| ecology: living in synchrony on greenland coasts? | theory indicates that correlated weather may synchronize populations, but the extent to which this holds for non-identical, nonlinear systems is uncertain. post and forchhammer claim to have shown climate-induced synchrony for musk oxen and caribou that are separated by the greenland ice sheet. however, logical and mathematical errors undermine their finding. whether or not large-scale weather can be a major synchronizing factor across species remains an open question. | 2004 | 14973473 |
| from the arctic to fetal life: physiological importance and structural basis of an 'additional' chloride-binding site in haemoglobin. | haemoglobins from mammals of sub-arctic and arctic species, as well as fetal human hb, are all characterized by a significantly lower delta h of oxygenation compared with the majority of mammalian haemoglobins from temperate species (exceptions are represented by some cold-resistant species, such as cow, horse and pig). this has been interpreted as an adaptive mechanism of great importance from a physiological point of view. to date, the molecular basis of this thermodynamic characteristic is st ... | 2004 | 14979874 |
| polygynous mating impairs body condition and homeostasis in male reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus). | reindeer are polygynous ruminants that breed when plant growth declines in the arctic. we studied seven males (2 years and older) in two herds with a total of 34 females to describe the costs and consequences of mating or rut. body mass declined between september and november and did not recover through winter even though food was available ad libitum. dominance did not affect body mass or any correlate of mass loss, indicating similar costs of rut among males. males lost 34% of ingesta-free mas ... | 2004 | 14986044 |
| spatial modeling of harvest constraints on wood supply versus wildlife habitat objectives. | we studied the effects of spatial and temporal timber harvesting constraints on competing objectives of sustaining wildlife habitat supply and meeting timber harvest objectives in a boreal mixedwood forest. a hierarchical modeling approach was taken, where strategic and tactical level models were used to project blocking and scheduling of harvest blocks. harvest block size and proximity, together with short- and long-term temporal constraints, were adjusted in a factorial manner to allow creatio ... | 2003 | 15015702 |
| cystic echinococcosis in the arctic and sub-arctic. | the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern fennoscandia to the bering strait in eurasia and in north america from arctic alaska approximately to the northern border of the united states. the cycle of the cestode is complex in taiga at lower latitudes, because of the greater diversity of potential hosts. in the arctic and subarctic, however, four patterns of predator/prey relationships may be discerned. two natural cycle ... | 2003 | 15027606 |
| rumen ciliate protozoal fauna of reindeer in inner mongolia, china. | rumen ciliate species and composition were surveyed on the reindeer kept in inner mongolia, china. as a result of survey, all the reindeer had the same 18 species of 8 genera of the ciliates in their rumen. appearance of entodinium parvum is the first record in this host species. of the species detected, 15 species including entodinium anteronucleatum, e. bicornutum, enoploplastron confluens and epidinium gigas which have been detected only from reindeer were common with those in the reindeer ke ... | 2004 | 15031553 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from norway. | serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in norway were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. the association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the seroprevalences were significantly diff ... | 2004 | 15041091 |
| conflict resolution by participatory management: remote sensing and gis as tools for communicating land-use needs for reindeer herding in northern sweden. | when seeking to resolve complex land-management issues, geographical assessment of resources that are in short supply or in dispute can aid the communication of knowledge and the understanding among and between different stakeholders. in this paper, we illustrate how remote sensing and gis can be used to gather and compile information regarding land-use activities and patterns among reindeer herders and other land users (forestry, mining, tourism, etc) in northern sweden. the project represents ... | 2003 | 15049353 |
| effective field sampling for predicting the spatial distribution of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) with help of the gibbs sampler. | we describe an approach to estimation of the spatial distribution of reindeer (rangifer tarandus). spatial autocorrelation, inherent to the data describing the distribution of wildlife species, contains information that can be utilized to improve the effciency of field inventories. our data included reindeer fecal pellet counts, satellite imagery and a digital terrain model. we applied ordinary logistic regression, autologistic regression, and the gibbs sampler to predict spatial distribution of ... | 2003 | 15049354 |
| cytogenetic dose-response and adaptive response in cells of ungulate species exposed to ionizing radiation. | in the studies reported here, the micronucleus assay, a common cytogenetic technique, was used to examine the dose-responses in fibroblasts from three ungulate species (white-tailed deer, woodland caribou, and indian muntjac) exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation (1-4 gy of (60)co gamma radiation). this assay was also used to examine the effects of exposure to low doses (1-100 mgy) typical of what these species experience in a year from natural and anthropogenic environmental sources. an a ... | 2004 | 15063537 |
| modelling of long-term behaviour of caesium and strontium radionuclides in the arctic environment and human exposure. | in this paper a compartment model of the highly vulnerable arctic terrestrial food chain "lichen-reindeer-man" is outlined. based upon an analysis of measured (137)cs and (90)sr contents in lichen and reindeer meat from 1961 up to 2001, site specific model parameters for two regions in north-western arctic russia and for kautokeino municipality in arctic norway have been determined. the dynamics of radionuclide activity concentrations in the "lichen-reindeer-man" food chain for all areas was sat ... | 2004 | 15063545 |
| seroprevalence of salmonella spp. in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in iceland. | | 2004 | 15074765 |
| concurrent fatal listeriosis, zygomycosis and aspergillosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus) calf. | | 2004 | 15083977 |
