| interleukin 12 and b7-1 costimulatory molecule expressed by an adenovirus vector act synergistically to facilitate tumor regression. | stimulation of antitumor immune mechanisms is the primary goal of cancer immunotherapy, and accumulating evidence suggests that effective alteration of the host-tumor relationship involves immunomodulating cytokines and also the presence of costimulatory molecules. to examine the antitumor effect of direct in vivo gene transfer of murine interleukin 12 (il-12) and b7-1 into tumors, we developed an adenovirus (ad) vector, adil12-b7-1, that encodes the two il-12 subunits in early region 1 (e1) and ... | 1997 | 9380730 |
| complementation of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: size effects and titer fluctuations. | the complementation of adenoviral vectors with large deletions in the viral genome was studied. the helper adenovirus used to complement these vectors contains a partial deletion of the packaging signal and the e1 region substituted by the lacz gene. the effect of vector size on packaging efficiency was analysed in 293 cells using decreasingly shorter vectors expressing gfp from a cmv enhancer-beta-actin promoter. vectors with longer genomes propagated more efficiently than shorter ones. vectors ... | 1997 | 9389404 |
| how escherichia coli can bias the results of molecular cloning: preferential selection of defective genomes of hepatitis c virus during the cloning procedure. | cloned pcr products containing hepatitis c virus (hcv) genomic fragments have been used for analyses of hcv genomic heterogeneity and protein expression. these studies assume that the clones derived are representative of the entire virus population and that subsets are not inadvertently selected. the aim of the present study was to express hcv structural proteins. however, we found that there was a strong cloning selection for defective genomes and that most clones generated initially were incap ... | 1997 | 9391126 |
| test of the potential of a datp surrogate for sequencing via maldi-ms. | 1-(2'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-3-nitropyrrole phosphate was incorporated into a dna decamer and analyzed via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms). the extent and composition of the various fragment peaks were compared with those in the maldi-ms spectrum of dt4at5. the nitropyrrole-containing oligomer proved to be more robust. two different dna template assays were then used to attempt to identify dna replicating enzymes that would incorporate the correspond ... | 1997 | 9396818 |
| identification of a single genotype of hepatitis g virus by comparison of one complete genome from a healthy carrier with eight from patients with hepatitis. | different isolates of a putative hepatitis virus called hepatitis gb virus c or hepatitis g virus (hgv) have been cloned recently from patients with hepatitis. this virus has also been found commonly in healthy carriers. we have cloned and sequenced a complete hgv genome, designated hgvcn, from a healthy chinese blood donor. hgvcn shares 85.8-90.0% nucleotide sequence identity and 95.4-97.5% amino acid identity with the eight available full-length hgv genomes. furthermore, the majority (82.8%) o ... | 1997 | 9400975 |
| classifying hepatitis c virus genotypes. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is the major aetiological agent for blood-borne non-a, non-b hepatitis worldwide. since its discovery in 1989, at least 28 hcv genotypes have been reported, which differ by > 20% in the nucleotide sequence of the entire genome (approximately 9500 nucleotides) or the sequence of the e1 gene (576 nucleotides). different hcv genotypes have distinct geographical distributions, and may be associated with variations in viral replication and disease-inducing activity, as well as ... | 1995 | 9415133 |
| the role of antibody in recovery from alphavirus encephalitis. | alphaviruses infect neurons in the brain and spinal cord and cause acute encephalomyelitis in a variety of mammals. the outcome of infection is determined by whether the neurons survive infection and this, in turn, is determined by the virulence of the virus and the age of the host at the time of infection. we have been studying sindbis virus (sv) infection of mice as a model system for alphavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. investigation of intracerebral infection of weanling mice with two diffe ... | 1997 | 9416509 |
| a single point mutation controls the cholesterol dependence of semliki forest virus entry and exit. | membrane fusion and budding are key steps in the life cycle of all enveloped viruses. semliki forest virus (sfv) is an enveloped alphavirus that requires cellular membrane cholesterol for both membrane fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus from infected cells. we selected an sfv mutant, srf-3, that was strikingly independent of cholesterol for growth. this phenotype was conferred by a single amino acid change in the e1 spike protein subunit, proline 226 to serine, that increased the cholest ... | 1998 | 9425157 |
| hepatitis c virus heteroduplex tracking assay for genotype determination reveals diverging genotype 2 isolates in italian hemodialysis patients. | a heteroduplex tracking assay (hta) was developed for genetic analyses of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) using single-stranded probes from the core (c)/e1 region. nucleotide sequencing of reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr products from 15 italian dialysis patients confirmed the specificity and accuracy of the hta genotyping method, which identified 5 of 15 (33.3%) 1b, 7 of 15 (46.7%) 3a, and 3 of 15 (20%) type 2 infections. the genotypes of an additional 12 hcv antibody-positive blood donors from diff ... | 1998 | 9431953 |
| intracoronary adenovirus-mediated transfer of immunosuppressive cytokine genes prolongs allograft survival. | intracoronary transfer and expression of recombinant genes in the intact heart is now feasible. in the transplant setting, local modulation of host immune responses by a genetically modified allograft may offer an attractive alternative to systemic immunosuppression. | 1997 | 9434687 |
| nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and transcription map of bovine adenovirus type 3. | the complete dna sequence of bovine adenovirus type 3 is reported here. the size of the genome is 34,446 bp in length with a g+c content of 54%. all the genes of the early and late regions are present in the expected locations of the genome. however, the late-region genes are organized into seven families, instead of five as they are in human adenovirus type 2. the deduced amino acid sequences of open reading frames (orfs) in the late regions and early region 2 (e2) and for iva2 show higher degr ... | 1998 | 9445040 |
| molecular genetic study of the interaction of sindbis virus e2 with ross river virus e1 for virus budding. | glycoprotein pe2 of sindbis virus will form a heterodimer with glycoprotein e1 of ross river virus that is cleaved to an e2/e1 heterodimer and transported to the cell plasma membrane, but this chimeric heterodimer fails to interact with sindbis virus nucleocapsids, and very little budding to produce mature virus occurs upon infection with chimeric viruses. we have isolated in both sindbis virus e2 and in ross river virus e1 a series of suppressing mutations that adapt these two proteins to one a ... | 1998 | 9445043 |
| structural localization of the e3 glycoprotein in attenuated sindbis virus mutants. | we have determined the three-dimensional structures of the wild-type sindbis virus and two of its mutants that retain the e3 sequence within pe2. using difference imaging between these mutants and the wild-type virus, we have assigned a location for the 64-amino-acid sequence corresponding to e3 in the mutant spike complex. in the wild-type virus, the spike is composed of an e1-e2 heterotrimer. the e3 protein was found to protrude midway between the center of the spike complex and the tips. base ... | 1998 | 9445057 |
