| determination of electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas. | to determine electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas. | 2004 | 15631040 |
| assessment of the effects of epinephrine and insulin on plasma and serum biochemical variables in llamas and alpacas. | to describe the metabolic effects of epinephrine administration in new world camelids and investigate whether these effects are influenced by administration of insulin. | 2004 | 15631035 |
| assessment of the effects of exogenous long-acting insulin on glucose tolerance in alpacas. | to evaluate the effects of long-acting insulin on glucose clearance in alpacas. | 2004 | 15631034 |
| [animal welfare aspects of raising south american camelids]. | the number of south american camelids (sac) increased over the last years in germany. therefore it is important to develop guidelines regarding aspects of animal welfare. recommendations for husbandry and feeding are given. in principal it is possible to keep llamas and alpacas under middle european conditions with respect to animal welfare. however problems do sometimes occur because of a lack of knowledge of breeders about the basic requirements of the animals. in contrast to other species it ... | 2004 | 15195964 |
| skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status--a preliminary report. | | 2004 | 15080880 |
| ovarian follicular wave characteristics in alpacas. | the objectives were to describe in detail ovarian follicular growth characteristics and to establish the interval between successive large follicles in unmated alpacas. the ovarian follicular status of 16 non-pregnant, non-lactating mature alpacas was recorded using ultrasound every second day for between 46 and 100 days. an inverse relationship was observed between the diameter of the largest follicle and the total number of follicles indicating that follicular growth in alpacas occurs in waves ... | 2004 | 15036510 |
| laparoscopic ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in llamas and alpacas. | the minimally invasive nature of laparoscopic techniques and shorter convalescent periods have made these techniques increasingly popular for use in new world camelids (llamas and alpacas). this article outlines the instruments and steps needed to perform laparoscopic surgery on the female reproductive tract in llamas and alpacas. | 2000 | 14983913 |
| minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas. | to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (mac) of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas. | 2003 | 14584749 |
| bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without ulcers. | to investigate the relationship between duodenogastric reflux and ulceration, gastric fluid was collected from the 1st (n = 26) and 3rd (n = 45) gastric compartments of llamas and alpacas during postmortem examination. gastric fluids were analyzed for the presence of bile acids. additionally, the 3rd compartment was examined grossly for the presence of erosions or ulcers, and the intestines were examined for evidence of fluid distention. detectable bile acids were found in the 3rd compartment fl ... | 2016 | 12892310 |
| effects of hydrocortisone on substrates of energy metabolism in alpacas. | to evaluate effects of hydrocortisone administration, with and without concurrent administration of insulin, on intermediary metabolism in alpacas. | 2002 | 12224859 |
| transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. | the purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. six adult llamas, five juvenile llamas, and five adult alpacas were scanned with a 5 mhz linear transducer. the first and third gastric compartments occupied most of the left and right ventral abdomen, respectively. the saccules of the first compartment gave its wall a unique, hyperechoic appearance; whereas, all other viscera appeared as tubular structures. ex ... | 2016 | 12175001 |
| seasonal interaction of serum vitamin d concentration and bone density in alpacas. | to evaluate temporal changes in bone mineral density associated with seasonal variation in serum vitamin d, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in alpacas. | 2002 | 12118673 |
| analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas. | to establish reference range values for synovial fluid from clinically normal new world camelids. | 2002 | 11939322 |
| effects of exogenous insulin on glucose tolerance in alpacas. | to evaluate the effects of exogenous insulin on clearance of exogenous glucose in alpacas. | 2001 | 11592317 |
| psoroptes species in alpacas. | | 2001 | 11504214 |
| seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d concentrations in llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate the interaction of season and age on serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d3 concentrations in llamas and alpacas. | 2001 | 11497436 |
| psoroptes species in alpacas. | | 2001 | 11497409 |
| glucose tolerance testing in llamas and alpacas. | to determine blood glucose clearance in 2 species of new world camelids after iv challenge and to examine mechanisms of this clearance. | 2001 | 11341385 |
| evaluation of intraocular pressure in eyes of clinically normal llamas and alpacas. | to estimate intraocular pressure (iop) in eyes of healthy camelids, using applanation tonometry. | 2000 | 11131596 |
| hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity in 6 neonatal llamas and alpacas. | neonatal camelids can develop hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity in response to a combination of stress and inadequate water intake. clinical signs of this syndrome include a fine head tremor, ataxia, and a base-wide stance of the hind limbs, but biochemical analyses are necessary to confirm the diagnosis. camelids appear to be susceptible to this syndrome because of a poor insulin response to hyperglycemia; hypernatremia results from free water loss associated with glucose diures ... | 2000 | 11110464 |