| concentrations of cadmium, lead and sulphur in tissues of wild, forest reindeer from north-west russia. | samples of bone, teeth and antlers of 123 wild, forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennica) shot in north karelia and in the archangelsk region from 1986 to 1990 were investigated with regard to heavy metal and sulphur content. the samples of bone contained the highest mean levels of cadmium and lead, and the antlers contained the lowest mean heavy-metal concentrations. no differences in the sulphur content of different tissues were found. these tissues give reliable and sensitive indications of ... | 1995 | 15091494 |
| ruminant uptake of nickel and other elements from industrial air pollution in the norwegian-russian border area. | concentrations of the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc in liver, and of nickel in kidneys, were studied in reindeer, moose and sheep from south varanger in eastern finnmark and comparable districts in western finnmark, norway. the study included samples from 31 reindeer, 10 moose and 10 sheep from jarfjord (south varanger); 31 reindeer, 27 moose and 15 sheep from pasvik (south varanger); and 40 reindeer, 16 moose and 15 shee ... | 1995 | 15091503 |
| lack of the canonical prb-binding domain in the e7 orf of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas. | the l-x-c-x-e prb-binding motif of papillomavirus (pv) e7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. however, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (bpv-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv-5), equine papillomavirus (eqpv) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (rpv) supports the notion that the prb-binding motif is not ubiquitous among e7 proteins in the pv proteome. key among the animal groups that lack the pr ... | 2004 | 15105541 |
| milk production and composition in reindeer (rangifer tarandus): effect of lactational stage. | milk yield and composition of major milk constituents were measured in captive, nursing reindeer. registration of milk production was performed during two successive lactations (2001 and 2002). the milk yield was significantly affected by week of lactation (p<0.001) and by individual (p<0.001). the lactation curve had an asymmetrical peak 3 weeks postpartum and the milk yield at peak lactation was 983 g/day (range 595-1239). the length of lactation varied from 24 to 26 weeks and average total mi ... | 2004 | 15123172 |
| serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway. | affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ... | 2004 | 15137486 |
| west nile virus infection in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | west nile virus (wnv) infection in 4 reindeer (rangifer tarandus) resulted in lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis within the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord. immunohistochemistry revealed wnv antigen within neurons and among mononuclear cell infiltrates. these represent the first known cases of clinical wnv infection in cervidae. clinical signs and lesions were similar to those described in horses. nucleotide sequence of a 768-bp region of the wnv e-glycoprotein gene revealed 1 nucleo ... | 2004 | 15152836 |
| recent isolates of parapoxvirus of finnish reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are closely related to bovine pseudocowpox virus. | cases of papular stomatitis in finnish reindeer have been reported for many years. the causative agent was thought to be orf virus (orfv), one of the parapoxviridae, although this assumption was based mainly on clinical symptoms, pathology and electron microscopy. here sequence analyses of the viral dna isolated from a recent outbreak of disease in 1999-2000 are presented in comparison to that isolated from earlier outbreaks in 1992-1994. the results show that the virus isolated from the 1999-20 ... | 2004 | 15166423 |
| long-term consequences for northern norway of a hypothetical release from the kola nuclear power plant. | the spatial and temporal variation in radiocaesium and (90)sr doses to two population groups of the two northernmost counties of norway, troms and finnmark, following a hypothetical accident at the kola nuclear power plant (knpp) have been estimated using a model implemented within a geographical information system. the hypothetical accident assumes a severe loss of coolant accident at the knpp coincident with meteorological conditions causing significant radionuclide deposition in the two count ... | 2004 | 15172571 |
| [comparative morphological analysis of reindeer and cow ovaries]. | | 2004 | 15174344 |
| examination of cadmium sorption characteristics for a boreal soil near fairbanks, alaska. | the objective of this research was to better understand cadmium (cd) mobility in an organic-rich, boreal soil. cadmium was selected for the study because of its tendency to be more mobile in soils than other heavy metals, such as lead or mercury. the release of metals from soil is a concern for northern regions where soils are gradually warming, resulting in an increased rate of natural organic matter (nom) decomposition and soil erosion. soil samples were collected from three principle soil hor ... | 2004 | 15177104 |
| spatial synchrony of local populations has increased in association with the recent northern hemisphere climate trend. | according to ecological theory, populations whose dynamics are entrained by environmental correlation face increased extinction risk as environmental conditions become more synchronized spatially. this prediction is highly relevant to the study of ecological consequences of climate change. recent empirical studies have indicated, for example, that large-scale climate synchronizes trophic interactions and population dynamics over broad spatial scales in freshwater and terrestrial systems. here, w ... | 2004 | 15197267 |
| radiocaesium in lynx in relation to ground deposition and diet. | the european lynx (lynx lynx) might be expected to have a high intake of radiocaesium in the parts of sweden where the main prey of the lynx, namely reindeer and roe deer, have high activity concentrations of radiocaesium because of high ground deposition. we have measured (137)cs in muscle samples from 733 lynx during 1996-2003. the aim was to quantify the extent to which radiocaesium is transferred from fallout deposition to lynx, to test whether the transfer was higher in areas where there ar ... | 2004 | 15221315 |
| influence of ethylene oxide sterilization on the activity of native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein. | we studied the effects of ethylene oxide sterilization (steri-vac 4xl, temperature 29 degrees c, exposure time 4 h 10 min, ethylene oxide concentration 860 mg/l) on the osteoinductivity of partially purified native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) in a hind leg muscle pouch model of male nmri mice. bmp was administered in implants containing 3 mg in a collagen carrier. implants without sterilization and without bmp served as controls. new bone formation was evaluated based on the calciu ... | 2004 | 15224167 |
