensions and monolayer cultures of the indicator cells can be used. neutralization of a fraction of a high-titer virus preparation can be scored after the first replication cycle at 8 ... | 1989 | 2542364 |
| outbreak of poliomyelitis in south africa investigated by oligonucleotide mapping. | an outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis, due to polio type 1 virus, occurred in the gazankulu region of the transvaal in the republic of south africa in 1982. thirty-four different isolates from this epidemic were characterized by oligonucleotide mapping. none of the isolates were shown to be vaccine related. results suggest the existence of a number of apparently different wild-type viruses present in the area. the introduction of a single wild-type strain could not be clearly demonstrated. thes ... | 1989 | 2542445 |
| an engineered poliovirus chimaera elicits broadly reactive hiv-1 neutralizing antibodies. | the sabin type 1 vaccine strain of poliovirus is probably the safest and most successful live-attenuated vaccine virus used in humans. its widespread use since the early 1960s has contributed significantly to the virtual eradication of poliomyelitis in developed countries. we have reported previously the construction of an intertypic antigen chimaera of poliovirus, based on the sabin 1 strain, and proposed that this virus could be modified to express on its surface antigenic determinants from ot ... | 1989 | 2542797 |
| viral infectious complementary-dna studies may identify nonviral genes critical to central nervous system disease. | a major interest of modern science and medicine is the delineation of genes that cause disease. in the case of cancer, the study of viral oncogenic genes led to the recognition of similar human genes that play an important role in this disease. in an analogous fashion, the identification of viral genes important in central nervous system disease may lead to the recognition of related cellular genes that are important in nonviral central nervous system disease. new molecular techniques now provid ... | 1989 | 2543264 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of swine vesicular disease virus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the enterovirus swine vesicular disease virus (svdv; h/3 '76) isolated from a healthy pig has been determined using molecular cloning and dna sequencing techniques. the rna genome was 7400 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tract, and appeared to encode a single polyprotein of 2185 amino acids. the predicted amino acid sequence of the polyprotein showed close homology (around 90%) to that of the previously sequenced coxsackieviruses b1, b3 a ... | 1989 | 2543767 |
| synthesis of immunogenic, but non-infectious, poliovirus particles in insect cells by a baculovirus expression vector. | a baculovirus expression vector (acleon) derived from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) was prepared containing the complete 6.6 kb coding region of the p3/leon/37 strain of poliovirus type 3 placed under the control of the acnpv polyhedrin promoter. the recombinant virus was used to infect spodoptera frugiperda insect cells. as demonstrated by use of the appropriate antibodies, infected insect cells made poliovirus proteins that included the structural proteins vp0, vp1 ... | 1989 | 2543785 |
| strong inclination toward transition mutation in nucleotide substitutions by poliovirus replicase. | a viable insertion mutant of the sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus was constructed. the mutant carried an insertion sequence of 72 nucleotides at nucleotide position 702 in the 5' non-coding region (742 nucleotides long) of the genome of the sabin strain. this mutant showed a small-plaque phenotype, as compared with the parental virus. indeed, the final yield of the mutant in a single cycle of infection was tenfold fewer than that of the parental virus. many large-plaque variants that are easily ... | 1989 | 2544735 |
| thermal and water source effects upon the stability of enteroviruses in surface freshwaters. | the long-term survival of three human enterovirus serotypes, coxsackievirus b3, echovirus 7, and poliovirus 1 was examined in samples of surface freshwater collected from five sites of physically different character. these were an artificial lake created by damming a creek, a small groundwater outlet pond, both a large- and a medium-sized river, and a small suburban creek. survival was studied at temperatures of -20, 1, and 22 degrees c. the average amount of viral inactivation was 6.5-7.0 log10 ... | 1989 | 2545321 |
| [function of protein myristoylation in cellular regulation and viral proliferation]. | protein myristoylation was first discovered in the catalytic subunit of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. subsequently, various cellular and viral myristoylated proteins were detected. in each case, the myristoyl moiety was found in an amide linkage with the amino terminal glycine residue of the modified proteins. the biological functions of protein myristoylation of various cellular protein, oncogene product, and viral structural proteins have been studied by many b ... | 1989 | 2545855 |
| chimeric picornavirus polyproteins demonstrate a common 3c proteinase substrate specificity. | cross-species proteolytic processing was demonstrated by the 3c proteinases of human rhinovirus 14 and coxsackievirus b3 on poliovirus-specific polypeptide precursors. chimeric picornavirus cdna genomes were constructed in a t7 transcription vector in which the poliovirus 3c coding region was substituted with the corresponding allele from human rhinovirus 14 or coxsackievirus b3. in vitro translation and processing of the polypeptides encoded by the chimeric genomes demonstrated that the proteol ... | 1989 | 2545915 |
| [selective resistance of human neuroblastoma cells to a vaccine strain of poliomyelitis virus]. | | 1989 | 2546724 |