| ventral midline caesarean section for dystocia secondary to failure to dilate the cervix in three alpacas. | three alpacas that presented with dystocia characterised by failure of the cervix to dilate, underwent caesarean section. surgery on each animal was performed through a ventral midline incision under general anaesthesia. two live crias were delivered and one cria was dead at delivery. all three alpacas had retained foetal membranes for a period of 12 h to 4 d and one developed uterine prolapse, which was replaced using sedation and epidural anaesthesia. there were no complications associated wit ... | 2000 | 10904816 |
| production performance, repeatability and heritability estimates for live weight, fleece weight and fiber characteristics of alpacas in new zealand. | the production performance, repeatability and heritability estimates for live weight, fleece weight and fiber characteristics of alpacas farmed in the south island of new zealand are reported. male alpacas produced heavier fleeces (p<0.001) than females, but with relatively similar fiber diameter. mean (s.e.) shearing weight, greasy fleece weight (gfw), clean fleece weight (cfw), yield, staple length (sl), resistance to compression (rtc) and fiber diameter (fd) in adults were 68.0kg (1.0), 2.16k ... | 2000 | 10867316 |
| reproduction in female south american domestic camelids. | alpacas and llamas are induced ovulators. they show marked reproductive seasonality in the andean region, but under northern hemisphere conditions of feeding and management, they are non-seasonal breeders. puberty is attained when they reach 50% of adult body weight. when they are not exposed to a male, females show successive waves of follicular maturation and atresia. growth, maintenance and regression of a follicle each require an average of 4 and 6 days in alpacas and llamas, respectively. a ... | 1999 | 10692853 |
| effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. | to determine changes in results of selected serum biochemical tests after a single percutaneous liver biopsy and changes in results of hematologic and selected serum biochemical tests after multiple percutaneous liver biopsies in alpacas and llamas. | 1999 | 10566820 |
| plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-pgf2 alpha, progesterone, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17 beta and cortisol during late gestation, parturition and the early post partum period in llamas and alpacas. | plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydroprostaglandin (pg) f2 alpha, progesterone, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17 beta and cortisol during late gestation, parturition and the early post-partum period were measured in six llamas and five alpacas. during the last 100 days of pregnancy, 15-ketodihydro-pgf2 alpha concentrations increased steadily until the day of parturition when a massive release was detected (p < 0.01) concomitant with a decrease in progesterone concentrations (p < 0.01). the hig ... | 1998 | 9615184 |
| acute gastrointestinal disease in 27 new world camelids: clinical and surgical findings. | to describe clinical and surgical findings from new world camelids with acute gastrointestinal disease. | 2011 | 9525025 |
| effect of repeated collection on semen characteristics of alpacas. | semen characteristics of alpacas were studied after repeated collections. twelve adult males were divided into three groups of four each for semen collection once, twice, or three times every other day. the duration of copulation; volume of ejaculate; ph; motility; sperm concentration (number of sperm/milliliter semen); total number of sperm per ejaculate; and percentages of live, normal, and abnormal spermatozoa were analyzed by regression analysis. semen color and consistency were analyzed by ... | 1997 | 9282985 |
| [reproductive physiology in new world camelids. review]. | liamas and alpacas have gained international popularity over the last years. therefore veterinarians are often asked to intervene in clinical management of different problems, especially reproductive problems. in this review the author attempts to summarize the material presented on the reproductive anatomy, physiology, behavior, embryo transfer and artificial insemination procedure of these animals. | 1997 | 9157634 |
| induction of parturition in alpacas and subsequent survival of neonates. | to evaluate use of fluprostenol, dexamethasone, and oxytocin for induction of parturition in alpacas, and to determine viability of the newborn crias. | 1996 | 8921038 |
| polioencephalomalacia in two alpacas. | | 1996 | 8941412 |
| vascular provisions for a local utero-ovarian cross-over pathway in new world camelids. | the right uterine horn of alpacas causes luteolysis in the right ovary, whereas the left horn causes luteolysis in both ovaries. female reproductive tracts were studied in 32 adult llamas, 12 adult alpacas, and 21 mid-gestation female fetuses to determine if there is a dichotomy in the vascular anatomy between the 2 sides. adult tracts were studied by either injection of colored latex into the veins and arteries followed by tissue clearing or by injection of colored fluids during transilluminati ... | 1996 | 16727961 |
| tooth root abscesses in new world camelids: 23 cases (1972-1994). | to determine typical clinical and radiographic findings in a group of new world camelids with tooth root abscesses and to determine outcome after medical and surgical treatment. | 1996 | 8756887 |
| fifteen polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellites in llamas and alpacas. | | 1996 | 8856938 |