| levels and spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in greenland biota: an updated review. | knowledge of contaminant levels in greenland biota has increased substantially in recent years, particularly for persistent organic pollutants. this paper reviews and updates knowledge of spatial and temporal trends of cd, hg and organochlorines (pcbs, ddts, hchs, hcb and chlordane-related compounds) in greenland terrestrial, freshwater and marine biota. the most comprehensive studies of spatial trends of cd and hg in the terrestrial ecosystem concern lichens, with relatively complete coverage, ... | 2004 | 15325140 |
| levels and trends of radioactive contaminants in the greenland environment. | levels of radioactive contaminants in various greenland environments have been assessed during 1999-2001. the source of 137cs, 90sr and (239,240)pu in terrestrial and fresh water environments is mainly global fallout. in addition, the chernobyl accident gave a small contribution of 137cs. reindeer and lamb contain the largest observed 137cs concentrations in the terrestrial environment--up to 80 bq kg(-1) fresh weight have been observed in reindeer. due to special environmental conditions, 137cs ... | 2004 | 15325141 |
| acute phase response in reindeer after challenge with escherichia coli endotoxin. | the serum concentrations of two acute phase proteins (apps), haptoglobin (hp) and serum amyloid-a (saa), were monitored in reindeer after challenge with endotoxin. four adult female reindeer received either 0.1 microg/kg escherichia coli 0111:b4 lipopolysaccharide b or saline solution intravenously. at the second challenge, the treatments were reversed. in addition to the apps, changes in blood chemistry and rectal temperature were monitored. the endotoxin challenge caused a significant increase ... | 2004 | 15325514 |
| absorption, retention and tissue distribution of radiocaesium in reindeer: effects of diet and radiocaesium source. | radiocaesium absorption and retention in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) calves was compared in groups fed diets containing different proportions of lichen and concentrates, and different chemical forms of radiocaesium ((134)cscl in solution or fallout from the chernobyl accident). daily intakes of fallout radiocaesium were 15-23 kbq, while daily intakes of (134)cscl ranged from 70 kbq to 1,160 kbq. the half-life for radiocaesium in red blood cells (rbc) in animals fed with a pure lichen diet excee ... | 2004 | 15459770 |
| epidemiology of reindeer parasites. | every christmas we sing about rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, but do we give much thought to why his nose is red? the general consensus is that rudolf has caught a cold, but as far as i know no proper diagnosis has been made of his abnormal condition. i think that, rather than having a cold, rudolf is suffering from a parasitic infection of his respiratory system. to some this may seem a bit far-fetched as one would not expect an animal living with santa claus at the north pole to be plagued by ... | 1986 | 15462756 |
| redescription of besnoitia tarandi (protozoa: apicomplexa) from the reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | besnoitia tarandi tissue cysts were found in naturally-infected reindeer (rangifer tarandus) from finland. infectivity of its tissue cysts, bradyzoites, and tachyzoites to animals and cell culture was studied. the bradyzoites and tissue cysts were not infectious to out-bred mice, rabbits or gerbils. when fed tissue cysts, neither cats nor dogs excreted oocysts. however, the parasite was lethal to interferon-gamma gene knock out mice irrespective of the route of inoculation. the parasite was grow ... | 2004 | 15491590 |
| histological structure of antlers in castrated male fallow deer (dama dama). | antlers are periodically replaced cranial appendages that, except for the reindeer, are grown only by male deer. the annual antler cycle is controlled by seasonal fluctuations of sex steroid concentrations in the blood, and accordingly castration of male deer causes deviations from normal antler growth. the present study investigated antler histology of castrated fallow bucks (dama dama). castration in early spring was followed by casting of the hard antlers carried by the bucks and the growth o ... | 2004 | 15523621 |
| ovarian and placental production of progesterone and oestradiol during pregnancy in reindeer. | we obtained uterine and peripheral venous plasma, and samples of luteal and placental tissues from 2- to 7-year-old, eurasian mountain reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from a free-living, semi-domesticated herd in northern norway in november 1995, and february and march 1996. in november, ovarian venous blood was also collected from four animals. plasma samples were assayed for progesterone and oestradiol. the tissue samples were examined by light and electron microscopy, steroid dehydrogen ... | 2005 | 15556317 |
| responses to projected changes in climate and uv-b at the species level. | environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. the greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. summer warming experiments showed that woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant. responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover. many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming, ... | 2004 | 15573570 |
| effects on the structure of arctic ecosystems in the short- and long-term perspectives. | species individualistic responses to warming and increased uv-b radiation are moderated by the responses of neighbors within communities, and trophic interactions within ecosystems. all of these responses lead to changes in ecosystem structure. experimental manipulation of environmental factors expected to change at high latitudes showed that summer warming of tundra vegetation has generally led to smaller changes than fertilizer addition. some of the factors manipulated have strong effects on t ... | 2004 | 15573571 |
| age differences in vitamin a intake among canadian inuit. | inuit traditional food provides ample amounts of preformed vitamin a. however, the dietary transition away from traditional food raises concerns regarding dietary adequacy. vitamin a is an essential nutrient with inadequate and excessive exposures having adverse effects. | 2004 | 15622799 |
| susceptibility of campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis to antimicrobial agents and characterization of quinolone-resistant strains. | to study the susceptibility of campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis to several antimicrobial agents and to investigate the mechanisms of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance. | 2005 | 15649999 |
