| reactivation of bovid herpesvirus 1 and 2 and parainfluenza-3 virus in calves latently infected. | two experiments were carried out to determine whether bovid herpesvirus (bhv) 2 is able to induce a recurrent infection in experimentally infected calves. in the first experiment the stress induced by dexamethasone (dms) treatment failed to reactivate the clinical condition or to induce shedding of bhv2. however, treatment with dms reactivated a latent bhv1 infection in all calves previously inoculated with bhv2 and also in two noninoculated controls. probably, because of the interference by bhv ... | 1983 | 6313287 |
| efficacy of aerosol, intranasal and intramuscular vaccination against selected bovine viral diseases. | an experiment was designed to compare the efficacy of an im modified live vaccine, an in temperature-sensitive vaccine, an in modified live vaccine, and an aerosolized modified live vaccine (two concentrations) to stimulate specific serum antibody and protect calves from a known viral challenge. all vaccines except the im vaccine contained ibr virus and pi3 virus. the im vaccine and the in vaccines provided excellent protection to an ibr challenge, but both concentrations of aerosolized vaccine ... | 1983 | 6313292 |
| fatal infection of neonatal calves by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | | 1983 | 6314631 |
| serological survey on the prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 antibodies in pedigree beef bulls. | | 1983 | 6314632 |
| challenge exposure of cattle vaccinated with a chemically altered strain of pasteurella haemolytica. | calves vaccinated with a chemically altered strain of pasteurella haemolytica and their nonvaccinated controls were challenge exposed intranasally with the cooper strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. five days later, the calves were challenge exposed intratracheally with the p haemolytica type a1. calves that had been vaccinated with large, medium, or small doses of the chemically altered vaccinal strain of p haemolytica had various degrees of resistance to the experimental challen ... | 1983 | 6314851 |
| characteristics of the polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid assay for noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus. | the use of polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid (poly i:c) for noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (nc-bvdv) assay (pinba) was studied. several viruses were tested for their suitability as test challenge viruses. in addition to vesicular stomatitis virus, which previously was shown to be a suitable challenge virus, bovine enteroviruses also were found to be suitable, whereas infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and parainfluenza type 3 virus were only marginally suitable. bo ... | 1983 | 6314854 |
| [susceptibility of rk13 cells to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. effect of temperature and dimethyl sulfoxide]. | | 1982 | 6314916 |
| a field trial, of preshipment vaccination, with intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 vaccines. | a total of 849 calves, 278 controls, 335 vaccinated intranasally with ibr-pi3/ts and 236 vaccinated intranasally with ibr-pi3/ptc were studied in a field trial of preimmunization. all calves were vaccinated in saskatchewan at least three weeks prior to shipment to feedlots. four hundred and twenty six calves were not sold within eight weeks of vaccination; however, seven of these died within four weeks of vaccination. treatment rates varied from 1.0% to 5.2%. there was no significant effect of v ... | 1983 | 6315194 |
| prevention of experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis with an extract of pasteurella haemolytica. | a total of 36 calves were used in three experiments to test the efficacy of a potassium thiocyanate extract of pasteurella haemolytica in protecting against experimental pneumonia. in each of experiments a and b, 12 calves were divided into three equal groups. the first group was vaccinated with an aerosol of a potassium thiocyanate extract twice, two weeks apart; the second group was vaccinated subcutaneously once only with the same extract. the third group of calves in both experiments remaine ... | 1983 | 6315195 |
| viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: duration of the interaction between bovine herpesvirus 1 and pasteurella haemolytica. | sixteen six to eight month old beef calves were exposed individually to a five minute aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1, isolate 108. aerosol exposure to pasteurella haemolytica (biotype a, serotype 1) was administered individually for five minutes at either four, ten, 20 or 30 days after the virus. fibrinous pneumonia and pleuritis occurred in all four groups but were most extensive and severe in those exposed to the virus and bacterium four days apart (the positive controls). fibrinous pneumonia ... | 1983 | 6315196 |
| the relationship of serology and nasal microbiology to pulmonary lesions in feedlot cattle. | a group of 62 beef calves, born and raised in an institutional herd, were transferred at nine months of age to a commercial feedlot where they remained until slaughter seven months later. clinical, immunological and microbiological monitoring was carried out during this period. no serious clinical illness occurred. one hundred percent seroconversion to bovine virus diarrhea virus took place after introduction of the calves into the feedlot as well as almost complete (59/62) seroconversion to bov ... | 1983 | 6315201 |
| prevalence of antibody to bovine herpesvirus 1 in wild ruminants captive in united states zoos. | serum samples (n = 1,146) representing 100 species of exotic ruminants now captive in united states zoos were assayed for neutralizing antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus (bovine herpesvirus 1). thirty-four animals (3%) of 11 species had antibody to ibr virus. because of the low prevalence of ibr antibody found, it was concluded that vaccination against ibr virus probably is not necessary for captive wild ruminants in united states zoos. | 1983 | 6315661 |
| epidemiology of bhv 1 virus infections in dairy herds. | the epidemiology of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv 1) infections was studied in 20 dairy herds. periodic serological surveillance of these herds during three consecutive years (1980-82) was combined with clinical studies. in 19 herds seropositive cows were found indicating previous exposure to bhv 1. one herd had its first experience with bhv 1 during the study. no indication of virus circulation for at least three years was found in eight herds. in five herds an interval of 2 years without an indica ... | 1983 | 6315812 |
| prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine adenovirus-7, bovine leukemia virus and bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle in mexico. | | 1983 | 6316006 |
