| [characterization of a clonorchis sinensis antigen, calmodulin, and its relationship with liver fibrosis]. | to characterize the biological function of calmodulin (cam) from clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis, cs) and investigate its role in clonorchiasis-associated hepatic fibrosis. | 2015 | 26018258 |
| pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy associated with clonorchis sinensis. | | 2015 | 25995671 |
| molecular identification, immunolocalization, and characterization of clonorchis sinensis triosephosphate isomerase. | clonorchis sinensis triosephosphate isomerase (cstim) is a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, which catalyzes the interconversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. in this study, the biochemical characterizations of cstim have been examined. a full-length complementary dna (cdna; cs105350) sequence encoding cstim was obtained from our c. sinensis cdna library. the open reading frame of cstim contains 759 bp which encodes 252 amino acids. the amino ... | 2015 | 25990061 |
| [current prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in jiangmen, guangdong province]. | to investigate the prevalence of clonorchiasis in jiangmen city. | 2014 | 25902675 |
| identification of microrna genes in three opisthorchiids. | opisthorchis felineus, o. viverrini, and clonorchis sinensis (family opisthorchiidae) are parasitic flatworms that pose a serious threat to humans in some countries and cause opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis. chronic disease may lead to a risk of carcinogenesis in the biliary ducts. micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that control gene expression at post-transcriptional level and are implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes during the parasite- host interplay. however, to ... | 2015 | 25898350 |
| mitochondrial genome of hypoderaeum conoideum - comparison with selected trematodes. | hypoderaeum conoideum is a neglected but important trematode. the life cycle of this parasite is complex: snails serve as the first intermediate hosts: bivalves, fishes or tadpoles serve as the second intermediate hosts, and poultry (such as chickens and ducks) act as definitive hosts. in recent years, h. conoideum has caused significant economic losses to the poultry industry in some asian countries. despite its importance, little is known about the molecular ecology and population genetics of ... | 2015 | 25889473 |
| clonorchis sinensis acetoacetyl-coa thiolase: identification and characterization of its potential role in surviving in the bile duct. | clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) inhabits in bile duct of the host. however, the mechanisms involved in why c. sinensis can survive in the bile environment containing lipids have not yet been explored. in this study, c. sinensis acetoacetyl-coa thiolase (csacat), a member of the thiolase family which has a key role in the beta oxidation pathway of fatty acid production, was identified and characterized to understand its potential role in adapting to the bile environment. | 2015 | 25880842 |
| [investigation on clonorchis sinensis infection and its risk factors in futian district, shenzhen city]. | to understand the status of clonorchis sinensis infection and its risk factors in futian district, shenzhen city, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of prevention and control. | 2014 | 25856908 |
| csrnaset2 is an important component of clonorchis sinensis responsible for eliciting th2 immune response. | many parasites can trigger the host immune response by releasing excretory/secretory proteins (esps). csrnaset2, a glycosylated t2 ribonuclease present in esps of clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis, cs), has recently been reported to possess potent effects in regulating mouse dendritic cells (dcs). however, it is unclear whether csrnaset2 can induce adaptive immune response. in this study, we carried out further investigations on biochemical features of csrnaset2. besides, we immunized balb/c mice ... | 2015 | 25828812 |
| characterization of a gut-associated asparaginyl endopeptidase of clonorchis sinensis. | asparaginyl endopeptidases (aep: ec 3.4.22.34) are a family of cysteine proteases classified into the merops clan cd, family c13. in this study, we characterized the biochemical and antigenic properties of an aep of clonorchis sinensis (csaep). the recombinant csaep showed hydrolytic activity at ph values ranging from acidic to neutral with optimum activity at ph 6.0. while the recombinant csaep was stable at neutral phs, it was unstable at acidic phs and resulted in loss of enzymatic activity. ... | 2015 | 25819296 |
| advanced enzymology, expression profile and immune response of clonorchis sinensis hexokinase show its application potential for prevention and control of clonorchiasis. | approximately 35 million people are infected with clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) globally, of whom 15 million are in china. glycolytic enzymes are recognized as crucial molecules for trematode survival and have been targeted for vaccine and drug development. hexokinase of c. sinensis (cshk), as the first key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, was investigated in the current study. | 2015 | 25799453 |
| genome-wide characterization of microsatellites and marker development in the carcinogenic liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis is an important carcinogenic human liver fluke endemic in east and southeast asia. there are several conventional molecular markers that have been used for identification and genetic diversity; however, no information about microsatellites of this liver fluke is published so far. we here report microsatellite characterization and marker development for a genetic diversity study in c. sinensis, using a genome-wide bioinformatics approach. based on our search criteria, a total ... | 2015 | 25782682 |
| genome-wide identification of antimicrobial peptides in the liver fluke, clonorchis sinensis. | the increase in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance makes the search for new antibiotic agents imperative. antimicrobial peptides (amps) from natural resources have been recognized as suitable tools to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. the liver fluke clonorchis sinensis living in germ-filled environments could be a good source of antimicrobials. here, we report the use of a rational protocol that combines amp predictions based on their physicochemical properties and their in vivo stabili ... | 2015 | 25780275 |
| identification and characterization of a member of rab subfamily, rab8, from clonorchis sinensis. | the rabs act as a binary molecular switch that utilizes the conformational changes associated with the gtp/gdp cycle to elicit responses from target proteins. it regulates a broad spectrum of cellular processes including cell proliferation, cytoskeletal assembly, and intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. the rab8 from clonorchis sinensis (csrab8) was composed of 199 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence shared above 50% identities with other species from trematode, tapeworm, m ... | 2015 | 25773178 |