| new model for the secondary structure of the 5' non-coding rna of poliovirus is supported by biochemical and genetic data that also show that rna secondary structure is important in neurovirulence. | a secondary structure model for the 5' non-coding rna of poliovirus has been derived by comparing computer-generated folding patterns of equivalent sequences from a number of related enteroviruses and rhinoviruses and identifying compensating mutations that suggest conservation of a common secondary structure. although certain elements are similar, the new model differs considerably from a previously published minimal energy structure and is consistent with the observed sensitivity of in vitro r ... | 1989 | 2547075 |
| factors affecting virus plaque confirmation procedures. | direct plaque counts obtained by using the monolayer cell culture assay technique reliably confirmed the number of viruses isolated. analysis revealed some significant differences in the false-positive rate, depending on the test method used or virus samples evaluated. plaques from laboratory stock viruses showed a higher confirmation rate than sewage plaque isolates. test results with laboratory stock viruses suggested that confirmation rates may be affected by virus types present in the sample ... | 1989 | 2547809 |
| poliovirus-associated protein kinase: destabilization of the virus capsid and stimulation of the phosphorylation reaction by zn2+. | the previously described poliovirus-associated protein kinase activity phosphorylates viral proteins vp0 and vp2 as well as exogenous proteins in the presence of mg2+. in this paper, the effect of zn2+ on the phosphorylation reaction and the stability of the poliovirus capsid has been studied in detail and compared to that of mg2+. phosphorylation patterns of viral and other proteins depend on the divalent cation present. in the presence of zn2+, phosphorylation of capsid proteins vp2 and vp4 is ... | 1989 | 2548009 |
| restricted growth of attenuated poliovirus strains in cultured cells of a human neuroblastoma. | cultured cells of a human neuroblastoma, sk-n-mc, were found to be highly resistant to sabin attenuated poliovirus types 1 and 2 strains; no appreciable cytopathic effect was observed, and the total harvest was generally in the order of 1 pfu per cell or less. on the other hand, related neurovirulent strains of these antigenic types produced a relatively good (2 orders of magnitude higher) yield in a markedly protracted infectious cycle. the limited growth of the attenuated virus in the neurobla ... | 1989 | 2548013 |
| translation of glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein mrna is increased in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when cap-dependent translation of cellular mrnas is inhibited. | all cellular cytoplasmic mrnas carry a 7-methylguanylate cap attached to their 5' ends. this cap structure is recognized by cap-binding proteins that then direct the binding of ribosomal subunits to this 5'-end complex. poliovirus, a plus-stranded rna virus, interferes with this cellular translation process by proteolytically inactivating the cap-binding protein complex. subsequently the viral mrna can be translated by an initiation process in which ribosomes bind internally to the mrna [pelleti ... | 1989 | 2548189 |
| differential depuration of poliovirus, escherichia coli, and a coliphage by the common mussel, mytilus edulis. | the elimination of sewage effluent-associated poliovirus, escherichia coli, and a 22-nm icosahedral coliphage by the common mussel, mytilus edulis, was studied. both laboratory-and commercial-scale recirculating, uv depuration systems were used in this study. in the laboratory system, the logarithms of the poliovirus, e. coli, and coliphage levels were reduced by 1.86, 2.9, and 2.16, respectively, within 52 h of depuration. the relative patterns and rates of elimination of the three organisms su ... | 1989 | 2548445 |
| high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus rna polymerase and protease in escherichia coli. | an expression system for the production of polymerase proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in escherichia coli cells is described. high-level synthesis of proteins containing protease and polymerase moieties (110-kda protein) and polymerase alone (87-kda protein) were obtained from cells containing different plasmid constructions. precursor and processed forms of cpmv proteins were detected by immunoblotting with antisera directed against 170-kda precursor polyprotein and 24-kda viral protease ... | 1989 | 2548928 |
| an in vitro study of the antiviral properties of an alginate impression material impregnated with disinfectant. | the antiviral properties of a new alginate impression material impregnated with a disinfectant (didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride) were evaluated in vitro against herpes simplex virus type i and poliovirus type i. the material was exposed to the virus suspension for periods of up to 60 min. the impregnated alginate material showed no clinically acceptable effect against either virus, although log reductions of 1.0 and 1.7 plaque-forming units of herpes virus were obtained after exposure to the m ... | 1989 | 2549107 |
| preliminary characterization of cis interactions between mutations of poliovirus genome. | the effects of three distinct point mutations in the p3 genomic region of poliovirus type 1 (mahoney strain) have previously been analysed. a u to c change at position 5658, which modifies the proteinase 3c, is responsible for a small plaque phenotype and defective rna replication. an a to g change at position 7256, which modifies the replicase 3d, is responsible for temperature sensitivity. a c to u change at position 7348, which is silent at the protein level, has no apparent phenotypic effect ... | 1989 | 2549597 |
| alteration of intracellular monovalent cation concentrations by a poliovirus mutant which encodes a defective 2a protease. | poliovirus mutant 2a-1, which encodes a defective protease 2a, fails to inhibit translation of capped mrnas selectively. despite the failure of 2a-1 to inactivate cap-dependent translation, a reduction in the overall rate of protein synthesis, both virus and cell-specified, does occur after 2a-1 infection. this global reduction in protein synthesis is temporally correlated with an increase in [na+]i and a decrease in [k+]i. the extensive global shutoff of protein synthesis is not observed in 2a- ... | 1989 | 2549744 |