| lymphosarcoma in 10 new world camelids. | we evaluated the medical information from 10 new world camelids with lymphosarcoma. additionally, tumor tissue from 5 animals was examined by electron microscopy for evidence of retroviral particles. lymphosarcoma was the most common neoplasm of new world camelids in our hospital. both llamas and alpacas, from 4 months to 15 years of age, were affected. emaciation (7 of 8) and palpable masses (9 of 10) were the most common physical examination abnormalities, and a left-shifted leukogram (7 of 7) ... | 2016 | 8558484 |
| endocrine changes after mating in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas and alpacas. | plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone, 15-keto-dihydro-pgf2 alpha and luteinizing hormone (lh) were monitored in llamas and alpacas after mating with an intact male. concentrations of lh and pgf2 alpha metabolite were high immediately after copulation. ovulation occurred in 92% of the animals. the first significant increases in progesterone were recorded on day 4 after mating. in non-pregnant animals the lifespan of the corpus luteum was estimated to be 8-9 days. luteolysis o ... | 1995 | 8669376 |
| coccidial infections in neonatal peruvian alpacas. | | 1994 | 7863596 |
| hyperthermia in llamas and alpacas. | hyperthermia is a threat to heavily fibered llamas and alpacas in hot humid climates. hyperthermia produces severe metabolic alterations that cause organ damage that may be nonresponsive to simply lowering the body temperature to within normal limits. early detection and aggressive therapy are crucial to preventing death or permanent organ damage. | 1994 | 7953963 |
| reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas. | the physiology of reproduction with emphasis in endocrinology of llamas and alpacas is addressed. basic concepts of ovarian follicular dynamics, endocrine events associated with induction of ovulation, corpus luteum formation, pregnancy, parturition, postpartum interval, puberty, and sexual behavior on the female are reviewed. pathologic conditions of the reproductive process are also reviewed. | 1994 | 7953960 |
| reproduction in llamas and alpacas: a review. | in this review we attempt to compile and summarize the diverse and often contradictory material presented on the reproduction of llamas and alpacas (hereafter referred to as lamoids). lamoids have recently gained international popularity, and theriogenologists are often asked to intervene in clinical management of reproductive problems of these animals. we therefore present a discussion of the reproductive anatomy, physiology, and behavior of llamas as well as the follicular dynamics as observed ... | 1994 | 16727414 |
| ryegrass staggers in alpacas? | | 1993 | 8329051 |
| ovarian and endocrine patterns associated with reproductive abnormalities in llamas and alpacas. | ovarian activity was characterized in llamas and alpacas with hypoplastic ovaries, cystic follicles, or ovulatory failure. ovarian follicular activity was determined by transrectal ultrasonography and urinary estrone sulfate analysis; pituitary response was determined by measurement of plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone. llamas and alpacas with hypoplastic ovaries had follicles < or = 6 mm (minimal ovulatory size, 7 mm). cystic follicles, defined as > 12 mm, were maintained for a mean ... | 1993 | 8381399 |
| pituitary response to repeated copulation and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in llamas and alpacas. | the response of the pituitary gland and ovary to repeated copulatory periods and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh, i.v. 1000 micrograms) administration was determined in llamas and alpacas. eighty adult females (41 llamas and 39 alpacas with ovulatory follicles) were divided into three general groups for each species as follows: copulation (one or two copulations at either 6- or 24-h intervals) gnrh treatment (one or two treatments at either 6- or 24-h intervals), and combined treatment ( ... | 1992 | 1477214 |
| haematological reference values for alpacas. | | 1992 | 1605791 |
| evaluation of intra-abdominal vasectomy in llamas and alpacas. | a method of intra-abdominal vasectomy (deferentectomy), using a laparoscopic technique in llamas and alpacas, was evaluated. food was withheld from 14 animals for 24 hours before sedation and laparoscopy. the ductus deferens was located close to the bladder, and a 2- to 3-cm section of ductus deferens was resected with the aid of a pair of hook scissors. the procedure was completed in 5 to 8 minutes, and animals did not have any adverse effects. forty-five days after vasectomy, animals were used ... | 1991 | 1836453 |
| in situ observation of the ovaries of llamas and alpacas by use of a laparoscopic technique. | a laparoscopic technique was used to observe in situ the ovaries of llamas and alpacas. use of this technique results in minimal surgical stress and allows repetitive observation of various reproductive stages in the same animal. ovarian follicular activity before and after breeding, time of ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression, early embryo death, failure of ovulation, and the early events of pregnancy can be assessed quickly and safely. for 1,291 laparoscopies performed, postsurgi ... | 1991 | 1836452 |
| the effect of ovarian follicle size on pituitary and ovarian responses to copulation in domesticated south american camelids. | the relation of ovarian follicle size to pituitary and ovarian responses to copulation was studied in domesticated south american camelids (llamas and alpacas). females from each species were divided into four groups according to follicle size: small (4-5 mm), growing (6-7 mm), mature (8-12 mm), and regressing (10-7 mm). the pituitary response to copulation was determined by analysis of lh and fsh concentrations in plasma. the ovarian response to copulation was determined by ultrasonography and ... | 1991 | 1751629 |
