| [the pathogenicity of the human immunodeficiency virus hiv-2 as seen by epidemiologists]. | the purpose of this study is an evaluation of hiv-2 pathogenicity through an epidemiological analysis, specially in africa. it is acknowledged that the incubation, or more specially the lapse of time between the infection and the aids disease, is longer with hiv-2 than with hiv-1. more over, a certain number of surveys done in africa show that the average age is higher with hiv-2 than with hiv-1; this is a regular sign of lower pathogenicity. it appears that the sexual transmission of the virus ... | 1993 | 8505887 |
| [infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in the republic of djibouti: literature review and regional data]. | the first evidence of hiv infection in djibouti, east africa, was found in the spring of 1986; the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was diagnosed in march 1988; and, as of the end of 1991, 104 cases of aids had been reported. hiv-1 infection was predominant. previously published results of four serosurveys carried out in october 87, june 1998, february 1990, and from january 1991 to april 1991 among high risk groups are presented and compared. the subjects included street ... | 1993 | 8505889 |
| cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble hiv-1 and hiv-2 transmembrane proteins. | to further characterize cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble (rs) forms of the transmembrane glycoproteins gp41 of hiv-1 (rsgp41) and gp36 of hiv-2 (rsgp36). | 1993 | 8507415 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu has a cd4- and an envelope glycoprotein-independent function. | vpu is a 16-kda membrane-associated phosphoprotein that is expressed from the same, singly spliced message as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor, gp160. previous studies suggest that vpu functions in the late stages of viral replication, possibly in virus egression from the cell. recently, it has been demonstrated that vpu functions to allow gp160 to be more efficiently processed by disrupting cd4-gp160 complexes generated by transfection of hela cell ... | 1993 | 8510220 |
| vpx of simian immunodeficiency virus is localized primarily outside the virus core in mature virions. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contain a unique regulatory gene, vpx. the vpx protein is packaged in mature virions and is required for efficient viral replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. to study the localization of vpx in mature virions, conical and bar-shaped core structures of siv from macaques (sivmac) were purified. the sivmac core has a density of approximately 1.25 g/cm3, compared with 1.16 g/cm3 for an int ... | 1993 | 8510227 |
| antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the vpr gene inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary human macrophages. | the replication of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) in human macrophages is influenced by genetic determinants which have been mapped predominantly to the viral envelope. however, in hiv-2, the vpr gene has also been suggested as an important modulator of viral expression in human macrophages. we synthesized five antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the vpr mrna of hiv-1ba-l, a highly macrophage-tropic viral strain, and measured their effect on hiv-1ba-l replicat ... | 1993 | 8510229 |
| differential regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer in monocytes at various stages of differentiation. | we have demonstrated that stimulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer in t cells is dependent upon at least four cis-acting elements, including two purine-rich binding sites, pub1 and pub2, which are capable of binding members of the ets family of proto-oncogenes, the pets (peri-ets) site, which lies just upstream of the pub2 site, and a single kappa b site (d. m. markovitz, m. smith, j. m. hilfinger, m. c. hannibal, b. petryniak, and g. j. nabel, j. virol. 66:5479-54 ... | 1993 | 8510231 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 multiply spliced transcripts. | viral transcripts, particularly those of the regulatory genes (e.g., rev) in lymphocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2, consist of two types, differing in the structure of the leader sequence derived from the 5' long terminal repeat (ltr). some transcripts undergo a specific splicing event within the 5' ltr, removing an intron consisting of a part of the r region whereas others do not. because this spliced-out r region is a part of the trans-activation respo ... | 1993 | 8512748 |
| the crystallographic structure of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with two synthetic peptidic transition state analog inhibitors. | the crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 protease has been determined in complexes with peptidic inhibitors noa-his-cha psi [ch(oh)ch(oh)]val-ile-amp (u75875) and qnc-asn-cha psi [ch(oh)ch2]val-npt(u92163) (where noa is naphthyloxyacetyl, cha is cyclohexylalanine, amp is 2-aminomethylpyridine, qnc is quinoline-2-carbonyl, and npt is neopentylamine), which have dihydroxyethylene and hydroxyethylene moieties, respectively, in place of the normal scissile bond of the natur ... | 1993 | 8514751 |
| hiv-2 strikes injecting drug users (idus) in india. | manipur, a north-eastern state of india bordering myanmar, observed introduction of hiv-1 among fairly large number of idus in october 1989, followed by rapid spread within the next 6 months. hiv-2 in injectors was not present until recently, though it was detected from other parts of india in 1991. this communication reports for the first time presence of hiv-2 among young injectors of manipur. all the hiv-2 infected idus were also found to be infected with hiv-1. hiv-2 has affected a large num ... | 1995 | 8522832 |
| identification of a hexapeptide inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein by using a combinatorial chemical library. | integration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) dna into the human genome requires the virus-encoded integrase (in) protein, and therefore the in protein is a suitable target for antiviral strategies. to find a potent hiv in inhibitor, we screened a "synthetic peptide combinatorial library." we identified a hexapeptide with the sequence hckfww that inhibits in-mediated 3'-processing and integration with an ic50 of 2 microm. the peptide is active on in proteins from other retroviruses such as h ... | 1995 | 8524782 |
| identification of rantes, mip-1 alpha, and mip-1 beta as the major hiv-suppressive factors produced by cd8+ t cells. | evidence suggests that cd8+ t lymphocytes are involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in vivo, either by cytolytic mechanisms or by the release of hiv-suppressive factors (hiv-sf). the chemokines rantes, mip-1 alpha, and mip-1 beta were identified as the major hiv-sf produced by cd8+ t cells. two active proteins purified from the culture supernatant of an immortalized cd8+ t cell clone revealed sequence identity with human rantes and mip-1 alpha. rantes, mip-1 alp ... | 1995 | 8525373 |
| a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 provirus load in rural village in west africa. | a community-based study of provirus load in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-infected subjects was done in a rural village in guinea-bissau. hiv-2 provirus load varied considerably, with a geometric mean of 124.3 (95% confidence interval, 86.0-179.6) copies/10(5) cd4 cells, which is a level similar to that found in hiv-1 infection. neither malaria parasitemia, active syphilis, or human t cell leukemia virus coinfection significantly influenced provirus load, nor did age. eleven of 104 h ... | 1996 | 8537668 |
| mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in guinea-bissau. | in total, 814 patients with clinically suspected tuberculosis were examined at the raoul follerau hospital in bissau, guinea-bissau. sputum samples were collected, and cultures were grown on löwenstein-jensen medium. isolates were further characterized by standard biochemical methods and nucleic acid probes for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). serum samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. of 17 ... | 1996 | 8537673 |
| antiviral, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties of the isomeric dideoxynucleoside 4(s)-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(s)-furanmethanol. | 4(s)-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(s)-furanmethanol (isodda) is the most antivirally active member of a novel class of optically active isomeric dideoxynucleosides in which the base has been transposed from the natural 1' position to the 2' position and the absolute configuration is (s,s). isodda was active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) (strain iiib), hiv-2 (strain zy), and hiv-1 clinical isolates. combinations of the compound with zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidi ... | 1995 | 8540705 |
| characteristics and clinical significance of a stabilization assay to detect specific antibodies to reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus. | antibodies against reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been detected in seropositive subjects by immunoprecipitation, western immunoblotting, and neutralization assay. recently, we noticed that the antibodies against rt stabilized rt upon heat inactivation, and we have developed a stabilization assay of rt antibody. briefly, the rt of hiv-1 is completely inactivated by incubation at 56 degrees c for 20 min, but this inactivation is inhibited in the pres ... | 1995 | 8548538 |
| the molecular target of bicyclams, potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication. | bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds which act as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. they block an early step in the viral life cycle following adsorption to the cd4 receptor and preceding reverse transcription. to identify the molecular target of these compounds, we genetically analyzed variants of the hiv-1 molecular clone nl4-3, which developed resistance against two structurally related bicyclams, jm2763 ... | 1996 | 8551604 |
| the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhances viral particle release: a vpu-like factor? | the vpu protein is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-specific accessory protein that is required for the efficient release of viral particles from infected cells. even though hiv-2 does not encode vpu, we found that this virus is nevertheless capable of efficiently releasing virus particles. in fact, the rate of virus release from hela cells transfected with a full-length molecular clone of hiv-2, rod10, was comparable to that observed for the vpu+ hiv-1 nl4-3 isolate and was not fur ... | 1996 | 8551620 |
| biological and biochemical anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of uc 38, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | uc 38, a simple analog of oxathiin carboxanilide, uc 84, lacking the oxathiin ring, was found to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1-induced cell killing and hiv replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. uc 38 was active against a wide range of biologically diverse laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1. however, uc 38 was inactive against hiv-2 and both nevirapine- and pyridinone-resistant strains ... | 1996 | 8558446 |
| 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moiety: a potent pharmacophore for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of pyrrolyl aryl sulfones. | the synthesis and the evaluation of cytotoxicity and anti-hiv-1 activity of new aryl pyrrolyl (8) and aryl indolyl (9) sulfones are reported. preparation of above sulfones was achieved by reacting arylsulfonyl chlorides with substituted pyrroles and indoles or by condensing sulfonamides with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid according to the clauson-kaas method. chemical requisites relevant to the anti-hiv-1 activity of these compounds are both a 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moie ... | 1996 | 8558522 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication. 2. effect of heteroaromatic linkers on the activity of bicyclams. | a series of bicyclam analogs connected through a heteroaromatic linker have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod) replication in mt-4 cells. the activity of pyridine- and pyrazine-linked bicyclams was found to be highly dependent upon the substitution of the heteroaromatic linker connecting the cyclam rings. for example, 2,6- and 3,5-pyridine-linked bicyclams were potent inhibitors of hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication, whereas the 2,5- and 2,4-subs ... | 1996 | 8568797 |
| bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride blocks the cd4 cell receptor for hiv. | sexual transmission is the most frequent (86%) route of adult hiv-1 transmission worldwide. in the absence of a prophylactic anti-hiv vaccine, other methods of preventing infection should be implemented. virucidal spermicides have been considered for this purpose, but their application is contraindicated by adverse effects. anti-hiv drugs or virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are expensive, suggesting that their wide use in topical chemoprophylaxis is unlikely. this emphasizes the importan ... | 1996 | 8574970 |
| the in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-hiv activity. | several disulfide benzamides have been shown to possess wide-spectrum antiretroviral activity in cell culture at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations, inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) clinical and drug-resistant strains along with hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus [rice, w. g., supko, j. g., malspeis, l., buckheit, r. w., jr., clanton, d., bu, m., graham, l., schaeffer, c. a., turpin, j. a., domagala, j., gogliotti, r., bader, j. p., halliday, s. m., c ... | 1996 | 8577770 |
| mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 and dual infection: a cohort study in banfora, burkina faso. | a prospective cohort study on the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1), type 2 (hiv2) and dual positivity (hiv1 + hiv2) was carried out in banfora, west burkina faso. the study samples consist of 117 newborns of hiv-seropositive women matched to 234 newborns of hiv-seronegative women. among cases, 91 were born of hiv1-seropositive mothers, 15 were born of hiv2-seropositive mothers and 11 were born of hiv1 and hiv2 dual-seropositive mothers and were included ... | 1995 | 8584359 |
| potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by mdl 101028, a novel sulphonic acid polymer. | mdl 101028, a novel biphenyl disulphonic acid urea co-polymer was designed and synthesised as a heparin mimetic. this low molecular weight polymer showed potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a number of host-cell/virus systems, including primary clinical isolates of the virus cultured in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). when compared with the heterogeneous polysulphated molecules, heparin and dextran sulphate, this chemically defined co ... | 1995 | 8585769 |
| simple enzyme immunoassay for titration of antibodies to the cd4-binding site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | we report the development of an immunoassay for the titration of antibody to the cd4-binding site (cd4bs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface glycoprotein gp120. this assay is a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which serum antibodies compete with labeled f105, a human monoclonal antibody whose corresponding epitope overlaps the conformation-dependent cd4bs, for binding to purified recombinant gp120 coated on a solid phase. ninety-nine percent (109 of 110) o ... | 1995 | 8586727 |
| evaluation of a dipstick method for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | serology has been a fundamental tool to prevent post-transfusional infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and for epidemiological surveys, the first step to attempt control of the pandemia. enzyme immunoassay is in widespread use. nevertheless, simpler methods are needed in many countries, where laboratory facilities and trained personnel are limited, and hiv prevalence is high. the evaluation of a simple and noninstrumented hiv antibody test is presented here. the test employs synthe ... | 1995 | 8587001 |
| [synthesis of an ethylamide of the cyclic undecapeptide sequence 593-603 of transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2]. | ethylamide of cyclic disulfide of peptide hiv-2 antigen corresponding to 593-603 sequence of gp41 protein was synthesized by conventional methods of peptide chemistry in solution. the absence of racemization during fragment condensation was shown. different methods of disulfide bond formation were compared. | 1995 | 8588812 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection and human african trypanosomiasis: a case-control study in côte d'ivoire. | to assess the association between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in côte d'ivoire, west africa, a cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 301 hat patients recruited in the main foci of the country. for each hat patient, 3 controls, matched for sex, age and residence, were selected. data relating to socio-demographic factors and potential risk factors for trypanosoma brucei gambiense and hiv infections were obtained, and serum samp ... | 1995 | 8594681 |
| use of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 reverse transcriptases for structure-function analysis and for mapping susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) are evolutionary related. to study the effect of homologous sequence replacements on polymerase function and to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of hiv-2 rt to nonnucleoside drugs, a series of chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 rts were constructed. analysis of the chimeric rts showed that wild-type levels of rna-dependent dna polymerase activity were retained when both finger and palm subdomain ... | 1996 | 8601218 |
| u.s. public health service guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen. | the public health service (phs) has recommended a multifaceted approach to blood safety in the united states that includes stringent donor selection practices and the use of screening tests. blood donations in the united states have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) since march 1985 and type 2 (hiv-2) since june 1992. an estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e., 18-27 donations) are infectious for hiv but are not detected by curr ... | 1996 | 8604210 |
| frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-1/2 supplemental test-indeterminate blood donors. the retrovirus epidemiology donor study. | follow-up studies from the mid-1980s showed that 1 to 5 percent of blood donors testing reactive in anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) enzyme immunoassay (eia) and testing indeterminate in western blot were infected with hiv-1 and were in the process of seroconverting. the present study was conducted to establish the rate of hiv infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1/hiv type 2 (hiv-2) eia-reactive, western blot-indeterminate donors. | 1996 | 8607151 |
| false-positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot tests in noninfected blood donors. | the manufacturers' criteria for a positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) western blot (wb) test were recently revised to require reactivity to only two of the following bands: p24, gp41, and gp120/160. in a recent report, low-risk blood donors were identified in whom nonspecific reactivity to multiple env antigens in wb testing resulted in apparently false-positive wbs by these criteria. the present study was conducted to verify the existence of false-positive wbs among noninfected ... | 1996 | 8607152 |
| poly a-linked non-isotopic microtiter plate reverse transcriptase assay for sensitive detection of clinical human immunodeficiency virus isolates. | a colorimetric reverse transcriptase assay (crt assay) was developed for quantitative detection of hiv-1. in this format, reverse transcriptase incorporates biotin-labeled dutp onto oligo-dt primers hybridized to poly a templates. the templates are covalently bound to the surface of microtiter wells. the amount of incorporated biotin-labeled dutp is measured by binding horseradish peroxidase conjugated streptavidin, washing away unbound peroxidase, adding colorimetric substrate and then reading ... | 1995 | 8609200 |
| protein stability influences human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpr virion incorporation and cell cycle effect. | using recombinant proteins as standards, we calculated the amount of vpr and vpx present in hiv-2rod particles. we find 2000-3000 copies of vpx per particle but only 40-50 copies of vpr. we investigated the reasons for this discrepancy between vpx and vpr and found that viral factors, including hiv-2 vpx, do not restrict its incorporation. instead, the accumulation of hiv-2rod vpr during infection is restricted by a short protein half-life which acts to limit its virion incorporation. the half-l ... | 1996 | 8610459 |
| distinct rate and patterns of human cd4+ t-cell depletion in hu-pbl-scid mice infected with different isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus. | the most fundamental question about infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is the mechanism by which infection leads to depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes, a critical cell type for the regulation of both cellular and humoral immunity. we have studied this issue using a unique small-animal model that is highly susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus. severe combined immune deficient mice are transplanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes to create hu-pbl-scid mice, w ... | 1995 | 8613486 |
