| [progress in clinical microbiology of mycobacterium avium complex and prospect on its future]. | recent advance of technology in isolation and identification methods for mycobacteria, including bactec 460 tb system, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna probe test, etc., enabled us to perform rapid and accurate identification of mycobacterial pathogens from various clinical specimens. our recent study revealed usefulness of bactec 460 tb system, on the basis of the high efficiency in detecting the organisms in sputum specimens with much shortened recovery time, as compared to the ogawa metho ... | 1993 | 8437421 |
| [the epidemiology of pulmonary disease caused by mycobacterium avium complex in japan]. | the number of the patients of active lung tuberculosis and nontuberculous lung mycobacteriosis (ntm) admitted to the 97 sanatoriums in japan were studied. the number and the prevalence rate of tuberculosis did not decrease during the years from 1985 to 1990, indicating the prevalence rate of 43.1 in 1990 per 100,000 population. nevertheless, the number of ntm has gradually increased in these 6 years. the prevalence rate of ntm and pulmonary m. avium complex disease (mac) calculated were 4.18 and ... | 1993 | 8437422 |
| [skin reaction test using ppd-b]. | inapparent infection caused by mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare complex was examined in healthy persons by skin reaction tests using purified protein derivatives of m. intracellulare atcc 19530 (ppd-b). skin reaction to ppd-b was evaluated as positive, as it was for ppds, when the diameter of the reaction (redness) was 10 mm or more, and it was evaluated as significantly positive when the reaction was the same or larger than that to ppds. examination of 379 volunteers (ages 18-53, one femal ... | 1993 | 8437423 |
| [clinical features of the patients with "primary infection" of mycobacterium avium complex]. | clinical characteristics are analysed in patients with primary infection of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the definition of primary infection of mac are determined as follows; 1) mac is found several times since the beginning of the disease, 2) clinical symptoms or abnormal shadows on chest roentgenogram corresponding to mac infection, 3) no old tuberculous lesions nor other abnormal shadows like bronchectasis, 4) no abnormal serological results suggesting other bacterial or viral infection ... | 1993 | 8437425 |
| [clinical features of the patients with "secondary infection" of mycobacterium avium complex--radiographic pattern of progressions in the patients with and without underlying pulmonary conditions]. | we reviewed the radiographic features of 42 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. six cases were definite "primary", 20 were "secondary", and 15 were indeterminate (probably "primary"). in the definite and probable "primary" cases, and some of the "secondary" cases, pulmonary lesions slowly progressed following a common and characteristic sequence from a cluster of small nodules or fibro-productive nodules to those with subpleural thickening, or with thickening of the draini ... | 1993 | 8437426 |
| [clinical features of the lung diseases due to mycobacterium avium and m. intracellulare]. | in recent years, it has been made easy to identify mycobacterium avium and m. intracellulare by dna-probe test. to evaluate possible clinical differences between the lung diseases due to m. avium and those due to m. intracellulare, we studied a total of 248 cases (136 due to m. avium and 112 due to m. intracellulare). m. avium cases were found more frequently in the eastern part of japan, whereas m. intracellulare cases were seen more frequently in the western part of japan. there was no signifi ... | 1993 | 8437427 |
| [immunological aspects of mycobacterium avium complex infection]. | tuberculin anergy is common in patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. we examined in vitro cell-mediated immunity in these patients with mac infection. peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients, as compared with those of tuberculous patients or tuberculin-positive healthy donors, showed depressed in vitro blastogenic responses to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (ppd), not only to ppds of mycobacterium tuberculosis but also to ppd-b and ppd-y of m. intracellulare and ... | 1993 | 8437428 |
| [aids and mycobacterium avium complex infection]. | infections with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are the next most common complication in aids patients, and disseminated mac infection is considered as an indicator disease of aids. bacteriological and clinical features of mac infection complicated with aids were reviewed. the number of aids patients in japan has been increasing in a similar rate as in usa and africa, so the members of japanese society for tuberculosis should be ready for medical care of aids patients complicated with mycobact ... | 1993 | 8437429 |
| [mycobacterium genavense infection in aids]. | fever, loss of weight, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy developed in two hiv-infected patients. at first malignant lymphoma with septicaemia was thought to be the cause. in both patients salmonella enteritidis was isolated by blood culture and found to be sensitive against the antibiotics that were given (5 g azlocillin and 2 g cefotaxime, three times daily each; additionally in case 2, metronidazole, 500 mg three times daily). because bone-marrow biopsy demonstrated acid-fast rod ... | 1993 | 8444111 |
| comparative use of dna probes for mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare and serotyping for identification and characterization of animal isolates of the m. avium complex. | commercially available dna probes for the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were compared with conventional identification and serotyping of animal isolates of mac. dna hybridization of 44 strains of mycobacteria showed a test specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 100%. hybridization of 12 serotype strains showed that serotypes 1-6 and 8-11 hybridized with the m. avium probe and serotypes 7 and 14 hybridized with the m. intracellulare probe. all of the 42 bovine and porcine isolates of mac cons ... | 1993 | 8447082 |
| peritonitis associated with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) is a commonly used form of renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). an increased incidence of peritonitis, as well as an increased rate of infections with unusual and serious organisms, has been reported in these patients. we report the first case of an hiv-infected patient who developed clinical peritonitis associated with mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (mai) ... | 1993 | 8447310 |
| lymph node pseudotumor. | | 1993 | 8447513 |
| re-emergence of tuberculosis. | | 1993 | 8448469 |