| evidence for a novel picornavirus in human dermatomyositis. | we prepared rna probes from cloned segments of human and murine enteroviruses (evs) for in situ hybridization of skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with dermatomyositis (dm), polymyositis, other inflammatory myopathies, and noninflammatory muscle diseases, and from normal control subjects. a probe derived from theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) detected viral rna within mononuclear cells of the interstitial connective tissue in 3 of 5 patients with adult-onset dm. none of these ... | 1989 | 2549850 |
| enteroviral-related antigen in circulating immune complexes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. | circulating immune complexes were isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation from the sera of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. rabbits immunized with circulating immune complexes from 3 of 5 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients induced antisera that specifically reacted with enterovirus-infected cells by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. these antisera were nonneutralizing and did not react with purified virus. in addition, peripheral lymphocytes of amyot ... | 1989 | 2550387 |
| acid stability of hepatitis a virus. | the acid stability of unpurified and highly purified hepatitis a virus (hav) was tested and compared with that of poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus types a9 and b1 and echovirus type 9. only hav had a high residual infectivity after 2 h of exposure to ph 1 at room temperature, remaining infectious for up to 5 h. at 38 degrees c, ph 1, hav remained infectious for 90 min. highly purified hav was found to be infectious for 8 h at ph 1 and room temperature. this indicates that the increased stabilit ... | 1989 | 2550575 |
| guanidine-resistant mutants of poliovirus have distinct mutations in peptide 2c. | in previous work in our laboratory, 12 guanidine-resistant (gr) mutants of poliovirus were selected from 12 separate stocks of plaque-purified guanidine-sensitive (gs) viruses (k. anderson-sillman, s. bartal, and d. r. tershak, j. virol. 50:922-928, 1984). peptide mapping of protein 2c and evaluation of virus growth at different temperatures enabled us to subdivide these mutants into several distinct groups (d. r. tershak, can. j. microbiol. 31:1166-1168, 1985; anderson-sillman et al., j. virol. ... | 1989 | 2550675 |
| characterization of virus infected cell cultures by pyrolysis/direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry. | the supernatants of vero cell cultures after infection with a herpes simplex virus or a poliomyelitis virus as well as a blank were analysed by pyrolysis/direct chemical ionization mass spectrometry (py/dci ms). informative pyrogrammes were obtained and used for characterization of viral proteins by applying pattern recognition methods. differentiation of viral proteins was evaluated by analysing 'blind' samples. herpes viruses could be classified correctly but the observed differences between t ... | 1989 | 2551419 |
| respiratory paralysis as a presenting symptom in japanese encephalitis--a case report. | in the literature there are rare reports on japanese encephalitis (je) mimicking poliomyelitis or presenting as respiratory paralysis. a case of je presenting as respiratory paralysis is described. the 22-year-old male was well until five days earlier, when he experienced the acute onset of headache and fever. four days after onset he developed dysphagia and respiratory difficulty, and a tracheotomy was performed. the following day he lapsed into semicoma and the respiration had to be maintained ... | 1989 | 2551472 |
| molecular pathogenesis of type 2 poliovirus in mice. | lansing strain of poliovirus type 2 (pv-2) produces a fatal paralytic disease in mice after intracerebral inoculation. to identify virus-containing nerve cells in poliovirus-infected mice, we developed a technique of in situ hybridization for viral rna with a poliovirus-specific riboprobe. large numbers of genomes were found in motoneurons and their processes, as well as in ghosts of neurons with or without inflammatory cells. this indicates that the death of motoneurons is due to a direct effec ... | 1989 | 2551721 |
| purification of enzymatically active poliovirus proteinase 3c produced in escherichia coli. | a viral protein 3c of the poliovirus (pv) sabin 2 strain, a possible core region of the viral proteinase, was expressed in escherichia coli using a recombinant dna technology. the protein was recovered as a soluble protein from the insoluble protein fraction of the bacterial lysate, and was purified by a simple procedure with column chromatography. the viral capsid precursor p1 (1abcd) of the pv sabin 3 strain, which had been similarly produced in e. coli, was mixed with the purified or crude re ... | 1989 | 2551776 |
| multiple isoelectric forms of poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase: evidence for phosphorylation. | poliovirus-specific rna-dependent rna polymerase (3dpol) was purified to apparent homogeneity. a single polypeptide of an apparent molecular weight of 63,000 catalyzes the synthesis of dimeric and monomeric rna products in response to the poliovirion rna template. analysis of purified 3dpol by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed multiple forms of 3dpol, suggesting posttranslational modification of the protein in virus-infected cells. the two major forms of 3dpol appear to have approximate pi ... | 1989 | 2552140 |
| inhibition of rrna synthesis by poliovirus: specific inactivation of transcription factors. | synthesis of rrna by rna polymerase i is almost completely inhibited soon after infection of human cells with poliovirus. we show that extracts prepared from poliovirus-infected hela cells are severely inhibited in their ability to transcribe from a human rdna promoter compared with extracts from mock-infected cells. two lines of evidence presented here suggest that a specific transcriptional activity required for rdna transcription in vitro is impaired in virus-infected cells. first, fractionat ... | 1989 | 2552146 |