| antibodies against viral pathogens in dairy cattle in colombia. | | 1983 | 6316593 |
| thymidine kinase (tk) induction after infection of tk-deficient rabbit cell mutants with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1): isolation of tk- bhv-1 mutants. | cytosol thymidine kinase (tk) activity is enhanced at 6 hr after bovine embryo tracheal (ebtr) and rabbit skin fibroblast (rab-9) cells are infected with the los angeles and cooper strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1). to learn whether this enhancement resulted from the induction of a virus-specific tk activity, biochemical and genetic studies were carried out. the biochemical experiments demonstrated that: (i) the bhv-1-induced tk activity had a relative disc page mobility (rm) characte ... | 1983 | 6316635 |
| evaluation of the attenuated vaccine para-ribovac. | | 1983 | 6316694 |
| suppressed lymphocyte blastogenic responses and enhanced in vitro growth of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in stressed feeder calves. | hereford steers were stressed on a large-animal treadmill operating at speeds of 1.8 to 2.2 m/s. blood samples were collected from indwelling jugular catheters before, during, and after exercise. peripheral blood lymphocytes from stressed calves at 5 and 30 minutes after exercise had less (p less than 0.01) mitogen-induced blastogenic responses when compared to pre- or 60-minute postexercise values. serum from stressed calves incorporated into lymphocyte cultures from nonstressed steers resulted ... | 1983 | 6316823 |
| detection of virus particles in trigeminal ganglion cells in a calf recurrently infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | | 1983 | 6317933 |
| [testing of 2 vaccines against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]. | | 1983 | 6318308 |
| attempted reactivation of latent bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in calves by infection with ruminant pestiviruses. | three calves, latently infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv 1), were each inoculated intranasally with 9 strains of ruminant pestivirus (bvdv). all three calves developed a biphasic pyrexia and a lymphopenia followed by a neutrophilia. they did not shed bhv 1 in their nasal secretions in the 14 days following bvdv inoculation, and their bhv 1 antibody levels remained static, as did those of 2 control calves not given bvdv. all five calves were subsequently shown to be latently infected with b ... | 1983 | 6318422 |
| a study of the dynamics of the production of class-specific antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus in calves using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. | | 1983 | 6318477 |
| variation of virus replication in primary bovine kidney cell cultures derived from 68 three-day-old calves. | primary kidney cell cultures were prepared from 68 three-day-old calves. complete monolayers of these cultures were infected separately with viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza, and adenovirus 7 viruses. the yield of virus from all infected cultures was calculated by plaque titer assay after 2 to 4 days' incubation. the variation of virus yield was substantial between individual cultures. | 1983 | 6318615 |
| in vivo and in vitro effect of acyclovir on pseudorabies virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and pigeon herpesvirus. | the effect of various concentrations of acyclovir on the mean plaque size of pseudorabies virus (shv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibr virus) and pigeon herpesvirus (phv) has been studied. acyclovir significantly reduced the mean plaque size of shv and phv, whereas ibr virus was less affected and did only show a reduction of the mean plaque size at the highest concentration of acyclovir used (1000 microm). in vivo effect of acyclovir was tested using pigeons and budgerigars experime ... | 1983 | 6318645 |
| the effect on kaolin adsorption of serum on the virus neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibody to bovine herpesvirus 1. | two procedures have been used for measuring antibody titres to bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv1): the serum neutralization (sn) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). one hundred and thirty-two sera selected for their low sn titres were tested both unadsorbed and after adsorption with kaolin to determine the effect of kaolin on the titres. with elisa, the titres of unadsorbed and kaolin adsorbed were not significantly different but with the sn test many treated sera, originally with weak ... | 1984 | 6321512 |
| electrophoretic protein transfer applied to immunoelectrophoresis. | a method for electrophoretic transfer of a crossed immunoelectrophoretic (cie) pattern from an agarose gel onto a nitrocellulose sheet is described. the cie pattern to be transferred was formed using nonidet p-40 solubilized, bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1) induced antigens and bovine hyperimmune serum. an autoradiogram of a cie pattern, formed using [35s]methionine-labeled np-40 solubilized, bhv-1 induced antigens and bovine hyperimmune serum, was used as a control pattern. both antigen and antib ... | 1983 | 6321598 |
| [eradicability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr)/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ipv) virus infection. 2. studies of the virus latency of riems ibr/ipv vaccine (live viral vaccine) virus strain and field virus following infection of immunized animals]. | | 1983 | 6322718 |
| bovine cytomegaloviruses: identification and differential properties. | biological properties and restriction enzyme patterns of the slowly replicating herpesviruses isolated from cattle affected with different diseases in north america and europe were analysed. these virus isolates induced identical plaques that developed within 7 to 9 days in bovine foetal spleen cells and within 5 days in actively growing georgia bovine kidney cells. these virus isolates were found to be antigenically related when tested in the indirect immunofluorescence test, and antigenic rela ... | 1984 | 6323619 |
| brs virus, pi3 virus and bhv1 infections of young stock on self-contained dairy farms: epidemiological and clinical findings. | the role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3 virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 as disease agents in 28 groups of young cattle on 19 dairy farms which raised their own replacements was investigated. bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections occurred in 27, parainfluenza type 3 virus infections in all and bovine herpesvirus 1 infections in three of the 28 groups. some infections were accompanied by clinical signs while others were entirely subclinical. clinical respiratory ... | 1984 | 6326374 |