| induction of neutralizing antibodies in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) after administration of a killed west nile virus vaccine. | in 2002, west nile virus (wnv) infection with clinical neurologic disease and encephalomyelitis was described in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the susceptibility of reindeer to wnv prompted questions concerning vaccination of reindeer to prevent wnv infection. between january and april 2003, eleven 2-4-yr-old, castrated male reindeer, some of which had antibody titers suggestive of prior exposure to wnv, were vaccinated three times at 4-wk intervals with a commercially available vaccine approved ... | 2004 | 15650096 |
| concentrations of 137cs in lynx (lynx lynx) in relation to prey choice. | concentrations of (137)cs were determined in 747 lynxes killed in norway during the period 1986-2001. highly variable (137)cs concentrations and aggregated transfer coefficient values were observed, probably caused by variable (137)cs concentrations in prey and the lynx's extensive home ranges and roaming distances. adult lynxes had higher (137)cs concentrations than sub-adults, and lynxes killed in regions with extensive reindeer grazing areas were more contaminated than others. a model with (1 ... | 2005 | 15653191 |
| long-term interactions between migratory caribou, wildfires and nunavik hunters inferred from tree rings. | barren-ground caribou (rangifer tarandus) herds in north america may reach considerable size and undertake large-scale seasonal migrations from the arctic tundra to the boreal forest. to test the caribou decline hypothesis associated with native harvesting and fire, we have documented the long-term trends of caribou activity based on a novel approach which uses tree-ring dated trampling scars produced by caribou hooves in the extensive trails distributed over the summer and winter ranges of the ... | 2004 | 15666677 |
| cancer in the sami population of north norway, 1970-1997. | the sami population in north norway constitutes an ethnic minority with a lifestyle that diverges from that of the rest of the population. a cohort of 19 801 people of sami origin was followed for cancer incidence over the period 1970-1997 by the norwegian cancer registry. among the sami 1340 cases of cancer were observed versus 1658.2 expected, based on a regional reference population. for both sexes a significantly decreased incidence of colon cancer was observed. the standardized incidence ra ... | 2005 | 15677897 |
| sex ratio variation in gastrointestinal nematodes of svalbard reindeer; density dependence and implications for estimates of species composition. | estimates of the intensity and abundance of species provide essential data for ecological, evolutionary and epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal nematode communities. these estimates are typically derived from the species composition of adult males when only males have readily scorable species-specific morphological traits. such estimation assumes that all species in the community have the same adult sex ratio. we evaluated this assumption for the trichostrongyle nematodes ostertagia grue ... | 2005 | 15700761 |
| the effect of different mineral frames on ectopic bone formation in mouse hind leg muscles induced by native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein. | bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) require carrier material for slow release and framing material for osteoconduction. | 2004 | 15723244 |
| risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among swedish sami--a controlled cohort study. | to investigate the occurrence of clinical, psychosocial and behavioural risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (cvd) among reindeer herding (rs) and non-reindeer herding sami (nrs). | 2004 | 15736671 |
| work-related musculoskeletal pain among reindeer herding sami in sweden--a pilot study on causes and prevention. | to investigate the prevalence and to identify causes of musculoskeletal pain (msp) among reindeer herding sami, and to evaluate the impact on the msp symptoms elicited by an intervention-prevention programme (ip programme). | 2004 | 15736681 |
| fatal accidents and suicide among reindeer-herding sami in sweden. | over the last decades, reindeer-herding management has experienced dramatic changes, e.g. increased motorization and socio-economic pressure. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether these changes have increased the risk of fatal, work-related accidents and suicide between 1961 and 2000. | 2004 | 15736690 |
| causes of death in the sami population of sweden, 1961-2000. | indigenous people often have a pattern of mortality that is disadvantageous in comparison with the general population. the knowledge on causes of death among the sami, the natives of northern scandinavia, is limited. the aim of the present study was to compare gender and cause specific mortality patterns for reindeer herding sami, non-herding sami, and non-sami between 1961 and 2000. | 2005 | 15737965 |
| a note on mercury levels in the hair of alaskan reindeer. | reindeer, as terrestrial herbivores, generally have low levels of hg, but monitoring hg levels can help in understanding ecological toxicity related to a changing environment. in this study, alaskan reindeer were analyzed for total mercury (thg) in their hair. both free-ranging reindeer from the seward peninsula, alaska and reindeer fed a pollock-based fishmeal diet were surveyed. free ranging reindeer had mean thg levels of (55.3 ng/g; n=5). the mean mehg level in the free ranging reindeer was ... | 2005 | 15740775 |
| endocrinology of pregnancy and early pregnancy detection by reproductive hormones in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the endocrinology was studied throughout pregnancy in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) located in oulu, finland (65 degrees n, 25 degrees e) with 13 captive, semi domestic adult females. blood samples were analyzed for plasma progesterone (p4), estradiol (e2) and estrone sulphate (e1so4), 15-ketodihydro-pgf2alpha (pg-metabolite) and pregnancy associated glycoproteins (pag). the mean plasma p4 concentration peaked twice during gestation: at around 24 and three weeks prior to calving. in preg ... | 2005 | 15763117 |
| effects of natural winter pasture and commercial pellet on the ultrastructure of small intestinal epithelium in reindeer. | segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) from slaughtered reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) grazing natural winter pastures (n=3) and reindeer fed commercially available pellets (rf-80) in winter (n=5) were collected and immediately fixed in mcdowell's fixative. transmission electron microscopy was employed to investigate the ultrastructural features of the epithelium and lamina propria along the small intestine and to relate these to the different diets. major differences i ... | 2005 | 15778852 |