| [electrophoretic characteristics of the hemoglobin of alpacas]. | | 1970 | 5526852 |
| a quantitative study of eructated gas expulsion in alpacas. | | 1968 | 5655837 |
| [hematologic studies on alpacas and vicuñas]. | | 1952 | 13104974 |
| [clinical presentation of cowpox virus infection in south american camelids - a review]. | cowpox virus (cpxv) infection is a reportable and potentially zoonotic disease that occurs sporadically in a variety of animals. during the past six decades, cpxv infection has been extensively researched and described in both domestic (cat, dog, horse, cattle) and zoo animals (e. g. elephant, rhinoceros, okapi). of note, a review of the literature produced only three reports of cpxv in individual or small groups of south american camelids. the goal of this review was to describe the current kno ... | 2018 | 29536472 |
| foot health and prevalence of dichelobacter nodosus in 11 ungulate species at berne animal park. | dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) is the etiological agent of ovine footrot affecting mainly sheep worldwide, but also free-ranging wild ungulates such as alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex) and mufflon (ovis orientalis orientalis). a nationwide ovine footrot eradication program is planned for the years to come, based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-testing of interdigital swab samples and regular footbathing. in this cross-sectional study, we clinically evaluated the foot health and analysed pres ... | 2020 | 33140726 |
| development and characterization of anti-sheep podoplanin monoclonal antibodies pmab-253 and pmab-260. | anti-podoplanin (pdpn) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are needed as markers for lymphatic endothelial cells or type i alveolar cells in immunohistochemical analyses. we have developed anti-pdpn mabs for many species, including humans, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, bovines, pigs, tasmanian devils, alpacas, tigers, whales, goats, horses, and bears. this study develops and characterizes anti-sheep pdpn (spdpn) mabs using cell-based immunization and screening (cbis) method. a rap14 tag was added to ... | 2020 | 32679010 |
| detection of lion podoplanin using the antitiger podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-231. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically target podoplanin (pdpn), a marker for type i alveolar cells, are needed for immunohistochemical analyses. anti-pdpn mabs are available for many species, including human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, tasmanian devil, alpaca, tiger, whale, goat, horse, bear, and sheep pdpns. however, no antilion pdpn (liopdpn) antibody has been developed. in this study, possible cross-reaction between available anti-pdpn mabs and liopdpn was examined. i ... | 2020 | 32401677 |
| development of an anti-sheep podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-256 for immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells. | sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting podoplanin (pdpn) are needed for immunohistochemical analyses as a marker for lymphatic endothelial cells. we recently have developed anti-pdpn mabs against many species, including human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, tasmanian devil, alpaca, tiger, whale, goat, horse, and bear. however, anti-sheep pdpn (spdpn) has not yet been established. in this study, we used the cell-based immunization and screening method for the de ... | 2020 | 32349619 |
| development of an anti-bear podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-247 for immunohistochemical analysis. | sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting podoplanin (pdpn) are needed for immunohistochemical analyses using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues because pdpn is known as a lymphatic endothelial cell maker in pathology. recently, we established anti-pdpn mabs against many species, such as human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, horse, goat, tiger, alpaca, and tasmanian devil. however, anti-bear pdpn (bpdpn) has not been established yet. in this study, we immuni ... | 2019 | 31061899 |
| in this issue - november 2018: anaesthesia standards of care · novel technique for patella luxation · high blood lead in captive tasmanian devils · baseline biochemical parameters in eastern water dragons · controlled-release devices for chromium and zinc in alpacas · magnetic resonance vs radiographic imaging in equine navicular bone partition · shunt morphology and surgical management in dogs. | | 2018 | 30370592 |
| a pilot study for estimating the cardiopulmonary signals of diverse exotic animals using a digital camera. | monitoring the cardiopulmonary signal of animals is a challenge for veterinarians in conditions when contact with a conscious animal is inconvenient, difficult, damaging, distressing or dangerous to personnel or the animal subject. in this pilot study, we demonstrate a computer vision-based system and use examples of exotic, untamed species to demonstrate this means to extract the cardiopulmonary signal. subject animals included the following species: giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca), africa ... | 2019 | 31835550 |
| the armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus): a witness but not a functional example for the emergence of the butyrophilin 3/vγ9vδ2 system in placental mammals. | 1-5% of human blood t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells whose t cell receptor (tcr) contain a trgv9/trgjp rearrangement and a trdv2 comprising vδ2-chain. they respond to phosphoantigens (pags) like isopentenyl pyrophosphate or (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate (hmbpp) in a butyrophilin 3 (btn3)-dependent manner and may contribute to the control of mycobacterial infections. these cells were thought to be restricted to primates, but we demonstrated by analysis of genomic databases that trgv9, ... | 2018 | 29527206 |