| the genomes of three of four novel hpv types, defined by differences of their l1 genes, show high conservation of the e7 gene and the urr. | the dna genomes of four new human papillomaviruses, hpv 75, hpv 76, hpv 77, and hpv 80, have been cloned, sequenced, and characterized. hpv 75, hpv 76 (both hpv 49-related), and hpv 77 (hpv 29-related) were isolated from benign cutaneous warts and hpv 80 (hpv 15-related) from histologically normal skin. hpv 77 has also been demonstrated in dysplastic warts and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. the sequence data presented in this study led to a proposed modification of the definition of a new ... | 1998 | 9454709 |
| competition for dna binding sites between the short and long forms of e2 dimers underlies repression in bovine papillomavirus type 1 dna replication control. | papillomaviruses establish a long-term latency in vivo by maintaining their genomes as nuclear plasmids in proliferating cells. bovine papillomavirus type 1 encodes two proteins required for viral dna replication: the helicase e1 and the positive regulator e2. the homodimeric e2 is known to cooperatively bind to dna with e1 to form a preinitiation complex at the origin of dna replication. the virus also codes for two short forms of e2 that can repress viral functions when overexpressed, and at l ... | 1998 | 9499046 |
| association of the human papillomavirus type 11 e1 protein with histone h1. | the e1 and e2 proteins are the only virus-encoded factors required for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna replication. the e1 protein is a dna helicase responsible for initiation of dna replication at the viral origin. its recruitment to the origin is facilitated by binding to e2, for which specific recognition elements are located at the origin. the remaining replication functions for the virus, provided by the host cell's replication machinery, may be mediated by further interactions with e1 and e ... | 1998 | 9499053 |
| in vitro and in vivo biology of recombinant adenovirus vectors with e1, e1/e2a, or e1/e4 deleted. | isogenic, e3-deleted adenovirus vectors defective in e1, e1 and e2a, or e1 and e4 were generated in complementation cell lines expressing e1, e1 and e2a, or e1 and e4 and characterized in vitro and in vivo. in the absence of complementation, deletion of both e1 and e2a completely abolished expression of early and late viral genes, while deletion of e1 and e4 impaired expression of viral genes, although at a lower level than the e1/e2a deletion. the in vivo persistence of these three types of vec ... | 1998 | 9499056 |
| a retention signal necessary and sufficient for endoplasmic reticulum localization maps to the transmembrane domain of hepatitis c virus glycoprotein e2. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins (e1 and e2). these glycoproteins interact to formin a noncovalent heterodimeric complex which is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). to identify whether e1 and/or e2 contains an er-targeting signal potentially involved in er retention of the e1-e2 complex, these proteins were expressed alone and their intracellular localization was studied. due to misfolding of e1 in the absence of e2, no conclusion on the localization ... | 1998 | 9499075 |
| cd4 glycoprotein degradation induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu protein requires the function of proteasomes and the ubiquitin-conjugating pathway. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu gene encodes a type i anchored integral membrane phosphoprotein with two independent functions. first, it regulates virus release from a post-endoplasmic reticulum (er) compartment by an ion channel activity mediated by its transmembrane anchor. second, it induces the selective down regulation of host cell receptor proteins (cd4 and major histocompatibility complex class i molecules) in a process involving its phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail. i ... | 1998 | 9499087 |
| hepatitis viruses: genetic variants and clinical significance. | variants of hepatitis b, c, and delta virus have been identified in patients both with acute and chronic infections. in the hepatitis b virus genome, naturally occurring mutations have been found in all viral genes, most notably in the genes coding for the structural envelope and nucleocapsid proteins. in the hepatitis c virus genome, the regions coding for the structural envelope proteins e1 and e2, as well as the 3'-contiguous non-structural region ns1, were found to be hypervariable. viral va ... | 1997 | 9506264 |
| inhibition of the hepatitis c virus helicase-associated atpase activity by the combination of adp, naf, mgcl2, and poly(ru). two adp binding sites on the enzyme-nucleic acid complex. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) helicase has an intrinsic atpase activity and a nucleic acid (poly(ru))-stimulated atpase activity. the poly(ru)-stimulated atpase activity was inhibited by f- in a time-dependent manner during atp hydrolysis. inhibition was the result of trapping an enzyme-bound adp-poly(ru) ternary complex generated during the catalytic cycle and was not the result of generating enzyme-free adp that subsequently inhibited the enzyme. however, catalysis was not required for efficient inh ... | 1998 | 9516436 |
| 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives: a new class of nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors with anti-hiv-1 activity. | we report the development of a new group of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). one of the most active congeners of this series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e] [1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives, i.e., 2-(3-fluorobenzyl)-4-cyanomethylen-l,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h- thieno [3,4-e] [1,2,4] thiadiazine) (qm96639) was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 cells at a concentration of 0.09 microm. this compound was toxic for the ... | 1998 | 9517942 |
| core particles of hepatitis b virus as carrier for foreign epitopes. | to be effective as vaccines, most monomeric proteins and peptides either require chemical coupling to high molecular weight carriers or application together with adjuvants. more recently, recombinant dna techniques have been used to insert foreign epitopes into proteins with inherent multimerization capacity, such as particle-forming viral capsid or envelope proteins. the core protein of hepatitis b virus (hbcag), because of its unique structural and immunological properties, has gained widespre ... | 1998 | 9520999 |
| characterization of hepatitis g virus (gb-c virus) particles: evidence for a nucleocapsid and expression of sequences upstream of the e1 protein. | hepatitis g virus (hgv or gb-c virus) is a newly described virus that is closely related to hepatitis c virus (hcv). based on sequence analysis and by evaluation of translational initiation codon preferences utilized during in vitro translation, hgv appears to have a truncated or absent core protein at the amino terminus of the hgv polyprotein. consequently, the biophysical properties of hgv may be very different from those of hcv. to characterize hgv particle types, we evaluated plasma from chr ... | 1998 | 9525592 |
| the carboxyl-terminal region of the human papillomavirus type 16 e1 protein determines e2 protein specificity during dna replication. | the mechanism of dna replication is conserved among papillomaviruses. the virus-encoded e1 and e2 proteins collaborate to target the origin and recruit host dna replication proteins. expression vectors of e1 and e2 proteins support homologous and heterologous papillomaviral origin replication in transiently transfected cells. viral proteins from different genotypes can also collaborate, albeit with different efficiencies, indicating a certain degree of specificity in e1-e2 interactions. we repor ... | 1998 | 9525677 |