| radionuclides and trace metals in canadian moose near uranium mines: comparison of radiation doses and food chain transfer with cattle and caribou. | tissues from 45 moose and 4 cattle were collected to assess the health of country foods near uranium mines in northern saskatchewan. bone, liver, kidney, muscle and rumen contents were analyzed for uranium, radium-226 (226ra), lead-210 (210pb), and polonium-210 (210po). cesium-137 (137cs), potassium-40 (40k), and 27 trace metals were also measured in some tissues. within the most active mining area, po in liver and muscle declined significantly with distance from tailings, possibly influenced by ... | 2005 | 15824592 |
| menu of gravettian people from southern moravia. | there are a number of upper palaeolithic sites of gravettian people in the southern moravia. these people had eaten animals and their bones were used for creating artefacts. their food was based on several species that lived in the vicinity of their settlement unit. the sites dolní vĕstonice ii (under western slope--uws), iia and iii and pavlov (1952, 1953, 1957 and 1958) have been studied to obtain a picture of the menu of gravettian people in this region. hunted animals fall into two groups, t ... | 2000 | 15828198 |
| dynamics of antibodies against hypodermin c in reindeer infested with the reindeer warble fly, hypoderma tarandi. | serum samples from 25 reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were assayed for antibody against hypodermin c (hyc) using an elisa. nineteen animals were calves (born in 1998, 1999 or 2001) and six were adults (3-10 years old at first blood collection). the samples were collected over periods of 4 months (calves born in 2001) or 27 months (adults and calves born in 1998 and 1999), the latter encompassing three hypoderma tarandi infestation seasons. the calves received antibodies against hyc from th ... | 2005 | 15845288 |
| redescription of besnoitia bennetti (protozoa: apicomplexa) from the donkey (equus asinus). | besnoitia bennetti tissue cysts were found in four naturally-infected donkeys (equus asinus) from the usa. infectivity of its bradyzoites and tachyzoites to animals and cell culture was studied. the bradyzoites were not infectious to out-bred swiss webster mice, rabbits or gerbils. when fed tissue cysts, cats did not excrete oocysts. however, the parasite was infectious to interferon-gamma gene knock out mice. the parasite from tissues of two donkeys was grown successfully in bovine monocyte mon ... | 2005 | 15862579 |
| gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide in the sterilization of native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein extract. | for human use, it is necessary to sterilize bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps), in order to reduce the risk of infections and associated complications. we compared the effects of ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation in the sterilization of native reindeer bmp extract with regard to bone induction in the balb/c mouse thigh muscle pouch model. | 2005 | 15865121 |
| isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the saint-césaire i neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model. | the carbon and nitrogen isotopic abundances of the collagen extracted from the saint-césaire i neanderthal have been used to infer the dietary behaviour of this specimen. a review of previously published neanderthal collagen isotopic signatures with the addition of 3 new collagen isotopic signatures from specimens from les pradelles allows us to compare the dietary habits of 5 neanderthal specimens from ois 3 and one specimen from ois 5c. this comparison points to a trophic position as top preda ... | 2005 | 15869783 |
| the role of predation in the decline and extirpation of woodland caribou. | to select appropriate recovery strategies for endangered populations, we must understand the dynamics of small populations and distinguish between the possible causes that drive such populations to low numbers. it has been suggested that the pattern of population decline may be inversely density-dependent with population growth rates decreasing as populations become very small; however, empirical evidence of such accelerated declines at low densities is rare. here we analyzed the pattern of decl ... | 2005 | 15891849 |
| class i integron with a group ii intron detected in an escherichia coli strain from a free-range reindeer. | an escherichia coli strain, isolated from wild reindeer in a remote mountain area, contained a class 1 integron with two unusual features: a group ii intron and a cassette with homology to a superintegron cassette. alignments indicate that attc sites of gene cassettes may be insertion sites for introns. | 2005 | 15917559 |
| chernobyl radioactivity persists in reindeer. | transfer of 137cs in the soil-plant/lichen-reindeer food chain was studied in central (østre namdal) and southern norway (vågå) during 2000-2003. reindeer from these areas have been continuously subjected to countermeasure application since the 1986 chernobyl accident. in both areas no decline in 137cs concentrations was detectable in reindeer slaughtered in autumn since 1995, or in reindeer slaughtered in winter since 1998-1999. seasonal differences in 137cs concentrations in reindeer have been ... | 2005 | 15939511 |
| antibody responses in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) infected with mycobacterium bovis. | despite having a very low incidence of disease, reindeer (rangifer tarandus) are subject to tuberculosis (tb) testing requirements for interstate shipment and herd accreditation in the united states. improved tb tests are desperately needed, as many reindeer are falsely classified as reactors by current testing procedures. sera collected sequentially from 11 (experimentally) mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer and 4 noninfected reindeer were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elis ... | 2005 | 15939747 |
| expression of mct1, mct2 and mct4 in the rumen, small intestine and liver of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.). | the expression of monocarboxylate transporters mct1, mct2 and mct4 in the rumen, small intestine and liver was examined in free-ranging and captive reindeer. in addition, expression of chaperone protein cd147, which is needed for the activity of mct1 and mct4, was studied in the rumen of suckling calves. immunoblotting of cell membrane proteins showed the expression of mct1 and mct4, but not that of mct2 in the rumen of reindeer. in free-ranging reindeer the amount of mct1 was higher than in the ... | 2005 | 15953554 |
| description of a new eimeria species and redescription of eimeria mayeri (protozoa: eimeriidae) from wild reindeer rangifer tarandus in iceland. | altogether, 195 fecal samples of reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus) were collected from the ground in 3 distinct areas in eastern iceland, where geographically isolated reindeer populations graze during the summer months. the samples were examined for coccidian parasites. two species were found, and all infections were monospecific. eimeria mayeri was found in calves in all sampling areas, with 1-4% prevalence and 450-167,700 oocysts per gram (opg). the sporulated oocyst lacks a polar granule b ... | 2005 | 15986611 |