| a persisting nontropical focus of burkholderia pseudomallei with limited genome evolution over five decades. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of the high-mortality disease melioidosis. although melioidosis is classified as a tropical disease, rare autochthonous cases have been reported from temperate climatic regions, with uncertainty as to whether b. pseudomallei is persistent in the local environment and whether specific genetic mechanisms facilitate the survival of b. pseudomallei outside the tropics. sporadic cases of melioidosis occurred in a valley region (latitude 31.6°s) in sout ... | 2020 | 33172968 |
| genomic analysis of the domestication and post-spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca. | despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca. | 2020 | 32616020 |
| prevalence and subtypes of blastocystis in alpacas, vicugna pacos in shanxi province, china. | blastocystis, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. animals harboring certain blastocystis subtypes (sts) may serve as a potential source of human infection. however, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of blastocystis in alpacas is limited. in the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in shanxi province, northern china, were examined for blastocystis by pc ... | 2020 | 32418387 |
| a genome-wide association study of deafness in three canine breeds. | congenital deafness in the domestic dog is usually related to the presence of white pigmentation, which is controlled primarily by the piebald locus on chromosome 20 and also by merle on chromosome 10. pigment-associated deafness is also seen in other species, including cats, mice, sheep, alpacas, horses, cows, pigs, and humans, but the genetic factors determining why some piebald or merle dogs develop deafness while others do not have yet to be determined. here we perform a genome-wide associat ... | 2020 | 32413090 |
| toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in south american camelids in switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis. | little is known about the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama) outside south america. the study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infections in south american camelids (sac) in switzerland, to optimize serological tests for sac and to identify risk factors, which may favour infection. | 2020 | 32410682 |
| identification of emerging trends in the prevalence of dermatophytoses in alpacas (vicugna pacos) farmed in poland. | the increasing number of dermatophytoses among animals observed recently in developed countries may be connected with relocation of many exotic species outside their natural living environment. moreover, an impact on this situation may also be exerted by relapses related to limited compliance with antifungal treatment regimes. many exotic animals, including camelids, imported to european countries are connected with cases of tuberculosis or zoophilic dermatophytoses in humans. in the present stu ... | 2020 | 32406160 |
| borna disease outbreak with high mortality in an alpaca herd in a previously unreported endemic area in germany. | borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1) is the causative agent of borna disease, an often fatal neurologic condition of domestic mammals, including new world camelids, in endemic areas in central europe. recently, bodv-1 gained further attention by the confirmation of fatal zoonotic infections in humans. although borna disease and bodv-1 have been described already over the past decades, comprehensive reports of borna disease outbreaks in domestic animals employing state-of-the-art diagnostic methods are ... | 2020 | 32223069 |
| alpaca (vicugna pacos), the first nonprimate species with a phosphoantigen-reactive vγ9vδ2 t cell subset. | vγ9vδ2 t cells are a major γδ t cell population in the human blood expressing a characteristic vγ9jp rearrangement paired with vδ2. this cell subset is activated in a tcr-dependent and mhc-unrestricted fashion by so-called phosphoantigens (pags). pags can be microbial [(e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, hmbpp] or endogenous (isopentenyl pyrophosphate, ipp) and pag sensing depends on the expression of b7-like butyrophilin (btn3a, cd277) molecules. ipp increases in some transformed o ... | 2020 | 32139608 |
| camelids: new players in the international animal production context. | the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ... | 2020 | 31898022 |
| prevalence and multilocus genotypes of enterocytozoon bieneusi in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in shanxi province, northern china. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is a single-celled obligate pathogen that seriously threatens animal and public health. however, information on the prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in alpacas in china is limited. in the present study, 366 fresh fecal samples from alpacas in shanxi province, northern china, were collected to detect e. bieneusi by nested pcr amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (its) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna). the overall prevalence of e. bieneusi in alpacas was 4 ... | 2019 | 31705288 |