| degradation of cellular proteins during poliovirus infection: studies by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | picornaviruses encode for their own proteinases, which are responsible for the proteolytic processing of the polyprotein encoded in the viral genome to produce the mature viral polypeptides. the two poliovirus proteinases, known as proteins 2a and 3c, use the poliovirus-encoded polyprotein as a substrate. the possibility that these poliovirus proteinases also degrade cellular proteins remains largely unexplored. high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicates that a few cellular pr ... | 1989 | 2552149 |
| effects of mutations in poliovirus 3dpol on rna polymerase activity and on polyprotein cleavage. | a series of short insertion mutations was introduced into the poliovirus gene for 3dpol at a number of different locations. when substituted for wild-type sequences in a full-length, infectious cdna and tested for infectivity, all 3d mutants were nonviable. the mutant cdnas were introduced into a bacterial plasmid designed to direct the expression of poliovirus 3cd, a viral protein composed of contiguous protease and rna polymerase sequences. bacteria transformed with these plasmids all expresse ... | 1989 | 2552159 |
| nucleotide sequence of a neurovirulent variant of the type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine. | infectious cdnas of the sabin type 2 poliovirus vaccine virus and a vaccine-derived neurovirulent type 2 strain (p2/117) have been cloned in escherichia coli. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that p2/117 differs from the vaccine strain by just 23 point mutations. three occur in the 5' noncoding region. the remainder result in a total of 5 coding changes located in vp1, vp4, 2b, and 3d. the likely role of these mutations in the evolution to neurovirulence is discussed. | 1989 | 2552175 |
| persistent poliovirus infection of human neuroblastoma cells. | two human neuroblastoma cell lines were persistently infected with poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. in persistently infected imr-32 cells, which were studied in greatest detail, viral antigens were present in most cells, and over a 9-month period virions were found in the medium at high titers. persistently infected cells were resistant to superinfection by sabin 1, 2, and 3 poliovirus but sensitive to coxsackievirus b3. the viruses recovered from persistently infected cells were studi ... | 1989 | 2552448 |
| wall effects in sucrose density gradient centrifugation of viruses. | the depletion of sedimenting particles to be expected from wall effects in the course of sucrose gradient centrifugation, was computed for various types of swing-out rotors on the assumption that particles hitting the tube wall are lost from the gradient. this assumption was roughly verified for heat-denatured, but not for native poliovirus. tween 20 reduced the depletion, and prevented tight sticking of heat-denatured virus particles to tube walls. | 1989 | 2552963 |
| concentration of poliovirus type i from cow milk using an adsorption-elution method. | cow milk was experimentally contaminated with a vaccine strain of poliovirus type i. a concentration procedure was utilized to assay for the virus in a milk sample using adsorption on aluminium sulphate at ph 4.5-5.5, aluminium sulphate concentration being 0.15 g. 1(-1), followed by elution with 0.1 m na2hpo4 ph 9.5 and subsequent detection in cultured vero cells (kidney cells from the monkey cercopithecus aethiops). the yield of the virus ranged from 14 to 58% of the inoculated amount, the mean ... | 1989 | 2553805 |
| poliovaccine virus in the cerebrospinal fluid after oral polio vaccination. | in february-march 1985 an oral poliovirus vaccine campaign was launched in finland in a population vaccinated earlier with inactivated poliovaccine. during this campaign a strain of poliovirus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of a 7-year-old girl 34 days after she had received oral poliovirus vaccine. she had long-lasting headache, vomiting and fever but no paralysis. this case demonstrates that poliovaccine virus can invade the central nervous system even after a complete course ... | 1989 | 2553821 |
| simultaneous administration of rhesus rotavirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine: immunogenicity and reactogenicity. | rotavirus vaccine could be administered most efficiently if it were incorporated into routine childhood immunizations and did not interfere with the immune response to the other vaccines, principally oral poliovirus vaccine (opv). we conducted a placebo-controlled randomized trial giving oral rhesus rotavirus vaccine (rrv) (strain mmu 18006) alone and together with a child's first dose of opv and diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis to examine the possible interaction of these vaccines. a total ... | 1989 | 2554244 |
| concentration of giardia lamblia cysts, legionella pneumophila, clostridium perfringens, human enteric viruses, and coliphages from large volumes of drinking water, using a single filtration. | poliovirus, coliphages, giardia lamblia cysts, clostridium perfringens spores, and legionella pneumophila were concentrated simultaneously in a single pass by sequential filtration of large volumes of drinking water through 3- and 1-micron wound electronegative fiberglass cartridge filters (25.4 cm). filtration was performed under acidic conditions (ph 3.5) in the presence of 0.001 m aluminum chloride to enhance adsorption. elution of all the microorganisms entrapped or adsorbed to the filters w ... | 1989 | 2555036 |
| role of myristoylation of poliovirus capsid protein vp4 as determined by site-directed mutagenesis of its n-terminal sequence. | mutations were introduced by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis into the cdna of poliovirus type 1 (mahoney) in the region coding for the first five amino acids (myristoylation signal) of the viral capsid protein precursor p1. the cdnas were then transcribed in vitro and the properties of the transcripts carrying the mutations studied in vitro by translation in a reticulocyte lysate or in vivo upon transfection of primate cells. mutation of amino acid residue number 5 (ser5----thr) did not aff ... | 1989 | 2555183 |