| [the development of clonorchis sinensis in mice]. | freshwater fish were caught from nenjiang river in qiqihaer city, and examined for metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis by the artificial digestion (pepsin-hcl) method. the metacercariae (35-40) were given orally into stomach to each kunming mouse of infection group (50 mice). the mice in control group were given the same amount of normal saline. the mice were sacrificed on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th day after infection. worms were collected, fixed and stained with carmine acetate ... | 2014 | 25726612 |
| inducible nitric oxide synthase response and associated cytokine gene expression in the spleen of mice infected with clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne parasite that induces a permanent increase of nitrosation in the body upon infection. the spleen is an important secondary lymphoid organ for the regulation of immune responses locally and in the whole body. however, the functions and mechanisms of the spleen in nitric oxide (no) responses after c. sinensis infection remain unknown. in this study, balb/c mice were infected with 20, 40, and 80 c. sinensis metacercariae to simulate mild, moderate, and severe inf ... | 2015 | 25687522 |
| the expression dynamics of transforming growth factor-β/smad signaling in the liver fibrosis experimentally caused by clonorchis sinensis. | liver fibrosis is a hallmark of clonorchiasis suffered by millions people in eastern asian countries. recent studies showed that the activation of tgf-β/smad signaling pathway can potently regulate the hepatic fibrogenesis including schistosoma spp. and echinococcus multilocularis-caused liver fibrosis. however, little is known to date about the expression of transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) and other molecules in tgf-β/smad signaling pathway which may play an important role in hepatic fibro ... | 2015 | 25649869 |
| current status of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections in gia vien district, ninh binh province, vietnam. | ninh binh province is known as an endemic area of fish-borne zoonotic trematode (fzt) transmission in vietnam. a cross-sectional study was conducted in gia minh and gia thinh communes of gia vien district, ninh binh province to investigate the infections with different stages of fzt in various host species. | 2015 | 25586313 |
| schistosome and liver fluke derived catechol-estrogens and helminth associated cancers. | infection with helminth parasites remains a persistent public health problem in developing countries. three of these pathogens, the liver flukes clonorchis sinensis, opisthorchis viverrini and the blood fluke schistosoma haematobium, are of particular concern due to their classification as group 1 carcinogens: infection with these worms is carcinogenic. using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) approaches, we identified steroid hormone like (e.g., oxysterol-like, catechol estrogen ... | 2014 | 25566326 |
| [the reagents kit to detect metyorchis biis, opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis, opisthorchis felineus--agents of opisthorchiasis using technique of polymerase chain reaction in real-time]. | the helminths opisthorchis felineus, opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis, metorchis bilis are the agents of opisthorchiasis. the actual diagnostic of parasitic diseases based on microscope analysis of samples of human feces to detect presence of ova of parasites suffers of many shortcomings, in particular low sensitivity especially at earlier stages. the purpose of this study was to compare results of detection of parasites using both classical technique and technique of specific differe ... | 2014 | 25552048 |
| [prevalence of metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis in wild freshwater fishes from nenjiang river around qiqihaer city]. | from may to november 2013, a total of 1175 wild freshwater fishes were collected from the rivers of chuoer, yalu, wuyuer, alun, and yin in nenjiang river basin qiqihaer city, and examined for metacercariae by direct compression method. the metacercariae were collected by artificial digestion method. forty kunming mice were infected with 30-40 metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis. the mice were sacrificed 36 days after infection, and the adult worms were collected from bile duct, and observed und ... | 2014 | 25518594 |
| [from recognition to practice: the 140th anniversary of the discovery of clonorchis sinensis]. | it has been the 140th anniversary since the discovery of clonorchis sinensis, of which adult worms were found by mcconnell in an oversea chinese in calcutta, india, september of 1874. then, japanese scholar kobayashi proved that freshwater fish served as the second intermediate hosts in 1910, while another japanese parasitologist muto found that the first intermediate hosts were freshwater snails in 1918. however, the perniciousness has not been recognized until recently. c. sinensis infection w ... | 2014 | 25518585 |
| infection and cancer: global distribution and burden of diseases. | infection is one of the main risk factors for cancer. | 2014 | 25512154 |
| detection of clonorchis sinensis circulating antigen in sera from chinese patients by immunomagnetic bead elisa based on igy. | clonorchiasis, caused by clonorchis sinensis, is widely distributed in southeast asia including china. clonorchiasis is included in control programs of neglected tropical diseases by world health organization (who) because it is one of the major health problems in most endemic areas. diagnosis of clonorchiasis plays a key role in the control programs. however, so far, there is no satisfactory method for clonorchiasis because of low sensitivity, poor practicality and high false positivity of avai ... | 2014 | 25474577 |
| [a case of fascioliasis in the intrahepatic duct with concurrent clonochiasis]. | the main causes of biliary obstruction are stones and cancers. fascioliasis is a very rare case which causes biliary obstruction. fascioliasis is a zoonosis caused by fasciola hepatica which infects herbivores like sheep and cattle. f. hepatica lives in the biliary system or the liver parenchyma of a host. in korea, the occurrence of this infection in human is very rare and only few cases have been reported. a 32-year-old male presented with upper abdominal pain and jaundice. his laboratory find ... | 2014 | 25420741 |
| clonorchis sinensis ferritin heavy chain triggers free radicals and mediates inflammation signaling in human hepatic stellate cells. | clonorchiasis, caused by direct and continuous contact with clonorchis sinensis, is associated with hepatobiliary damage, inflammation, periductal fibrosis, and the development of cholangiocarcinoma. hepatic stellate cells respond to liver injury through production of proinflammatory mediators which drive fibrogenesis; however, their endogenous sources and pathophysiological roles in host cells were not determined. c. sinensis ferritin heavy chain (csfhc) was previously confirmed as a component ... | 2015 | 25413629 |
| a tegument-specific venom allergen-like protein of clonorchis sinensis. | venom allergen-like (val) proteins, members of the scp/taps (sperm coating protein/tpx-1/ag5/pr-1/sc7) protein superfamily, have been reported from several parasitic helminths. as little is known about their biological functions, a val protein of the chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis was cloned and characterized. a complementary dna (cdna) encoding a 25-kda protein was identified from an est database of c. sinensis. a blast search revealed that the protein shares 46% sequence identity with ... | 2015 | 25403376 |