| mutational analysis of the fusion peptide of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1: identification of critical glycine residues. | the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) to fuse its membrane with the membrane of the target cell is a function of a approximately 23-amino-acid amino-terminal segment of the gp41 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein complex, known as the fusion peptide. the sequence of the fusion peptide is highly conserved among different variants of hiv-1 and is also very similar to that of hiv-2 and siv. the fusion peptide is very hydrophobic and has a high content of glycine and alanine r ... | 1996 | 8615045 |
| sc-52151, a novel inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease. | sc-52151 is a potent, selective, tight-binding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitor containing the novel (r)-(hydroxyethyl) urea isostere. the mean 50% effective concentration for lymphotropic, monocytotropic strains and field isolates of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus is 26 ng/ml (43 nm). the combination of sc-52151 and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors synergistically inhibited hiv-1 replication without additive toxicity. an extended pos ... | 1995 | 8619573 |
| potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-y1 n,n-dialkylcarbamate derivatives. | 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl n,n-dialkylcarbamate (tda) derivatives were found to be highly potent and specific inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a variety of cell cultures. the most potent congener of tda derivatives, rd4-2024, inhibited hiv-1 replication by 50% at concentrations of 12.5 and 4.8 nm in mt-4 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. these concentrations were more than 2,000- and 30,000-fold lower than its 50 ... | 1995 | 8619592 |
| secondary structural elements as a basis for antibody recognition in the immunodominant region of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. | synthetic peptide antigens corresponding to the entire third variable region v3, the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 subtype b (1), hiv-2 subtype a (5), and hiv-2 subtype b (7) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (table 1). 1 and 5 were also prepared as their glcnac-glycosylated forms at the natural n-glycosylation site nxt (positions 6-8; peptides 4 and 6). additionally, the proposed beta-turn region of 1 ... | 1996 | 8620873 |
| proteolytic activity of human immunodeficiency virus vpr- and vpx-protease fusion proteins. | in addition to gag, pol, and env, primate lentiviruses encode other virion-associated proteins, including vpr, vpx, and vif. vpr- and vpx-staphylococcal nuclease and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with hiv proviruses (wu et al., j. virol. 69, 3389, 1995). to explore whether the viral protease (pr) could be expressed as a proteolytically active fusion protein, the hiv ... | 1996 | 8623547 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild. | socio-ethological studies on troops of african green monkeys (agms) (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in senegal have documented physical contacts between these two species. elevated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) seroprevalence rates have been reported for the different agm subspecies. we report here the extent to which patas monkeys are infected and compare the relatedness of the viruses isolated from theses two different species. among the 85 agms an ... | 1996 | 8627266 |
| monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase: epitope mapping and differential effects on integrase activities in vitro. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) catalyzes the integration of viral dna into the host chromosome, an essential step in retroviral replication. as a tool to study the structure and function of this enzyme, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hiv-1 in were produced. epitope mapping demonstrated that the 17 mabs obtained could be divided into seven different groups, and the selection of mabs representing these groups were tested for their effect on in vitro activities of ... | 1996 | 8627677 |
| predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins by a discriminant function method. | based on the sequence-coupled (markov chain) model and vector-projection principle, a discriminant function method is proposed to predict sites in protein substrates that should be susceptible to cleavage by the hiv-1 protease. the discriminant function is defined by delta = phi+ - phi-, where phi+ and phi- are the cleavable and noncleavable attributes for a given peptide, and they can be derived from two complementary sets of peptides, s+ and s-, known to be cleavable and noncleavable, respecti ... | 1996 | 8628733 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-mediated inhibition of hiv type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of hiv-infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2, the second aids-associated human retrovirus, differs from hiv-1 in its natural history, infectivity, and pathogenicity, as well as in details of its genomic structure and molecular behavior. we report here that hiv-2 inhibits the replication of hiv-1 at the molecular level. this inhibition was selective, dose-dependent, and nonreciprocal. the closely related simian immunodeficiency provirus also inhibited hiv-1. the selectivity of inhibition was shown b ... | 1996 | 8633095 |
| a sensitive assay for the quantification of reverse transcriptase activity based on the use of carrier-bound template and non-radioactive-product detection, with special reference to human-immunodeficiency-virus isolation. | a non-radioactive 96-well microtitre plate reverse transcriptase (rt) assay, based on the use of covalently bound riboadenosine homopolymer in the wells and 5-bromodeoxyuridined 5'-triphosphate (brdutp) as dntp, is described. the whole assay is performed in a single well, including the quantitative detection of incorporated brdu, which is performed immunologically using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-brdu antibody and colorometric reading. the system also allows the use of variable amounts ... | 1996 | 8639277 |
| characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase. | recently we demonstrated that the p58 subunit of p68/p58 hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) heterodimer, produced by processing of p68/p68 homodimer with recombinant hiv-2 protease, terminates at met484 [fan, n., et al. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 13573-13579]. here we describe purification and characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of recombinant hiv-2 rt. it exhibited both rt and rnase h activities, obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics, and was competitively inhibited by the dna chain terminator ... | 1996 | 8639674 |
| [residual risks of viral transmission by transfusions and projected yields of additional screening tests. retrovirus epidemiology donors study (reds)]. | the residual risk of virus transmission associated with infectious seroconversion, window period donations can be estimated by combining the incidence rate of infection among repeat donors with the duration of the pre-seroconversion window period, thus deriving the rate of window phase donations missed by current screening. the residual risks are for hiv 2.0/10(6); htlv 1.6/10(6); hcv 9.7/10(6); hbv 15.0/10(6). similarly the net yield and incremental reduction in risk of routine implementation o ... | 1996 | 8640316 |