| efficient conditional transgene expression in hepatitis c virus cdna transgenic mice mediated by the cre/loxp system. | conditional gene expression has greatly facilitated the examination of the functions of particular gene products. using the cre/loxp system, we developed efficient conditional transgene activation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) cdna (nucleotides 294-3435) in transgenic mice. efficient recombination was observed in transgenic mouse liver upon intravenous administration of adenovirus that expresses cre dna recombinase. after transgene activation, most hepatocytes were stained with anti-core polyclonal ... | 1998 | 9535887 |
| development and characterization of sv40 immortalized rat parotid acinar cell lines. | rat parotid salivary gland acinar cells were transfected by capo4 precipitation using a plasmid containing a replication-defective simian virus (sv40) genome. out of 30 clonal cell lines, 2 were shown to have moderate to high levels of cytodifferentiation and salivary gland acinar cell function. functional studies with the two cell lines indicated that the beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol), vasoactive intestinal peptide prostaglandin e1, and forskolin were effective activators of intracell ... | 1998 | 9542637 |
| evaluation of the alleviative action of neurotropin for penile pain associated with intracavernous injection of prostaglandin e1 assessed using the visual analogue scale. | we examined whether penile pain associated with intracavernous injection of pge1 could be alleviated with a intracavernous injection of neurotropin, a non-protein, bioactive agent extracted from skin tissue with inflammation elicited by the vaccinia virus. twenty-three patients with erectile dysfunction were enrolled in this study. they were divided into two groups. the first group was allocated 20 micrograms of pge1 alone first, followed by pge1 plus 1.5 ml of neurotropin after two weeks. the s ... | 1998 | 9542683 |
| nucleic acid vaccines against hepatitis viruses. | direct dna intramuscular or intradermal injection of plasmids containing viral genes under the control of viral promoters is an efficient means of stimulating both class i and class ii-mediated antiviral responses. viral hepatitis b and c are suitable candidates for this approach, particularly as therapeutic immunogens for chronically infected individuals. several groups have shown that the s gene of hbv is expressed in murine muscle and stimulates a high titre and long-lasting anti-hbs response ... | 1998 | 9554270 |
| functional role of hepatitis c virus chimeric glycoproteins in the infectivity of pseudotyped virus. | the putative envelope glycoproteins of hepatitis c virus (hcv) likely play an important role in the initiation of viral infection. available information suggests that the genomic regions encoding the putative envelope glycoproteins, when expressed as recombinant proteins in mammalian cells, largely accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. in this study, genomic regions which include the putative ectodomain of the e1 (amino acids 174 to 359) and e2 (amino acids 371 to 742) glycoproteins were appe ... | 1998 | 9557633 |
| involvement of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in the folding of hepatitis c virus glycoproteins. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins (e1 and e2) which interact noncovalently to form a heterodimer (e1-e2). during the folding and assembly of hcv glycoproteins, a large portion of these proteins are trapped in aggregates, reducing the efficiency of native e1-e2 complex assembly. to better understand this phenomenon and to try to increase the efficiency of hcv glycoprotein folding, endoplasmic reticulum chaperones potentially interacting with these proteins were ... | 1998 | 9557669 |
| the transmembrane domains of sindbis virus envelope glycoproteins induce cell death. | sindbis virus, the prototype alphavirus, kills cells by inducing apoptosis. to investigate potential mechanisms by which sindbis virus induces apoptosis, we examined whether specific viral gene products were able to induce cell death. genes encoding the three structural proteins--capsid, the precursor e1 (6k plus e1), and the precursor e2 (p62 or e3 plus e2)--were cotransfected with a beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid in transient-transfection assays in rat prostate adenocarcinoma at3 cells. c ... | 1998 | 9557679 |
| fus-1, a ph shift mutant of semliki forest virus, acts by altering spike subunit interactions via a mutation in the e2 subunit. | semliki forest virus (sfv), an enveloped alphavirus, is a well-characterized paradigm for viruses that infect cells via endocytic uptake and low-ph-triggered fusion. the sfv spike protein is composed of a dimer of e1 and e2 transmembrane subunits, which dissociate upon exposure to low ph, liberating e2 and the fusogenic e1 subunit to undergo independent conformational changes. sfv fusion and infection are blocked by agents such as ammonium chloride, which act by raising the ph in the endosome an ... | 1998 | 9557718 |
| antibodies directed to envelope proteins of hepatitis c virus outside of hypervariable region 1. | the relatively high variability of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope proteins e1 and e2 suggests that parts of these proteins other than the hypervariable region 1 (hvr1) might be involved in the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies. to test this hypothesis, two hcv proteins, pe1 and pe2 delta, were generated by in vitro translation. they represent amino acids 174-337 of e1 and 411-688 of e2, respectively, of isolate hcv-ad78; the protein pe2 delta contained no hvr1. as a control, prote ... | 1998 | 9568031 |
| analysis of the envelope region of hepatitis g virus isolated from korean patients. | the genetic diversity of hepatitis g virus (hgv) was investigated. by using a rt-pcr procedure, 14% of either hbv (hepatitis b virus)- or hcv (hepatitis c virus)-positive korean hepatitis patients were proved to be hgv positives. nucleotide sequences in the e1 region of the eight isolates from korean patients and the six previously reported isolates were compared. nucleotide substitutions spread uniformly throughout the e1 region. sequence homology among the korean isolates was 84-99% and 88-99% ... | 1998 | 9571642 |
| long-term evolution of the hypervariable region of hepatitis c virus in a common-source-infected cohort. | the long-term evolution of the hepatitis c virus hypervariable region (hvr) and flanking regions of the e1 and e2 envelope proteins have been studied in a cohort of women infected from a common source of anti-d immunoglobulin. whereas virus sequences in the infectious source were relatively homogeneous, distinct hvr variants were observed in each anti-d recipient, indicating that this region can evolve in multiple directions from the same point. where hvr variants with dissimilar sequences were ... | 1998 | 9573256 |
| isolation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis c virus envelope glycoproteins. | the isolation and characterization of human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) against the hepatitis c virus (hcv) glycoproteins e1 and e2 are described. b-cells from blood donors with anti-hcv were transformed with epstein-barr virus. the supernatants of the resulting lymphoblastoid clones were screened by elisa with an extract of cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus rmpa95 expressing the envelope proteins e1 and e2 of an hcv genotype 1a virus (h strain). positive clones were fused to t ... | 1998 | 9580883 |