| the dna of an ipv strain of bovid herpesvirus 1 in sacral ganglia during latency after intravaginal infection. | two calves were inoculated intravaginally with a strain of bovid herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1, ibr/ipv) isolated from a cow with infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ipv). the animals were killed during a latent stage of infection as characterized by seroconversion, absence of virus shedding and recrudescence of virus shedding after dexamethasone treatment. ipv-virus dna was detected in 9 out of 20 sacral ganglia of the 2 calves. of the sections, 7.2% (n = 250) contained 1 cell with ipv-virus dna, w ... | 1984 | 6326378 |
| effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on the distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves. | four calves (control animals) were inoculated (by aerosol) with cooper's strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus given with an ultrasonic nebulizer. seven other calves (principals) were inoculated (by aerosol) with a noncytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus and 7 days later, with ibr virus. the calves were killed 3 to 8 days after the latter virus was inoculated. various tissues were collected from the calves during necropsy and assayed for ibr virus. in the cont ... | 1984 | 6329040 |
| isolation of bovine herpesvirus-1 from vesicular lesions of the bovine udder. | bovine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from vesicular lesions on the udder and mammary papillae (teats) of a charolais cow. lesions on the animal consisted of papules and vesicles up to 10 mm in diameter. the virus was identified by fluorescent antibody and serum-neutralization tests. | 1984 | 6329042 |
| reproductive tract lesions in heifers after intrauterine inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | cross-breed heifers given infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by intrauterine inoculation 1 day after natural mating with a noninfected bull were killed on postinoculation days 4 to 14. when reproductive organs were examined for gross and microscopic lesions and for virus infection, the most severe uterine lesions were found in the body and caudal portions of the uterine horns of heifers killed between postinoculation days 4 and 9. primary pathologic features were necrosis, edema, hemorrhage ... | 1984 | 6329043 |
| prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, goat respiratory syncytial, bovine leukemia, and bluetongue viral antibodies in sheep. | sera from healthy sheep were collected in january and march 1982 from flocks of sheep located in southwestern and southeastern louisiana. these sera were tested for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, and goat respiratory syncytial virus (grsv) antibodies by microtitration virus-neutralization test. the sera were tested also for bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. the number of flo ... | 1984 | 6329044 |
| [antiviral action of derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazine on reproduction of infectious rhinotracheitis virus]. | | 1984 | 6331098 |
| mass abortion caused by infectious rhinotracheitis (ibr/ipv) virus in a beef cattle herd. | | 1983 | 6331143 |
| anticytotoxin activity of bovine sera and body fluids against pasteurella haemolytica a1 cytotoxin. | toxin neutralizing activity of bovine sera and body fluids against pasteurella haemolytica type a1 cytotoxin was evaluated by 51cr release assay using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes as the target cells. sera collected from precolostral calves did not exert anticytotoxin activity at 10(-1) or higher dilutions, whereas randomly selected complement fixing antibody-negative sera neutralized on average over 90% of cytotoxin activity at the 10(-1) dilution and less than 50% of the toxi ... | 1984 | 6372970 |
| interactions of monoclonal antibodies and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) glycoproteins: characterization of their biochemical and immunological properties. | hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1) were established. the monoclonal antibodies were characterized with respect to their antigen specificities and biological activities. one group of eight monoclonal antibodies precipitated the glycoproteins gvp 3 (180k) and gvp 9 (91k), a second group of thirteen monoclonal antibodies precipitated gvp 6 (130k), gvp 11 (74k) and gvp 16 (55k), and one monoclone secreted antibodies specific for gvp 7 (105k). a ... | 1984 | 6377683 |
| replication of five bovine respiratory viruses in cultured bovine alveolar macrophages. | the replication of five bovine respiratory viruses in cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (bam) was investigated. the bovine herpesvirus dn-599 strain did not cause cytophatic effect (cpe), extracellular virus and intracellular antigen were not demonstrated. although a small number of bovine respiratory syncytial virions were consistently released and about 1 percent of the bam were fluorescence antibody (fa) positive the virus caused no cpe. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus caused cpe a ... | 1983 | 6404239 |
| effect of recombinant dna-produced bovine interferon alpha (boifn-alpha 1) on the interaction between bovine alveolar macrophages and bovine herpesvirus type 1. | treatment of bovine alveolar macrophages (bam) with bovine leukocyte interferon (boifn-alpha 1) resulted in reduced bovine herpesvirus type 1 replication and spread. this was demonstrated by reduced virus yields and number of cells infected. boifn-alpha 1 treatment of bam also induced enhanced fc receptor expression and/or avidity by the cells, increased their activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and augmented their extrinsic antiviral activity as measured by a reduction in the ... | 1984 | 6470681 |
| animal dna viruses analyzed by colour electron microscopy. | black-and-white and colour transmission electron micrographs of three dna viruses (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine adenovirus type 5 and molluscum contagiosum) are comparatively presented. the colour images have been obtained by an original method of computer-assisted analogic processing of black-and-white micrographs, using the romanian electronic device optimiscop. a comparative analysis of the two types of images demonstrates the variety of additional information provided by t ... | 1984 | 6495647 |
| a preliminary serological survey of viral antibodies in peruvian sheep. | this study reports the sero-prevalence of viral infections in sheep in peru. serum samples were collected from 34 mature healthy rams located in 3 different geographic regions of the country (north, central and south). the sera were tested for antibodies to the following viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv); parainfluenza 3 (pi-3) virus; bovine viral diarrhea/border disease (bvd/bd) virus; bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1); bluetongue (bt) virus; ovine progressive pneumoniae (opp) virus; bovine ... | 1984 | 6528458 |