| vpr-induced cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate lentiviruses. | we previously reported that expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain nl4-3 (hiv-1(nl4-3))vpr causes cells to arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. we examined the induction of cell cycle arrest by other hiv-1 isolates and by primary lentiviruses other than hiv-1. we demonstrate that the vpr genes from tissue culture-adapted or primary isolates of hiv-1 are capable of inducing g2 arrest. in addition, we demonstrate that induction of cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of ... | 1996 | 8642681 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 glycoprotein enhancement of particle budding: role of the cytoplasmic domain. | previous studies have shown that the glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques modulate biological activities of the viral glycoprotein complex, including syncytium formation, exterior glycoprotein conformation, and glycoprotein incorporation into budding virus particles. we have now utilized a recombinant expression system to study interactions of full-length or truncated hiv-2 glycoproteins with coexpressed hiv- ... | 1996 | 8642705 |
| [infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2--hiv-2]. | the majority of patients with hiv-2 infection come from west africa or have had sexual contact with a person from there, as hiv-2 is prevalent in this area. hiv-2 is phylogenetically closer related to sivsm and sivmac than to hiv-1. hiv-2 is mainly transmitted by heterosexual contact, whereas the risk of mother-to-child infection is very low. nine cases of hiv-2 infection have been diagnosed in denmark. out of these, seven are from west africa and two have been infected in denmark by individuals ... | 1996 | 8644408 |
| should hiv status alter indications for hemorrhoidectomy? | there is a widespread belief that performing hemorrhoidectomy on a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is an invitation for disaster. aim of this study was to compare morbidity of hemorrhoidectomy in hiv-positive (hiv+) with hiv-negative (hiv-) patients. | 1996 | 8646944 |
| polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. part 2. polymerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids and dipeptides. | a series of new polyanions was synthesized via gamma-polymerization, in aqueous micellar solution, of omega-unsaturated anionic surfactants whose polar head was derived from amino acids or dipeptides. the obtained polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. all the test compounds proved active against hiv-1 and hiv-2, their 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) being in the range of 0.04-7.5 micrograms/ml, ... | 1996 | 8648602 |
| inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles. | the human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) vpr and hiv-2 vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate gag polyprotein precursor. the targeting properties of vpr and vpx have been exploited to incorporate foreign proteins into virions by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (x. wu, h.-m. liu, h. xiao, j. kim, p. seshaiah, g. natsoulis, j. d. boeke, b. h. hahn, and j. c. kappes, j. virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). to explore the possibility of utilizing vpx and ... | 1996 | 8648668 |
| genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. | it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ... | 1996 | 8648696 |
| [morphological analysis of a cell system, infected with different strains of the human immunodeficiency virus]. | cell systems infected with 63 strains of types 1 and 2 hiv virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2) were examined under electron microscope. hiv virions were most frequently detected near the cell membrane or budding from it. in the cytoplasm hiv occurred only in vacuole-like formations. accumulations of mature virions were seen in the cell-to-cell space. mature particles of hiv-1 and hiv-2 differed by their morphology from oncoviral c particles and were similar rater to the visna/medi type lentiviruses. morphol ... | 1995 | 8659180 |
| fast analysis of genomic homologies: primate immunodeficiency virus. | we have recently published a new probabilistic algorithm which performs genomic comparisons on a huge scale. in the present paper it was applied to immunodeficiency viral sequences extracted from international gene databanks. during global sequence analysis of human (hiv1 and hiv2) and simian viruses by means of dot-matrix representation, series of homology were obtained which permitted the definition of families of viruses overlapping the species divisions. sequences of interest were characteri ... | 1996 | 8660432 |
| superinfection of hiv-2-preinfected macaques after rectal exposure to a primary isolate of sivmac251. | to test the protection afforded by a weakly pathogenic hiv-2 isolate against the superinfection or development of siv-induced disease, we intrarectally challenged six hiv-2-preinfected rhesus monkeys with a pathogenic isolate of sivmac251. at the time of siv challenge, none of these hiv-2-infected animals was positive for virus isolation, p27-gag antigenemia, or hiv-2 provirus detection in pbmcs or peripheral lymph nodes. however, all monkeys exhibited anti-hiv-2 antibody titers ranging from 10( ... | 1996 | 8661436 |
| a synthetic conformational epitope from the c4 domain of hiv gp120 that binds cd4. | the fourth conserved domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope, the c4 region of glycoprotein 120 (gp120), is believed to be a major part of gp120 that is necessary for binding to cd4. recently, we found that c4 in gp120 is probably an alpha-helix, because antibodies made against helical constructs of c4 react with native and recombinant gp120 but antibodies against linear c4 constructs do not. for the present study, we performed experiments to determine, first, if cd4 c ... | 1996 | 8663408 |
| tfiih functions in regulating transcriptional elongation by rna polymerase ii in xenopus oocytes. | we investigated the role of tfiih in transcription by rna polymerase ii (pol ii) in vivo by microinjection of antibodies against this factor into xenopus oocytes. five different antibodies directed against four subunits of tfiih were tested for effects on transcription of coinjected human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc templates. each of these antibodies severely reduced the efficiency of elongation through human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc terminator elements. in contrast, ... | 1996 | 8668144 |
| human immune response to hiv-1 nef. ii. induction of hiv-1/hiv-2 nef cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-infected healthy individuals. | hiv-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to have a beneficial role in hiv infection. in a previous report we have shown that hiv-1 nef-specific ctl can be readily induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seronegative healthy young adults by in vitro stimulation with autologous epstein-barr virus-transformed b lymphoblastoid cell lines transfected with the hiv-1 nef gene. here we demonstrate that these nef-specific ctl can efficiently lyse hiv-infected primary cd4+ t lymphocy ... | 1996 | 8671645 |
| hiv and india: looking into the abyss. | serosurveillance of high risk groups started in india in october 1985. the first positive cases were detected in 1986. as of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 hiv positive cases and 559 cases of aids. this is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in std clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. the penetra ... | 1996 | 8673831 |
| betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific inhibitors with a new mode of action. | a series of omega-undecanoic amides of lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for activity in cem 4 and mt-4 cell cultures against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib/lai. the potent hiv inhibitors which emerged, compounds 5a, 16a, and 17b, were all derivatives of betulinic acid (3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid). no activity was found against hiv-2 strain rod. compound 5a showed no inhibition of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase activity with po ... | 1996 | 8676341 |
| location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 su glycoprotein. | eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize the su glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rod were produced and characterized. binding sites for eight of these mabs were mapped to epitopes within the cl, v1/v2, c2, and v3 envelope regions. the three other mabs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside vl/v2, v3, and the cd4-binding site. the mabs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expre ... | 1996 | 8676486 |
| anti-hiv viral interference induced by retroviral vectors expressing a nonproducer hiv-1 variant. | a hut-78 cell clone (f12) harboring a nonproducer human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) variant shows complete resistance to hiv-1 or hiv-2 superinfection. the f12-hiv provirus produces an altered hiv-1 protein pattern and cannot generate even immature viral particles. we demonstrated that hela cd4+ cells transfected with the f12-hiv genome resist hiv superinfection through a cd4-independent mechanism. as f12-hiv appears to be a useful system to induce anti-hiv intracellular immunization, we cons ... | 1996 | 8677743 |
| antiretroviral agents as inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and protease. | the human immunodeficiency virus type one integrase (hiv-1 integrase) is required for integration of a double-stranded dna copy of the viral rna genome into a host chromosome and for hiv replication. we have previously reported that phenolic moieties in compounds such as flavones, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), tyrphostins, and curcumin confer inhibitory activity against hiv-1 integrase. we have investigated the actions of several recently described protease inhibitors, possessing novel st ... | 1996 | 8691444 |
| surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group o infections in the united states. | reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group o variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in north america, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of hiv variants into that region. | 1996 | 8693502 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins specifically interact with rna polymerase ii. | the tat-responsive region (tar) element is a critical rna regulatory element in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat, which is required for activation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tat. recently, we demonstrated by gel-retardation analysis that rna polymerase ii binds to tar rna and that tat prevents this binding even when tat does not bind to tar rna. these results suggested that direct interactions between tat and rna polymerase ii may prevent rna poly ... | 1996 | 8700889 |
| purification of the pets factor. a nuclear protein that binds to the inducible tg-rich element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer. | the peri-ets (pets) site is a tg-rich element found immediately adjacent to two binding sites for the ets family member elf-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer. enhancer activation in response to t cell stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, soluble or cross-linked antibodies to the t cell receptor, or antigen is mediated through this site in conjunction with its two adjacent elf-1 binding sites, pub1 and pub2, and a kappab site. site-specific mut ... | 1996 | 8702655 |
| lymphocyte subpopulation reference ranges for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus-infected chinese adults. | two hundred eight healthy human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv type 2-seronegative chinese adults (78 males and 130 females; mean age, 32 years; age range, 18 to 71 years) were analyzed for lymphocyte subsets by a standardized and quality-controlled flow cytometric immunophenotyping technique. while the leukocyte differential values were comparable to those found in studies of caucasians, the means, medians, and 95% reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets were very different. the 95 ... | 1996 | 8705678 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2: human biology of the other aids virus. | | 1996 | 8714249 |
| acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected and non-hiv-infected adult patients in cameroon: aetiology and outcome. | yaounde central hospital, jamot hospital, yaounde, and cebec hospital in douala. | 1996 | 8733414 |
| antiviral effects of milk proteins: acylation results in polyanionic compounds with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in vitro. | a number of native and modified milk proteins from bovine or human sources were analyzed for their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in vitro in an mt4 cell test system. the proteins investigated were lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin a, and beta-lactoglobulin b. by acylation of the amino function of the lysine residues in the proteins, using anhydrides of succinic acid or cis-aconitic acid, protein derivatives were obtained that all sho ... | 1996 | 8738428 |
| viral rna binding properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) nucleocapsid protein-derived synthetic peptides. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv-2 (ncp8) contains two cys-his arrays which function as zinc finger motifs (zfms). in this study, we analyzed the viral rna-binding properties of ncp8-derived synthetic peptides using ultraviolet (uv) cross-linking assay. several synthetic peptides containing zfm(s) interacted ph-dependently with in vitro-synthesized hiv-2 rna. although the peptides corresponding to the 1st and 2nd zfms, respectively, failed to interact with the viral rna, the corresponding pe ... | 1996 | 8739036 |
| antiviral activity of the bicyclam derivative jm3100 against drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | bicyclams have recently been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) replication. the prototype of this series, jm3100 exhibits anti-hiv potency at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 micrograms/ml. jm3100 proved to be active when tested against hiv strains resistant to the reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi), 3tc, alpha apa and tibo, at roughly the same co ... | 1996 | 8739608 |
| phylogeny and natural history of the primate lentiviruses, siv and hiv. | studies of primate lentivirus phylogeny over the past decade have established a minimum of five related, but genetically distinct, groups of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), each originating from a different african primate species. the hypothesis that hiv-2 (and sivmac) arose by cross-species transmission from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys has been strengthened by a more detailed characterization of the sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2 group of viruses. siv from all four subspecies of african green mo ... | 1995 | 8745080 |