| microscopic identification of possible clonorchis/opisthorchis infection in two ghanaian women with undiagnosed abdominal discomfort: two case reports. | the impact of foodborne trematode infections is gaining recognition worldwide. clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are some of the most neglected tropical foodborne diseases that pose a significant threat to human health. persistent or chronic infection of clonorchis/opisthorchis often leads to hepatobiliary diseases including cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cholangiocarcinoma and liver cancer. two cases of clonorchis/opisthorchis infection in humans in ... | 2014 | 25399721 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchis viverrini using real-time pcr and high resolution melting analysis. | clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchis viverrini are both important fish-borne pathogens, causing serious public health problem in asia. the present study developed an assay integrating real-time pcr and high resolution melting (hrm) analysis for the specific detection and rapid identification of c. sinensis and o. viverrini. primers targeting cox1 gene were highly specific for these liver flukes, as evidenced by the negative amplification of closely related trematodes. assays using genomic dna ex ... | 2014 | 25386621 |
| [research on chemotherapy measures in different clonorchis sinensis infectiosity endemic areas]. | to explore the suitable chemotherapy measures in different clonorchis sinensis infectiosity endemic areas. | 2014 | 25345158 |
| clonorchis sinensis infestation promotes three-dimensional aggregation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells. | numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated a correlation between clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) infestation and cholangiocarcinoma (cca). however, the role of c. sinensis in the increased invasiveness and proliferation involved in the malignancy of cca has not been addressed yet. here, we investigated the possibility that c. sinensis infestation promotes expression of focal and cell-cell adhesion proteins in cca cells and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps). ... | 2014 | 25340585 |
| expression profiles of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from clonorchis sinensis: a glycolytic enzyme with plasminogen binding capacity. | globally, 15-20 million people are infected with clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) which results in clonorchiasis. in china, clonorchiasis is considered to be one of the fastest-growing food-borne parasitic diseases. that more key molecules of c. sinensis are characterized will be helpful to understand biology and pathogenesis of the carcinogenic liver fluke. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (gapdhs) from many species have functions other than their catalytic role in glycolysis. in the ... | 2014 | 25300416 |
| delineation of the structural elements of oriental liver fluke pla2 isoforms for potent drug designing. | clonorchis sinensis or the chinese liver fluke is one of the most prevalent parasites affecting a major population in the oriental countries. the parasite lacks lipid generating mechanisms but is exposed to fatty acid rich bile in the liver. a secretory phospholipase a2, an enzyme that breaks down complex lipids, is important for the growth of the parasite. the enzyme is also implicated in the pathogenesis leading up to the hepatic fibrosis and its complications including cancer. the five isofor ... | 2014 | 25298624 |
| expression profile of the schistosoma japonicum degradome reveals differential protease expression patterns and potential anti-schistosomal intervention targets. | blood fluke proteases play pivotal roles in the processes of invasion, nutrition acquisition, immune evasion, and other host-parasite interactions. hundreds of genes encoding putative proteases have been identified in the recently published schistosome genomes. however, the expression profiles of these proteases in schistosoma species have not yet been systematically analyzed. we retrieved and culled the redundant protease sequences of schistosoma japonicum, schistosoma mansoni, echinococcus mul ... | 2014 | 25275570 |
| specific diagnosis of opisthorchis viverrini using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting parasite microsatellites. | opisthorchis viverrini and other food-borne trematode infections are major health problems in thailand, the lao people's democratic republic, vietnam and cambodia. differential diagnosis of o. viverrini based on the microscopic observation of parasite eggs is difficult in areas where clonorchis sinensis and minute intestinal flukes coexist. recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has been widely used for detection and identification of trematode for its simple method that is usef ... | 2015 | 25268466 |
| prevalence and risk factors of clonorchiasis among residents of riverside areas in muju-gun, jeollabuk-do, korea. | we evaluated the status of clonorchis sinensis infection and potential risk factors among residents of riverside areas (geumgang) in muju-gun, jeollabuk-do (province), korea. from january to february 2010, a total of 349 (171 males, 178 females) stool samples were collected and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. also, village residents were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information about c. sinensis infection-related risk factors. overall egg-positive rate of c. ... | 2014 | 25246718 |
| clonorchiasis control: starting from awareness. | clonorchiasis is caused by infection with food-borne liver fluke, namely clonorchis sinensis, which is also considered to be a neglected tropical disease. it is estimated that over 10 million people are infected with c. sinensis in china and, subsequently, several thousand new cholangiocarcinoma cases occur annually. on may 18, 2014, china central television broadcasted an episode on the habit of raw-fish eating and its potential to cause clonorchiasis in a programme called health on the tip of ... | 2014 | 25243069 |
| [identification of clonorchis sinensis metacercariae based on pcr targeting ribosomal dna its regions and cox1 gene]. | to identify clonorchis sinensis metacercariae using pcr targeting ribosomal dna its region and cox1 gene. | 2014 | 25223059 |
| induction of cancer-related microrna expression profiling using excretory-secretory products of clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke by which chronic infection is strongly associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. although this cholangiocarcinoma is caused by both physical and chemical irritation from direct contact with adult worms and their excretory-secretory products (esps), the precise molecular events of the host-pathogen interactions remain to be elucidated. to better understand the effect of c. sinensis infection on cholangiocarcinogenesis, we profil ... | 2014 | 25217977 |