| molecular pathogenesis of neural lesions induced by poliovirus type 1. | using in situ hybridization techniques for viral rna and employing a specific riboprobe, we have detected virus in neural cells of monkeys infected with poliovirus type 1 (pv-1) by the intraspinal route. in monkeys paralysed after inoculation of a neurovirulent revertant of pv-1/sabin strain, viral rna was detected in motor neurons and their processes, and in polymorphonuclear and small neural cells. quantitative in situ hybridization provided evidence of viral replication in individual cells su ... | 1989 | 2555432 |
| hydrolysis of a series of synthetic peptide substrates by the human rhinovirus 14 3c proteinase, cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. | the 3c proteins of several picornaviruses, including poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), have been demonstrated to be cysteine-type proteinases, involved in the processing of the respective polyproteins expressed by the monocistronic rna genome. nucleotide sequencing data have indicated that the human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) rna genome encodes a homologous 3c protein. the hrv-14 3c protein was purified to homogeneity from escherichia coli express ... | 1989 | 2555433 |
| inhibition of translation in cells infected with a poliovirus 2apro mutant correlates with phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eucaryotic initiation factor 2. | a poliovirus type 2 lansing mutant was constructed by inserting 6 base pairs into the 2apro region of an infectious cdna clone, resulting in the addition of a leucine and threonine into the polypeptide sequence. the resulting small-plaque mutant, 2a-2, had a reduced viral yield in hela cells and synthesized viral proteins inefficiently. infection with the mutant did not lead to specific inhibition of host cell protein synthesis early in infection, and this defect was attributed to a failure to i ... | 1989 | 2555543 |
| construction of less neurovirulent polioviruses by introducing deletions into the 5' noncoding sequence of the genome. | viral attenuation may be due to lowered efficiency of certain steps essential for viral multiplication. for the construction of less neurovirulent strains of poliovirus in vitro, we introduced deletions into the 5' noncoding sequence (742 nucleotides long) of the genomes of the mahoney and sabin 1 strains of poliovirus type 1 by using infectious cdna clones of the virus strains. plaque sizes shown by deletion mutants were used as a marker for rate of viral proliferation. deletion mutants of both ... | 1989 | 2555560 |
| in vitro construction of poliovirus defective interfering particles. | to construct poliovirus defective interfering (di) particles in vitro, we synthesized an rna from a cloned poliovirus cdna, psm1(t7)1, which carried a deletion in the genome region corresponding to nucleotide positions 1663 to 2478 encoding viral capsid proteins, by using bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase. the rna was designed to retain the correct reading frame in nucleotide sequence downstream of the deletion. hela s3 monolayer cells were transfected with the deletion rna and then superinfected ... | 1989 | 2555563 |
| [a comparative assessment of serologic methods of determining antigens to poliomyelitis virus]. | | 1989 | 2555968 |
| study of virus isolation from pharyngeal swabs in children with varicella. | we performed virus isolations from the pharyngeal swabs in 117 children with varicella who were aged from 22 days to 15 years and 70 healthy children who were aged from 3 months to 15 years, by using human embryonic lung cell cultures. viral isolates were confirmed by an indirect immunofluorescence method or by neutralization with well-characterized antibodies. five varicella-zoster virus isolates (4.3%), 23 cytomegalovirus isolates (19.7%), five herpes simplex virus isolates (4.3%), and one res ... | 1989 | 2556024 |
| poliovirus translation: a paradigm for a novel initiation mechanism. | all eukaryotic cellular mrnas, and most viral mrnas, are blocked at their 5' ends with a cap structure (m7gpppx, where x is any nucleotide). poliovirus, along with a small number of other animal and plant viral mrnas, does not contain a 5' cap structure. since the cap structure functions to facilitate ribosome binding to mrna, translation of polio-virus must proceed by a cap-independent mechanism. consistent with this, recent studies have shown that ribosomes can bind to an internal region withi ... | 1989 | 2556117 |
| recovery of viruses and bacteria in waters off bondi beach: a pilot study. | a pilot study was conducted between february and april, 1989, on the occurrence of sewage-derived viruses and bacteria in the beach and nearshore waters off bondi, sydney. enteroviruses were isolated from 41% of a total of 66 sewage, sea-water, grease and sediment samples. poliovirus vaccine strains accounted for 78% of the isolates. adenoviruses were isolated four times and coxsackievirus b was isolated twice in samples that were collected away from the bathing area. rotavirus and hepatitis a v ... | 1989 | 2556634 |
| interference with vaccinia virus growth caused by insertion of the coding sequence for poliovirus protease 2a. | attempts were made to express noninfectious derivatives of full-length type 1 (mahoney) and type 2 (lansing) poliovirus cdnas in live recombinant vaccinia viruses for vaccine purposes. vaccinia virus (vv) would not tolerate insertions of polio cdna containing the coding sequence for the polio protease 2a. however, polio cdna with the 2a gene deleted either in vivo or in vitro could be inserted into vv and stably maintained. genetic evidence indicated that expression of the polio 2a gene in trans ... | 1989 | 2556841 |
| modification of phospholipase c and phospholipase a2 activities during poliovirus infection. | the infection of hela cells by poliovirus leads to profound alterations in the activities of both phospholipase c and the a23187-stimulated phospholipase a2. as early as the third hour after poliovirus infection, the activity of phospholipase c is enhanced, as measured by the increase in inositol triphosphate (ip3) in the cells. by the fifth hour post-infection there is a 5-fold increase in ip3 in the infected cells. therefore, the synthesis of the bulk of poliovirus proteins and poliovirus geno ... | 1989 | 2557346 |