| development of anti-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) nanobodies as potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools. | matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) is an endopeptidase involved in cardiovascular disease and cancer. to date, no highly selective mmp-2 inhibitors have been identified for potential use in humans. aim of our work was to apply the nanobody technology to the generation of highly selective inhibitors of human mmp-2 and to assess their effects on platelet function and their applicability as conjugated nanobodies. we constructed a nanobody library after immunising an alpaca with human active mmp-2 a ... | 2020 | 31669421 |
| the arabian camel, camelus dromedarius interferon epsilon: functional expression, in vitro refolding, purification and cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines. | the current study highlights, for the first time, cloning, overexpression and purification of the novel interferon epsilon (ifnɛ), from the arabian camel camelus dromedaries. the study then assesses the cytotoxicity of ifnε against two human breast cancer cell lines mda-mb-231 and mcf-7. full-length cdna encoding interferon epsilon (ifnε) was isolated and cloned from the liver of the arabian camel, c. dromedarius using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the sequence analysis of the ... | 2019 | 31490936 |
| metagenomic next-generation sequencing reveal presence of a novel ungulate bocaparvovirus in alpacas. | viruses belonging to the genus bocaparvovirus(bov) are a genetically diverse group of dna viruses known to cause respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases in animals, including humans. an intestinal sample from an alpaca (vicugnapacos) herd with reoccurring diarrhea and respiratory disease was submitted for next-generation sequencing, revealing the presence of a bov strain. the alpaca bov strain (albov) had a 58.58% whole genome nucleotide percent identity to a camel bov from dubai, belong ... | 2019 | 31370351 |
| chromosomal localization of candidate genes for fiber growth and color in alpaca (vicugna pacos). | the alpaca (vicugna pacos) is an economically important and cultural signature species in peru. thus, molecular genomic information about the genes underlying the traits of interest, such as fiber properties and color, is critical for improved breeding and management schemes. current knowledge about the alpaca genome, particularly the chromosomal location of such genes of interest is limited and lags far behind other livestock species. the main objective of this work was to localize alpaca candi ... | 2019 | 31275359 |
| genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of rotavirus a strains in the southern andean highlands, peru. | interspecies transmission is an important mechanism of evolution and contributes to rotavirus a (rva) diversity. in order to evaluate the detection frequency, genetic diversity, epidemiological characteristics and zoonotic potential of rva strains in faecal specimens from humans and animals cohabiting in the same environment in the department of cusco, peru, by molecular analysis, 265 faecal specimens were obtained from alpacas, llamas, sheep and shepherd children, and tested for rva by rt-pcr. ... | 2019 | 31002476 |
| endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the neo-tropics (new world tropics). | this review serves to summarize parasites found in domesticated animals which were found in the neo-tropics. indigenous domesticated neo-tropical animals include south american camelids, (lama gunacoa, lama glama, lama pacos, vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (cairina moschata, anas platyrhynchos, dendrocyga autumnalis). these animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (neo-tropics) and over time th ... | 2019 | 30845667 |
| efficacy of an adjuvanted middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein vaccine in dromedary camels and alpacas. | mers-cov is present in dromedary camels throughout the middle east and africa. dromedary camels are the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infections. interruption of the zoonotic transmission chain from camels to humans, therefore, may be an effective strategy to control the ongoing mers-cov outbreak. here we show that vaccination with an adjuvanted mers-cov spike protein subunit vaccine confers complete protection from mers-cov disease in alpaca and results in reduced and delayed viral shedd ... | 2019 | 30832356 |
| a near chromosome assembly of the dromedary camel genome. | the dromedary camel is an economically and socially important species of livestock in many parts of the world, being used for transport and the production of milk and meat. much like cattle and horses, the camel may be found in industrial farming conditions as well as used in sporting. camel racing is a multi-million dollar industry, with some specimens being valued at upward of 9.5 million usd. despite its apparent value to humans, the dromedary camel is a neglected species in genomics. while c ... | 2019 | 30804979 |
| bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants. | coronaviruses (covs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. these viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. it is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of covs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. several covs (e.g. severe acute respi ... | 2018 | 30683171 |
| isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy). | streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ... | 2018 | 30424747 |
| first cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon in alpaca (vicugna pacos) in australia. | eukaryotic pathogens, including cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) around the world. australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of south america, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozo ... | 2018 | 30185227 |
| enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in people with gastrointestinal disorders in queensland and western australia. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is the commonest pathogenic microsporidian found in humans and animals in many countries, but there is scant information on this pathogen in australia. here, we conducted the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in humans with gastrointestinal disorders in queensland and western australia. genomic dnas derived from 605 individual faecal samples from children (n = 279) and adults (n = 326) were extracted, and then subjected to nested pcr-based seque ... | 2018 | 30125732 |
| structural basis for the specific neutralization of stx2a with a camelid single domain antibody fragment. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are a subset of pathogens leading to illnesses such as diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death. the shiga toxins are the main virulence factors and divided in two groups: stx1 and stx2, of which the latter is more frequently associated with severe pathologies in humans. | 2018 | 29494518 |
| spatial perseveration error by alpacas (vicugna pacos) in an a-not-b detour task. | spatial perseveration has been documented for domestic animals such as mules, donkeys, horses and dogs. however, evidence for this spatial cognition behavior among other domestic species is scarce. alpacas have been domesticated for at least 7000 years yet their cognitive ability has not been officially reported. the present article used an a-not-b detour task to study the spatial problem-solving abilities of alpacas (vicugna pacos) and to identify the perseveration errors, which refers to a ten ... | 2018 | 29488112 |
| camelids and cattle are dead-end hosts for peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. | peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. the possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of pprv remains to be clarified. recent transmission trials with the virulent pprv lineage iv (liv)-strain kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of pprv-infection. we therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials ... | 2019 | 31817946 |
| ovulation mechanism in south american camelids: the active role of β-ngf as the chemical signal eliciting ovulation in llamas and alpacas. | the ovulation-inducing effect of seminal plasma was first suggested in bactrian camels over 30 years ago, initiating a long search to identify the 'ovulation-inducing factor' (oif) present in camelids semen. during the last decade, primarily in llamas and alpacas, this molecule has been intensively studied characterizing its biological and chemical properties and ultimately identifying it as β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf). the high concentration of oif/β-ngf in seminal plasma of llamas and alpaca ... | 2020 | 32088046 |
| chromosome-level assembly of wild bactrian camel genome reveals organization of immune gene loci. | camelids are characterized by their unique adaptive immune system that exhibits the generation of homodimeric heavy-chain immunoglobulins, somatic hypermutation of t-cell receptors, and low genetic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes. however, short-read assemblies are typically highly fragmented in these gene loci owing to their repetitive and polymorphic nature. here, we constructed a chromosome-level assembly of wild bactrian camel genome based on high-coverage long-read ... | 2020 | 32012460 |
| natural killer cell receptor genes in camels: another mammalian model. | due to production of special homodimeric heavy chain antibodies, somatic hypermutation of their t-cell receptor genes and unusually low diversity of their major histocompatibility complex genes, camels represent an important model for immunogenetic studies. here, we analyzed genes encoding selected natural killer cell receptors with a special focus on genes encoding receptors for major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i ligands in the two domestic camel species, camelus dromedarius and cam ... | 2019 | 31312212 |
| bactrian camels shed large quantities of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after experimental infection. | in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged. to date, more than 2300 cases have been reported, with an approximate case fatality rate of 35%. epidemiological investigations identified dromedary camels as the source of mers-cov zoonotic transmission and evidence of mers-cov circulation has been observed throughout the original range of distribution. other new-world camelids, alpacas and llamas, are also susceptible to mers-cov infection. currently, it is unknown wheth ... | 2019 | 31119984 |
| comparative fish-mapping of mc1r, asip, and tyrp1 in new and old world camelids and association analysis with coat color phenotypes in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius). | melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), the agouti signaling protein (asip), and tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) are among the major regulators of pigmentation in mammals. recently, mc1r and asip sequence variants were associated with white and black/dark brown coat colors, respectively, in the dromedary. here we confirmed this association by independent sequencing and mutation discovery of mc1r and asip coding regions and by taqman genotyping in 188 dromedaries from saudi arabia and united states, ... | 2019 | 31040864 |
| calving date and its variability as a potential trait in the breeding objective to account for reproductive seasonality in alpacas. | the low fertility and offspring survival indicators in alpacas can be partially due to their particularity seasonal reproduction that reduces the opportunities of the females to become pregnant within a season, with the survival of the offspring concerned by the availability of food and exposure to diseases that depends on the calving date. optimizing the date of delivery and reducing its variability are shown as eligible criteria that could be used as selection criteria within the genetic impro ... | 2020 | 32320085 |