| (90)sr, (210)po and (210)pb in lichen and reindeer in norway. | concentrations of (90)sr, (210)po and (210)pb in lichen and reindeer were studied in central (østre namdal) and southern norway (vågå) during 2000-2003. the study focussed on potential differences in concentrations of these nuclides in reindeer of different ages. concentrations of (90)sr in bones of approximately 10 year old adult females were about 40% higher than those in calves' antlers ((90)sr concentrations in antlers and bones of calves are similar), while the available data from vågå sugg ... | 2005 | 15998556 |
| osteoinductivity of partially purified native ostrich (struthio camelus) bone morphogenetic protein: comparison with mammalian species. | bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are members of the tgf-beta superfamily. they are capable of inducing ectopic bone formation. until now, the main interest has been focused on mammalian osteoinductive bmps, and there are no reports of native bmp extracts of birds. in this study, we isolated and characterized native bmps of ostrich (struthio camelus) and compared them with identically isolated native bovine (cow) and reindeer bmps with regard to bmp pattern and osteoinductive capacity. the ostr ... | 2005 | 16005022 |
| continuous and discrete extreme climatic events affecting the dynamics of a high-arctic reindeer population. | climate at northern latitudes are currently changing both with regard to the mean and the temporal variability at any given site, increasing the frequency of extreme events such as cold and warm spells. here we use a conceptually new modelling approach with two different dynamic terms of the climatic effects on a svalbard reindeer population (the brøggerhalvøya population) which underwent an extreme icing event ("locked pastures") with 80% reduction in population size during one winter (1993/94) ... | 2005 | 16010537 |
| sexual dimorphism and intercohort variation in reindeer calf antler length is associated with density and weather. | we analysed intercohort variability of live weight and antler length of 5,123 reindeer calves. we further assessed the influence of climate and density on the interannual variation in antler length, and discussed sex-specific resource allocation and response to climate variability. antler length varied significantly among years and between sexes, with interaction between year and sex. body weight and antler length were highly positively correlated, showed similar intercohort variability, and had ... | 2005 | 16025353 |
| phylogeny and antigenic relationships of three cervid herpesviruses. | elk herpesvirus (elkhv) from north american elk (wapiti, cervus elaphus nelsoni) is a recently identified alphaherpesvirus related to bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). in this study, we determined its relationship with european cervid herpesviruses: cervid herpesvirus-1 (cerhv-1) from red deer and rangiferine herpesvirus (ranhv) from reindeer. for phylogenetic analysis, genes for the gc and gd proteins of these viruses were sequenced. these genes demonstrated an extremely high gc content (76-79%). g ... | 2005 | 16061301 |
| population genetics for y-strs haplotypes of chinese ewenki ethnic minority group. | chinese ewenki ethnic minority group, with a population of 26,300 in a statistical survey conducted in 2000, has a lifestyle of nomad, and is distributed across seven counties in the inner mongolia autonomous region and in nahe county of heilongjiang province of china. the ewenki people have no written script but a spoken language with three dialects belonging to the manchu-tungusic group of the altai language family. raising reindeers is the key livelihood of ewenkis. | 2005 | 16078515 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on the osteoinductivity of morphogenetic protein extract from reindeer bone. | bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps), which are capable of stimulating the production of new bone, must be sterilized before preclinical and clinical use to reduce the risk of infections and associated complications. in this study, we investigated the effects of gamma sterilization on the osteoinductivity of native reindeer bmp extract in the balb/c mouse thigh muscle pouch model. | 2005 | 16097549 |
| campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., verocytotoxic escherichia coli, and antibiotic resistance in indicator organisms in wild cervids. | faecal samples were collected, as part of the national health surveillance program for cervids (hop) in norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic e. coli (vtec); 611 animals for salmonella and 324 animals for campylobacter. a total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species e. coli and enterococcus fa ... | 2005 | 16108210 |
| reindeer warble fly larvae (hypoderma tarandi) in a moose (alces alces) in sweden. | | 2005 | 16108218 |
| geographic distribution of the muscle-dwelling nematode parelaphostrongylus odocoilei in north america, using molecular identification of first-stage larvae. | molecular identification of dorsal-spined larvae (dsl) from fecal samples indicates that the protostrongylid parasite parelaphostrongylus odocoilei occupies a broader geographic range in western north america than has been previously reported. we analyzed 2,124 fecal samples at 29 locations from thinhorn sheep (ovis dalli dalli and o. d. stonei), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis and o. c. californiana), mountain goats (oreamnos americanus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), ... | 2005 | 16108550 |
| spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in terrestrial biota from the canadian arctic. | contaminants in the canadian arctic have been studied over the last twelve years under the guidance of the northern contaminants program. this paper summarizes results from that program from 1998 to 2003 with respect to terrestrial animals in the canadian arctic. the arctic terrestrial environment has few significant contaminant issues, particularly when compared with freshwater and marine environments. both current and historical industrial activities in the north may have a continuing effect o ... | 2005 | 16109438 |
| characterisation of parapoxviruses isolated from norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | two outbreaks of the disease contagious ecthyma were reported in 1999 and 2000 in norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). contagious ecthyma is an epidermal disease of sheep and goats worldwide, which is caused by the zoonotic parapoxvirus orf virus. characterisation of clinical samples from the two outbreaks in semi-domesticated reindeer in norway by electron microscopy and pcr (b2l) revealed typical parapoxvirus particles and partial gene sequences corresponding to p ... | 2005 | 16143041 |