| effect of homologous delayed hypersensitivity testing on specific and non-specific lymphoblastic transformation in cattle latently infected with bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine herpesvirus 1, bhv 1). | two cattle latently infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine herpesvirus 1, bhv 1) were intradermally injected with inactivated bhv 1 antigen (delayed hypersensitivity test, dht, skin test). another animal, free of bhv 1 infection was similarly treated. two latent carriers of the virus, intradermally injected with phosphate-buffered saline solution were used as control. the evolution of spontaneous multiplication of lymphocytes and lymphoblastic transformation in vitro induc ... | 1984 | 6529117 |
| characterization of bovine herpesvirus-1 isolated from trigeminal ganglia of clinically healthy cattle. | isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) recovered from tissue explants of trigeminal ganglia of clinically healthy cattle were studied in vitro and in an animal model, and their characteristics were compared with those of vaccine and field strains of bhv-1. the isolates could be distinguished by their plaque size on cell monolayers, but were not significantly different in their thermal inactivation profiles at 48 c. temperature-sensitive mutants were not found among the isolates when they were ... | 1984 | 6611096 |
| inhibition of glycosylation of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins by the thymidine analog (e)-5-(2 bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. | (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) was phosphorylated by the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1)-induced thymidine kinase and subsequently incorporated into viral dna, resulting in dna that was more dense than dna from untreated cells. incorporation of the drug did not result in the termination of replicating bhv-1 dna molecules since radioactively labeled dna synthesized in drug-treated and untreated cells sedimented at similar rates in alkaline sucrose gradients. no differences were observed ... | 1983 | 6614891 |
| parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in maryland and virginia. | in july 1981, investigations on parasites, diseases, and herd health status were conducted on sympatric populations of sika deer (cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from blackwater national wildlife refuge (maryland) and chincoteague national wildlife refuge (virginia) on the delmarva peninsula. five adult deer of each species were collected from each location and subjected to thorough necropsy examinations and laboratory tests. white-tailed deer at both locations harb ... | 1983 | 6644934 |
| diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from 265 bovine abortions. | during 1981, the fetus, placenta and maternal serum were received from each of 265 bovine abortions. these specimens were examined using histopathological, histochemical, bacteriological, mycological, endocrinological, immunological, serological and virological techniques. the cause of abortion was identified in 98 (37%) cases. of these diagnosed abortions 27 (28%) were due to infection with fungi, 17 (17%) to salmonella spp, 11 (11%) to campylobacter fetus and 10 (10%) to corynebacterium pyogen ... | 1984 | 6705541 |
| evidence for defective neutrophil function in lungs of calves exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | calves were exposed to an aerosol of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus followed five days later by an aerosol of pasteurella haemolytica. the animals were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage before ibr and four days after, and again at 0, 4, 24, and 48 hours following pasteurella haemolytica challenge. the results of these experiments suggest that neutrophil infiltration into the lung, in response to the presence of the bacteria was delayed thereby allowing the bacteria to become est ... | 1984 | 6719822 |
| immunogenicity of a soluble antigen against pasteurella haemolytica-associated pneumonia in calves. | three experiments were performed to evaluate the immunogenic potency of a soluble fraction of pasteurella haemolytica against pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. a soluble antigen was extracted by a 2.5% saline solution from p. haemolytica. weaned holstein bull calves, seronegative for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ( ibrv ) and the pasteurella antigen, were vaccinated either by repeated subcutaneous (sc) vaccination, or by exposure 3 times to the aerosol of p. haemolytica antigen. chal ... | 1984 | 6740917 |
| effect of bacterial dose on pneumonia induced by aerosol exposure of calves to bovine herpesvirus-1 and pasteurella haemolytica. | sixteen crossbred hereford range calves were used to study the effects of pasteurella haemolytica aerosols of various concentrations administered 4 days after they were exposed to a uniform aerosol of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). all calves were given bhv-1 on day 0. on day 4, groups of 4 calves each were exposed to aerosols of p haemolytica generated from suspensions with the following concentrations: high (10(8)/ml)--group 1, moderate (10(5)/ml)--group 2, low (10(2)/ml)--group 3, or none (con ... | 1983 | 6830012 |
| hematologic, serum chemistry and serologic values of dall's sheep (ovis dalli dalli) in alaska. | in june 1979, 73 dall's sheep were captured near tok, alaska to determine selected hematologic and serum metabolite parameters and to determine the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens. hematology and serum metabolite values were compared with values for domestic sheep and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis). antibodies were detected against brucella sp. (4%), campylobacter feti (30%), contagious ecthyma virus (23%) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (1%). antibodies were not detected aga ... | 1983 | 6887435 |
| immunologic effects of experimental iodine toxicosis in young cattle. | a study was designed to evaluate effects of 4 dosage levels (0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg) of daily iodine supplementation on cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in 40 calves, 10 per group, for a 6-month period. immune and inflammatory responses were measured by titers to brucella, leptospira, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccinations, by stimulation of lymphocyte mitoses with poke-weed, phytohemagglutinin (pha), and conconavalin a mitogens, by intradermal pha responses, by in ... | 1980 | 6996540 |
| pathological changes in young and adult cattle after intranasal inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | | 1982 | 7068953 |