| restriction of poliovirus rna translation in a human monocytic cell line. | the infection of the human monocytic cell line u-937 by poliovirus was characterized by a low level of virus production and a slow progression of the cytopathic effect. infection took place in greater than 99% of the cells as revealed by a limiting dilution assay. no viral protein synthesis was evident in the infected u-937 cells when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. however, a low level of poliovirus rna translation was detected by immunofluorescence analysis using a mixture of p ... | 1989 | 2558011 |
| restricted variability of a 17 nucleotide stretch within the 5'-noncoding region of poliovirus genome. | the outbreak of poliomyelitis in finland in 1984 was caused by a wild strain of poliovirus 3 with uncommon molecular and antigenic properties. we prepared a synthetic oligonucleotide probe complementary to nucleotides 494-510 in the 5'-noncoding part of the genome of a representative strain of the outbreak. this short nucleotide stretch was found to be relatively well conserved within the outbreak and uncommon among 82 independent poliovirus isolates. it may thus be a useful marker for screening ... | 1989 | 2558034 |
| poliomyelitis: 20 years--the pondicherry experience. | during a 20-year period, 12,830 cases of acute poliomyelitis in children (aged 1 month-12 years) were seen in a south indian teaching hospital (pondicherry). almost three-quarters (72.4%) of children were below the age of 2 years. the median age at onset of poliomyelitis shifted from 19.5 months (in the period 1968-1977) to 11 months (in the years 1978-1987). after 1981, epidemic peaks were noted every third year. 66.3% of cases had not received even a single dose of oral polio vaccine and 14.7% ... | 1989 | 2558226 |
| isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral properties. | we report in this study the isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral properties that have been tentatively classified as moraxella. these bacteria retained their virucidal capacity after prolonged subcultivation in the laboratory. the virus-inactivating agent could not be separated from the viable marine bacteria, indicating that the active agent(s) either remains associated to the microorganisms or has a very short lifetime, or both. the antiviral capacity of the isolated microorganisms was ... | 1989 | 2558789 |
| a method for the enumeration of poliovirus in selected molluscan shellfish. | a virus extraction procedure was developed and evaluated on five commercially important molluscan shellfish species: crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster), mya arenaria (softshell clam), mytilus edulis (blue mussel), mercenaria mercenaria (hardshell clam), and crassostrea gigas, (pacific oyster). shellfish tissue homogenates were spiked with poliovirus, extracted, and plaque assayed. mean virus recoveries were: c. virginica, 63.8%; m. arenaria, 42.1%; m. edulis, 67.3%; m. mercenaria, 48.3%; and ... | 1989 | 2559103 |
| solution hybridization and enzyme immunoassay for biotinylated dna-rna hybrids to detect enteroviral rna in cell culture. | a non-isotopic hybridization assay is described for detection of enteroviral rna in cell culture. two biotin-labelled cdna probes, corresponding to 1 kb from the 5' end and 3.5 kb from the 3' end of the coxsackievirus b3 genome, were hybridized in solution with protease and detergent-treated cell culture suspensions. labelled dna-rna hybrids were captured on microtiter plates coated with anti-biotin antibody and bound hybrids were measured with a beta-galactosidase-labelled monoclonal antibody s ... | 1989 | 2559321 |
| genetic stability of poliovirus insertion mutants with a foreign oligopeptide on the capsid surface. | the genetic stability of poliovirus mutants which carry a foreign oligopeptide on the surface of their capsid was studied (1) upon mutant isolation, (2) after serially diluted passages in cell cultures, and (3) in persistently infected cultures which have been recently developed. viruses having a 3-codon insertion within the vp1 capsid protein-encoding region appeared to be extremely stable, except in the specific case of persistent infection. viruses having a 6-codon insertion were slightly les ... | 1989 | 2559441 |
| pig erythrocyte ghost cells used for concentration of enteric viruses from experimentally contaminated clinical specimens. | a simple, rapid and efficient procedure of virus concentration from urine, cerebrospinal fluid (csf), and feces was developed. pig erythrocyte ghost cells were used to adsorb and elute such viruses as poliovirus lsc-1, echovirus 6, and human rotavirus (clinical isolate). in urine and csf, the adsorption efficiency range was 80-100% and elution was from 85% to greater than 100%. in addition, poliovirus lsc-1 was used as an experimental model to examine this procedure under various clinical condit ... | 1989 | 2559952 |
| comparison of ozone inactivation, in flowing water, of hepatitis a virus, poliovirus 1, and indicator organisms. | in steadily flowing water at 20 degrees c and ph 7, five organisms had the following order of resistance to ozone (at constant levels of ozone): poliovirus 1 (pv1) less than escherichia coli less than hepatitis a virus (hav) less than legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 less than bacillus subtilis spores. the tests were repeated at 10 degrees c with hav, pv1, and e. coli. ozone inactivation of hav and e. coli was faster at 10 degrees c than at 20 degrees c. at 20 degrees c, 0.25 to 0.38 mg of o3 ... | 1989 | 2560362 |
| viral contamination of some drinking waters in romania: a twenty years survey. | a synthesis is made on the 20 years virological survey of the drinking water from some towns of romania. the sampling of the water was made by the gauze-pad method. the virus concentration method by adsorption-elution with the yeast cells was applied concomitantly, at first with the pe60 method, then, during the last years, either with aluminum hydroxide or with the polymer pv methods, and the concentrates were inoculated both into suckling mice and into cell cultures. various types of coxsackie ... | 1989 | 2560479 |