| identification, immunolocalization, and characterization analyses of an exopeptidase of papain superfamily, (cathepsin c) from clonorchis sinensis. | cathepsin c is an important exopeptidase of papain superfamily and plays a number of great important roles during the parasitic life cycle. the amino acid sequence of cathepsin c from clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) showed 54, 53, and 49% identities to that of schistosoma japonicum, schistosoma mansoni, and homo sapiens, respectively. phylogenetic analysis utilizing the sequences of papain superfamily of c. sinensis demonstrated that cathepsin c and cathepsin bs came from a common ancestry. ca ... | 2014 | 25138068 |
| genetic diversity of the chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis from russia and vietnam. | clonorchiasis is a parasitic disease of high public health importance in many countries in southeastern asia and is caused by the chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. however, the genetic structure and demographic history of its populations has not been sufficiently studied throughout the geographic range of the species and available data are based mainly on partial gene sequencing. in this study, we explored the genetic diversity of the complete 1560 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) ... | 2014 | 25123068 |
| acute cholecystitis associated with clonorchis sinensis infection. | clonorchis sinensis is one of the most common causes of trematodiasis that is caused by the ingestion of raw fish contaminated with infective cysts. the adult flukes are predominantly present in the intrahepatic bile ducts, but occasionally they may be found in the pancreatic duct and extrahepatic bile ducts. the clinical manifestations depend on the number of flukes, the period of infestation, and complications such as pericholangitic abscess, cholangitis, bile duct stones, and cholangiocarcino ... | 2014 | 25114891 |
| characterization of the secreted cathepsin b cysteine proteases family of the carcinogenic liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products (esp) have gained high attentions because of their potential to be vaccine candidates and drug targets in c. sinensis prevention. in this study, we extensively profiled the characteristics of four c. sinensis cathepsin b cysteine proteases (cscb1, cscb2, cscb3, and cscb4). bioinformatics analysis showed all cscbs contained signal peptides at the n-terminal. functional domains and residues were found in cscb sequences. we expressed four cscbs and p ... | 2014 | 24985496 |
| enhanced protection against clonorchis sinensis induced by co-infection with trichinella spiralis in rats. | although co-infection with multiple parasites is a frequent occurrence, changes in the humoral immune response against a pre-existing parasite induced as a result of a subsequent parasitic infection remain undetermined. here, we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to investigate antibody responses, cytokine production and enhanced resistance in clonorchis sinensis-infected rats (sprague-dawley) upon trichinella spiralis infection. higher levels of c. sinensis-specific igg and iga ... | 2014 | 24958325 |
| clonorestdb: a comprehensive database for clonorchis sinensis est sequences. | clonorchiasis, which is primarily caused by liver fluke (platyhelminthes), is a fatal infectious disease that is mainly associated with bile duct malignancy and the subsequent development of cholangiocarcinoma. thus, a genomic approach now represents an important step to further our knowledge of biology and the pathology of these parasites. the results of expressed sequence tags (ests) sequencing need to be well organized into databases to provide an integrated set of tools and functional inform ... | 2014 | 24957044 |
| first insight into cd59-like molecules of adult fasciola hepatica. | the present study focussed on investigating cd59-like molecules of fasciola hepatica. a cdna encoding a cd59-like protein (termed fhcd59-1) identified previously in the membrane fraction of the f. hepatica tegument was isolated. this homologue was shown to encode a predicted open reading frame (orf) of 122 amino acids (aa) orthologous to human cd59 with a 25 aa signal peptide, a mature protein containing 10 cysteines and a conserved cd59/ly-6 family motif "ccxxxxcn". an analysis of cdnas from tw ... | 2014 | 24955521 |
| clonorcis sinensis eggs are associated with calcium carbonate gallbladder stones. | calcium carbonate gallbladder stones were easily neglected because they were previously reported as a rare stone type in adults. the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between calcium carbonate stones and clonorchis sinensis infection. a total of 598 gallbladder stones were studied. the stone types were identified by ftir spectroscopy. the c. sinensis eggs and dna were detected by microscopic examination and real-time fluorescent pcr respectively. and then, some egg-positive s ... | 2014 | 24945791 |
| hepatitis b virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. | intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (icc) is a devastating malignant tumor arising from the peripheral intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. the incidence and mortality of icc is markedly increasing over the past two decades worldwide, though the cause for this rise in incidence is unclear, thus intensifying the search for alternative etiological agents and pathogenetic mechanisms. hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, parasitic infection (opisthorchis viverrini or clonorchis sinensis), fibr ... | 2014 | 24914333 |
| proteomic identification of potential clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cells. | epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrated that clonorchis sinensis is an important risk factor of hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. c. sinensis excretory/secretory products (csesps) are protein complex including proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to pathogenesis of liver fluke-associated hepatobiliary diseases. however, potential csesp candidates involved into hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma still remain to be elucidated. in th ... | 2014 | 24894083 |
| molecular characterization of clonorchis sinensis secretory myoglobin: delineating its role in anti-oxidative survival. | clonorchiasis is a globally important, neglected food-borne disease caused by clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis), and it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. increased molecular evidence has strongly suggested that the adult worm of c. sinensis continuously releases excretory-secretory proteins (esps), which play important roles in the parasite-host interactions, to establish successful infection and ensure its own survival. myoglobin, a hemoprotein, is present in ... | 2014 | 24885788 |
| prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in northeastern china. | the prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes was surveyed in heilongjiang province, northeastern china, between august 2011 and september 2013. thirteen species of freshwater fish (n=3221) and one species of shrimp (n=93) were collected from songhua river, nenjiang river and other lakes or ponds in 37 sites of 15 representative cities in heilongjiang province. they were individually examined by digestion technique, and the c. sinensis metacercariae were identified morphol ... | 2014 | 24880648 |