| synthesis and biological activity of 3'-hydroxy-5'-aminobenzoxazinorifamycin derivatives. | as a part of our studies on the syntheses of benzoxazinorifamycin derivatives, 3'-hydroxy-5'-aminobenzoxazinorifamycin derivatives were synthesized, and tested for their antimicrobial activities. the antimicrobial activities of these compounds against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were almost identical to those of rifampicin (rfp) and rifabutain (rfb), however, antimicrobial activities against mycobacterium tuberculosis were superior to rfp, while being similar to rfb. 3'-hydroxy-5'-( ... | 1993 | 8448815 |
| atypical mycobacterium osteomyelitis of the fibula. | atypical mycobacterium osteomyelitis is rare. an 81 year old woman has been found to have an osteomyelitis of the upper end of the fibula due to mycobacterium avium complex. the occurrence may be related to advanced age and chronic respiratory disease. treatment by surgery and drugs has been successful over two years of follow-up. | 1993 | 8449624 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the ribosomal s12 gene of mycobacterium intracellulare. | | 1993 | 8451173 |
| sinusitis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | community-acquired sinusitis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa developed in four patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection who had no local predisposing factors or neutropenia. two persons were bacteremic. combination antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage were necessary for adequate treatment. ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were isolated possibly because of the chronic use of the drug as part of a treatment regimen for disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium com ... | 1993 | 8452952 |
| tnf-alpha response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to mycobacterium avium, serovar 4, is of brief duration and protein kinase c dependent. | human monocyte-derived macrophages (m phi) from the majority of normal donors respond to inoculation with mycobacterium avium, serotype 4, (mai) by elaboration of the inflammatory monokines tnf-alpha, il-1 beta, and il-6, which are of central importance for the protection against bacterial and parasitic infections. peak tnf-alpha mrna levels were of brief duration, being maximal at 1.5 h, and were only slightly higher than background levels at 4 h. increases of il-1 beta and il-6 mrna levels, on ... | 1993 | 8454862 |
| colonial morphotype as a determinant of cytokine expression by human monocytes infected with mycobacterium avium. | mycobacterium avium is an intracellular pathogen that causes disseminated infection in patients with aids. colonial morphotype (smooth-transparent (smt) vs smooth-domed (smd)) is a key determinant of virulence in mice and the capacity for replication in human monocytes. some cytokines (il-1 and il-6) promote, whereas others (ifn-gamma and tnf) inhibit intracellular m. avium growth. the specific factors that determine virulence of m. avium, however, are not clear. in this study, we examined cytok ... | 1993 | 8454866 |
| gastro-intestinal involvement in mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of patients with hiv. | in a study of 866 faecal specimens from 437 persons, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (mai) was isolated from 14.8% patients with aids and 1.3% patients with symptomatic hiv infection but not from any hiv seronegative or asymptomatic hiv seropositive persons. these data support the hypothesis that the gastro-intestinal tract is the portal of entry for mai and confirm that mai infection is a manifestation of late-stage hiv disease. positive faecal cultures correlated well with disseminated dise ... | 1993 | 8454889 |
| [the cut-off points used in chemiluminescent probes for the identification of mycobacteria]. | 441 strain of mycobacteria were exposed to probes marked with luminous material belonged to m. tuberculosis complex and m. avium complex. we analyzed the following points: 1. if the cut-off points obtained with our strains were in accordance to those recommended by the manufacturer, using two different luminometers. 2. if the correlation constant makes possible the conversion of the units form one luminometer to the units obtained with the other one. 3. data for sensibility, specificity and pred ... | 1993 | 8465044 |
| iodonium ion-assisted synthesis of a haptenic tetrasaccharide fragment corresponding to the inner cell-wall glycopeptidolipid of mycobacterium avium serotype 4. | condensation of ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzoyl-1-thio-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside with ethyl 3-o-benzyl-4-o-chloroacetyl-2-o-methyl-1-thio-beta-l-fucopyranoside in the presence of iodonium di-sym-collidine perchlorate afforded exclusively ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzoyl-3-o-(3-o-benzyl-4-o- chloroacetyl-2-o-methyl-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl)-1-thio-alpha-l-rhamnop yra noside. this disaccharide derivative was extended at c-1 with 3-benzyloxycarbonylaminopropyl 6-deoxy-3,4-o-isopropylidene-alpha-l- talopyranoside, using n ... | 1993 | 8472251 |
| drug intolerance to high-dose clarithromycin among elderly patients. | we treated 13 elderly patients with chronic mycobacterial lung disease with clarithromycin using 1000 mg b.i.d. as monotherapy. patients had a mean age of 70 years, and 12 of 13 had creatinine clearances of 31-71 ml/min. adverse events were seen in 100% of patients, with the most common being bitter taste (92%), nausea (92%), vomiting (54%) and central nervous system symptoms (54%). elevated liver enzymes developed in five (38%) of 13 patients at weeks 1-6 of therapy. mean serum levels of clarit ... | 1993 | 8477575 |
| chylous ascites caused by mycobacterium avium complex and mesenteric lymphadenitis in a child with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 1993 | 8417435 |
| [identification of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex in tohoku district of japan by using dna probes]. | attempts were made to identify mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare in the m. avium-intracellulare complex (mac) isolated in the tohoku district of japan by using dna probes (gen-probe; rapid diagnostic system) which are specific for m. avium, m. intracellulare and m. tuberculosis complex, respectively. in the tohoku district, the ratio of m. avium isolates (80%) exceeded that of m. intracellulare isolates. it was thus shown that, in the tohoku district where no data concerning t ... | 1993 | 8479109 |