| distribution of pasteurella haemolytica and pasteurella multocida in the bovine lung following vaccination and challenge exposure as an indicator of lung resistance. | experimental calves were vaccinated with virulent strains of pasteurella haemolytica or pasteurella multocida or with phosphate-buffered saline solution either by an aerosol method or by subcutaneous injection. calves were subsequently challenge exposed by intrapulmonic inoculation of the homologous virulent pasteurella species. sections obtained from the resulting pulmonic lesion were stained, using a fluorescent antibody technique, to determine relative number, location, and integrity of the c ... | 1982 | 7073058 |
| bovid herpesvirus type-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)-induced thymidine kinase. | | 1982 | 7080438 |
| effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of calves on cell populations recovered by lung lavage. | calves were challenge exposed with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and experiments were carried out to determine the presence of virus in the lungs, virus or viral antigen in alveolar macrophages, and alterations in immune functions of alveolar macrophages. in experiment 1, calves were challenge exposed intranasally with ibr virus. although clinical signs of ibr occurred in all challenge-exposed calves, there was minimal evidence of virus or viral antigen in cells lavaged from the ... | 1982 | 7103198 |
| effect of lymphocytes and broncho-alveolar washing cells on the replication of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in tracheal organ cultures. | the daily addition of lymphocytes collected from a calf between 7 and 11 days after experimental infection with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) to bovine fetal tracheal organ cultures after infection with bhv-1 did not inhibit virus replication. the daily addition of normal lymphocytes, together with a low concentration of serum antibody against bhv-1, had a slight viral inhibitory effect which was believed to be due to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. the addition of broncho-alv ... | 1982 | 7112897 |
| herpesvirus-induced "early" glycoprotein: characterization and possible role in immune cytolysis. | glycoprotein gvp-11 (molecular weight, 71,500), induced by bovine herpesvirus type 1, was detected on the external surface of infected cells. it could be categorized as an "early" or "beta" class protein since it was synthesized early in the infectious process and its expression was not dependent upon prior viral dna replication in the infected cells. monoclonal antibodies directed against gvp-11 immunoprecipitated that glycoprotein and some low-molecular-weight polypeptides from infected cells ... | 1982 | 7143563 |
| experimental infection of neonatal striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | experimental infection of neonatal skunks (mephitis mephitis) with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) caused fatal systemic infection. virus isolation and immunofluorescence tests were used to demonstrate a direct association between ibrv and the lesions. histopathologic studies revealed multiple focal necrosis in the liver and the adrenal glands. | 1980 | 7189559 |
| scanning electron microscopy of the tracheal epithelium of calves inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1. | tracheal epithelium was examined by light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy at four, five and seven days after calves were infected intranasally with bovine herpesvirus. similar areas were examined from uninoculated calves. tracheal epithelial lesions were found in all inoculated calves and their degree of severity did not vary with the interval between inoculation and examination. extensive loss of cilia leaving areas of tracheal epithelium covered by microvilli was the ma ... | 1980 | 7255893 |
| detection of bacteremia in cattle inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus. | bovine viral diarrhea virus infection of cattle interfered with normal blood clearance mechanisms, as evidenced by the detection of an endogenous bacteremia in up to 85% of infected calves during the first 5 days after infection. the occurrence of detectable bacteremia correlated with the period of leukopenia and depression of lymphocyte responses to mitogens. noninoculated control animals, reinoculated immune calves, or calves inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus yielded cons ... | 1981 | 7258771 |
| failure of a subunit bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine to protect against experimental respiratory disease in calves. | in two experiments in which 31 calves were used, a bovine herpesvirus 1 subunit vaccine previously shown to elicit a strong immunological response in adult cattle failed to do so in younger animals and failed to protect against pneumonia caused by sequential exposure to virulent bovine herpesvirus 1 and pasteurella haemolytica aerosols. one of the experimental groups had been previously inoculated with a live commercial vaccine but even this failed to elicit a strong immunological response. thes ... | 1981 | 7272846 |
| effect of diluent volumes on the serological efficacy of intranasal bovine herpesvirus 1 strain rlb 106 ts in controlling infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. | | 1981 | 7340086 |
| isolation of bovine herpesvirus-1 from trigeminal ganglia of clinically normal cattle. | trigeminal ganglia collected from 56 adult dairy cattle at slaughter were maintained in explant culture. bovine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from six ganglia after periods of 7 to 24 days' maintenance in vitro. antibody against bovine herpesvirus-1, indicating exposure to that virus, was found in 45.4% of the sample population from which ganglia were collected. | 1980 | 7447114 |
| the pathological features of severe cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. | in recent outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) in britain a proportion of the animals affected developed a severe clinical disease characterised, at necropsy, by widespread damage to the respiratory tract. they had necrotising rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis with extensive pseudomembrane formation and severe pneumonia with or without interstitial emphysema. renal infarction was seen in approximatley half of the cases. the central nervous system was not affected in ... | 1980 | 7456296 |
| the bovine herpesvirus 1 maturational proteinase and scaffold proteins can substitute for the homologous herpes simplex virus type 1 proteins in the formation of hybrid type b capsids. | we determined the nucleotide sequence of a 3.5-kb region of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) genome which contained the complete bhv-1 homologs of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) ul26 and ul26.5 genes. in hsv-1, the ul26 and ul26.5 open reading frames encode scaffold proteins upon which viral capsids are assembled. the ul26-encoded protein is also a proteinase and specifically cleaves both itself and the ul26.5-encoded protein. the overall bhv-1-encoded amino acid sequence showed only 41 ... | 1995 | 7474173 |