| molecular analysis of gb virus c isolates in belgian hemodialysis patients. | gb virus c (gbv-c) has been detected in belgian hemodialysis patients. to study their genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship, a 592 nucleotide fragment extending from the 5' non-coding region to part of the e1 gene of the gbv-c genome was amplified and sequenced from 12 belgian hemodialysis patients in two different centers. together with strains from different geographical origins, these sequences were analyzed phylogenetically using three different methods. a consistent tree topology ... | 1998 | 9598931 |
| follow-up immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine in healthy children: results after 5 years. | long-term persistence of hepatitis a virus (hav) serum antibody in vaccinated children has not been demonstrated in previous studies. to study the long-term immunogenicity to hav vaccine, three doses of strain hm 175 hav vaccine with 360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units were administered to 107 children, aged from 1.0 to 6.8 years, at 0, 1, and 6 months. the administration of one vaccine dose induced seropositivity (anti-hav titer > or = 20 miu ml-1) in 95% of all vaccinees at month 1. al ... | 1998 | 9607035 |
| analysis of hepatitis c virus isolates using molecular and serological typing methods. | this study comprised 100 persons with antibodies to hepatitis c virus (hcv), including 77 intravenous drug users (ivdus). they were tested with serological hcv typing assays (murex hcv serotyping 1-6 assay; chiron riba hcv serotyping sia). patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for hcv (n = 66) were tested with genotyping molecular assays (inno-lipa hcv ii test; sorin gen-eti-k hcv typing assay). comparison of the results of these tests showed that (a) 92% of samples could be t ... | 1997 | 9607080 |
| cloning, expression and sequence analysis of the classical swine fever virus nucleocapsid protein. | the dna complementary to the 5'-terminal 1929 nucleotides of classical swine fever virus (csfv; alias hog cholera virus, hcv) lpc vaccine strain rna was cloned and sequenced. the sequence encompasses a 5'-noncoding region (ncr) of 264 nucleotides and an open reading frame (orf) of 1665 nucleotides. the cloned sequence contains genes of four viral proteins, p23, nucleocapsid (core) protein, e0 and part of e1 proteins. alignment of the 5'-terminal 1929 nucleotides of lpc strain with other strains ... | 1998 | 9608668 |
| cl387626 exhibits marked and unusual antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus in tissue culture and in cotton rats. | cl387626 (4,4'-bis[4,6-di[3-aminophenyl-n,n-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)-sulfon ilimino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino-bi-phenyl-2,2'-disulfonic acid, disodium salt), a compound synthesized by wyeth-ayerst research laboratories, was tested for its cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in tissue culture and in cotton rats. the median cell inhibitory (ic50) and median efficacious (ec50) concentrations of cl387626 against rsv in proliferating hep2 or vero tissue culture ... | 1998 | 9614002 |
| immunoisolation and characterization of a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum that concentrates proteins involved in copii vesicle biogenesis. | rubella virus e1 glycoprotein normally complexes with e2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) to form a heterodimer that is transported to and retained in the golgi complex. in a previous study, we showed that in the absence of e2, unassembled e1 subunits accumulate in a tubular pre-golgi compartment whose morphology and biochemical properties are distinct from both rough er and golgi. we hypothesized that this compartment corresponds to hypertrophied er exit sites that have expanded in response to ... | 1998 | 9614173 |
| blunting of immune responses to adenoviral vectors in mouse liver and lung with ctla4ig. | adenoviral vectors deleted of e1 are attractive vehicles for in vivo gene therapy because efficient gene transfer can be achieved. immune responses to the vector and vector-transduced cells lead to destruction of target cells, inflammation and difficulties with vector readministration. immune effectors have been identified as cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes, which destroy vector-transduced cells, as well as b cells which secrete neutralizing antibodies and block repeated gene transfer. the central ... | 1998 | 9614550 |
| p450arom gene expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes: identification of a cryptic splice site for exon-1 after epstein-barr virus transformation. | the human aromatase gene (p450arom) is widely expressed, albeit in a tissue-specific manner. in the present study, we measured aromatase activity and investigated the transcribed and translated products of the p450arom gene before and after epstein-barr virus (ebv) transformation in peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from normal individuals. aromatase activity was determined by [3h]-delta4-androstenedione (a) to [3h]-estrone (e1) conversion. cellular total rna and protein lysates were subjected ... | 1998 | 9618025 |
| dynamics of hypervariable region 1 variation in hepatitis c virus infection and correlation with clinical and virological features of liver disease. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a dynamic process during which molecular variants are continuously selected as the result of virus adaptation to the host. understanding the nature of hcv genetic variation is central to current theories of pathogenesis and immune response. we prospectively studied hypervariable region 1 (hvr1) variation in the e2 gene of 36 hepatitis c patients, including 10 asymptomatic carriers, followed up for 1 to 2 years. sequence changes in single and consecutive serum ... | 1998 | 9620342 |
| a method of limited replication for the efficient in vivo delivery of adenovirus to cancer cells. | replication-deficient viral vectors are currently being used in gene transfer strategies to treat cancer cells. unfortunately, viruses are limited in their ability to diffuse through tissue. this makes it virtually impossible to infect the majority of tumor cells in vivo and results in inadequate gene transfer. this problem can be addressed by allowing limited viral replication. limited viral replication facilitates greater penetration of virions into tissue and can improve gene transfer. we hav ... | 1998 | 9625260 |
| a high capacity assay for inhibitors of human papillomavirus dna replication. | the discovery of antiviral compounds against human papillomaviruses (hpv) has been hindered by the difficulties in culturing virus in vitro or assaying stable hpv dna replication. however, plasmids containing the hpv replication origin replicate transiently upon co-transfection with hpv e1 and e2 expression vectors. we have adapted this assay using secreted alkaline phosphatase (sap) as a reporter for rapid analysis of dna copy number. use of the sv40 early promoter in controlling sap expression ... | 1995 | 9636294 |
| the pathogenesis of viral-induced diabetes. | serologic case-control studies have suggested an association between coxsasckie group b viruses and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (iddm). new investigations have identified enteroviral nucleic acid in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of newly-diagnosed patients with iddm. the disease pathogenesis is dependent on several factors. including the genetics of the host, strain of virus, activation status of autoreactive t-cells, upregulation of pancreatic mhc-1 antigens, molecular mimicry ... | 1998 | 9645989 |
| adenovirus-mediated transduction of intestinal cells in vivo. | the intestinal tract has many features that make it an attractive target for therapeutic gene transfer. in this study, replication-defective adenoviral vectors were used to explore parameters that may be important in administering gene therapy vectors to the intestine. after surgically accessing the intestine, an e1-, e3-deleted adenoviral vector encoding beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was directly injected into various regions of the small and large intestine of rats and rabbits. significant tra ... | 1998 | 9650616 |