| control of clonorchiasis in korea: effectiveness of health education for community leaders and individuals in an endemic area. | to develop effective intervention programmes to control clonorchis sinensis infection, three interventions were evaluated in a clonorchiasis-endemic area of korea. | 2014 | 24862476 |
| biochemical and immunological characterization of annexin b30 from clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products. | clonorchis sinensis has been classified as group i biological carcinogen for cholangiocarcinoma by the world health organization. biological studies on excretory/secretory products (esps) enabled us to understand the pathogenesis mechanism of c. sinensis and develop new strategies for the prevention of clonorchiasis. in this study, sequence analysis showed that annexin b30 from c. sinensis (csanxb30) is composed of four annexin repeats which were characterized by type ii and iii ca(2+)-binding s ... | 2014 | 24861011 |
| metagonimus yokogawai: a 100-kda somatic antigen commonly reacting with other trematodes. | this study was undertaken to characterize the properties of a 100 kda somatic antigen from metagonimus yokogawai. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against this 100 kda antigen, and their immunoreactivity was assessed by western blot analysis with patients' sera. the mabs against the 100 kda antigen commonly reacted with various kinds of trematode antigens, including intestinal (gymnophalloides seoi), lung (paragonimus westermani), and liver flukes (clonorchis sinensis and fasciola hepa ... | 2014 | 24850966 |
| comparison of two serpins of clonorchis sinensis by bioinformatics, expression, and localization in metacercaria. | clonorchiasis, which has been an important public health problem in china, is caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked fish contaminated by live metacercaria. therefore, preventing fish from infecting is of great significance for controlling the disease. serpins (serine protease inhibitors) are well known as negative regulators of hemostasis, thrombolysis, and innate immune responses. in the present study, two full-length sequences encoding serpin were identified from metacercaria cdna library ... | 2014 | 24831344 |
| [serum level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with clonorchiasis and its impact on liver function]. | to investigate the serum level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) in patients with clonorchiasis, and the relationship between icam-1 and liver function. | 2013 | 24818396 |
| [survey on clonorchis sinensis infection and bile component of gallstone patients from the pearl river delta region in guangdong province]. | to evaluate the prevalence of clonorchis sinensis and bile components of gallstone patients from the pearl river delta region in guangdong province. | 2013 | 24818394 |
| [molecular cloning and characterization of a novel clonorchis sinensis antigenic protein containing tandem repeat sequences]. | to find and clone new antigen genes from the lambda-zap cdna expression library of adult clonorchis sinensis, and determine the immunological characteristics of the recombinant proteins. | 2013 | 24812871 |
| molecular and biochemical characterizations of three fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from clonorchis sinensis. | fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fba) is a ubiquitous enzyme in glycolysis. in the present study, we screened out three distinct genes encoding fba isozymes (csfbas, csfba-1/2/3) from clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) and characterized their sequences and structures profiles as well as biochemical properties. the amino acid sequences of csfbas shared homology with those of class i fbas from other species. the putative quaternary structures revealed that csfba-2 and csfba-3 were tetramers, whi ... | 2014 | 24768689 |
| identification, immunolocalization, and immunological characterization of nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein from clonorchis sinensis. | recently, accumulating evidences indicate that nitric oxide (no) is a potent mediator with diverse roles in regulating cellular functions, signaling pathways, and variety of pathological processes. in the present study, using data from the published genomic for clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis), we investigated a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein (nosip) of c. sinensis. recombinant csnosip (rcsnosip) was expressed and purified from escherichia coli bl21. the open reading fr ... | 2014 | 24604383 |
| development of a pcr assay and pyrosequencing for identification of important human fish-borne trematodes and its potential use for detection in fecal specimens. | small liver and minute intestinal flukes are highly prevalent in southeast asia. definitive diagnosis of parasite infection is usually achieved parasitologically by finding the fluke eggs in feces. however, their eggs are difficult to differentiate morphologically in fecal samples, even for experienced technicians. the present study developed a pcr assay coupled with dna pyrosequencing for identification of the fish-borne trematodes (fbt), opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis, haplorchis ... | 2014 | 24589167 |
| identification, sequence analysis, and characterization of serine/threonine protein kinase 17a from clonorchis sinensis. | this is the first report of a novel protein from clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis), serine/threonine protein kinase 17a (csstk17a), which belongs to a member of the death-associated protein kinase (dapk) family known to regulate diverse biological processes. the full-length sequence encoding csstk17a was isolated from c. sinensis adult cdna plasmid library. two transcribed isoforms of the gene were identified from the genome of c. sinensis. csstk17a contains a kinase domain at the n-terminus tha ... | 2014 | 24578258 |
| molecular characterization and serological reactivity of a vacuolar atp synthase subunit ε-like protein from clonorchis sinensis. | the vacuolar atpase enzyme complex (v-atpase) pumps protons across membranes, energized by hydrolysis of atp. extensive investigations on structural and biochemical features of these molecules have implied their importance in the physiological process. in this study, a full-length sequence encoding a vacuolar atp synthase subunit ε-like protein of clonorchis sinensis (csatp-ε) was isolated from our cdna library. the hypothetical 226 amino acid sequence shared 76% identity with atp-ε proteins of ... | 2014 | 24535733 |
| molecular differentiation of opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis eggs by multiplex real-time pcr with high resolution melting analysis. | opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis are parasites known to be carcinogenic and causative agents of cholangiocarcinoma in asia. the standard method for diagnosis for those parasite infections is stool examination to detect parasite eggs. however, the method has low sensitivity, and eggs of o. viverrini and c. sinensis are difficult to distinguish from each other and from those of some other trematodes. here, we report a multiplex real-time pcr coupled with high resolution melting (hrm) ... | 2013 | 24516275 |