| [behaviour of gamma delta tcr+ t cells during the course of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and proliferative response of host lymphocytes to 65kd heat shock protein]. | in order to know the possibility that gamma delta tcr+ t cells induced by mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections participate in the expression of host resistance and in the occurrence of behçet disease, we examined the behaviour of them in mac-infected host mice. in both balb/c (bcgs; mac-susceptible) and cba/jn (bcgr; mac-resistant) strain mice, a transient but appreciable increase in the number of gamma delta tcr+ t cells in the host peritoneal lymphocytes was noted around week 1 to 2 af ... | 1993 | 8479112 |
| clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. an analysis of 154 patients. | the role of rapidly growing mycobacteria (rgm) as pulmonary pathogens has been unclear. we identified 154 cases of lung disease caused by rgm using the microbiologic and radiographic criteria of the american thoracic society (ats) and availability of the causative organism for study. more than one third of patients had positive lung biopsy cultures. patients were predominantly white (83%), female (65%) nonsmokers (66%), and they had prolonged periods from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of their ... | 1993 | 8484642 |
| sequence-based differentiation of strains in the mycobacterium avium complex. | the complete 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) was sequenced in 35 reference strains of the mycobacterium avium complex. twelve distinct its sequences were obtained, each of which defined a "sequevar"; a sequevar consists of the strain or strains which have a particular sequence. its sequences were identified which corresponded to m. avium (16 strains, four its sequevars) and mycobacterium intracellulare (12 strains, one its sequevars). the other seven m. avium complex strains had i ... | 1993 | 8491701 |
| activities of fluoroquinolone, macrolide, and aminoglycoside drugs combined with inhibitors of glycosylation and fatty acid and peptide biosynthesis against mycobacterium avium. | smooth- and rough-colony variants of mycobacterium avium serovar 4 were treated with three classes of drugs. the drugs were chosen for their potential inhibitory effects on the biosynthesis of the cell envelope-associated serovar-specific glycopeptidolipid antigens. growth was monitored radiometrically with a bactec 460-tb instrument, and mics were determined for each drug. both variants were then treated with inhibitory drugs in combination with antimicrobial agents that have demonstrated effec ... | 1993 | 8494359 |
| [tuberculin sensitivity to purified protein derivatives (ppd) from m. intracellulare (ppd-b), m. kansasii (ppd-y), m. fortuitum (ppd-y) and m. tuberculosis (ppds) among healthy volunteers]. | to reveal the epidemiology of mycobacteria other than mycobacterium tuberculosis in japan, we tested 379 healthy volunteers from self defence force army stationed in hiroshima prefecture with 0.05mcg of ppds, 0.1mcg of ppd-b, ppd-y and ppd-f. majority of the volunteers had been immunized with bcg by thirteen years old. rate of positive reaction (diameter of redness > or = 10mm) in each ppd in each age group were; ppds [18-19yr (n = 39); 30.8%, 20-29yr (n = 178); 63.5%, 30-39yr (n = 78); 91.0%, 4 ... | 1993 | 8497118 |
| [in vitro antimycobacterial activity of clarithromycin and its therapeutic efficacy against mycobacterium intracellulare infection induced in mice]. | a new macrolide, clarithromycin (cam), with increased acid-stability and thus having a markedly improved absorption efficiency from gastrointestinal tract, was evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial activity against various mycobacterial species. cam had nearly the same level of anti-mycobacterial activity as that of sparfloxacin (spfx) and slightly higher activity than rifampicin (rfp), except that its anti-m. tuberculosis activity was much lower than those of spfx and rfp. anti-m. avium comp ... | 1993 | 8497119 |
| chest case of the day. mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | | 1993 | 8498246 |
| hiv infection in older patients: when to suspect the unexpected. | the number of aids patients over age 60 has risen steadily in the past decade. the number of transfusion-acquired aids cases probably has peaked--or will soon peak. homosexual (or bisexual) behavior remains the predominant risk factor for aids until the seventh decade. disease progression appears to be more rapid in the elderly, although the observed shorter survival time may result from a delay in diagnosis. symptoms of hiv infection are often nonspecific, such as fatigue, anorexia, weight loss ... | 1993 | 8500775 |
| isolation of specific dna fragments of mycobacterium avium and their possible use in diagnosis. | we cloned and sequenced two dna fragments (dt1 and dt6) from mycobacterium avium serotype 2 for use in the identification of members of the m. avium-m. intracellulare complex (mac). reference strains of mac belonging to serovars 1 to 28 were examined by using these dna fragments as probes. the study revealed that the dt6 probe hybridized with dnas from m. avium strains (serovars 1 to 6, 8 to 11, and 21), while the dt1 probe hybridized with dnas from serovars 2, 3, 7, 12 to 20, and 23 to 25. dt1- ... | 1993 | 8501206 |
| conventional identification characteristics, mycolate and fatty acid composition, and clinical significance of maix accuprobe-positive isolates of mycobacterium avium complex. | a total of 145 isolates belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were tested with commercial acridinium ester-labeled dna probes (accuprobe, gen-probe). m. avium and m. intracellulare probes reacted with 102 and 36 isolates, respectively. the remaining seven isolates were clearly positive with the new probe, designated maix. thus, the combined sensitivity of m. avium and m. intracellulare probes was 95.2%. the maix probe improved the sensitivity up to 100%. the maix probe also reacted ... | 1993 | 8501247 |
| mycobacteria in stool specimens: the nonvalue of smears for predicting culture results. | a previous recommendation suggests that stool be cultured for mycobacteria only if the smear is positive. we have correlated smear and culture results of 2,176 stool specimens submitted for mycobacterial culture. the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for smears to predict culture results are 34, 99, 90, and 87%, respectively. we recommend that the stool smear not be used as a screening technique to decide which specimens from at-risk patients should be culture ... | 1993 | 8501249 |
| genetic diversity among strains of mycobacterium avium causing monoclonal and polyclonal bacteremia in patients with aids. | to define the genetic diversity among mycobacterium avium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, specimens were cultured prospectively, and isolates obtained from 14 patients (4 with positive blood, stool, and sputum; 6 with positive blood and stool; 3 with positive blood only; and 1 with positive stool only) were studied. both serotyping and ribotyping had limited ability to discriminate among isolates from different patients, whereas the distinctive restriction fragment ... | 1993 | 8501328 |
| clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids. | a randomized, prospective, open-label, treatment versus no treatment community-based clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. subjects were 110 patients with a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 2-4 months before enrollment or cd4 lymphocyte counts < or = 100/mm3; they were randomized to receive 50 mg of clofa ... | 1993 | 8501340 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the central nervous system in patients with aids. | infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are especially common in patients with aids. meningitis due to ntm, however, is rare. a search for csf cultures positive for ntm over the past 11 years at our hospital yielded 16 cases. of these, 15 were caused by mycobacterium avium-intracellular (mai), and one was caused by m fortuitum. all patients with mai infection had widespread dissemination and at least one risk factor for aids. clinical features included weight loss, altered mentation, ... | 1993 | 8506483 |
| a cutaneous lesion in a patient with aids: an unusual presentation of infection due to mycobacterium avium complex. | a patient with aids developed a purplish, necrotic skin lesion followed by fevers, constitutional symptoms, and watery diarrhea. stains of samples from the skin lesion and of stool and bone marrow revealed acid-fast bacilli, and mycobacterium avium was isolated from cultures of these specimens and blood. with the initiation of multiagent oral antimycobacterial therapy, the patient's symptoms abated and the cutaneous lesion reepithelialized. we believe this lesion to be a manifestation of dissemi ... | 1993 | 8513064 |
| infection with mycobacterium avium induces production of interleukin-10 (il-10), and administration of anti-il-10 antibody is associated with enhanced resistance to infection in mice. | organisms of the mycobacterium avium complex are associated with disseminated infection in patients with aids. the mechanisms that account for the survival of the intracellular bacteria are unknown. we document here that infection of c57bl/6 black mice with m. avium 101 triggered interleukin-10 (il-10) production. the synthesis of il-10 peaked after 2 weeks of infection and remained elevated throughout the period of infection. treatment of m. avium-infected peritoneal macrophages with recombinan ... | 1993 | 8514420 |
| randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rifampin, ethambutol, and ciprofloxacin for aids patients with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection. | patients with aids and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection received rifampin (600 mg) plus ethambutol (25 mg/kg) plus ciprofloxacin (750 mg) or matching placebos daily for 8 weeks. patients were monitored every 2 weeks clinically and by quantitating mac colony-forming units (cfu) per milliliter of blood. analysis of baseline characteristics revealed no significant differences between groups. after 8 weeks, mac cfu had decreased by > or = 1 log/ml in 4 of 9 treated patients v ... | 1993 | 8515098 |
| frequencies of opportunistic diseases prior to death among hiv-infected persons. community programs for clinical research on aids. | to describe the complete history of major opportunistic events experienced by 1883 hiv-infected persons prior to and specifically within 6 months of death, and to determine whether the frequency of specific events varies according to demographic characteristics, risk behaviors or geographic location. | 1995 | 8519450 |
| tl-201 uptake in pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection. | | 1995 | 8521665 |
| isolation of atypical mycobacteria from tap water in hospitals and homes: is this a possible source of disseminated mac infection in aids patients? | infections caused by mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (mott), especially mycobacterium avium complex (mac), are common in aids patients, but rare in immunocompetent persons. the route of transmission is unknown, but tap water could provide a possible source of infection: mac was isolated from tap water in the u.s.a. but this has not been reported in germany. we therefore investigated tap water in berlin for the presence of mycobacteria and compared radiometric (bactec) and standard plate cul ... | 1995 | 8522830 |
| adverse events associated with high-dose rifabutin in macrolide-containing regimens for the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. | we initiated a multidrug trial that included high-dose rifabutin for the treatment of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. twenty-six patients received rifabutin (600 mg/d) in combination with ethambutol, streptomycin, and either clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d.; 15 patients) or azithromycin (600 mg/d; 11 patients). rifabutin-related adverse events occurred in 77% of patients. fifty-eight percent of patients required a dosage adjustment or discontinuance of rifabutin therapy. the mo ... | 1995 | 8527549 |
| mycobacterial infection in mexican aids patients. | to describe the characteristics of mycobacterial infection in mexico, we reviewed records from patients who were seen at the aids clinic of the national institute of nutrition in mexico city from 1983 to 1992. of 460 aids patients, 118 (25.6%) were found to have mycobacterial infections by positive ziehl-neelsen stain, culture, or both. cultures were completed for 66 of the 118 stain-positive specimens. mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most common species found (n = 13), followed by m. avium c ... | 1996 | 8528733 |
| [use of the bactec tb 460 method for the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis. results of a multicenter study]. | isolation of mycobacteria on loewenstein-jensen medium lasts many weeks. the use of radiometric method (bactec tb 460) reduces the delays. results of 79,064 cultures are reported from a multicentric study associating 16 laboratories. the average was 4.8% of positivity and 2.51% of contamination. the comparison of the results with conventional method previously obtained shows that radiometric method is more sensitive and contaminations are less numerous. concerning hemocultures the bactec method ... | 1995 | 8532377 |
| [detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with polymerase chain reaction (pcr)]. | 248 respiratory specimens were examined using by nested-pcr and by conventional methods (solid and liquid media). 54 specimens were culture-positive for m. tuberculosis, 51 of these were detected by pcr and conventional methods, whereas 3 were missed by pcr and 15 were only positive by pcr. 12 of the 15 culture-negative specimens derived from patients under treatment for tuberculosis. the 3 specimens, which are pcr negative could also be detected after modification of the method. the very high s ... | 1995 | 8532644 |
| nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in hiv-negative patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. | the clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates and presentation of mycobacteriosis was compared in hiv-negative patients with or without preceding immunosuppression. patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates (n = 139), mainly from the respiratory system, were divided into three groups: those who had had previous immunosuppressive treatment (24%), those with other underlying diseases (54%) and those without predisposing factors (22%). the distribution of mycobacteria ... | 1995 | 8536722 |
| acquired resistance in mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from aids patients and beige mice during treatment with clarithromycin. | clarithromycin has been reported to select clarithromycin resistant mutants of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) during treatment with clarithromycin in aids patients and beige mice. we selected resistant mutants in vitro at a frequency of 5 x 10(-9). clarithromycin resistant strains of mac isolated in aids patients and beige mice as well as derivatives selected in vitro had a unique pattern of acquired cross-resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics. in contrast, the pattern of resistanc ... | 1995 | 8537260 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids: immunopathogenic significance of an activated tumor necrosis factor system and depressed serum levels of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin d. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in patients with aids. because both tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (1,25d) may be involved in the normal control of mac infection, these parameters were studied in aids patients with disseminated mac infection. of 53 aids patients studied, 24 had no clinical events, 11 had disseminated mac infection, and 18 had other clinical events. patients with ... | 1996 | 8537672 |
| mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in guinea-bissau. | in total, 814 patients with clinically suspected tuberculosis were examined at the raoul follerau hospital in bissau, guinea-bissau. sputum samples were collected, and cultures were grown on löwenstein-jensen medium. isolates were further characterized by standard biochemical methods and nucleic acid probes for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). serum samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. of 17 ... | 1996 | 8537673 |
| [azithromycin and mycobacterium avium infection]. | mycobacterium avium infection is a frequent complication during the late stage of aids. m. avium is resistant or poorly susceptible to classical antituberculosis drugs. some new macrolide antibiotics such as clarithromycin or azithromycin are bactericidal against m. avium, and their use has dramatically improved the prognosis of this infection. in vitro, azithromycin has mics against m. avium ranging from 4 to 64 mic50 being 16 mg/l and a mic90 being 32 mg/l. despite low concentrations in serum, ... | 1995 | 8539084 |
| preventing disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is an important late-stage complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. since mac is widely dispersed in the environment, the source of infection for patients with disseminated mac generally cannot be determined. therefore, specific recommendations for avoiding exposure are not supported at this time. routine screening of stools and sputum to detect mac colonization as a means of targeting prophylaxis for disseminated d ... | 1995 | 8547516 |
| h2o2 induces monocyte apoptosis and reduces viability of mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare within cultured human monocytes. | mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare, an intracellular parasite of mononuclear phagocytes, rarely causes disease in immunocompetent individuals. in contrast, in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients, m. avium-m. intracellulare can infect almost every tissue and organ. this suggests that immunocompetent individuals have a protective mechanism to control or prevent the infection. how mycobacterial may be killed by the host immune response is unclear. we have recently reported that ... | 1996 | 8550191 |
| [mechanism of bacterial regrowth at the sites of infection in mycobacterium avium complex-infected mice during treatment with chemotherapeutic agents]. | although various antimicrobial drugs show appreciable bactericidal activity in the early phase (2 to 4 weeks after infection) of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in mice, no drug, as far as we know, can continue to exert the growth inhibiting activity against the bacteria at the site of infection in the progressed stage. here, we studied the mechanisms of the bacterial regrowth which usually starts around 2-4 weeks after infection. first, the changes in the level of tnf-alpha, ifn-ga ... | 1995 | 8551714 |
| liver biopsy findings in 501 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are at risk for a variety of liver diseases. we undertook a retrospective study of 501 hiv-seropositive patients to assess the yield of percutaneous liver biopsy. the most common indications for liver biopsy were liver test abnormalities (89.5%), fever for 2 weeks (71.9%), and hepatomegaly (52.0%). the most common biopsy-derived diagnosis was mycobacterium avium complex (mac), seen in 87 (17.4%) biopsies. mycobacterium tuberculosis was fo ... | 1996 | 8556399 |
| defective antigen processing associated with familial disseminated mycobacteriosis. | to gain insights into a possible immune defect predisposing to disseminated mycobacteria infection, we studied three of six surviving children with disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection, who had no recognized form of immunodeficiency. we used mycobacteria isolated from the patients and diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (dtp) to study antigen-specific t lymphocyte responses. we observed that interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production by t cells in response to antigens (both myco ... | 1996 | 8565283 |
| phospholipids and reactive nitrogen intermediates collaborate in expression of the t cell mitogenesis-inhibitory activity of immunosuppressive macrophages induced in mycobacterial infection. | we studied the role of phospholipids and nitric oxide in expression of the suppressor activity of splenic macrophages induced by mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection (maic-induced macrophages) in mice against mitogenic response of concanavalin a (con a)-stimulated splenocytes (spc) as follows. first, phosphatidylserine (ps) and phosphatidylinositol were found to suppress con a-induced mitogenesis of spc via inhibition of il-2 production and acquisition of il-2 reactivity in con a ... | 1996 | 8565303 |