| p53 protein is a suppressor of papillomavirus dna amplificational replication. | p53 protein was able to block human and bovine papillomavirus dna amplificational replication while not interfering with epstein-barr virus orip once-per-cell cycle replication. oligomerization, intact dna-binding, replication protein a-binding, and proline-rich domains of the p53 protein were essential for efficient inhibition, while the n-terminal transcriptional activation and c-terminal regulatory domains were dispensable for the suppressor activity of the p53 protein. the inhibition of repl ... | 1998 | 9658131 |
| expression and interaction of the hepatitis c virus structural proteins and the 5' untranslated region in baculovirus infected cells. | the structural proteins, core, e1 and a c-terminal truncated e2 (c-e1-e2p) as well as the 5'utr linked to the core gene (5'utr-c) of the hepatitis c virus were expressed in sf9 cells. expression of the c-e1-e2p polyprotein from a single vector resulted in expression of multiple forms suggesting that the cleavage of the polyprotein in the insect cells is incomplete. the structural proteins were expressed as insoluble forms and were solubilized by freeze/thaw cycles or detergent treatment. analysi ... | 1997 | 9672587 |
| novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. 8. 8-aryloxymethyl- and 8-arylthiomethyldipyridodiazepinones. | nevirapine (i) is the first human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor to reach regulatory approval. as a result of a second generation program around the tricyclic core system of nevirapine, 2-chloro-5, 11-dihydro-11-ethyl-5-methyl-8-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-6h-dipyrido[3, 2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepin-6-one (ii)1a and 2-chloro-5, 11-dihydro-11-ethyl-5-methyl-8-phenylethyl-6h-dipyrido[3,2-b:2', 3'-e][1,4]diazepin-6-one (iii)1a were identified as br ... | 1998 | 9685236 |
| full-length gbv-c/hgv genomes from nine japanese isolates: characterization by comparative analyses. | the genomes of nine gbv-c/hgv isolates from japanese chronic hepatitis patients were fully sequenced and characterized. they shared 85% nucleotide sequence homology with previously characterized isolates from the us and west africa. homology studies and phylogenetic analyses showed that the japanese isolates formed a third group distinct from the established groups 1 and 2. the genetic distances between the three groups of gbv-c/hgv were very similar to the distances between the two classical sw ... | 1998 | 9687865 |
| hepatitis c virus-specific ctl responses in pbmc from chimpanzees with chronic hepatitis c: determination of ctl and ctl precursor frequencies using a recombinant canarypox virus (alvac). | the aim of this study was to evaluate hcv-cytotoxic t lymphocyte response from pbmc in bulk ctl assays and in ctl precursor analyses using in vitro stimulation with canarypox virus (alvac) expressing hcv-capsid/e1/e2/ns2/ns3 antigens. canarypox virus is naturally host-range restricted and does not replicate or cause cytopathology on mammalian cells. pbmc were obtained from four chimpanzees with chronic hepatitis c infection and one uninfected chimpanzee. ctl from bulk culture of pbmc and ctl pre ... | 1998 | 9692864 |
| functional interaction between the bovine papillomavirus virus type 1 replicative helicase e1 and cyclin e-cdk2. | we have found that the replicative helicase e1 of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) interacts with a key cell cycle regulator of s phase, the cyclin e-cdk2 kinase. the e1 helicase, which interacts with cyclin e and not with cdk2, presents the highest affinity for catalytically active kinase complexes. in addition, e1, cyclin e, and cdk2 expressed in xenopus egg extracts are quantitatively coimmunoprecipitated from crude extracts by either anti-cdk2 or anti-e1 antibodies. e1 protein is also a ... | 1998 | 9696820 |
| a c-terminal helicase domain of the human papillomavirus e1 protein binds e2 and the dna polymerase alpha-primase p68 subunit. | the human papillomavirus (hpv) e1 and e2 proteins bind cooperatively to the viral origin of replication (ori), forming an e1-e2-ori complex that is essential for initiation of dna replication. all other replication proteins, including dna polymerase alpha-primase (polalpha-primase), are derived from the host cell. we have carried out a detailed analysis of the interactions of hpv type 16 (hpv-16) e1 with e2, ori, and the four polalpha-primase subunits. deletion analysis showed that a c-terminal ... | 1998 | 9696837 |
| secretion and purification of hcv e1 protein forms as glutathione-s-transferase fusion in the baculovirus insect cell system. | we have expressed the e1 protein of hepatitis c virus (hcv) in a new recombinant form by using a baculovirus transfer vector directing the expression of proteins fused to the carboxy-terminus of glutathione-s-transferase (gst). the e1 domain was expressed varying at its carboxy terminus in order to retain (gst-e1) or delete (gst-e1b) the c-terminal hydrophobic region that may be involved in membrane association. following infection with the recombinant virus, gst-e1b was efficiently secreted int ... | 1998 | 9725668 |
| characterization of the structural proteins of hepatitis c virus expressed by an adenovirus recombinant. | human adenoviruses have been used for mammalian expression vectors and recombinant vaccines for heterologous antigens. we constructed and characterized an infectious adenovirus recombinant containing core-e1-e2 genes of hepatitis c virus (hcv). the core protein was produced mainly during the early phase of viral infection. expression of hcv e1 and e2 envelope proteins was detected by an immunoprecipitation with hcv-positive patient's sera. the purified e1 and e2 proteins appeared to be composed ... | 1998 | 9725670 |
| molecular analysis of rubella virus epidemiology across three continents, north america, europe, and asia, 1961-1997. | e1 gene nucleotide sequences of 63 rubella virus isolates from north america, europe, and asia isolated between 1961 and 1997 were compared phylogenetically. two genotypes were evident: genotype i contained 60 viruses from north america, europe, and japan, and genotype ii contained 3 viruses from china and india. the genotype i isolates prior to 1970 grouped into a single diffuse clade, indicating intercontinental circulation, while most post-1975 viruses segregated into geographic clades from e ... | 1998 | 9728531 |
| optimal induction of hepatitis c virus envelope-specific immunity by bicistronic plasmid dna inoculation with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. | in this study, we have constructed various dna vaccine vectors that carried hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope genes without and with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) gene in several different ways. in buffalo rats that received plasmids carrying the hcv envelope genes, which encode envelope proteins e1 and e2, both antibody and lymphoproliferative responses against these proteins were induced. these responses were greatly enhanced by the codelivery of the gm-csf gene. ... | 1998 | 9733898 |
| effects of site-directed mutations of transmembrane cysteines in sindbis virus e1 and e2 glycoproteins on palmitylation and virus replication. | the two glycoproteins that form the external spikes of the alphaviruses are type 1 membrane proteins whose transmembrane domains of hydrophobic amino acids are close to the carboxyl termini of the polypeptides and anchor the proteins in the lipid bilayer. most of the members of the alphavirus genus contain within this transmembrane sequence one or more highly conserved cysteines, which are positioned close to the cytoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer. cysteines in the cytoplasmic domains of the ... | 1998 | 9740777 |