| identification and transcriptional analysis of a 3'-coterminal gene cluster containing ul1, ul2, ul3, and ul3.5 open reading frames of bovine herpesvirus-1. | we have identified and sequenced 3113 nucleotides located at the right end of the hindiii l fragment of the bovine herpesvirus-1 genome from map units 0.712 to 0.734. analysis of the sequence identified four open reading frames (orfs) which are designated ul1, ul2, ul3, and ul3.5 based on their homology with proteins of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), pseudorabies virus (prv), equine herpesvirus-1, and varicella-zoster virus. the ul1 orf of 158 amino acids exhibits limited homology with ul1 (gly ... | 1995 | 7483276 |
| antibody responses by cattle after vaccination with commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus immunogens and subsequent revaccination at day 140. | calves were vaccinated with four different commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3v), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) immunogens. for the initial vaccination certain vaccines were given twice (days 0 and 28), whereas other vaccines were given on day 0. the calves received another injection on day 140 with the vaccine originally given on day 0. the sera were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 5 ... | 1995 | 7483787 |
| bhv-1 glycoprotein 1 and recombinant interleukin 1 beta efficiently elicit mucosal iga response. | the mucosal immune response to most soluble antigens administered directly to the mucosal system is low and requires a large amount of antigen and frequent vaccinations. in this study we tested whether immunizing cattle at a site which shares lymphatic drainage with the nasal mucosa could prime local mucosal immunity. we further tested whether recombinant bovine il-1 beta (rboil-1 beta) could potentiate the induction of mucosal immunity. animals were immunized subcutaneously at the base of the e ... | 1995 | 7483811 |
| gp13 (ehv-gc): a complement receptor induced by equine herpesviruses. | equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) induce a complement receptor protein on the surface of infected cells capable of binding to the third component of complement (c3). the protein mediating the binding to the c3 component of complement was identified as glycoprotein 13 (gp13, ehv-gc), as expression of the cloned viral gene under the control of a cmv promoter induced c3 binding activity at the transfected cell surface. comparable to glycoprotein c (gc) from herpes simplex virus ... | 1995 | 7483825 |
| interferon-alpha primes macrophages for lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis. | apoptosis plays an important role in generating and maintaining an effective immune system. many pathogens can perturb the homeostasis of the immune system by either inducing or suppressing cell death of immune cells. using bovine macrophages as a model, we found that interferon-alpha, one of the host's responses to viral infection, can prime macrophages for activation-induced apoptosis. exposure of bovine bone-marrow-derived macrophages to interferon-alpha and subsequent activation with lipopol ... | 1995 | 7488062 |
| molecular basis of antigenic variation between the glycoproteins c of respiratory bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) and neurovirulent bhv-5. | herpesvirus glycoprotein c (gc) functions as a major virus attachment protein. the gc sequence of the neurovirulent bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bhv-5) virus was determined and compared with the gc sequence of the nonneurovirulent bhv-1. alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of bhv-1 and bhv-5 gc orfs showed that the amino-terminal third of the protein differed between the two viruses. whole or subgenomic fragments of gc coding regions from both viruses were expressed as trpe-gc fusion p ... | 1995 | 7491780 |
| monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between encephalitogenic bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 and respiratory bovine herpesvirus type 1.1. | seven mouse hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mab) against an encephalitogenic strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 (bhv-1.3) were established. the clones producing mab were selected to be specific for bhv-1.3 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. only l1b neutralized virus without complement. with the addition of complement, five of the mab neutralized bhv-1.3 but not the respiratory strain bhv-1.1. the anti-bhv-1.3-specific mab q10b, l6g, and l1b precipitated glycoproteins ... | 1994 | 7496928 |
| isotype-specific antibody responses in sera and mucosal secretions of calves experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus 1. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed for studying the kinetics of isotype-specific antibody responses in sera, nasal, ocular and genital secretions of calves infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1). the bhv1-specific igm and iga antibodies were measured in antibody capture assays, and the igg1 and igg2 antibodies in indirect double antibody sandwich assays. the elisas were shown to be isotype-specific, sensitive and reproducible. antibodies of all isotypes were able to ne ... | 1995 | 7502487 |
| role of interferons in infectious diseases in the bovine species: effect on viruses and rickettsias. | successful protection was obtained with interferon treatment in experimental viral infections in the bovine species in a number of cases. the efficacy of the treatment against vaccinia virus infection and against rotavirus infection have been demonstrated. on the contrary, bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv 1-causing rhinotracheitis and part of the shipping fever complex) infections were not inhibited by interferon (ifn). the authors have undertaken a study in cattle in zimbabwe to assess the role of in ... | 1993 | 7510899 |
| epitope-specific antibody responses in market-stressed calves to bovine herpesvirus type 1. | reciprocal competition elisa (rcelisa) was conducted to map monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with gi, giii and giv glycoproteins of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) into epitope groups. mabs to glycoproteins gi and giv were divided into six epitope groups each, while giii mabs had been previously divided into four areas. mabs were chosen from each epitope group to compete in celisa wih bovine sera collected during a typical regimen of vaccination and transportation from farm to auction to ... | 1994 | 7526569 |