| evidence against a role for interleukin-10 in the regulation of growth of mycobacterium avium in human monocytes. | interleukin-10 (il-10) inhibits intracellular mycobacterium avium killing by cytokine-activated murine macrophages and may have a role in pathogenesis. cytokine activities in supernatants of m. avium-infected human monocytes were maximal at 6-24 h for tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and 24-48 h for il-10. tnf-alpha and il-10 production increased with increasing m. avium-to-monocyte infection ratios (20:1 to 200:1). tnf-alpha production by monocytes infected with smooth, domed, and opaque organ ... | 1996 | 8568303 |
| identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare by selective nested polymerase chain reaction. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedure was devised for identification of mycobacteria. the outer reaction exploiting genus-specific sequences on the 16s rrna gene was able to amplify specifically strains of the genus mycobacterium. the identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare was accomplished by selective reamplification of the outer pcr product in three distinct inner amplifications exploiting species-specific primers ... | 1995 | 8569772 |
| rifabutin-associated uveitis. | to review rifabutin-associated uveitis and discuss the mechanism and potential role of drug interactions with clarithromycin and fluconazole in contributing to this adverse event. | 1995 | 8573961 |
| comparison of pcr-generated fragments of the mce gene from mycobacterium tuberculosis, m. avium, m. intracellulare, and m. scrofulaceum. | nineteen strains representing 13 species of mycobacteria were tested for the ability to serve as pcr templates for the production of a 293-bp fragment of the mycobacterial mce gene. the mce gene is a virulence factor recently sequenced from mycobacterium tuberculosis. pcr products were obtained for only the species of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) and the mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare-m. scrofulaceum complex. the fragment was sequenced from m. tuberculosis (one strain), m. ... | 1995 | 8574846 |
| altered in vitro handling of mycobacterium avium complex by monocytes and serum from hiv(+) patients. | in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), mycobacterial diseases are leading opportunistic infections. the reasons for the peculiar propensity for disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) remain unclear. we have previously examined, in detail, the ability of monocytes from healthy donors to take up and kill mac under both nonopsonic and opsonic conditions. we have now evaluated the in vitro ability of peripheral blood monocytes from hiv(+) patients to take ... | 1995 | 8575843 |
| identification of a novel oxazolidinone (u-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity. | during the course of our investigations in the oxazolidinone antibacterial agent area, we have identified a subclass with especially potent in vitro activity against mycobacteria. the salient structural feature of these oxazolidinone analogues, 6 (u-100480), 7 (u-101603), and 8 (u-101244), is their appended thiomorpholine moiety. the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of these analogues is described. potent activity against a screening strain of ... | 1996 | 8576910 |
| clinical significance of resolution of chest x-ray findings in hiv-infected children with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip). | lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip) in hiv-infected children is generally associated with better prognosis as compared with children with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we prospectively studied 12 cases of hiv-infected children with lip over a 4-year period in an effort to document one aspect of the natural history of this clinical entity. severe cd4 lymphocytopenia was associated with complete resolution of the chest x-ray findings in five patients, one of whom died of disseminate ... | 1995 | 8577544 |
| [a patient with a transplanted kidney with respiratory insufficiency following treated legionella pneumonia]. | | 1996 | 8578050 |
| the endoscopic appearance of severe intestinal mycobacterium avium complex infection as a coarsely granular mucosa due to massive infiltration and expansion of intestinal villi without mucosal exudation. | although mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is the most common opportunistic pathogen at postmortem in patients with aids, many cases are not recognized premortem. a patient with advanced aids had diarrhea, fecal occult blood, and iron deficiency anemia. esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed an extensive coarsely granular mucosa, resistant to endoscopic irrigation and brushing, in the descending duodenum. histologic analysis of duodenal biopsies confirmed expansion of intestinal villi due to massive ... | 1995 | 8583111 |
| [molecular biological methods in the mycobacteriological laboratory--was 1995 a year of progress, problems or both?]. | | 1995 | 8584536 |
| recovery of mycobacteria from blood in mycobacteria growth indicator tube and lowenstein-jensen slant after lysis-centrifugation. | five hundred five blood samples for culture were processed in the isolator lysis-centrifugation system and were then inoculated into a mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit) and onto a lowenstein-jensen (l-j) slant. forty-nine isolates of mycobacterium avium complex and three isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis were recovered from 50 of the blood culture specimens. forty-five isolates from 43 specimens were recovered in the mgit, with a mean time to detection of 21 days. forty-one isolates ... | 1995 | 8586725 |
| efficacy of 'nu-cidex' (0.35% peracetic acid) against mycobacteria and cryptosporidia. | | 1995 | 8586794 |
| failure of the radiometric bactec method to detect mycobacterium avium complex in the blood of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus who were treated with antibiotics. | | 1995 | 8589178 |
| efficacy of azithromycin and rifabutin in preventing infection by mycobacterium avium complex in beige mice. | we investigated the potential of the azalide, azithromycin, and rifabutin in preventing disseminated infection due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in beige mice. azithromycin 200 mg/kg, rifabutin (30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) were administered by gavage 6 days before mice were challenged orally with 10(8) cfu mac and daily for 10 days thereafter during which time the mice were again challenged with the same inoculum on alternate days (days +1, +3, +5, +7, and +9). sixty-four days later, the presen ... | 1995 | 8591938 |