| the conformation of hepatitis c virus ns3 proteinase with and without ns4a: a structural basis for the activation of the enzyme by its cofactor. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) ns3 proteinase activity is required for the release of hcv nonstructural proteins and is thus a potential antiviral target. the enzyme requires a protein cofactor ns4a, located downstream of ns3 on the polyprotein, for activation and efficient processing. | 1998 | 9741640 |
| perspectives for a hepatitis c virus vaccine. | natural hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection elicits poor immunity. although hcv proteins elicit immune responses in virtually all cases of infection, the great majority of hcv infections become chronic. currently, no vaccine is available for hcv despite an estimated incidence of approximately 50000 new cases per year in the usa alone. | 1998 | 9741644 |
| defective adenoviruses as novel vaccines for the flaviviridae. | vaccines against many flaviviruses, such as japanese encephalitis virus (jev), yellow fever virus (yfv) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), have been successfully used for many years. other diseases such as dengue fever (df) and hepatitis c are still major public health problems as no licensed vaccines are in use. | 1998 | 9741645 |
| hepatitis c virus envelope dna-based immunization elicits humoral and cellular immune responses. | the vaccine development for hepatitis c virus (hcv) is highly urgent to prevent non a and non b hepatitis. it was recently shown that the hcv envelope proteins appeared to the key viral antigens to induce protective immunity. to generate immune responses to the hcv envelope proteins on the dna-based immunization, various envelope gene-containing plasmids were constructed. for efficient expression and secretion of envelope proteins, the signal sequence of each envelope protein was replaced with e ... | 1998 | 9749532 |
| degree and distribution of variability in the 5' untranslated, e1, e2/ns1 and ns5 regions of the hepatitis c virus (hcv). | hepatitis c virus (hcv) shows a high degree of variability resulting in many different variants. in this work we described the variability of several subgenomic fragments from the 5' untranslated region (5'-utr) and e1, e2/ns1 and ns5 regions comparing, for every position, all the sequences published in genbank v. 88 (july 1995) as well as new sequences obtained in this work. variability was determined in two ways. first, we analysed the degree and type of substitutions found in these regions. s ... | 1998 | 9751009 |
| the first step: activation of the semliki forest virus spike protein precursor causes a localized conformational change in the trimeric spike. | the structure of the particle formed by the sfvmsql mutant of semliki forest virus (sfv) has been defined by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to a resolution of 21 a. the sql mutation blocks the cleavage of p62, the precursor of the spike proteins e2 and e3, which normally occurs in the trans-golgi. the uncleaved spike protein is insensitive to the low ph treatment that triggers membrane fusion during entry of the wild-type virus. the conformation of the spike in the sfvmsql par ... | 1998 | 9761674 |
| point mutation of a rubella virus e1 protein t-cell epitope by substitution of single amino acid reversed the restrictive hla-dr polymorphism: a possible mechanism maintaining hla polymorphism. | the influence of single amino acid substitutions within a rubella e1 protein t-cell epitope, e1(273-284) on t-cell recognition was studied. substitutions of an uncharged amino acid a for an e or for a t and substitution of a t for s were found to not significantly reduce the t-cell responses. however, substitution of a charged residue such as e for hydrophobic residues (i, v, or w); d for q; or a relatively larger size amino acid for polar residues completely abolished the cytotoxicities mediate ... | 1998 | 9765031 |
| effects of mutations in the rubella virus e1 glycoprotein on e1-e2 interaction and membrane fusion activity. | rubella virus (rv) virions contain two glycosylated membrane proteins, e1 and e2, that exist as a heterodimer and form the viral spike complexes on the virion surface. formation of an e1-e2 heterodimer is required for transport of e1 out of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to the golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. to investigate the nature of the e1-e2 interaction, we have introduced mutations in the internal hydrophobic region (residues 81 to 109) of e1. substitution of serine at cys82 (mutant ... | 1998 | 9765418 |
| inhibition of nf-kappab activation in combination with bcl-2 expression allows for persistence of first-generation adenovirus vectors in the mouse liver. | nf-kappab is a key regulator of the innate antiviral immune response, due in part to its transcriptional activation of cytokines and adhesion molecules, which, in turn, function in chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory cells. we reported earlier that viral gene expression in hepatocytes transduced with first-generation (e1-deleted) adenoviruses induced nf-kappab activation, elevation of serum cytokines, and hepatocellular apoptosis during the first days postinfusion. these events did not occ ... | 1998 | 9765474 |
| microplate-reverse hybridization method to determine dengue virus serotype. | a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and microplate-reverse hybridization method were developed to detect and type dengue viruses in patients plasma specimens. a silica method was used to isolate rna; and 3'-noncoding region universal primers were used to amplify dengue virus rna. using rt-pcr and ethidium bromide staining we could detect dengue virus in serum spiked with serially diluted dengue virus with a level of sensitivity similar to that of a quantitative fluorescent ... | 1998 | 9766894 |
| novel 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazine derivatives as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. | the 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (ttds) represent a recently discovered chemical class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that selectively block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. in a search for a better understanding of their mode of binding and with the aim of obtaining novel lead compounds, a second series of ttd derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. the design of the new compounds was based on a variety of chem ... | 1998 | 9767646 |
| hepatitis c virus e1 protein induces modification of membrane permeability in e. coli cells. | the e1 gene of hepatitis c virus (hcv) has been cloned and expressed in bl21(de3)plys escherichia coli strain by pet3a vector to analyze changes in membrane permeability produced by this protein. we showed that the expression of e1 (aa 192-383), as well as of two c-terminal fragments (aa 331-383 and aa 341-383) corresponding to the transmembrane (tm) region of this protein, induced a rapid lysis of cells. on the contrary, the expression of a mutant of e1 (aa 192-340), lacking the last 40 amino a ... | 1998 | 9770414 |
| echovirus 1 infection induces both stress- and growth-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and regulates the transcription of cellular immediate-early genes. | we have previously shown that echovirus 1 (ev1) infection increases the mrna levels of cellular immediate-early (ie) genes in host cells. here we provide further evidence that the induction of junb, c-jun, and c-fos genes is due to active viral macromolecular synthesis rather than to the interaction of ev1 with its receptor, alpha2beta1 integrin. nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated that differences in mrna levels in infected and uninfected cells are brought about by regulation at the t ... | 1998 | 9770423 |