| identification of anti-allergic effect of clonorchis sinensis-derived protein venom allergen-like proteins (csval). | previous studies demonstrated that clonochis sinensis-derived crude antigens suppress development of allergic responses. we investigated the effects of c. sinensis venom allergen-like (csval) proteins on immune-modulating activities in allergic inflammatory response. using rbl-2h3 rat mast cells, we demonstrated that csval inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from immunoglobulin e-sensitized rbl-2h3 cells, and this inhibitory activity occurs by suppressing lyn phosphorylation and in ... | 2014 | 24508803 |
| accuracy of the kato-katz method and formalin-ether concentration technique for the diagnosis of clonorchis sinensis, and implication for assessing drug efficacy. | clonorchiasis is a chronic neglected disease caused by a liver fluke, clonorchis sinensis. chemotherapy is the mainstay of control and treatment efficacy is usually determined by microscopic examination of fecal samples. we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the kato-katz method and the formalin-ether concentration technique (fect) for c. sinensis diagnosis, and studied the effect of diagnostic approach on drug efficacy evaluation. | 2013 | 24499644 |
| regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and tgf-β in mouse dendritic cells through treatment with clonorchis sinensis crude antigen. | dendritic cells (dcs), which are regarded as the most potent antigen-presenting cells, are involved in innate and adaptive immunity. upon uptake of pathogens, dcs express cell surface markers and secrete cytokines. in this study, we analyzed production of cytokines and found that interleukin (il)-10 and transforming growth factor (tgf)-β production significantly increased in bone marrow-derived dcs and a mouse dc line, dc2.4, after treatment with crude antigen (ca) from liver fluke, clonorchis s ... | 2014 | 24480801 |
| rnai-mediated silencing of enolase confirms its biological importance in clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) infection is still a common public health problem in freshwater fish consumption areas in asian countries. more molecular evidence are required to speed up the prevention strategies to control this kind of infectious disease. in the present study, to confirm the biological importance of csenolase followed by our previous observations of the key metabolic enzyme, we explored the rna silence effect of the csenolase-derived rna interference (rnai) in c. sinensis. t ... | 2014 | 24458653 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of growth factor receptor bound-protein in clonorchis sinensis. | clonorchis sinensis causes clonorchiasis, a potentially serious disease. growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (grb2) is a cytosolic protein conserved among animals and plays roles in cellular functions such as meiosis, organogenesis and energy metabolism. in the present study, we report first molecular characters of growth factor receptor bound-protein (csgrb2) from c. sinensis as counter part of grb2 from animals and its possible functions in development and organogenesis of c. sinensis. | 2014 | 24454892 |
| risk factors for and prevalence of clonorchiasis in miaoli county, taiwan. | the objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors for and prevalence of clonorchiasis in miaoli county, taiwan. in 2009, 6,929 subjects were randomly selected in miaoli county and given a questionnaire to fill out regarding risk factors for clonorchiasis; the response rate was 69%. stool sample was obtained from each participant who filled out the questionnaire and examined using the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (mifc) technique to determine the presence and concen ... | 2013 | 24450231 |
| correlation between clonorchiasis incidences and climatic factors in guangzhou, china. | human infection with clonorchis sinensis is still a big public health problem in guangzhou. to investigate the correlation between clonorchiasis and climatic factors, we analyzed the clonorchiasis reported cases and simultaneous meteorological data during 2006-2012 in guangzhou city, china. | 2014 | 24428903 |
| roles of liver fluke infection as risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. | several factors are known to be associated with risk of cholangiocarcinoma (cca) and infection with the liver flukes, opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis, has often been singled out as the leading risk factor in east and southeast asia. in this review, current knowledge of their biology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of o. viverrini, and its role as a carcinogenic parasite are presented. the trends of age-specific incidence of liver cancer in khon kaen, northeast thailand are considere ... | 2014 | 24408775 |
| retrotransposon ov-rte-1 from the carcinogenic liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini: potential target for dna-based diagnosis. | infections by the fish-borne liver flukes opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis can lead to bile duct cancer. these neglected tropical disease pathogens occur in east asia, with o. viverrini primarily in thailand and laos and c. sinensis in cambodia, vietnam, and china. genomic information about these pathogens holds the potential to improve disease treatment and control. transcriptome analysis indicates that mobile genetic elements are active in o. viverrini, including a novel non-long ... | 2014 | 24394447 |
| molecular characterization of severin from clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products and its potential anti-apoptotic role in hepatocarcinoma plc cells. | clonorchiasis, caused by the infection of clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis), is a kind of neglected tropical disease, but it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). it has been well known that the excretory/secretory products of c. sinensis (csesps) play key roles in clonorchiasis associated carcinoma. from genome and transcriptome of c. sinensis, we identified one component of csesps, severin (csseverin), which had three putative gelsolin domains. its homolog ... | 2013 | 24367717 |
| molecular characterization and immune modulation properties of clonorchis sinensis-derived rnaset2. | clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis, cs) is a trematode parasite that often causes chronic cumulative infections in the hepatobiliary ducts of the host and can lead to pathological changes by continuously released excretory/secretory proteins (esps). a t2 ribonuclease in trematode esps, has been identified as a potent regulator of dendritic cell (dcs) modulation. we wondered whether there was a counterpart present in csesps with similar activity. to gain a better understanding of csesps associated ... | 2013 | 24365605 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of taurocyamine kinase from clonorchis sinensis: a candidate chemotherapeutic target. | adult clonorchis sinensis lives in the bile duct and causes endemic clonorchiasis in east asian countries. phosphagen kinases (pk) constitute a highly conserved family of enzymes, which play a role in atp buffering in cells, and are potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents, since variants of pk are found only in invertebrate animals, including helminthic parasites. this work is conducted to characterize a pk from c. sinensis and to address further investigation for future drug development. | 2013 | 24278491 |