| transfer of (85)sr and (134)cs from diet to reindeer foetuses and milk. | sr-85 and (134)cs in aqueous solution of the chlorides were administered daily to four pregnant reindeer during the last part of gestation. radionuclide concentrations were determined in calves sacrificed at birth, and secretion of the nuclides was measured in milk. although the gastrointestinal absorption of (85)sr was low, an apparently higher transfer of the absorbed fraction of (85)sr than (134)cs from the mother to the foetus led to similar accumulation of (85)sr and (134)cs in foetuses. at ... | 2005 | 16180038 |
| molecular epidemiological study of arctic rabies virus isolates from greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the arctic and baltic regions. | we report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in arctic countries by comparing a panel of novel greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both arctic and baltic regions. rabies virus isolates originating from wildlife (arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. the resulting 400 bp n-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring arctic or baltic countries from north ... | 2006 | 16198016 |
| acetylcholine in the corneal epithelium of diurnal and nocturnal mammals. | to analyze the concentration of acetylcholine (ach) in the corneal epithelium and aqueous humor of various diurnal and nocturnal mammals. | 2005 | 16227851 |
| nitrogen reserves, spring regrowth and winter survival of field-grown alfalfa (medicago sativa) defoliated in the autumn. | the objective of the study was to characterize variations in proline, arginine, histidine, vegetative storage proteins, and cold-inducible gene expression in overwintering roots of field-grown alfalfa, in response to autumn defoliation, and in relation to spring regrowth and winter survival. | 2006 | 16260440 |
| resistance to abomasal nematodes and individual genetic variability in reindeer. | resistance to parasites is believed to have a widespread influence on demographic and adaptive processes. in systems where parasites impose a fitness cost on their host, heterozygotes may be selected because they are more resistant to parasites than homozygotes. our objective was to assess the relationships between genomewide individual heterozygosity and abomasal nematode burdens in female svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) after the effects of host age, locality, season, and y ... | 2005 | 16262866 |
| variation of plasma protein parameters in four free-ranging reindeer herds and in captive reindeer under defined feeding conditions. | plasma total protein (tp), albumin (alb) and globulin (glob) concentrations and albumin/globulin ratio (a/g) were analysed from blood samples collected from free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds at varying times of year. the same parameters were followed in nine captive reindeer with varying protein and energy intake. variation in the blood constituents of free-ranging reindeer was analysed in relation to different extrinsic and intrinsic factors and compared to findings from ... | 2005 | 16325441 |
| nutritional development of feeding strategies in arctic ruminants: digestive morphometry of reindeer, rangifer tarandus, and muskoxen, ovibos moschatus. | reindeer have been classified as intermediate feeders and muskoxen as grazers based on differences in digestive morphology and consumption of fibrous plants. we hypothesized that the digestive morphology of young (< 2 months) reindeer and muskoxen anticipates transitions in diet and determines the feeding strategy of each species at adulthood. we compared structural morphology and rates of cell division in the rumen, abomasum, duodenum and liver of reindeer and muskoxen as neonates (1 day old), ... | 2004 | 16351947 |
| circadian organization in reindeer. | the light/dark cycle of day and night synchronizes an internal 'biological clock' that governs daily rhythms in behaviour, but this form of regulation is denied to polar animals for most of the year. here we demonstrate that the continuous lighting conditions of summer and of winter at high latitudes cause a loss in daily rhythmic activity in reindeer living far above the arctic circle. this seasonal absence of circadian rhythmicity may be a ubiquitous trait among resident polar vertebrates. | 2005 | 16371996 |
| hand-arm vibration syndrome (havs) and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs in professional drivers of terrain vehicles--a cross sectional study. | this study compares the prevalence of symptoms of hand-arm vibration syndrome (havs) and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs, between professional drivers of terrain vehicles and a referent group. 769 male professional drivers of forest machines, snowmobiles, snowgroomers and reindeer herders and 296 randomly selected male referents completed a questionnaire about symptoms of havs and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs. they also gave information about ... | 2006 | 16380073 |
| reindeer as hosts for nematode parasites of sheep and cattle. | the reindeer husbandry range of scandinavia overlaps with sheep, goat, and cattle pastures. the aim of this study was to determine whether reindeer are suitable hosts for ovine or bovine nematode parasites, and thus may spread these parasites into the reindeer husbandry regions. to render worm-free, twelve 4-month-old male reindeer calves, six lambs, and six bovine calves were given ivermectin at 200 microg/kg body weight. five weeks post-treatment, six reindeer calves were each artificially dos ... | 2006 | 16386848 |
| evidence of tick-borne organisms in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from the western united states. | free-ranging mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) from arizona and california were tested for evidence of infection with several tick-borne pathogens, including species of ehrlichia, anaplasma, babesia, and borrelia. of 125 mule deer tested from arizona, 29 (23%) and 11 (9%) had antibodies reactive to e. chaffeensis and a. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing, respectively; none of the six md tested from california were seropositive. using a commercial competitive elisa ... | 2005 | 16417431 |
| prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in wild animals. | antibodies to neospora caninum were determined in several species of wild animals in the united states by the neospora agglutination test (nat). antibodies (nat 1:40 or higher) were found in 5 of 249 bison (bison bison), 5 of 160 caribou (rangifer tarandus), 4 of 162 moose (alces alces), 4 of 122 wolves (canis lupus), and 1 of 224 musk ox (ovibos moschatus) but not in 197 black bears (ursus americanus). to our knowledge, this is the first report of antibodies to n. caninum in bison and caribou. ... | 2005 | 16419771 |