| the complete dna sequence and genome organization of the avian adenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) belongs to the adenoviridae family, a subgroup of adenoviruses (ads) that infect avian species. in this article, the complete dna sequence and the genome organization of the virus are described. the full-length of the genome was found to be 26,263 bp, shorter than the dna of any other ad described so far. the g + c content of the genome is 34.93%. there are short terminal repeats (39 bp), as described for other ads. genes were identified by comparison of the dna ... | 1998 | 9791022 |
| fas-mediated apoptosis is involved in the elimination of gene-transduced hepatocytes with e1/e3-deleted adenoviral vectors. | gene-transduced hepatocytes with e1/e3-deleted adenoviral vectors are eliminated immediately and the expression of transduced genes disappears rapidly following the vector administration. in this report, we analysed the involvement of apoptotic cell death in the elimination of hepatocytes infected with adenoviral vectors. an e1/e3-deleted adenoviral vector expressing escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) was injected via the portal vein into congenitally fas-deficient mice (lpr), fas ligand ... | 1998 | 9792044 |
| multigene tracking of hepatitis c virus quasispecies after liver transplantation: correlation of genetic diversification in the envelope region with asymptomatic or mild disease patterns. | to investigate the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) quasispecies mutation in the pathogenesis of hcv infection, we analyzed changes in the genetic diversity of hcv genomes in 22 patients before and after liver transplantation by using heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) technology. all patients were infected with hcv genotype 1 and developed high-titer posttransplant viremia. each patient was classified according to the severity of posttransplant hepatitis, as assessed by standard biochemical and h ... | 1998 | 9811742 |
| murine antibodies against e2 and hypervariable region 1 cross-reactively capture hepatitis c virus. | the absence of readily available animal and cell culture models for hepatitis c virus (hcv) replication has bottlenecked research on protective immunity to hcv infection. antibodies reactive with hcv virions in vitro are assumed to be candidates for neutralizing or inhibitory antibodies against hcv. to find potentially neutralizing or inhibitory antibody candidates, anti-c, anti-e1, anti-e2, and anti-hvr1 antisera acquired from mice immunized with corresponding recombinant proteins or synthetic ... | 1998 | 9813211 |
| adeno-associated virus vectors can be efficiently produced without helper virus. | the purpose of this work was to develop an efficient method for the production of adeno-associated virus (aav) vectors in the absence of helper virus. the adenovirus regions that mediate aav vector replication were identified and assembled into a helper plasmid. these included the va, e2a and e4 regions. when this helper plasmid was cotransfected into 293 cells, along with plasmids encoding the aav vector, and rep and cap genes, aav vector was produced as efficiently as when using adenovirus inf ... | 1998 | 9813665 |
| clara cell secretory protein decreases lung inflammation after acute virus infection. | clara cell secretory protein (ccsp) is an abundant 10-kda polypeptide synthesized and secreted primarily by nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in the mammalian lung. to determine the potential role of ccsp in pulmonary inflammation after acute viral infection, ccsp gene-targeted (ccsp-deficient [ccsp(-/-)]) mice were exposed to a recombinant e1- and e3-deficient adenoviral vector, av1luc1, intratracheally. lung inflammation was markedly increased in ccsp(-/-) mice compared with wild-type c ... | 1998 | 9815110 |
| interaction of human papillomavirus 8 regulatory proteins e2, e6 and e7 with components of the tfiid complex. | human papillomavirus 8 (hpv8) is one of the oncogenic hpv types specifically associated with skin cancers of epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients. the early gene products of this virus exert functions in transformation (e2, e6, e7), replication (e1, e2) and in the control of viral transcription (e2, e7). many viral and cellular transactivators of transcription have been shown to interact selectively and directly with a number of tata-box-binding protein (tbp)-associated factors (tafiis), whi ... | 1998 | 9820841 |
| hepatitis c virus glycoprotein complex localization in the endoplasmic reticulum involves a determinant for retention and not retrieval. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins (e1 and e2). these glycoproteins interact to form a noncovalent heterodimeric complex which in the cell accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum (er)-like structures. the transmembrane domain of e2, at least, is involved in hcv glycoprotein complex localization in this compartment. in principle, er localization of a protein can be the consequence of actual retention in this organelle or of retrieval from the golgi. to determine wh ... | 1998 | 9822684 |
| development and characterization of immortalized rat parotid and submandibular acinar cell lines. | the purpose of this investigation was to develop well-differentiated rat parotid and submandibular acinar cell lines. acinar cells dissociated from rat parotid and submandibular glands were grown on mitomycin c-treated 3t3 fibroblasts or matrigel in primary culture and transfected by capo4 precipitation using a plasmid containing a replication-defective simian virus (sv40) genome. cytokeratin analysis via indirect immunofluorescence and receptor mediated changes in intracellular calcium and cycl ... | 1998 | 9825893 |
| high-titer adeno-associated viral vectors from a rep/cap cell line and hybrid shuttle virus. | adeno-associated virus (aav) is a potential vector for in vivo gene therapy. a critical analysis of its utility has been hampered by methods of production that are inefficient, difficult to scale up, and that often generate substantial quantities of replication-competent aav. we describe a novel method for producing aav that addresses these problems. a cell line, called b50, was created by stably transfecting into hela cells a rep/cap-containing plasmid utilizing endogenous aav promoters. produc ... | 1998 | 9829534 |
| detection of enteroviral rna in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents. | medical records and archival myocardial specimens of 33 children and adolescents with end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (idcm) were collected to evaluate retrospectively the potential role of enteroviral persistence in the pathogenesis of idcm. the clinical history and laboratory assessment of each patient were reviewed carefully in order to obtain information on the nature and etiology of infections in the past and at the time of diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. sixty-four formaldehyde-fi ... | 1998 | 9829643 |
| the role of the immune system in anogenital human papillomavirus. | there is substantial evidence from experiments of nature that immune competence plays a major part in determining the outcome of anogenital human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. cellular rather than humoral immunity would appear to be the key to the control and eradication of hpv-induced warts. it seems likely that the hpv early proteins, which are responsible for viral replication (e1 and e2) and for promoting tissue proliferation (e6 and e7) will be the target antigens recognized by antigen-sp ... | 1998 | 9842093 |