| genetic basis of macrolide resistance in mycobacterium avium isolated from patients with disseminated disease. | clarithromycin (clm) and azithromycin (azm) are important agents in the treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease; however, monotherapy with these macrolides often leads to clinically significant resistance. the underlying resistance mechanism was investigated by comparing 23s rrna gene sequences in the domain v region of 10 clm-susceptible strains included in this study. the only differences in the domain v sequences associated with clm resistance were at position 2274 of th ... | 1995 | 8592991 |
| postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin alone and combined with ethambutol against mycobacterium avium complex. | the postantibiotic effect (pae) of clarithromycin alone and in combination with ethambutol was determined for two clinical blood isolates of mycobacterium avium complex. an average pae, ranging from 5.5 to 18.0 h, was noted for each isolate at each clarithromycin concentration except when isolate b was exposed to clarithromycin at the mic. the addition of ethambutol did not enhance the pae observed with clarithromycin alone. the clinical implications of the pae of clarithromycin for m. avium com ... | 1995 | 8593025 |
| isolation and characteristics of mycobacterium avium complex from water and soil samples in uganda. | mycobacterium avium complex organisms have not been isolated from late stage aids patients in uganda. this could possibly be due to the absence of m. avium complex in the uganda environment. | 1995 | 8593381 |
| late acquisition of hyporesponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide by mycobacterium avium-infected human macrophages in producing tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not interleukin-1 beta and -6. | to investigate whether infection with mycobacterium avium modifies the cytokine response of human macrophages (mphi) to lipopolysaccharide (lps), the release of interleukin (il)-1 beta, il-6, and tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha was determined in infected and uninfected mphi, unstimulated or stimulated with lps. in unstimulated mphi, the release of il-1 beta and il-6 increased with the progress of infection while that of tnf-alpha progressively decreased. when mphi were stimulated with lps, il- ... | 1996 | 8603946 |
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex: correlation between blood and tissue burden. | to determine the relationship between levels of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in blood and tissues, histopathologic examination and quantitative mac cultures were done on blood samples and tissue samples of 7 organs at autopsy of 10 aids patients who had been treated for mac bacteremia. blood and tissue cultures were negative for mac for 3 of the patients and positive for 7. the numbers of mac colony-forming units in the blood and tissues were highly correlated. the highest concentrations of ... | 1996 | 8603975 |
| survival analysis of two controlled trials of rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex in aids. | rifabutin prophylaxis has been shown to significantly decrease the incidence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia in two randomized controlled clinical trials, but a survival benefit has not been observed. an analysis of complete follow-up of these patients through august 1992 was performed to assess subsequent survival, because although follow-up in the previous trials was limited at the time of initial analysis, the analysis did suggest that a survival benefit might be emerging. | 1995 | 8605053 |
| mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice: lack of exacerbation after lp-bm5 murine leukemia virus infection. | the murine leukemia virus lp-bm5 has been used to reproduce the model of murine aids in order to evaluate the course of infection with the mo-1 strain of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). lp-bm5 was inoculated in c57bl/6 mice by intravenous (i.v.) injection either 8 weeks before an i.v. challenge with 10(3) or 10(6) cfu of mac (coinfection 1) or 10 days after an i.v. challenge with 10(3) cfu of mac (coinfection 2). during coinfection 2 experiments, the phenotypic alterations in blood lymphocyte ... | 1996 | 8606079 |
| natural history of opportunistic disease in an hiv-infected urban clinical cohort. | to determine the effect of contemporary clinical care on the natural history of opportunistic disease in an urban population infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 1996 | 8607591 |
| antimycobacterial activity of a new rifamycin derivative, 3-(4-cinnamylpiperazinyl iminomethyl) rifamycin sv (t9). | the antimycobacterial activities of a new rifampin (rif) derivative, 3-(4-cinnamylpiperazinyl iminomethyl) rifamycin sv (to), against 20 susceptible and multidrug-resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis and 20 mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains were investigated. the radiometric mics of t9 for m. tuberculosis were significantly lower than those of rif. the mics of t9 and rif at which 90% of the rif-susceptible strains were inhibited were < or = 0.25 and < or = 0.5 micrograms/ml, r ... | 1995 | 8619589 |
| patterns of opportunistic infections in patients with hiv infection. | the pattern of the development of opportunistic infections (ois) in hiv-infected patients was evaluated, based on a cohort of 1,530 patients enrolled in two aids clinical trials group anti-retroviral studies. we quantified the increase in risk of ois associated with the occurrence of a previous oi. this assessment was based on the observed event rates of the more common aids-defining ois: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), mycobacterium avium complex (mac), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and a system ... | 1996 | 8624759 |
| off-label drug use in human immunodeficiency virus disease. | we wished to determine the extent to which drugs used to treat hiv disease and its clinical manifestations are prescribed for conditions other than those listed on the u.s. food and drug administration's approved drug label, how such "off-label" use varies by patient characteristics and type of hiv-related medical condition, and the extent to which physicians alter the way they treat hiv-related conditions because of reimbursement problems associated with off-label drug use. we surveyed 1,530 pr ... | 1996 | 8624761 |
| treatment of mycobacterium avium complex infection: do the results of in vitro susceptibility tests predict therapeutic outcome in humans? | the ability of various in vitro methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing to predict therapeutic outcome in patients infected with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was evaluated. pretreatment bloodstream mac isolates from 38 patients with aids, previously treated in a randomized fashion with either ethambutol, rifampin, or clofazimine, were tested by three conventional methods using broth or agar, as well as by cocultivation with macrophages. the results obtained with each method were compar ... | 1996 | 8627032 |