| molecular characterization of voltage-gated calcium channel β-subunits of clonorchis sinensis. | the voltage-gated ca(2+) channel β-subunit is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family and modulates kinetic properties of the ca(2+) channels, such as their voltage-dependent activation and inactivation rates. two cdna clones were identified to encode each β-subunit isotype of the voltage-gated ca(2+) channel of clonorchis sinensis, cscavβ1 and cscavβ2, which consist of 606 and 887 amino acids, respectively. cscavβ1 was found to be similar to the β-subunit containing two cons ... | 2014 | 24221884 |
| the serological diagnosis of human clonorchiasis by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay based on gst2-specific igg4 detection. | due to its delayed fluorescence of a lanthanide chelate, high accuracy and low background the broad linear range, long fluorescent life-time and large stoke's shift of europium chelates, the time-resolved fluorescence has been developed for higher sensitive immunoassay. in this article, a simple, sensitive and specific method-time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (trfia) was adopted for immunoassay of clonorchiasis, and recombinant glutathione transferases 2 of clonorchis sinensis (rcsgst2) was used a ... | 2014 | 24169809 |
| prevalence and risk factors of clonorchiasis among the populations served by primary healthcare posts along five major rivers in south korea. | clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. in this study, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors of clonorchiasis among the populations served by primary healthcare posts along five major rivers in south korea. | 2013 | 24159525 |
| identification and characterization of the second cysteine protease inhibitor of clonorchis sinensis (csstefin-2). | csstefin-2, the second cysteine protease inhibitor of clonorchis sinensis, was identified and characterized. csstefin-2 is a cysteine protease inhibitor that belongs to family 1 stefins based on its phylogenetic and structural properties. however, csstefin-2 had a qivsg cystatin motif distinct from the common qvvag cystatin motif that is well conserved in family 1 stefins. mutagenesis analysis revealed that the two amino acid substitutions in the qivsg cystatin motif of csstefin-2 did not affect ... | 2014 | 24100605 |
| an ef-handed ca(2+)-binding protein of chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. | a cdna clone encoding 8 kda protein was retrieved from an est pool of chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis. a deduced polypeptide of the cdna clone was similar to 8 kda ca(2+)-binding proteins from other parasitic trematodes, and, thus, named as csca8, containing two ef-hand ca(2+)-binding sites. homology models predicted csca8 to be a single globular structure having four helices and molecular folds similar to ca(2+)-binding state of other small ca(2+)-binding proteins. recombinant csca8 pro ... | 2013 | 24018708 |
| the mitochondrial genome of paramphistomum cervi (digenea), the first representative for the family paramphistomidae. | we determined the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence of a fluke, paramphistomum cervi (digenea: paramphistomidae). this genome (14,014 bp) is slightly larger than that of clonorchis sinensis (13,875 bp), but smaller than those of other digenean species. the mt genome of p. cervi contains 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes and 2 non-coding regions (ncrs), a complement consistent with those of other digeneans. the arrangement of protein-coding and riboso ... | 2013 | 23990943 |
| global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans. | fishborne zoonotic trematodes (fzt), infecting humans and mammals worldwide, are reviewed and options for control discussed. fifty nine species belonging to 4 families, i.e. opisthorchiidae (12 species), echinostomatidae (10 species), heterophyidae (36 species) and nanophyetidae (1 species) are listed. some trematodes, which are highly pathogenic for humans such as clonorchis sinensis, opisthorchis viverrini, o. felineus are discussed in detail, i.e. infection status in humans in endemic areas, ... | 2013 | 23990419 |
| the zoonotic, fish-borne liver flukes clonorchis sinensis, opisthorchis felineus and opisthorchis viverrini. | clonorchis sinensis, opisthorchis felineus and opisthorchis viverrini are the three most important liver flukes involved in human health, infecting more than 45 million people worldwide. both c. sinensis and o. viverrini, and possibly o. felineus, can induce human cholangiocarcinoma as well as inducing other hepatobiliary pathology. although the life cycles of all three species are similar, only that of o. felineus in europe remains predominantly zoonotic, while o. felineus in asia and c. sinens ... | 2013 | 23978669 |
| risk factors and classifications of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. | cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or klatskin tumor represents more than 50% of all biliary tract cholangiocarcinomas. a wide range of risk factors have been identified among patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma including advanced age, male gender, primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cysts, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, parasitic infection (opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis), inflammatory bo ... | 2013 | 23919107 |
| crystal structures of 26kda clonorchis sinensis glutathione s-transferase reveal zinc binding and putative metal binding. | the crystal structures of csgst in two different space groups revealed that asp26 and his79 coordinate a zinc ion. in one space group, his46 of an adjacent molecule participates in the coordination within 2.0å. in the other space group, asp26, his79 and a water molecule coordinate a zinc ion. the csgst-d26h structure showed that four histidine residues - his26 and his79 from one molecule and the same residues from a symmetry-related neighboring molecule - coordinate a zinc ion. the coordinated z ... | 2013 | 23916611 |
| development of a polymerase chain reaction applicable to rapid and sensitive detection of clonorchis sinensis eggs in human stool samples. | microscopic examination of eggs of parasitic helminths in stool samples has been the most widely used classical diagnostic method for infections, but tiny and low numbers of eggs in stool samples often hamper diagnosis of helminthic infections with classical microscopic examination. moreover, it is also difficult to differentiate parasite eggs by the classical method, if they have similar morphological characteristics. in this study, we developed a rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2013 | 23916334 |
| defining the regulatory and inhibitory elements within the prodomain of cscf-6, a cathepsin f cysteine protease of clonorchis sinensis. | cscf-6 is a member of the multigene family of cathepsin f cysteine proteases of clonorchis sinensis. similar to other papain family proteases, cscf-6 is synthesized as a proenzyme and is converted to the mature form by autocatalytic removal of the prodomain. here, we analyzed the regulatory and inhibitory elements within the cscf-6 prodomain to understand the regulatory mechanism of cscf-6 by its prodomain. the cscf-6 prodomain played an essential role in the folding of cscf-6. particularly, the ... | 2013 | 23891948 |