| a simple, specific, and highly sensitive blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1. | by using a monoclonal antibody directed against an epitope located on glycoprotein b of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1), a simple, convenient blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) which combines a high sensitivity with a low false-positive rate has been developed. the test can be performed at low variance on undiluted bovine serum samples. the epitope on glycoprotein b appears to be conserved, because it could be detected by immunostaining in all of 160 bhv1 isolates originating from 10 ... | 1994 | 7529249 |
| fine mapping of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) neutralizing epitopes by type-specific monoclonal antibodies and sequence comparison with bhv-5 gd. | overlapping fragments of the bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) glycoprotein (gd) orf were expressed as trpe-gd fusion proteins in escherichia coli to map linear neutralizing epitopes defined by bhv-1-specific mabs. the mabs 3402 and r54 reacted with the expressed fragments on western blots that located the epitopes between the amino acids 52-126 and 165-216, respectively, of gd. bovine covalescent sera with high neutralizing antibody titers against bhv-1 reacted with these bacterially expressed prote ... | 1995 | 7530392 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis of bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates from calves with fatal encephalitis: comparison with vaccine virus. | meningo-encephalitis in feedlot cattle sporadically occurred in the tokachi area in northern japan. the calves had been vaccinated intranasally with a mixed live-vaccine (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus) for which intramuscular inoculation was indicated. two additional live vaccines, bovine adenovirus type 7 and bovine respiratory syncytical virus, had been inoculated simultaneously. eleven isolates of bovine herpesv ... | 1995 | 7548427 |
| a glycoprotein e deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 infects the same limited number of tissues in calves as wild-type virus, but for a shorter period. | to gain insight into the role of glycoprotein e of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), we compared the distribution of wild-type (wt) bhv-1 with that of a ge deletion mutant (ge-) in calves after intranasal inoculation. the wt-infected calves had severe clinical signs, but the ge(-)-infected calves were virtually free of clinical signs. at 3, 4, 7, 8, 44, 45, 50 and 51 days post-infection (p.i.), one calf from each group was killed and tissues were collected for virus isolation and pcr analysis. at 3, ... | 1995 | 7561782 |
| [value of vaccines in the eradication of infectious animal diseases]. | | 1995 | 7570552 |
| [principles of ibr marker vaccines]. | | 1995 | 7570553 |
| sequence analysis of the ul39, ul38, and ul37 homologues of bovine herpesvirus 1 and expression studies of ul40 and ul39, the subunits of ribonucleotide reductase. | we sequenced the region of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) genome corresponding to map units 0.172-0.230 (7964 bp), representing the ul39, ul38, and ul37 homologues of herpes simplex virus which encode the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (rr) and components of the viral capsid and the tegument, respectively. to discriminate between two potential initiator augs of the ul39 gene, the 5' end of the mrna was mapped by s1 nuclease protection assays. comparison of the amino acid sequen ... | 1995 | 7571445 |
| abortion in heifers inoculated with a thymidine kinase-negative recombinant of bovine herpesvirus 1. | the copper isolate of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) was used to produce a thymidine kinase-negative (tk-) recombinant by insertion of a beta-galactosidase (bgal) expression cassette into the tk coding region. the recombinant virus (tk- bgal+) was tested for abortifacient activity in cattle by inoculation of 5 pregnant heifers at 25 to 29 weeks gestation. five additional heifers were inoculated with the cooper tk-positive (tk+) virus to serve as controls. after inoculation, both groups of heifers ... | 1995 | 7574153 |
| cloning of 2.4 kb bovine herpesvirus-1 dna fragment containing glycoprotein iii gene into puc18 plasmid vector. | a recombinant pbr322 plasmid containing bovine herpesvirus-1 hindiii 'i' fragment was analysed using ecori and bamhi restriction endonucleases. this recombinant plasmid was labelled with [alpha 32p]datp and hybridized with southern blot of hindiii digested bhv-1 dna fragments. a 2.4 kb double digested ecori-bamhi fragment of hindiii 'i' was subcloned into puc18 plasmid to get complete giii gene. the recombinant puc18 plasmid was analysed for 2.4 kb bhv-1 dna insert by restriction digestion with ... | 1995 | 7590952 |
| study of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpes virus type-1 (cooper strain) by immunoperoxidase and immunoelectron microscopy. | three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that are specific against bovine herpes virus type-1 (bhv-1) were studied as to their viral specificity by immunoperoxidase and immunoelectron microscopy. microscopic examination of gbk bhv-1 infected cells revealed peroxidase activity represented by red-brown granular deposits in the nucleus and cytoplasm. no immunoperoxidase activity was observed in negative controls. for the ultrastructural observations, two approaches were used. firstly we test ... | 1995 | 7599599 |
| characterization of cell-binding properties of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins b, c, and d: identification of a dual cell-binding function of gb. | previous studies have suggested that the attachment of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) to permissive cells is mediated by its major glycoproteins b (gb), c (gc), and d (gd). in order to gain further insight into the mechanism of the bhv-1 attachment process, we purified authentic gb, gc, and gd from bhv-1-infected cells and membrane anchor-truncated, soluble gb, gc, and gd from stably transfected cell lines by affinity chromatography and examined their cell-binding properties on madin-darby bovine ... | 1995 | 7609042 |
| chasing dideoxy-mediated sequencing reactions with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may result in nucleotide inversions in sequencing gels. | | 1995 | 7610065 |
| bovine herpesvirus 1 in semen of bulls and the risk of transmission: a brief review. | outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) infections in artificial insemination centres can run a clinical or subclinical course. clinical signs vary from mild to severe balanoposthitis and may be associated with a decrease in semen quality. after intranasal as well as intrapreputial infection, bhv1 can replicate in the preputial and penile mucosae, although the pattern of virus shedding in semen differs considerably per individual bull. beyond the primary phase of a genital infection, bhv1 remai ... | 1995 | 7610554 |