| efficient construction of a recombinant adenovirus vector by an improved in vitro ligation method. | an efficient method for constructing a recombinant adenovirus (ad) vector, based on an in vitro ligation, has been developed. to insert the foreign gene into an adenoviral dna, we introduced three unique restriction sites, i-ceui, swai, and pi-scei, into the e1 deletion site of the vector plasmid, which contains a complete e1, e3-deleted adenovirus type 5 genome. i-ceui and pi-scei are intron-encoded endonucleases with a sequence specificity of at least 9-10 and 11 bp, respectively. a shuttle pl ... | 1998 | 9853524 |
| colorimetric assays for evaluation of the mode of action of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | four non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors, 9-ci-tibo [(+)-s-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-9- chloro-5-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)imidazo(4,5,1-jk)(1,4)- benzodiazepin-2(1h)-thione)], nevirapine (6,11-dihydro-11-cyclopropyl-4-methyl-dipyrido[2,3-b:2',3'-e]-[1,4]di azepin- 6-one), msa-300 (n-[cis-2-(2-hydroxy-3-acetyl-6-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropyl]-n'- (5-chloropyrid-2-yl)-thiourea) and delavirdine ¿1-(5-methanesulphonamido-1h-indol-2-yl-carbonyl)-4-[3- (1-methylethylamino)pyridinyl]piperaz ... | 1998 | 9875388 |
| molecular targets for human papillomaviruses: prospects for antiviral therapy. | a substantial medical need exists for the development of antiviral medicines for the treatment of diseases associated with infection by human papillomaviruses (hpvs). hpvs are associated with various benign and malignant lesions including benign genital condyloma, common skin warts, laryngeal papillomas and anogenital cancer. since treatment options are limited and typically not very satisfactory, the development of safe and effective antiviral drugs for hpv could have substantial clinical impac ... | 1998 | 9875390 |
| inhibition of mayaro virus replication by prostaglandin a1 and b2 in vero cells. | the effect of prostaglandins (pga1 and pgb2) on the replication of mayaro virus was studied in vero cells. pga1 and pgb2 antiviral activity was found to be dose-dependent. however, while 10 micrograms/ml pgb2 inhibited virus yield by 60%, at the same dose pga1 suppressed virus replication by more than 90%. sds-page analysis of [35s]-methionine-labelled proteins showed that pga1 did not alter cellular protein synthesis. in infected cells, pga1 slightly inhibited the synthesis of protein c, while ... | 1998 | 9876277 |
| a replication-incompetent adenovirus vector with the preterminal protein gene deleted efficiently transduces mouse ears. | adenoviruses offer great potential as gene therapy agents but are limited by the strong inflammatory response that occurs in response to the recombinant virus. since the degree of inflammation correlates in part with the potential of the viral vector for replication, we constructed a preterminal protein (ptp) deletion mutant adenovirus type 5 vector, ad5dl308deltaptpbeta-gal, that is replication incompetent due to deletion of the ptp gene and that has the e1 genes replaced by the escherichia col ... | 1999 | 9882305 |
| two-helper rna system for production of recombinant semliki forest virus particles. | alphavirus expression systems based on suicidal virus particles carrying recombinant replicons have proven to be a very efficient way to deliver genes for heterologous protein expression. however, present strategies for production of such particles have biosafety limitations due to the generation, by rna recombination, of replication-proficient viruses (rpvs). here we describe a new packaging system for semliki forest virus (sfv) based on a the use of a two-helper system in which the capsid and ... | 1999 | 9882310 |
| viral persistence, antibody to e1 and e2, and hypervariable region 1 sequence stability in hepatitis c virus-inoculated chimpanzees. | the relationship of viral persistence, the immune response to hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope proteins, and envelope sequence variability was examined in chimpanzees. antibody reactivity to the hcv envelope proteins e1 or e2 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in more than 90% of a human serum panel. although the elisas appeared to be sensitive indicators of hcv infection in human serum panels, the results of a cross-sectional study revealed that a low percentage of hcv-in ... | 1999 | 9882313 |
| hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein e1 originates in the endoplasmic reticulum and requires cytoplasmic processing for presentation by class i mhc molecules. | we investigated whether hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein e1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (er) to the cytoplasm of infected cells for class i mhc processing. target cells expressing e1 were killed by ctl lines from a hepatitis c virus-infected chimpanzee, and synthetic peptides were used to define an epitope (amino acids 233-gnasrcwva-241) presented by the patr-b*1601 class i mhc molecule. an unusually high concentration (>100 nm) of this nonameric peptide was required for ... | 1999 | 9916684 |
| distribution, persistency, toxicity, and lack of replication of an e1a-deficient adenoviral vector after intracardiac delivery in the cotton rat. | adenoviral vectors were inoculated via intracardiac injection into 5- to 1o-week-old cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) to evaluate the effects of systemic delivery. cotton rats were chosen as a model because they are semipermissive to the replication of human adenoviruses. the vector used was adv.rsv-tk, a replication-deficient adenovirus with a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene inserted in the e1 region. vector doses were 3 x 10(8), 3 x 10(9), and 3 x 10(10) viral particles per animal wi ... | 1998 | 9917091 |
| a peptide inhibiting the collagen binding function of integrin alpha2i domain. | integrin alpha2 subunit forms in the complex with the beta1 subunit a cell surface receptor binding extracellular matrix molecules, such as collagens and laminin-1. it is a receptor for echovirus-1, as well. ligands are recognized by the special "inserted" domain (i domain) in the integrin alpha2 subunit. venom from a pit viper, bothrops jararaca, has been shown to inhibit the interaction of platelet alpha2beta1 integrin with collagen because of the action of a disintegrin/metalloproteinase name ... | 1999 | 9920897 |
| antibodies to hepatitis c virus envelope proteins correlate with hepatitis c viraemia after liver transplantation. | liver transplant recipients for hepatitis c virus (hcv)-related cirrhosis usually remain anti-hcv-seropositive after transplantation. the aim of this study was to characterize, longitudinally, the profile of hcv-specific antibodies and cryoglobulins in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hcv infection. | 1999 | 9921800 |
| functional characterization of adenoviral/retroviral chimeric vectors and their use for efficient screening of retroviral producer cell lines. | we have generated three different e1-deleted replication-defective adenoviral vectors expressing either moloney murine leukemia virus (mo-mulv) gag-pol core particle proteins, gibbon ape leukemia virus (galv) envelope glycoproteins, or an mulv-derived retroviral vector genome encoding mcd2 antigen, a murine cell surface marker easily detectable by flow cytometry. each of the three vectors was first characterized individually by infection of cells providing the complementary retroviral function(s ... | 1999 | 10022544 |
| adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. | this study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (e1-/e3-) or second (e1-/e2a125/e3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (ad) vectors. a novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking cd4/cd45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. in addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. seven days after treatment, numerous lacz-positive cells we ... | 1998 | 10023440 |