| tyrosine phosphorylation as a possible regulatory mechanism in the expression of human immunodeficiency virus genes. | phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine and tyrosine is one of the significant regulatory mechanisms in gene expression and post-translational modifications in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. protein tyrosine phosphorylation in particular is implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and certain pathological modifications including transformation. the overall protein tyrosine phosphorylation is modulated by protein tyrosine kinases (ptk) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptp). ... | 1995 | 8748091 |
| isolation and characterization of the first simian immunodeficiency virus from a feral sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) in west africa. | the lineage of hiv-2-like viruses was studied in feral sooty mangabeys (sms) by serological and genetic methods. four feral sooty mangabeys were positive for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibodies and a new isolate, sivsmsl92a, was obtained. genetic analysis of gag genes showed that sivsmsl92a was highly diverse and a distinct sequence subtype within the siv sm/hiv-2 family. the results showed that sivsm is the most diverse group of sivs found thus far in a single monkey species. | 1995 | 8751049 |
| pathology of paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infections in cote d'ivoire. | during an 8-month period in 1991-92, in abidjan, ivory coast, autopsies were conducted on 156 cadavers of children (76 hiv-1 positive cadavers, 2 hiv-2 positive cadavers, and 77 hiv-negative cadavers) located in the morgue of treichville university hospital center. morgue personnel had screened 417 dead children 1 month to 14 years old for hiv-1 or hiv-2 during the same period, 80 (19%) of whom were hiv-1 or hiv-2 positive. among the dead children younger than 18 months, 81% had hiv iga antibo ... | 1996 | 8756018 |
| pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau: clinical and bacteriological findings, human immunodeficiency virus status and short term survival of hospitalized patients. | to study tuberculosis patients in guinea-bissau with regard to clinical findings, bacteriologically verified diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status and short term survival. | 1996 | 8758105 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of certain alkenyldiarylmethanes as anti-hiv-1 agents which act as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | several novel alkenyldiarylmethane (adam) non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. the most potent of these proved to be 3',3"-dibromo-4',4"-dimethoxy-5'5"-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-diphenyl-1-+ ++heptene (8) adam 8 inhibited the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 in cem cell culture with an ec50 value of 7.1 microm and was active against an array of laboratory strains of hiv-1 in cem-ss and mt-4 cells, but was inactive as an inhibitor of hiv-2. in common with the other kno ... | 1996 | 8759644 |
| mutational studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: the involvement of residues 183 and 184 in the fidelity of dna synthesis. | the high error rates characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt) are a presumptive source of the viral hypermutability that impedes prevention and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we have analyzed two mutants of hiv-1 rt by conducting a comparative study of the accuracy of dna synthesis. each mutant bears a single amino acid substitution adjacent to the two aspartic acid residues at positions 185 and 186 in the highly conserved dna ... | 1996 | 8764985 |
| synthesis of 2'-aminomethyl derivatives of n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) nucleotide analogues as potential antiviral agents. | a series of purine and pyrimidine n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) derivatives bearing aminomethyl, (dimethylamino)methyl, morpholinomethyl, and (trimethylammonio)methyl groups at the 2'-position were synthesized. the compounds were prepared by alkylation of the heterocyclic bases with appropriately substituted (aminoalkyl)oxiranes followed by condensation of the resulting intermediates with dialkyl ((p-tolylsulfonyl)oxy)methanephosphonate and subsequent treatment of the obtained diester with bromo ... | 1996 | 8765509 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. | the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ... | 1996 | 8765514 |
| [hiv infection in pregnant women in dakar (senegal)]. | the epidemiologic and sociodemographic characteristics of human deficiency virus (hiv) infection vary from one country to another. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv infection in pregnant women in dakar and associated factors. systematic anonymous screening was performed in pregnant women admitted to the maternity ward. women whose seropositivity was confirmed by western blot retroviral serology were included. one woman out of four was assigned by simple random se ... | 1996 | 8767227 |
| seroprevalence survey of egyptian tourism workers for hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and treponema pallidum infections: association of hepatitis c virus infections with specific regions of egypt. | blood samples from 740 egyptian nationals working in the tourism industry at two sites in the south sinai governorate were screened for markers of infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and treponema pallidum. study subjects included 467 individuals from a rural seashore tourist village and 273 persons at two hotels in a well-established resort town. subjects' ages ranged from 15 to 70 years; 99.3% were male. the prevalence of serolog ... | 1996 | 8780457 |
| absence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection among patients in a hospital serving a new york community at high risk for infection. centers for disease control and prevention/bronx-lebanon hospital center hiv serosurvey team. | although human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection among united states residents is considered rare, there are us populations at high risk. few studies have surveyed these populations with a high likelihood of infection, that is, those with high percentages of persons from hiv-2-endemic areas and high prevalences of behaviors that would allow for transmission. | 1996 | 8780669 |
| new arylpyrido-diazepine and -thiodiazepine derivatives are potent and highly selective hiv-1 inhibitors targeted at the reverse transcriptase. | a series of pyridobenzothiodiazepindioxides such as the 11-ethyl-6,8,9-trimethyl-6,11-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-f] [2,1,5]benzothiodiazepine-5,5-dioxide and arylpiridodiazepines such as the 6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-12-ethyl-pyrido[2,3-b] pyrido(2',3'-4,5]furo[2,3-f][1,4]diazepin-6(12h)-thio and the 6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-12-ethyl-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrido- [2,3-4,5]thieno[2,3-f][1,4] diazepin-6(12h)-thione were found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1(iiib)] replication at a concentration of 0.0 ... | 1996 | 8783803 |