| casein gene cluster in camelids: comparative genome analysis and new findings on haplotype variability and physical mapping. | the structure of casein genes has been fully understood in llamas, whereas in other camelids, this information is still incomplete. in fact, structure and polymorphisms have been identified in three (csn1s1, αs1-cn; csn2, β-cn; csn3, κ-cn) out of four casein genes, whereas controversial information is available for the csn1s2 (αs2-cn) in terms of structure and genetic diversity. data from the genome analysis, whose assembly is available for feral camel, bactrian, dromedary, and alpaca, can contr ... | 2019 | 31555318 |
| comparative analysis of camelid mitochondrial genomes. | camelus dromedarius has played a pivotal role in both culture and way of life in the arabian peninsula, particularly in arid regions where other domestic animals cannot be easily domesticated. although, the mitochondrial genomes have recently been sequenced for several camelid species, wider phylogenetic studies are yet to be performed. the features of conserved gene elements, rapid evolutionary rate, and rare recombination make the mitochondrial genome a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic ... | 2019 | 31544791 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus specific antibodies in naturally exposed israeli llamas, alpacas and camels. | thus far, no human mers-cov infections have been reported from israel. evidence for the circulation of mers-cov in dromedaries has been reported from almost all the countries of the middle east, except israel. therefore, we aimed to analyze mers-cov infection in israeli camelids, sampled between 2012 and 2017. a total of 411 camels, 102 alpacas and 19 llamas' sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to mers-cov. our findings indicate a lower mers-cov seropositivity among israeli dromedari ... | 2018 | 29911167 |
| untangling the fibre ball: proteomic characterization of south american camelid hair fibres by untargeted multivariate analysis and molecular networking. | the proteomic analysis of hairs, yarns or textiles has emerged as a powerful method to determine species of origin, mainly used in archaeozoological research and fraud control. differentiation between the south american camelid (sac) species (the wild guanaco and vicuña and their respective domesticates the llama and alpaca) is particularly challenging due to poor database information and significant hybridization between species. in this study, we analysed 41 modern and 4 archaeological samples ... | 2020 | 33152504 |
| south american camelids: their values and contributions to people. | south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ... | 2020 | 33133295 |
| forensic identification of the keratin fibers of south american camelids by ambient ionization mass spectrometry: vicuña, alpaca and guanaco. | the keratin fleece of the endangered vicuña (vicugna vicugna) commands a high value in international markets, and this trade has caused illegal poaching and a substantial decrease in vicuña populations. morphological analysis of hairs does not have the resolution to determine the species of origin of camelid natural fibers. in addition, commerce in camelid fleece also includes the legal trade of alpaca (vicugna pacos) and guanaco (lama guanicoe) wool. | 2020 | 32770752 |
| genetic variation in coat colour genes mc1r and asip provides insights into domestication and management of south american camelids. | the domestication of wild vicuña and guanaco by early pre-inca cultures is an iconic example of wildlife management and domestication in the americas. although domestic llamas and alpacas were clearly selected for key, yet distinct, phenotypic traits, the relative patterns and direction of selection and domestication have not been confirmed using genetic approaches. however, the detailed archaeological records from the region suggest that domestication was a process carried out under significant ... | 2018 | 30483307 |
| first mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences of lamanema chavezi (nematoda: molineidae): novel findings to improve its identification in feces from south american camelids. | lamanema chavezi (family molineidae) is a parasitic nematode of south american camelids (sacs). a few studies have reported this parasite in sacs, mainly in domestic camelid species (llama and alpaca). parasite identification by means of copro-parasitological methods is non-invasive and allows performing epidemiological studies. however, egg misidentification and difficulty to culture third-stage larvae do not allow identifying nematodes to species level. in contrast, molecular tools allow ident ... | 2019 | 30342118 |
| comparing genetic diversity and demographic history in co-distributed wild south american camelids. | vicuñas and guanacos are two species of wild south american camelids that are key ruminants in the ecosystems where they occur. although closely related, these species feature differing ecologies and life history characters, which are expected to influence both their genetic diversity and population differentiation at different spatial scales. here, using mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic markers, we show that vicuña display lower genetic diversity within populations than guanaco but exhi ... | 2018 | 30061581 |
| a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids. | camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ... | 2018 | 29804192 |
| gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama). | camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ... | 2018 | 29642969 |