| [the viral etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. | roles of immunologic factors and slow virus infections in the aetiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) have recently gained significance. for this purpose, presence of poliovirus type i, measles and herpes simplex (hsv) type i antibodies were determined in the sera of als patients by complement fixation technique. significant increase in antibody titers for poliovirus type i and hsv type i were determined in sera of als patients in comparison with controls and patients with other ... | 1989 | 2560527 |
| [uv-inactivation of microorganisms in water]. | uv-inactivation of escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis spores, staphylococcus-phage a 994, poliovirus type mahoney and rotavirus sa 11 was tested under controlled physical conditions. b. subtilis-spores were found to be the most resistant of these microorganisms, followed by rotavirus, bacteriophage and poliovirus. e. coli required the lowest irradiation dose for inactivation. causes and meaning of these dose-survival-reactions are discussed. | 1989 | 2560633 |
| [isolation of recombinant vaccine strains of poliovirus from patients with poliomyelitis]. | oligonucleotide maps of some poliovirus type 2 strains isolated from polio cases, while being clearly related to that of the sabin vaccine type 2 strain, exhibited, nevertheless, marked differences from the reference (vaccine) map. several large oligonucleotides derived from 4 such strains were subjected to enzymatic sequencing. the results strongly suggest that all of them were intertypic recombinants between the sabin strains. the 5'-parts of the genomes of these strains were derived from the ... | 1989 | 2560812 |
| [acute maternal anterior poliomyelitis in a non-endemic zone]. | the authors report the case of a 26 year old woman with acute anterior poliomyelitis contracted during the vaccination of her baby. despite having been herself vaccinated in infancy she was not protected against the poliovirus. the clinical interest of this uncommon case is a severe paralytic state with definitive paraplegia. the authors suggest serologic testing of patients born before 1967 especially if they are at risk of encountering the virus. | 1989 | 2561040 |
| a human-human hybridoma which produces antibodies to polioviruses. | a human-human hybridoma which produced antibodies to sabin strain poliovirus types 3 and 2 was established. this hybridoma was constructed by fusing a hat-sensitive variant of a human lymphoblastoid subline r4-4-6 with peripheral blood lymphocytes of a donor who had been previously immunized with poliovirus sabin vaccines and had shown high titer of neutralizing antibodies against these viruses. this hybridoma had been cultured for more than one year and the neutralizing activities of the cultur ... | 1989 | 2561573 |
| the antigenic structure of poliovirus. | we have solved the structure of the mahoney strain of type 1 and the sabin (attenuated vaccine) strain of type 3 poliovirus by x-ray crystallographic methods. by providing a three-dimensional framework for the interpretation of a wealth of experimental data, the structures have yielded insight into the architecture and assembly of the virus particle, have provided information regarding the entry of virus into susceptible cells, and defined the sites on the virus particle that are recognized by n ... | 1989 | 2569204 |
| stabilization of the attenuated poliovirus type 3 vaccine strain by sucrose. | highly temperature-sensitive and attenuated poliovirus type 3, strain leon 12a1b, was stabilized at 37 degrees c by 15% sucrose without 1 mol/1 mgcl2. the finding will contribute to poliovaccination in tropical countries. | 1989 | 2569817 |
| combined protective action of nonimmune splenocytes and antiviral antibodies during experimental poliomyelitis (type ii) virus infection in mice. | | 1989 | 2574947 |
| type 1 fimbriae of escherichia coli as carriers of heterologous antigenic sequences. | a strategy has been designed for the construction of recombinant bacterial strains which eventually may become useful as live vaccines and which may also be relevant for the preparation of conventional vaccines. the approach used is the fusion of small antigenic peptide sequences into specific segments of a protein whose location on the bacterial surface ensures that the recombinant organism is able to present the inserted antigen to the host (animal or human) infected by the bacterium. the chos ... | 1989 | 2576014 |
| longitudinal analysis of three intrathecally produced immunoglobulin subpopulations in an ms patient. | four murine anti-idiotypic (a-id) hybridoma antibodies were produced against immunoglobulins (ig) present in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained from an ms patient 2 mo after the onset of disease. the four a-id antibodies were shown to delineate idiotopes present on three distinct ig subpopulations designated id-19, id-40, and id-97. all three ig subpopulations were produced in part by intrathecally localized b cells, together making up approximately 5% of the total csf-ig 2 mo after the onse ... | 1985 | 2578510 |
| stabilization by host cell components and mg2+ of the neutralization epitopes of poliovirus. | when type 1 poliovirions were extracted from infected hela cells and heated at 56 degrees c in the presence of 1 mm-mg2+, rna-free, pluri-antigenic particles were formed. these particles possessed neutralization epitopes as well as epitopes associated with h antigen and with the isolated capsid protein vp3. the heating caused the formation of exclusively h antigenic particles when the mg2+ concentration was 10(-4) m or lower, or when the virus was further purified in order to remove remaining ce ... | 1985 | 2578552 |
| binding of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to empty capsids of poliovirus can be blocked by monospecific antisera to structural polypeptides vp1 and vp2. | binding of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nt-mabs) to natural empty capsids (nec) of poliovirus, type 1, was blocked to the extent of 83 per cent to 98 per cent by monospecific rabbit antisera directed against the structural polypeptides vp1 and vp2. monospecific antisera against vp3 or vp4, however, did not show this blocking effect. it is therefore assumed that vp1 and vp2 are located close together at the antigenic sites for the two mabs. | 1985 | 2578787 |