| diagnostic implications of antigen-induced gamma interferon production by blood leukocytes from mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | the only approved method of tuberculosis (tb) surveillance of reindeer within the united states is tuberculin skin testing; however, skin testing has an apparent lack of specificity, since numerous reindeer are classified as reactors, yet mycobacterium bovis is not isolated from tissues upon necropsy. the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of an in vitro assay (the cervigam assay) to detect gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) produced by blood leukocytes in response to mycobacterial an ... | 2006 | 16425998 |
| new ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1970). | babesia odocoilei was found to infect two previously unknown host species, desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni) and musk oxen (ovibos moschatus), both of which are members of the family bovidae. previously, b. odocoilei has been reported in only cervidae hosts. new geographic regions where b. odocoilei infections have not been reported previously include pennsylvania and new york, where fatal babesiosis has occurred in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus); new hampshire, where elk (ce ... | 2005 | 16456156 |
| herpesvirus infection in woodland caribou in alberta, canada. | sera and genital swabs collected from 121 adult woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) in five subpopulations in northern alberta, canada, between december 1997 and october 1999, were examined for evidence of infection with herpesviruses or pestiviruses. no virus was isolated from sera or swabs, and no antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were detected. however, 63 (52%) of the 121 animals had neutralizing antibody titers against bovine herpesvirus 1. there was sufficient serum f ... | 2005 | 16456173 |
| besnoitiosis in a woodland caribou. | besnoitiosis was diagnosed in an adult male woodland caribou found dead in northern saskatchewan. the lesions present were comparable to those of chronic besnoitiosis in cattle, and were much more severe than those previously described in domestic reindeer and barren-ground caribou. | 1976 | 16502700 |
| transfer of 137cs from chernobyl debris and nuclear weapons fallout to different swedish population groups. | data from measurements on the body burden of (134)cs, (137)cs and (40)k in various swedish populations between 1959 and 2001 has been compiled into a national database. the compilation is a co-operation between the departments of radiation physics in malmö and göteborg, the national radiation protection authority (ssi) and the swedish defense research agency (foi). in a previous study the effective ecological half time and the associated effective dose to various swedish populations due to inter ... | 2006 | 16504249 |
| isolation of a bunyamwera group arbovirus from a naturally infected caribou. | a bunyamwera group arbovirus was isolated from the blood and from the brain of a female caribou parasitized with meningeal worms. the virus passed through a 0.45 micron filter; was ether sensitive; possessed no hemagglutination properties; could be propagated in suckling mice, 6-day old chick embryos, and bhk-21 tissue culture; and produced plaques in chick embryo fibroblast tissue culture. neither complement-fixation or neutralization tests were sensitive enough to determine the serotype of the ... | 1970 | 16512161 |
| [mitochondrial dna polymorphism in tuvinian population of reindeer rangifer tarandus l]. | mitochondrial dna variation was examined in one of the southern most populations of domestic reindeer, inhabiting tyva republic (tuva). in tuvinian population sequence polymorphism of the mitochondrial dna d loop region was demonstrated. in a sample of 29 individuals 7 mitotypes were distinguished, pointing to the preservation of rather high level of genetic diversity in this population. | 2006 | 16523674 |
| adaptive adjustment of offspring sex ratio and maternal reproductive effort in an iteroparous mammal. | large mammals in seasonal environments have a pattern of high-reproductive synchrony in spring, but how the timing of reproduction affects resource allocation decisions at different stages of the reproductive cycle remains largely unexplored. by manipulating the timing of conception in reindeer (rangifer tarandus), we tested how the timing of conception affected sex ratio, gestation length and weight development of mother and offspring. females that conceived at their first ovulation within the ... | 2006 | 16543171 |
| temporal changes in concentrations of serum amyloid-a and haptoglobin and their associations with weight gain in neonatal reindeer calves. | age-related changes in serum concentrations of two acute phase proteins (apps), haptoglobin (hp) and serum amyloid-a (saa) were investigated in newborn reindeer calves. repeated blood samples were obtained from 51 reindeer calves at ages 0-32 days (2-4 samples from each calf). an increase of saa concentrations was observed during the first 2 weeks of life. however, by the end of the observation period, saa concentrations had decreased to levels below those of the first week. serum hp concentrati ... | 2006 | 16551478 |
| experimentally induced infection of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) with mycobacterium bovis. | in the usa, all species of cervidae are included in the usda's uniform methods and rules for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and, therefore, are subject to regulations regarding intradermal tuberculin testing. in reindeer (rangifer tarandus), infection with mycobacterium bovis is exceedingly rare and the response of reindeer to infection with m. bovis in pathologic and immunologic terms is unknown. the objectives of the study reported here were to describe the pathologic changes associate ... | 2006 | 16566257 |
| [carbohydrates content og different region of gastrointestinal tract of reindeer rangifer tarandus during winter period]. | | 2006 | 16579525 |
| antigen-specific proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer. | to evaluate antigen-specific proliferative and activation-associated responses from mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer, blood mononuclear cells from m. bovis- (n = 10) and non-infected reindeer (n = 4) were stimulated with a recombinant early secretory antigenic target-6 and culture filtrate protein-10 fusion protein (resat6:cfp10), m. bovis purified protein derivative, pokeweed mitogen, or medium alone and evaluated by flow cytometry using dye tracker analysis and cell surface marker stainin ... | 2006 | 16584788 |
| culture of the north american indians occupying the caribou area and its relation to other types of culture. | | 1915 | 16586586 |