| adult opisthorchis felineus major protein fractions deduced from transcripts: comparison with liver flukes opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis. | the epidemiologically important liver flukes opisthorchis felineus, opisthorchis viverrini, and clonorchis sinensis are of interest to health professionals, epidemiologists, pharmacologists, and molecular biologists. recently the transcriptomes of the latter two species were intensively investigated. however our knowledge on molecular biology of o. felineus is scarce. we report the first results of the o. felineus transcriptome analysis. we isolated and annotated a total of 2560 expressed sequen ... | 2013 | 23891942 |
| development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for rapid detection of clonorchis sinensis from its first intermediate hosts, freshwater snails. | clonorchiasis, caused by clonorchis sinensis, is a key foodborne zoonosis, which is mainly found in china, korea and vietnam. detection of this parasite from the second intermediate host, the freshwater fish is the common method for epidemiological surveys of this parasite, but is time consuming, labour intensive and easily leads to misdiagnosis. in this study, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and reliable molecular method for the diagnosis of c. sinensis from its first intermediate hosts, f ... | 2013 | 23870065 |
| time to tackle clonorchiasis in china. | recent publication of the global epidemiology of clonorchiasis and its relationship with cholangiocarcinoma in the journal of infectious diseases of poverty has stressed the importance of clonorchis sinensis infection. to further demonstrate its threat on public health, especially in china, comparisons between clonorchiasis and hepatitis b are made in terms of epidemiology, clinical symptoms and carcinogenicity, disability, as well as changing trends. furthermore, major problems and prioritized ... | 2013 | 23849773 |
| coinfection with clonorchis sinensis modulates murine host response against trichinella spiralis infection. | concomitant infections of different species of parasites are common in the field. infection with one parasite species likely triggers host responses that may influence the subsequent infection of another species and alter disease outcomes. so far, the majority of studies have focused on single species parasite infection, and the mechanisms of protection induced by the first parasite infection against the secondary infection remain poorly defined. in this study, we assess the impact of trematode ... | 2013 | 23846239 |
| bioinformatic analysis for structure and function of tctp from spirometra mansoni. | to predict structure and function of translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) from spirometra mansoni by bioinformatics technology, and to provide a theoretical basis for further study. | 2013 | 23827148 |
| low divergence of clonorchis sinensis in china based on multilocus analysis. | clonorchis sinensis, an ancient parasite that infects a number of piscivorous mammals, attracts significant public health interest due to zoonotic exposure risks in asia. the available studies are insufficient to reflect the prevalence, geographic distribution, and intraspecific genetic diversity of c. sinensis in endemic areas. here, a multilocus analysis based on eight genes (its1, act, tub, ef-1a, cox1, cox3, nad4 and nad5 [4.986 kb]) was employed to explore the intra-species genetic construc ... | 2013 | 23825605 |
| epidemiological profile of clonorchis sinensis infection in one community, guangdong, people's republic of china. | clonorchiasis caused by ingesting improperly prepared fish ranks among the most important but still neglected food-borne parasitic diseases, especially in the people's republic of china (p.r. china). to promote the implementation of interventions efficiently, the demonstration of an epidemiological profile of clonorchis sinensis infection is essential in hyper-epidemic areas. | 2013 | 23816055 |
| expression pattern and substrate specificity of clonorchis sinensis tyrosinases. | tyrosinase (tyr) is a copper-containing glycoenzyme that mediates hydroxylation of tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine and oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine into dihydroxyphenylalanine quinone. tyrs play pivotal roles in eggshell sclerotisation of trematode parasites, while their comprehensive biochemical properties remain elusive. we characterised genes encoding four tyrs (cstyr1-4) of clonorchis sinensis, a causative agent of human hepatobiliary disease. these genes shared tightly conserved ... | 2013 | 23770035 |
| genetic diversity of clonorchis sinensis (trematoda: opisthorchiidae) in the russian southern far east based on mtdna cox1 sequence variation. | we examined the phylogeography and the variation of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) of the chinese liver fluke clonorchis sinensis (cobbold, 1875) in two geographic localities in the russian southern far east and compared them with those from different geographical regions (china, korea, japan and vietnam). the russian samples differed from those of the other regions in haplotype frequencies, haplotype and nucleotide diversities, and at/gc ratios. only 4 ... | 2013 | 23724735 |
| microproteinuria during opisthorchis viverrini infection: a biomarker for advanced renal and hepatobiliary pathologies from chronic opisthorchiasis. | approximately 680 million people are at risk of infection with opisthorchis viverrini (ov) and clonorchis sinensis, with an estimated 10 million infected with ov in southeast asia alone. while opisthorchiasis is associated with hepatobiliary pathologies, such as advanced periductal fibrosis (apf) and cholangiocarcinoma (cca), animal models of ov infection show that immune-complex glomerulonephritis is an important renal pathology that develops simultaneously with hepatobiliary pathologies. a car ... | 2013 | 23717698 |
| microscopic examination of gallbladder stones improves rate of detection of clonorchis sinensis infection. | to improve the rate of detection of clonorchis sinensis infection, we compared different specimens from patients with cholecystolithiasis. feces, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder stones collected from 179 consecutive patients with cholecystolithiasis underwent microscopic examination, and according to the results, 30 egg-positive and 30 egg-negative fecal, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder stone specimens, respectively, underwent real-time fluorescent pcr. the detection rates of eggs in feces, ... | 2013 | 23698535 |
| differential activation of diverse glutathione transferases of clonorchis sinensis in response to the host bile and oxidative stressors. | clonorchis sinensis causes chronic cumulative infections in the human hepatobiliary tract and is intimately associated with cholangiocarcinoma. approximately 35 million people are infected and 600 million people are at risk of infections worldwide. c. sinensis excretory-secretory products (esp) constitute the first-line effector system affecting the host-parasite interrelationship by interacting with bile fluids and ductal epithelium. however, the secretory behavior of c. sinensis in an environm ... | 2013 | 23696907 |