| evidence for conformational changes of poliovirus precursor particles during virus morphogenesis. | antisera raised against isolated structural polypeptides vp1, vp2 and vp3 of poliovirus type 1, strain mahoney, reveal a differential reaction against mature virus and its precursor particles. during virus morphogenesis antigenic sites recognized by vp1 and vp2 antisera are lost stepwise from the surface of precursor particles. these sites are cross-reacting between serotypes and are also lost from precursor particles of type 2 (mef-1) and type 3 (saukett). they are absent on the surface of matu ... | 1985 | 2582079 |
| principal and subsidiary antigenic sites of vp1 involved in the neutralization of poliovirus type 3. | the characterization of over 300 mutants, derived from two strains of poliovirus type 3 and selected for resistance to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies, has led to the further definition of the major antigenic site involved in neutralization. the site encompasses amino acids 89 to 100 of vp1. a subsidiary antigenic site near the c-terminus of vp1 has been identified for the sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 3. of 59 monoclonal antibodies to poliovirus type 3 examined, 27 had virus-n ... | 1985 | 2582084 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of coxsackievirus a21. | we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of coxsackievirus a21 (cav-21), the first member of this enterovirus subgroup to be analysed in molecular detail. the sequence, which is 7401 nucleotides long, encodes an open reading frame of 2206 codons, preceded by a 5' non-coding region of 711 nucleotides and followed by a 3' non-coding region of 72 nucleotides plus a poly(a) tract. the most striking feature is the remarkable homology to the poliovirus (greater than 90% at the amino acid le ... | 1989 | 2584950 |
| internal entry of ribosomes and ribosomal scanning involved in hepatitis b virus p gene expression. | the recent demonstration that the synthesis of duck hepatitis b virus (hbv) reverse transcriptase does not require translational frameshifting and the finding that poliovirus mrna translation occurs in a cap-independent manner by internal binding of ribosomes in the 5' noncoding region led us to design experiments to test the hypothesis of internal entry of ribosomes on c gene mrna for hbv p gene expression. we show that in human cells, translation can be initiated at the first aug of the hbv p ... | 1989 | 2585611 |
| how do vaccinia-vectored vaccines fit into human immunization programmes? | | 1989 | 2587852 |
| the influence on the secretory iga antibody levels in lactating women of oral typhoid and parenteral cholera vaccines given alone or in combination. | 41 lactating pakistani women were vaccinated orally with salmonella typhi vaccine alone or in combination with parenteral vibrio cholerae whole cell vaccine, in order to study the possible difference in the secretory response after live and inactivated vaccines. the antibody response in saliva, milk and serum was recorded using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, elisa. all had prevaccination antibody levels against the 2 vaccines. the live s. typhi vaccine gave a serum igg and iga response b ... | 1989 | 2587944 |
| the role of infection and vaccination in the genesis of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis in children. | this article describes the association between previous infection and/or vaccination and the development of optic neuritis (on) in 18 children. ten of these children subsequently developed clinically definite multiple sclerosis (ms), while in 8 patients a clinically definite etiology could not be confirmed. vaccination preceded the first on attack in 6 patients, all but one of whom subsequently developed ms. it also preceded subsequent demyelinating events in 6 patients. ten of the patients had ... | 1989 | 2589009 |
| poliomyelitis in vaccinated children. | fifty-two children who had received at least 3 properly spaced doses of oral polio-vaccine and had developed acute poliomyelitis inspite of vaccination were studied clinically and serologically. this group (a) was compared with 28 children with poliomyelitis who had not received any vaccination (group b). a much higher incidence of provocative injection and a better muscle power on presentation was seen in group a as compared to group b. polio-virus type 2 was the commonest etiological agent in ... | 1989 | 2599609 |
| an outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in jamaica associated with echovirus type 22. | an outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in jamaica in 1986 associated with echovirus type 22 is described. six patients aged 1 to 27 years developed acute onset of severe flaccid paralysis, with inability to walk. three cases had facial weakness, four required intensive care with assisted ventilation, and two died. echovirus type 22 was isolated from the stool of two patients who showed a significant increase in antibody titre. echovirus type 22 was also isolated from the stool of another patient ... | 1989 | 2621458 |
| antiviral and cytotoxicity evaluation of 3-nitro-3-deazauridine. | 3-nitro-3-deazauridine (3n-3du) is a new synthetic nucleoside having activity against members of 5 rna virus families including: paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza, piv), picornaviruses (rhino-, rv), rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis, vsv), togaviruses (semliki forest, sfv) and bunyaviruses (punta toro, ptv). in this report, we evaluate and compare its activity with the parent nucleoside, 3-deazauridine (3du) and ribavirin as drug standards. comparison of drug activities utilizes observations of a ... | 1989 | 2634363 |
| feasible improvements in vaccines in the expanded programme on immunization. | feasible improvements in existing vaccines of the expanded programme on immunization are reviewed. the toxicity of pertussis vaccines can probably be reduced and the immunogenicity increased by recently instituted improvements in purity and selectivity. candidate vaccines containing inactivated pertussis toxin, with or without other components, are in use in japan and in controlled trials elsewhere. inactivated poliovirus vaccines have been improved over the past decade and presently show promis ... | 1989 | 2669097 |