| sequence characteristics of a gene in infectious laryngotracheitis virus homologous to glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus. | an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) gene homologous to glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus (hsv) was identified and characterized by its nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence. the iltv gd gene is located in the unique short region (u(s)) and contains an open reading frame capable of specifying a polypeptide of 380 amino acids, including n- and c- terminal hydrophobic domains consistent with signal and anchor regions respectively, and no potential sites for ... | 1995 | 7612933 |
| diagnosis of encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bhv-5) infection in cattle: virus isolation and immunohistochemical detection of antigen in formalin-fixed bovine brain tissues. | | 1995 | 7619909 |
| the use of a non-specific defence mechanism inducer in calves exposed to bovine herpesvirus-1 infection: preliminary trials. | the efficacy of an immunomodulator, the baypamun (bayer ag), was tested in calves which were subsequently exposed to bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) infection. two groups of calves, of 8 animals each, were used for two trials. in one trial, 4 calves were treated with the immunomodulator and the remaining 4 were left as untreated controls. two hours after the first injection of baypamun, all calves, i.e. the treated and the untreated ones, were challenged with bhv-1. comparing them to the untreated ... | 1995 | 7621672 |
| [behavior of orf virus in permissive and nonpermissive systems]. | dogs were immunized i.m. with attenuated poxvirus vaccines (vaccinia virus, orf-virus) and a bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) vaccine. after intradermal (i.d.) application of the vaccine viruses a specific delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) reaction of the skin occurred only with vaccinia virus. the i.d. application of orf-virus caused a short-term, non-specific inflammatory reaction of the skin, even in dogs not immunized with orf-virus. out of 30 sera from orf-virus immunized beagles (n = 4) only ... | 1995 | 7624861 |
| the bovine herpesvirus alpha gene trans-inducing factor activates transcription by mechanisms different from those of its herpes simplex virus type 1 counterpart vp16. | in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-infected cells, viral gene expression is initiated when the immediate-early, or alpha, genes are transactivated by the alpha gene trans-inducing factor (alpha tif), a component of the infecting virion. the protein binds to one or more recognition elements (taatgarat) in the promoters of alpha genes via interaction with the cellular proteins oct-1 and cff. the alpha tif of hsv (hsv-alpha tif) is believed to subsequently accelerate the assembly of the transcription co ... | 1995 | 7636962 |
| identification of gene products encoded by the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1. | bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) establishes a latent infection in sensory ganglionic neurons of infected animals. expression of latency-related (lr) gene products is controlled by a 980-bp fragment (lr promoter). dna sequence analysis revealed that two major open reading frames (orfs) are in the lr gene. antibodies directed against both orfs were generated in rabbits by using synthetic peptides. antibody p2, which is directed to sequences near the amino terminus of orf 2, recognized a 41-kda protei ... | 1995 | 7636978 |
| murray valley encephalitis virus envelope protein antigenic variants with altered hemagglutination properties and reduced neuroinvasiveness in mice. | neutralization escape variants of murray valley encephalitis virus were selected using a type-specific, neutralizing, and passively protective anti-envelope protein (e) monoclonal antibody (4b6c-2) which defines epitope e-1c. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed single nucleotide changes in the e genes of 15 variants resulting in nonconservative amino acid substitutions in all cases. one variant had a three-nucleotide deletion in the e gene which resulted in loss of serine at residue 277. chang ... | 1995 | 7645203 |
| effect of recombinant bovine interleukin-1 beta on viral/bacterial pneumonia in cattle. | bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) is an important pathogen of respiratory infections in cattle. its continuing importance lies in its ability to predispose infected hosts to bacterial infections (e.g., pasteurella haemolytica). in this study we determined whether the immunoregulatory effects induced by recombinant bovine interleukin-1 (rbil-1) could stimulate appropriate host defense mechanisms to influence the course of bhv-1 and p. haemolytica infection in cattle. we first evaluated the effect of m ... | 1995 | 7648445 |
| comparison of dot blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation for detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) in artificially infected bovine semen. | bovine semen samples spiked with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) were used to compare dot blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and virus isolation for detection of bhv-1 in bovine semen. the pcr amplification used primers targeting the bhv-1 thymidine kinase gene and a nucleic acid releasing cocktail (genereleaser); the pcr product was used as the dna probe in dot blot hybridization; virus isolation was done in primary bovine fetal testis (bft) cell cultures. semen diluted 1:20 in t ... | 1995 | 7648521 |
| establishment of conditions for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 by polymerase chain reaction using primers in the thymidine kinase region. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) was developed and optimized using 22 bp sense and 20 bp antisense primers in the thymidine kinase (tk) coding region. the amplification product is 183 bp long. the pcr optimization was done using bhv-1 tissue culture supernate (bhv-1tcs), concentrated bhv-1 tissue culture supernate (cbhv-1tcs) and sucrose gradient purified bhv-1 (pbhv-1). the sensitivity of four methods of sample preparation which are standard dna extr ... | 1995 | 7648533 |
| bovine viral diarrhea virus: biotypes and disease. | bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to produce significant economic losses for the cattle industry and challenges investigators with the complexity of diseases it produces and the mechanisms by which it causes disease. this paper updates and attempts to clarify information regarding the roles of noncytopathic and cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses in persistent infections and mucosal disease. it also covers, in brief, what is known of the new diseases: thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic di ... | 1995 | 7648541 |