| comparison of the e test and a proportion dilution method for susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex. | the newly developed e test was compared with an extended 1% proportion dilution method for determining the susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains to amikacin, streptomycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and fleroxacin. for all antibiotics tested except clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin, no more than one strain gave a different susceptibility result with the two methods. the discrepant results occurred near the chosen breakpoint concentrati ... | 1996 | 8636943 |
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex pneumonia in a non-hiv-infected individual: an increasingly recognized disease. | in the past, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was considered a colonizing microbe in the immunocompetent host. today it should be considered a potential pathogen. we present a case of mac necrotizing pneumonia in a 27-year-old man who tested negatively for the human immunodeficiency virus, had no typical granulomas, and responded rapidly to antimicrobial therapy. | 1996 | 8638183 |
| appendicitis due to mycobacterium avium complex in a patient with aids. | | 1996 | 8639002 |
| susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex in clinical laboratories. results of a questionnaire and proficiency test performance by participants in the college of american pathologists mycobacteriology e survey. | to obtain information regarding the frequency and methodology of susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in clinical microbiology laboratories, and to assess interlaboratory reproducibility of mac susceptibility testing. | 1996 | 8639045 |
| mycobacteria in prurigo nodularis: the cause or a consequence? | prurigo nodularis (pn) is a chronic skin disorder; its cause remains unknown. | 1996 | 8642086 |
| multiple serovars of mycobacterium avium complex in patients with aids. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was isolated and serotyped from 127 samples from 43 hiv-infected patients with disseminated disease in sweden. thirteen different serovars were observed. serovar 6 was the most common, followed by 4, 9 and 11. serovar 8 was rare. in 22 of the patients the same serovar was found in blood and at other sites. clinical symptoms and outcome were compared in patients with different serovars. analysis of patient records revealed no association between clinical picture ... | 1996 | 8645472 |
| infections in patients with chronic adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma: case report and review. | adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (atll) is caused by the human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i). atll is classified into the smoldering, chronic, lymphoma, and acute subtypes. we describe a north american woman with chronic atll who presented with pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium avium complex. although opportunistic infections have been documented in patients with atll, there are few case reports detailing infecti ... | 1995 | 8645790 |
| treatment and prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex. | the most common pathogens involved in disseminated bacterial infection in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are organisms of the mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (mac). azithromycin and clarithromycin, a new azalide and macrolide, respectively, are among the most potent monotherapies for mac bacteraemia, although many bloodstream isolates demonstrate increased minimum inhibitory concentrations after 4 months of treatment. current recommended prophylaxis, based on th ... | 1996 | 8652724 |
| azithromycin in the prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in aids. | prevention of opportunistic infections contributes to improved quality of life and survival in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). agents which are more effective and convenient, less costly, and better tolerated are needed for multiple organism primary prophylaxis. azithromycin, azalide with high and prolonged intracellular levels, promise to provide to protection against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease in those with advanced aids when given weekly. a large tra ... | 1996 | 8652726 |
| immune responses stimulated by percutaneous and intradermal bacille calmette-guérin. | healthy volunteers were randomized to receive percutaneous or intradermal bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccination. delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) to tuberculin, as well as proliferative and interferon-gamma responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by whole cell lysates and culture filtrates of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, were compared before and after vaccination. positive dth reactions were detected in 83% of intradermal and 40% of ... | 1996 | 8655980 |
| extensive vascular calcification in a patient with perinatally acquired aids. | extensive vascular calcification in an 8-year-old girl with perinatally acquired aids is reported. complicating factors included cardiomyopathy, chronic lung disease, disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac), and wasting syndrome with total nutrition dependence. plain abdominal films and ct of the abdomen immediately prior to her death revealed dense calcification of major vessels. autopsy revealed calcification in the media of most major vessels typical of hiv arteriopathy. a review of th ... | 1996 | 8657470 |
| endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis as a complication of intravenous therapy for cytomegalovirus retinopathy. | | 1996 | 8660177 |
| increased lung cell cytotoxic but not bactericidal or phagocytic activity in mycobacterium avium complex-infected mice. | following intranasal infection of mice with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms, bacterial growth plateaued at the fourth week postinfection and then remained relatively constant thereafter. inflammatory cell numbers in the lungs increased 10-fold by 4 weeks postinfection, and lung cell cytotoxicity and the production of no, h202, and 02- by lung cell cultures had all increased significantly by this time and remained elevated throughout the 15-week experimental study. although these para ... | 1996 | 8660836 |
| a randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex is the most common opportunistic infection in patients with advanced stages of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we studied the efficacy and safety of prophylactic treatment with clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic. | 1996 | 8663871 |