| the inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus proteases by 'interface peptides'. | the active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease has a homodimeric structure, the subunits are connected by an 'interface' beta-sheet formed by the nh2- and cooh-terminal amino acid segments. short peptides derived from these segments are able to inhibit the protease activity in the range of micromolar ic50 values. we have further improved the inhibitory power of such peptides by computer modelling. the best inhibitor, the palmitoyl-blocked peptide pam-thr-val-ser-tyr-glu-leu, has ... | 1996 | 8783807 |
| design and synthesis of substrate-based peptidomimetic human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors containing the hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere. | the human immunodeficiency (hiv) codes for an aspartic protease known to be essential for retroviral maturation and replication. the hiv protease can recognize phe-pro and tyr-pro sequences as the virus-specific cleavage site. these features provided a basis for the rational design of selective hiv protease-targeted drugs for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). hiv protease is formed from two identical 99 amino acid peptides. we replaced the two cys residues by l-ala to s ... | 1996 | 8785365 |
| extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein promotes aggregation and adhesion of cerebellar neurons. | recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) tat protein added to the culture medium of rat cerebellar neurons promoted aggregation and formation of spoke-like neurites in a dose-dependent manner. tat proteins containing mutations in the arg-gly-asp (rgd) cell adhesion motif or a deletion of the cysteine-rich domain had no effect on neuronal morphology. in contrast, a tat protein that contained a deletion of the proline-rich domain promoted neuronal aggregation. aggregation of neurons was in ... | 1996 | 8786430 |
| neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease: polymerase chain reaction and ultrastructural study of rectal biopsy specimen in a new case. | we report the case of a boy with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease in whom the diagnosis was made by examination of a rectal biopsy specimen. intranuclear inclusions were observed in the auerbach and meissner plexuses. in an attempt to understand the physiopathology of this very rare disease, we performed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcriptase-pcr analysis for viral nucleic acids of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, human cytomegalovirus and measles vir ... | 1996 | 8787158 |
| characterization of siamycin i, a human immunodeficiency virus fusion inhibitor. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) fusion inhibitor siamycin i, a 21-residue tricyclic peptide, was identified from a streptomyces culture by using a cell fusion assay involving cocultivation of hela-cd4+ cells and monkey kidney (bsc-1) cells expressing the hiv envelope gp160. siamycin i is effective against acute hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections, with 50% effective doses ranging from 0.05 to 5.7 microm, and the concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in cell viability in the absenc ... | 1996 | 8787894 |
| targeting of chrolamphenicol acetyltransferase to human immunodeficiency virus particles via vpr and vpx. | vpr and vpx are the auxiliary proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) selectively incorporated into mature viral particles. we showed that the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) fused to the n-terminus of hiv-1 vpr, hiv-2 vpr, or hiv-2 vpx was incorporated into mature virions in a type-selective manner. by using chimeric proteins between hiv-1 vpr and hiv-2 vpx, we found that the n-terminal side of these proteins was mainly important for type-selective virion incorporati ... | 1995 | 8789063 |
| epidemiology of hiv-2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is endemic in west africa, where it is responsible for many cases of aids. hiv-2-infected subjects have been described in other countries, mainly african immigrants, although infection in native individuals has been reported as well. the first cases of hiv-2 infection in spain were identified in 1988. through december 1995, 56 hiv-2 infected individuals have been diagnosed, primarily in large urban areas (23 cases in madrid and 18 in barcelon ... | 1996 | 8793396 |
| definition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and gp41 cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex class i alleles in simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. | with the development of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-infected macaques as a model for assessing novel human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (env)-based vaccine strategies for preventing hiv-1 infection in man, it will be important to determine hiv-1 env-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses in vaccinated and virus-infected monkeys. to facilitate performing such ctl studies, we have defined two hiv-1 env ctl epitopes in shiv-infected rh ... | 1996 | 8794394 |
| inhibitory effect of 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate on replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the mechanism of action. | in the search for effective antiviral agents, we have found 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate (rd4-2025) to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. the 50% effective concentration of rd4-2025 for hiv-1-induced cytopathic effect in mt-4 cells was 37 nm, yet no antiviral activity was observed against hiv-2. in hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) assays, rd4-2025 inhibited both rna-dependent and dna-de ... | 1996 | 8799326 |
| lessons from the second aids virus, hiv-2. | although the clinical signs and symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 are similar to those associated with hiv-1 infection, the former virus has a markedly lower perinatal transmission rate and heterosexual infectivity potential. an ongoing cohort study in senegal, where the disease was first encountered a decade ago, of 136 hiv-2-infected women found an overall incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of only 0.18/100 person-years in 548 person-years of observation. moreover ... | 1996 | 8805859 |
| molecular cloning of the human immunodeficiency virus subtype 2 strain hiv-2uc2. | an infectious molecular clone was derived from the hiv-2uc2 isolate that previously was found to persistently infect and induce an aids-like disease syndrome in baboons. the molecularly cloned virus (hiv-2uc2mc) showed in vitro properties similar to those of the parental isolate with regard to t-cell tropism, cytopathicity, and the ability to infect primary baboon pbmc. nevertheless, when inoculated into two baboons, the cloned virus showed a limited ability to replicate in these animals. dna se ... | 1996 | 8806506 |
| a field test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in serum or plasma. | in response to the need for simple and rapid tests for infectious diseases, we have devised a test for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 which resembles many contemporary strip-style pregnancy tests in format and ease of use. the test was evaluated with 2,928 serum specimens (1,541 reactive and 1,387 nonreactive) collected and tested at a mexico city hospital clinic and was compared with a laboratory assay (abbott) performed simultaneously. the sensitivity and s ... | 1996 | 8807218 |